solar pv and stand-alone power systems in rural …...pv practical split into 5 or 6 groups each...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 2: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Stand-alone power supply
systems?
• SAPS are small electricity supply systems based
upon a single generator (sometimes a few
generators) that is physically close to the loads.
• No long transmission system, hence lower • No long transmission system, hence lower
voltages used
• No clear distinction between a national grid and a
large stand-alone power system
• Typical sizes: 10’s watts up to 10’s of Kilowatts
![Page 3: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Far from any national grid.
• Un-economic to connect to
a national grid.
Why use SAPS?
a national grid.
• National grid does not exist.
• Many reasons to use a stand-alone systems.
• Focus on community power supplies for developing world
applications, but the principles apply to all.
![Page 4: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Why use SAPS?
• Around 1.6 billion people do not have access to an
electrical grid – mainly in developing countries.
• To locally supply electricity SAPS are used, with the vast
majority of SAPS are based on diesel generators.
• Depending upon the size of load and the distance to the
national grid, there is a point at which a stand-alone
system becomes economic.
• Can have lower investment costs, but may prove
expensive in the long term due to fuel and maintenance
costs.
![Page 5: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Benefits of access to electricity
• Reduced hours spent doing labour intensive tasks
• Improved lighting
– Extended working hours can be economically beneficial
– Less indoor air pollution
• Improved communications
• Improved healthcare
– Access to refrigeration for medical supplies– Access to refrigeration for medical supplies
• Improved education
– Reduced time spent on labour intensive tasks
– Better lighting so more time for study
![Page 6: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Diesel generator based SAPS
• Majority of SAPS are based on a diesel generator.
Problems with the use of diesel generators include:
Cost of fuel and its transportation
Local environmental effects
Global environmental effectsGlobal environmental effects
Security of fuel supply
Inefficient when partially loaded
Start-up response time
Noise
Require a high level of maintenance
![Page 7: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Benefits of renewable energy
�Inherently distributed.
�Usually some form of renewable energy
locally available.
�Buffer from fluctuating fuel costs.
�Local environmental benefits.
�Local health benefits.
�Global environmental benefits.
![Page 8: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Problems of integrating renewable
energy
• Variations in supply
• Variations in demand
• Aggregation• Aggregation
![Page 9: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Variability of generation and
load
Variation of wind
Variation of typical loads
Variation of solar
![Page 10: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Matching supply and demandP
ow
er
MismatchSupply
Demand
P
Time
Excess
Deficit
![Page 11: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
AggregationAggregation
Tota
l S
ignal
1 signal
10 signals
1000 signals
Time
Large networks with many generation units and loads benefit from aggregation
![Page 12: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
PV based water pumping
![Page 13: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
PV based battery charging
![Page 14: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
PV based battery charging
![Page 15: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Wind - PV hybrid systems
Sitio Buli, Lubang Island, Philippines
1 kW wind turbine / 300 Wp solar
Potable water pumping system
Installed July 2007
![Page 16: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Wind - PV hybrid systems
![Page 17: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Wind based SAPS
• Barangay Lamag,
Quirino, Ilocos Sur,
Philippines
• 500 W wind turbine
• Electrification of church
building and rectory
• Installed March 2006
![Page 18: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Wind based SAPS
![Page 19: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
SOLAR PV BASICS
![Page 21: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
DC based systems• Main components:
– Energy source
– Energy storage
– Regulator/controller
![Page 22: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
System voltage
• System voltage is the DC voltage of the energy store, the
generators and loads.
• System voltage is the most important system parameter.
• Affects currents flowing through the system.
• Depends upon a number of factors:• Depends upon a number of factors:
– Cost of cable
– Cost of wind turbine rectifier, charge controller and
inverter.
– Availability of components rated at the system voltage
– Voltage requirement of the loads
![Page 23: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Energy storage• Majority (99% of renewable energy based SAPS) use lead-
acid batteries as energy storage.
• Lead-acid batteries store energy in the form of chemical
energy using a reversible reaction.
• Why use them?
• Easily obtainable• Easily obtainable
• Relatively cheap
![Page 24: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
BATTERY TEST
![Page 25: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
System design process
• Load assessment
• Resource assessment
• Battery bank sizing• Battery bank sizing
• Wiring diagram
![Page 26: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Load assessment• Need to know
– Loads on the system (ALL of them)
– Time the loads run for
– Power rating of loads
• Write a list:• Write a list:
Load Power Time Energy
Lights 25W 2hrs/day 50Whs
Pump 100W 5hrs/day 500Whs
TOTAL 550Whs
![Page 27: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Resource assessment• Need to know the resource available.
• Depends upon the renewable energy source.
• Also depends upon size of renewable energy
collector.
Example for PV:Example for PV:
– 5 sun-hours per day available at location
– 50Wp solar panel
Total energy per day = 5 x 50W = 250Whs
![Page 28: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Battery sizing
• Must store enough energy to cope with
variations in supply and demand.
• Number of days of autonomy
– Use number of days with no input (typically 4 – Use number of days with no input (typically 4
days)
– Take into account maximum depth of
discharge (typically 50%)
![Page 29: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Battery charge protection
Batteries are used:
must maintain them for the longest lifetime.
• Typical lifetimes: 5-7years (well maintained), 2-4 years (average?)
• Batteries must be protected from over charging and over
discharging – to do this we use a….discharging – to do this we use a….
• Charge regulator
• Power electronic device to prevent over-charging
• Must have well trained and knowledgeable operator.
• Battery bank maintenance is essential
• Daily monitor
• Monthly maintenance
![Page 30: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Wiring diagrams
![Page 31: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Electricity basics
• Need to know:
• Voltage
• Current
• Resistance• Resistance
• Power – instantaneous rate of doing work
• Energy - the total work done
• V=IR and W = IV
![Page 32: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Using a multi-meter
• Measure V in parallel
• Measure A in series
• DO NOT measure A in parallel with battery
![Page 33: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Good installation practice
• Want the system to be reliable and robust.
• The solar panel will last over 20 years,
hence the system must be installed to last
the same length of time.the same length of time.
![Page 34: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
DC cable sizing• Cables must be correctly sized for the current they will be
required to carry
• Problem is voltage drop
• Due to resistance of cable and current flowing
• Resistance = (ρ x L) / A
• Voltage drop = Resistance x Current• Voltage drop = Resistance x Current
• Voltage drop must be kept within reasonable parameters
(typically 5%)
• Design for the highest current
![Page 35: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Cable interconnections
• Good reliable connections especially
important in low voltage DC systems.
• Must keep the connection clean and dry.
![Page 36: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Fusing• Every cable must be protected by some form of fuse or
breaker
• Due to the battery installed:
– Can supply 1000s of amps
in short circuit
– Damage to components
– Fire risk
• Many types available
• Ensure correct rating
• Without it many other much more expensive problems
can happen
![Page 37: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
System monitoring
• Why monitor?
• Operation
• Maintenance
• Knowledge
• What to monitor?
• System voltage
• Currents flowing
• Battery bank state of charge
![Page 38: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Battery bank connectionsBattery Bank Design
SystemPositive
Ensure very thick cable usedfor battery bank interconnections
Use a good qualitybattery clamp
SystemNegative
Take +/- system connectionsfrom ‘opposite’ ends of the system.This will ensure each parallel battery is evenly charged and discharged.
battery clamp
Ensure battery bankinterconnections are kept short
![Page 39: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Low voltage disconnects
• Prevents over-discharge of the battery
bank.
• Voltage controlled switch, which will
disconnect non-essential loads if the disconnect non-essential loads if the
battery bank voltage drops too far.
• Sometimes added to a system.
![Page 40: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Inverters
Vo
lta
ge
Time
Vo
lta
ge
Time
Square Wave
Stepped Square Wave (or Modified ‘Sine’ Wave)
Pure sine wavefor reference
• Convert DC into AC
Vo
lta
ge
Time
Sine Wave
• Benefits
– Can use readily and cheaply available products
• Problems
– Cost and usually not locally manufactured
– Added complexity
![Page 41: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
PV System Practical
![Page 42: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
PV PracticalSplit into 5 or 6 groups
Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV
power supply system
Each will have a different load to power
Each group should:Each group should:
• Test the solar PV module
• Do a load and resource assessment
• Draw circuit diagram
• Build the system
![Page 43: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Health and safety
• Using knives, drills and hammers
• Careful when using tools
Be aware of others around you• Be aware of others around you
![Page 44: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Problems experienced
Failure analysis of 421 systems over 3 years in Taquile, Peru
50
60
70
80
Accu
mu
late
d f
ailu
res a
s %
of
tota
l
Modules
Batteries
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 6 12 18 24 30 36
Months
Accu
mu
late
d f
ailu
res a
s %
of
tota
l
Regulators
Lamps
Fuses
![Page 46: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Problems experienced
• Incorrect fusing
![Page 47: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Problems with lead-acid
batteries• They self-discharge at a rate of 1-5% total energy per
month
• Temperature affects both capacity and lifetime
• Capacity is dependant upon current
• Lifetime is dependant upon discharge cycles and depth of • Lifetime is dependant upon discharge cycles and depth of
discharge
• Their storage density is approximately 30 to 40 Wh/kg
• A periodic equalisation charge is required
• Lead-acid batteries cost around £40 per kWh
![Page 48: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Problems with lead-acid batteries
• The technology has been around for over 100 years so
there is little potential for cost reduction.
• Often cheap car batteries with lead sponge plates are
used rather than deep-cycle batteries especially designed
for stand-alone operation which exacerbates these for stand-alone operation which exacerbates these
problems.
If possible try to avoid using lead-acid batteries
• Some applications (such as water pumping) can be directly
coupled to the renewable energy source. The energy is
then stored as potential in the water.
![Page 49: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Problems experienced
Crazy
wiring
Incorrect cable
sizing
![Page 50: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Problems experienced
Short circuits and burned out components
![Page 51: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Problems experienced
Insects
![Page 52: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Problems experienced
Lightning!
![Page 53: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Problems experienced• Battery failure
• Systems changed by operator for ‘better’ operation
• Cable voltage drop
• Flooding
• Access to engineering skills• Access to engineering skills
• Inadequate training
• Access to spare parts
• Political situations
• No long-term strategy
• Community organisation problems
• Funding
• Bad resource assessment
![Page 54: Solar PV and stand-alone power systems in rural …...PV Practical Split into 5 or 6 groups Each group will be given parts to build a solar PV power supply system Each will have a](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040411/5ed322aaf1dee620f72fd9a7/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Thanks for your attention.