SOL 10 & 11

Totalitarian GovernmentOn Vocab. List!!!

• Complete control over the people!!!!!

EX) Joseph Stalin—Russia

Benito Mussolini—Italy

Adolf Hitler—Germany

Joseph Stalin—RussiaOn Vocab list!!!

Collective Farms:

Five Year Plans:

Purges:

• Gov’t took control of all farms

• To Industrialize

• Eliminate any threats to power

Benito Mussolini—ItalyOn Vocab List• Estab. Fascist Party 1921

• King appointed him head of govt

• Black Shirts

Adolf Hitler—GermanyOn Vocab list!!!• Nazi Party

• Mein Kampf

• Aryans = master race

• Unify all German speaking ppl

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.natomic.com/hosted/rich/art/hitler.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.natomic.com/hosted/rich/art.asp&h=874&w=590&sz=519&tbnid=iiaWShwtgnWBNM:&tbnh=145&tbnw=97&hl=en&start=16&prev=/images%3Fq%3DHitler%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG

Japan’s Invasion of Manchuria (1931)

• Wanted more living space

• League of Nations’ condemned Japan & Japan left League

http://us.i1.yimg.com/us.yimg.com/i/travel/dg/maps/df/750x750_japan_m.gif

Japan’s invasion of Manchuria (1931)

Hitler’s Response:–1933 pulled out of League

–1935 built up military

–1936 went into Rhineland

–League did nothing!

http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/bitesize/higher/img/history/roadwar/rhine/rhineland.gif

Japan’s Invasion of Manchuria (1931)

USA’s Response: Refused to recognize

Japan’s conquests in AsiaImposed an embargo on

exports of oil & steel to Japan

Mussolini Invades Ethiopia

• Ethiopia asked League for help!!!!

• League did NOTHING!!!!!!!!!

Spanish Civil War

• King of Spain abdicated throne• New republic w/reforms• Spanish Nationalists (or Falange) led by

Francisco Franco• Germany and Italy sent aid to help Franco• France, U.S., and Great Britain send aid

to counter Franco• Franco became dictator—but did not join

Rome-Berlin Axis

Neutrality Acts—USAOn Vocab list!!• 1935 couldn’t sell arms/ loan $$

to nations @ war

Austria

Sudetenland

Poland

• 1938 (aga. Treaty)

• 1938

• Blitzkrieg “lightening war”

• Sep. 1, 1939• Began WWII

• Withdrew from the League in 1933• Hitler announced rearm his country• 1936—troops sent into Rhineland• Germany and Italy formed treaty to

prevent the spread of communism• Hitler wanted Anschluss-union—with

Austria• Hitler convinced Austrian chancellor

to appoint Nazis to key positions

• Austria appealed to the west—but ignored• March 1938—Austria annexed• Czechoslovakia—3 million Germans in

Sudetenland—Hitler demanded this region—09/12/1939—give it to him or he would take by force

• Neville Chamberlain—British Prime Minister—set a meeting—accepted Hitler’s demands

• Policy of appeasement—granting concessions to maintain peace—does not work with Hitler!!!

• Hitler not satisfied—raised demands• Mussolini offered compromise—give

Hitler Sudetenland and Hitler promised not to take any more territory and to settle w/negotiation

• Chamberlain thought—peace preserved; Hitler invaded Czech. 03/15/1939

• Hitler can not be trusted

• Hitler moved into Lithuania

• Mussolini invaded Albania

• Britain and France prepared for war

• They approached Stalin—feared Hitler would make an alliance

• Stalin negotiating with both sides

• August 1939—Nazi-Soviet Pact

Nazi-Soviet Pact

• Why would these two enemies become allies?– For Germany, there would be no war on

two fronts– For Russia, it would give them time to

prepare for war, because they knew that Germany would eventually want to invade the U.S.S.R. to conquer all of Europe

Nazi-Soviet Pact cont…

• Non-aggression Pact

• Germany and U.S.S.R. would not attack one another and would remain neutral if the other were attacked

• Two sides would divide Europe after the war

WWII Begins!!

• Spark began in Poland• Hitler wanted Port of Danzig in Polish

Corridor (used to belong to Germany)

• 09/01/1939—Germany annexed Danzig

• Air raids over Poland• 2 days later France and Great Britain

declared war on Germany

Germany Attacks--Poland

• Blitzkrieg: German for lightning war—with air raids

• On Poland

• Panzer units—German tanks and armored trucks on ground

• Poles surrendered within one month

Soviets attack!!

• Soviets march into Poland from east—disappears from map!!

• Soviets then attacked Finland

Germany’s turn

• April 9, 1940---invaded Denmark and Norway (w/help from collaborators)—people willing to help their country’s enemies

• Hitler took Scandinavia for an outlet to the Atlantic—not get blocked in like WWI

Great Britain feels pressure

• Hitler moved in “a little too close for comfort”

• People angry at Neville Chamberlain and appeasement—resigned

• May 1940—Winston Churchill in

Fall of France

• British rescued Allies from across English Channel (Miracle at Dunkirk)

• Italy invaded France from South

• Germans closed in on Paris from North—Hitler failed to attack retreating troops—Axis mistake—morale booster for Allies

http://news.bbc.co.uk/furniture/in_depth/uk/2000/dunkirk_remembered/intro_map.gif

Battle of Britain• Germans trying to destroy British Royal Air Force (RAF)Used Luftwaffe (German air

force)• RAF used radar & Hitler called off invasion!http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://

news.bbc.co.uk/furniture/in_depth/uk/2000/battle_of_britain/battle_intro_map.gif&imgrefurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/uk/2000/battle_of_britain/default.stm&h=258&w=300&sz=10&tbnid=WJtePzktSl921M:&tbnh=95&tbnw=111&hl=en&start=3&prev=/images%3Fq%3DBattle%2Bof%2BBritain%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8

http://www.s1942.org.sg/images/photographs/27124.jpg

WWII and the U.S.

• U.S. divided at beginning of war• Isolationists• Cash and Carry • U.S. gave Britain 50 old warships• Enacts a draft law—the firs during

peacetime• U.S. passed Lend-Lease Act—war

materials on credit• Roosevelt/Churchill draft Atlantic Charter

Atlantic Charter—goals of war for the U.S. and G.B.• No territorial gain• No boundary changes w/o consent of people• Gave people the right to choose form of gov’t• Equal trade rights• Economic cooperation for benefit of citizens• Freedom from fear• Freedom of seas• Abolish use of force—use system of general

security (international organization)

• By Nov. 1941—the U.S. was a non-belligerent ally

Hitler turns to new territories

• By fall 1940-Germany held almost all of western Europe; he now turns to Balkans

• June 1941—Germany had all Balkans except Turkey (signed a neutrality agreement w/Hitler)

• Next target—Suez Canal—Turkey refused to let troops through to oil fields of middle east

Hitler—Africa??

• Started N. African campaign

• Led by Gen. Erwin Rommel—the “Desert Fox”

• Drove British out of Libya and into Egypt

Alliances begin to fade

Soviets angry about Hitler’s claims in the Balkans—their sphere of influence

Hitler told the Soviets to get their own Sphere of Influence in Asia

June 22, 1941—Germany invaded the Soviet Union—w/o formal declaration of war

Soviet Union invaded!!

• Soviets driven back past Moscow and Leningrad

• Used scorched-earth policy

• Pushed Stalin back to Stalingrad—used the winter to their advantage to weaken the Germans

Hitler’s “New Order”

• Master Plan = to create a “New Order” for Europe

• Single, political, and economic system ruled from Berlin by the Aryan race

• Hitler wanted S.U. for food and raw materials and planned to starve the Soviets—they were inferior to the Slavs

• (planned to eliminate inferior elements—esp. Jews)

Hitler’s “New Order” cont…

• Annihilation of all European Jews—Final Solution

• Holocaust = systematic destruction of almost an entire race

• Genocide = extermination

• Placed in ghettos, then concentration camps where 6 million of 11 were killed—Anti-Semitism

Hitler’s “New Order” cont…

• 1938—ghettos and Kristalnackt or night of glass- shops and synagogues and Jews attacked– 2000 businesses– 600 synagogues– 100 Jews killed– 35,000 arrested

Japan’s Aggressions

• Wanted control of East Asia—started with small islands

• 1940 Joined Germany and Italy

• U.S. responded w/sanctions

• Tensions mounted when Hideki Tojo established a militaristic gov’t

Pearl HarborOn Vocab. List!!• Japan attacked while negotiating

peace w/U.S.

• Air Attack w/out warning

• Dec. 7, 1941

• “a date that will live in infamy”--FDR

Soviets vs. Germans

• Soviets trapped Germans in Stalingrad in fall of 1942

• Hitler’s orders—to fight to the death, but surrendered in Jan. 1943

Africa

• Allied reinforcements to El Alamein (Egypt) to help British—pushed back to Libya and Tunisia; Americans came in from Morocco and Algeria (forces led by Gen. Eisenhower)

• May 1943 Axis powers in N. Africa surrendered

Help for Soviet Union

• Churchill called for southern invasion 1943—Operation Torch

• Allies took Sicily-then to mainland

• Mussolini forced to resign

• People of Italy surrendered and Italy declared war on Germany--Sept. 1943

Island Hopping--Chester Nimitz• Carried the war closer to Japan

• Series of victories

• Began w/ Battle of Midway – “Miracle of Midway”

– Japanese victory would have allowed Japan to invade Hawaii

– Battles enabled Allies to begin an offensive against Japan

Pacific Theater

• Battle of Coral Sea—May 1942—Japanese suffered their first set-back

• 2 battles enabled Allies to begin an offensive against Japan

• Soloman Islands—Allied invasion of Japanese controlled territory

Douglas MacArthurOn Vocab List!!• Commander of Allied Powers in

the Pacific

• Accepted surrender from Emperor Hirohito

Victory in Europe• Operation Overlord• Normandy—D-Day; June 6, 1944—largest

amphibious landing• Battle of the Bulge• Mussolini—captured, shot, hanged upside

down in the middle of town• Feb. 1945—Yalta Conference• Soviets took Berlin—Hitler found out and

committed suicide on April 30, 1945• New German gov’t surrendered on May 8,

1945—Victory in Europe Day!!!

Victory in Japan

• Hideki Tojo—Japanese General

• Hirohito—Emperor of Japan

Victory in Japan

• Attacked island of Iwo Jima—took one month

• Okinawa was next—Kamikaze missions—damaged many allied ships

• Allies blockaded Japan and immobilized their navy—but refused to surrender

Victory in Japan cont…• Feb. 1945—the Big Three met—

Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin—Yalta Conference

• Germany would be divided and occupied by Allied troops

• Democratic elections should be held in free areas of Europe

• July 1945—Potsdam Conference in Berlin—Truman and new P.M of G.B.—planned occupation of Germany and unconditional surrender of Japan—Japan refused their ultimatum

Victory in Japan cont…• Allies had A-Bomb (Manhattan Project)• Truman decided to drop the bomb• August 6, 1945, the Enola Gay, a B-29

bomber dropped the first bomb over Hiroshima

• August 9, 1945, 2nd bomb dropped over Nagasaki

• August 14, 1945, Japan unconditionally surrendered

• Sept. 2, 1945—they officially surrendered aboard the U.S.S. Missouri V-J Day!!!

Costs of the War

• Most destructive in history– 22 million dead– 34 million wounded– 6 million Jews

– The big change was that this kind of destruction became accepted practice and the killing of civilians was acceptable!

Nuremberg LawsOn Vocab List!!• 1935

• Took citizenship away from Jews

• Yellow Star of David

“Cash and Carry”On Vocab. List!!• Neutrality Acts of 1939

• Roosevelt

• Warring nations could buy in cash and carry w/them!

Axis PowersOn Vocab. List!!• Germany, Italy, & Japan

Lend-Lease ActOn Vocab. List!!• Lend/Lease arms to “any country

whose defense was vital to the U.S.”

• March 1941

AlliesOn Vocab. List!!• Britain, France, United States,

Soviet Union

“Defeat Hitler First”On Vocab. List!!• America & its allies war strategy

• USA forces targeted for Europe

Dwight D. EisenhowerOn Vocab. List!!• Led Allied troops D-Day

• German occupied France June 6, 1944

• Liberated western Europe from Hitler begins here!

Harry S. TrumanOn Vocab. List!!• President

• Ordered the use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki

• To prevent horrendous casualties & force Japanese to surrender

KamikazeOn Vocab. List!!• Japanese suicide bomber

Yalta ConferenceOn Vocab. List!!• Feb. 1945

• Allies (U.S., Br, SU)

• Divide Germany into Allied occupation zones (East & West)