soil pollution and effects on economy
TRANSCRIPT
8/9/2019 Soil Pollution and Effects on Economy
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Dr. RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA
NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY,
LUCKNOW
Economics
SynopsisSoil Pollution: Causes , Efects and
Remedies
SUBMITTED TO
Prof. (Dr.) Madhuri Srivastava
Visiting Professor (Economics)
SUBMITTED BY
Anshul Yadav
Roll no. :-22
Section ASemester-
!.A. "".!(#ons.)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
!ould li"e to e#tend s$ecial t%an"s and &'atitude to
m( teac%e' P'o)* +D'* Mad%u'i S'i-asta-a !%o &a-e me
t%e &olden o$$o'tunit( to !o'" on t%is !onde')ul
'esea'c% to$ic . Soil Pollution: Causes , Efects and Remedies
/ !%ic% %as %el$ed me &ain a lot o) $e's$ecti-e a0out
t%e e-olution o) $'esent da( en-i'onmental scena'io*
T%'ou&%out t%e 'esea'c% $e'iod %a-e 0een time and
a&ain &uided m( 0( teac%e' !%ene-e' )aced an(
%u'dles o' !as in a state o) stu$o' not 0ein& a0le to
1&u'e out t%e int'icacies o) t%e su02ect*
!ould li"e to t%an" m( uni-e'sit( D'* Ram Mano%a'
Lo%i(a National La! 3ni-e'sit( )o' &i-in& me t%e c%ance
to 0e a $a't o) a uni4ue 'esea'c% o'iented cu''iculum
!%ic% indeed 0oosts t%e unde'standin& o) t%e su02ect*
!ould also li"e to t%an" m( $a'ents, mento's and !ell
!is%e's !%o %a-e 0een a constant su$$o't and %a-e
time and a&ain 'e-ie!ed m( !o'" and %a-e $'o-ided
t%ei' insi&%ts on t%e matte'*
-Anshul
Yadav
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TA!LE O"
CONTENTS#
nt'oduction55**555555*55555**
555555555555555555*******6
O02ecti-es o) stud(55555****
5555555555555555555***************6
Resea'c% Met%odolo&(*****
55555555555555555555555************6
nt'oduction to Soil
Pollution********************************************************************789
• Soil
De&'adation***********************************************************************
******8;
• Soil
E'osion*******************************************************************************
*****<8=>
Causes o) Soil
Pollution***************************************************************************=68=
Efects o) Soil
Pollution****************************************************************************=;8=<
Met%ods to Cont'ol Soil
Pollution***********************************************************?@8?=
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Conclusion*********************************************************************************
*******************??
i0lio&'a$%(5555555555555555555555555
555*********************?>
NTROD3CTON:
Soil $ollution is de1ned as t%e 0uild8u$ in soils o)
$e'sistent to#ic com$ounds, c%emicals, salts, 'adioacti-e
mate'ials, o' disease causin& a&ents, !%ic% %a-e ad-e'se
efects on $lant &'o!t% and animal %ealt%*
OBECTE O TE ST3DF:
T%e $u'$ose o) t%is document is :
=* to $'esent a 0'ie) account o) !%at Soil Pollution/ in
its $u'-ie! is *
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?* to unde'stand t%e causes o) soil $ollution>* to unde'stand its efects +0ot% ecolo&ical and
economical6* and to dema'cate t%e 'emedies*
RESEARC METODOLOGF:
Resea'c% Met%odolo&( in t%e ma"in& o) t%is P'o2ect !ill
0e Doct'inal Resea'c% Met%odolo&(*
T%is Met%odolo&( !ill 0e 0est suited )o' t%e To$ic o) t%e
P'o2ect* A detailed stud( o) economic %aHa'ds caused 0(
soil $ollution is done and anal(sis and conclusions %a-e
0een made in o'de' to unde'stand t%e $'o0lem and
de-ise a$$osite solutions to t%e same*
NTROD3CTON TO SOL
POLL3TON:
Soil Pollution or Soil Contamination is caused by the
presence of xenobiotic, i.e., Human made chemicals or
other alteration in the natural soil environment. It is
typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural
chemicals, or improper disposal of waste. Contamination is
correlated with the degree of industrialisation and
intensity of chemical usage. The most common chemicals
involved are petroleum hydrocarbons, polynuclear
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aromatic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene and
ben!oa" pyrene ", solvents, pesticides, lead, and other
heavy metals.#
Soil is natu'all( 'emo-ed 0( t%e action o) !ate' o' !ind:
suc% I0ac"&'oundI +o' I&eolo&icalI soil e'osion %as 0een
occu''in& )o' some 67@ million (ea's, since t%e 1'st land
$lants )o'med t%e 1'st soil* E-en 0e)o'e t%is, natu'al
$'ocesses mo-ed loose 'oc", o' 'e&olit%, of t%e Ea't%Is
su')ace, 2ust as %as %a$$ened on t%e $lanet Ma's* n
&ene'al, 0ac"&'ound e'osion 'emo-es soil at 'ou&%l( t%e
same 'ate as soil is )o'med* ut Iaccele'atedI soil e'osion
J loss o) soil at a muc% )aste' 'ate t%an it is )o'med J
is a )a' mo'e 'ecent $'o0lem* t is al!a(s a 'esult o)
man"indIs un!ise actions, suc% as o-e'&'aHin& o'
unsuita0le culti-ation $'actices* T%ese lea-e t%e land
un$'otected and -ulne'a0le*
T%en, du'in& times o) e'osi-e 'ain)all o' !indsto'ms, soil
ma( 0e detac%ed, t'ans$o'ted, and +$ossi0l( t'a-ellin& a lon&
distance de$osited* Accele'ated soil e'osion 0( !ate' o' !ind
ma( afect 0ot% a&'icultu'al a'eas and t%e natu'al
en-i'onment, and is one o) t%e most !ides$'ead o)
toda(Is en-i'onmental $'o0lems*
t %as im$acts !%ic% a'e 0ot% on8site +at t%e $lace !%e'e
t%e soil is detac%ed and of8site +!%e'e-e' t%e e'oded soil
ends u$*Mo'e 'ecentl( still, t%e use o) $o!e')ul
a&'icultu'al im$lements %as, in some $a'ts o) t%e !o'ld,
led to dama&in& amounts o) soil mo-in& do!n slo$e
= %tt$:en*!i"i$edia*o'&!i"iSoilcontamination*
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me'el( unde' t%e action o) &'a-it(: t%is is so8called tilla&e
e'osion* Soil e'osion is 2ust one )o'm o) soil de&'adation*
Ot%e' "inds o) soil de&'adation include salinisation,
nut'ient loss and com$action* Soil e'osion is !%en t%e
soil is 0lo!n a!a( 0( t%e !ind o' !as%ed a!a( 0( t%e
'ain*
Soil e'osion is common in a'eas !it% stee$ slo$es, !%e'e
t'ees %a-e 0een cut do!n, in d'ou&%ts !%en c'o$s and
ot%e' -e&etation &'o!s $oo'l( and in 'u'al a'eas !%ic%
a'e o-e'$o$ulated*? Ne$al, in t%e imala(an Mountains, %as
se-e'e $'o0lems caused 0( inc'eased $o$ulation densit(
and stee$ slo$es* Soil e'osion can 0e 'educed 0(
0uildin& te''aces on %illsides, i''i&ation sc%emes to
o-e'come d'ou&%ts, $lantin& mo'e t'ees to 0ind t%e soil
to&et%e' and ma"e !ind 0'ea"s, and usin& )e'tilise's in
o-e'$o$ulated a'eas to ma"e t%e soil mo'e )e'tile*
t is -e'( im$o'tant t%at t%e )a'min& tec%ni4ues used do
not dama&e t%e st'uctu'e o) t%e soil, as t%is ma"es it
easil( e'oded* Good )a'min& tec%ni4ues include contou'
$lou&%in&, c'o$ 'otation and "ee$in& t%e soil 'ic% in
%umus* An e#am$le o) $oo' tec%ni4ues !as t%e .Dust
o!l. in t%e mid8!este'n states o) t%e 3*S*A* in t%e
=<>@Is* a'me's e#%austed t%e soil 0( monocultu'e and
le)t t%e soil 0a'e a)te' %a'-estin&* Soil e'osion is a
$'o0lem o) t%e de-elo$ed !o'ld as !ell as t%e
de-elo$in&*
? %tt$:!!!*eci)m*'d&*ac*u"e'osion*%tm *
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Soil De&'adation:8
All acti-ities !%ic% in-ol-e dest'uction o' distu'0ance, to
a &'eate' o' lesse' e#tent, o) natu'al and semi8natu'alecos(stems uses land* Almost in-a'ia0l(, %o!e-e' it is
t%ese ecos(stems !%ic% in e4uili0'ium !it% t%ei'
en-i'onment $'o-ide $'otection to t%e soil !%ic% in tu'n
$'o-ides su$$o't to t%em* One o) t%e most ma2o'
conse4uence o) dest'uction and distu'0ance o) t%e
ecos(stem is t%at o) Soil De&'adation* t is de1ned as
decline caused in t%e soil 4ualit( caused t%'ou&% its
misuse 0e it 0( %uman acti-it( o' ot%e' 'easons* Mo'e
s$eci1call( it 'e)e's to t%e decline in soil $'oducti-it(
t%'ou&% ad-e'se c%an&es in nut'ient status, st'uctu'al
sta0ilit(, o'&anic matte' and concent'ations o) elect'ol(tes
and to#ic c%emicals* T%e en-i'onmental $'o0lems
inco'$o'ated 0( de&'adation a'e some%o! all inte''elated,
li"e t%at o) e'osion*
Soil De&'adation is not a ne! $%enomenon* E-idences
&i-en 0( a'c%aeolo&ists su&&est t%at it %as 0een &oin&
e-e' since t%e 1'st a&'icultu'al acti-ities !e'e sta'ted on
t%e ea't%, i*e*, since t%e 0e&innin& o) t%e settled
a&'icultu'e se-e'al t%ousand (ea's a&o* T%e decline o)
se-e'al )amous ci-iliHations li"e t%at o) t%e
Meso$otamians o) t%e Ti&'is, Eu$%'ates -alle(s in 'a4, t%e
a'a$$ans o) ndus alle( in Pa"istan a'e $a't to soil
de&'adation* E-en at t%at time alt%ou&% mino' 0ut
de&'adation o) soil !as &oin& on*
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Goin& !it% t%e stats collected in t%e Glo0al Assessment
o) soil de&'adation $'o2ect, a0out =7 o) t%e &lo0al land
a'ea 0et!een ? ° N and 7 S is de&'aded* 3nde' t%is
t%e land dist'i0ution is ==> million %a )o' de)o'estation,
;> million %a o) ina$$'o$'iatel( c'o$$ed land and 7
million %a )o' o-e'&'aHin&*
t %as also 0een noted t%at t%e &lo0al 'ate o) soil
$ollution in 'ecent decades %as inc'eased d'amaticall(
and is li"el( to inc'ease e-en mo'e in t%e nea' )utu'e* n
=<<> it !as estimated t%at t%e amount ma( 0e
some!%at a'ound 78 millions %ecta'es and is set to 'ise
0e(ond =@ million %ecta'es 0( t%e (ea' ?@@>*>
Ta"in& conside'a0le note to t%e efects o) t%e soil
> Eu&ine, T*, “Environmental Economics”, 'inda Pu0lications, Ne!Del%i, Ed* No*8, ?@@, $&*8=;;*
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de&'adation !e !ill 1nd t%at its efects a'e not 'est'icted
to t%e soil alone, 0ut %a-e a num0e' o) of8site
im$lications* o' e#am$le Soil E'osion is man( times
associated !it% inc'eased incidence o) oodin&, situation
o) 'i-e's, la"es and 'ese'-oi's and de$osition o) mate'ial
in lo! l(in& a'eas* T%e a'eas !%e'e in1lt'ation ca$acit( is
'educed a'e mo'e li"el( to com$'e%end t%is "ind o)
$'o0lems*
T%e'e a'e se-e'al )acto's o-e' !%ic% e#tent to !%ic% soilis e'oded de$ends* Man( o) t%ese )acto's a'e
inte''elated , namel( soil c%a'acte'istics, 'elie) climate, land
use and socio economic and $olitical cont'ols a'e
o-e'loo"ed o' not e#amined*
Mana&ement o) soil de&'adation %as 0ecome a %ots$ot
to$ic 0ot% at &lo0al as !ell as 'e&ional and local scale*t is clea'l( a com$le# issue and 'e$'esents one o) ou'
most c%allen&in& en-i'onmental $'o0lems* T%e'e)o'e t%e'e
is a need to $ut em$%asise on sustaina0le use o) land
'at%e' t%an e#$loitati-e land use $'actices* ut t%is calls
)o' a commitment 0( &o-e'nmental a&encies and t%ose
!%o a'e usin& t%ose land to mana&e t%e use o) t%eland )o' lon& te'm ad-anta&e 'at%e' t%an me'el( !astin&
it )o' s%o't te'm e#$ediencies* T%e $'o0lem t%us 'e4ui'es
colla0o'ated and coo'dinated efo'ts o) all en-i'onmentall(
conscious $eo$le*
Soil E'osion:8
Soil e'osion occu's !%en t%e 'ate o) 'emo-al o) soil 0(
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t%e means o) !ate', !ind, etc*, e#ceeds t%e 'ate at !%ic%
soil is 0ein& )o'med* t %as 0een o0se'-ed t%at t%e 'ate
o) soil )o'mation is &ene'all( -e'( lo!* T%e $'o1les
usuall( de-elo$ at a 'ate o) a0out = cm e-e'( =@@86@@
(ea's* T%e'e is also need to unde'stand t%e dife'ence in
t%e e'osion caused natu'all( o' 0ac"!a'd e'osion and t%e
e'osion !%ic% %as 0een accele'ated la'&el( as a 'esult o)
%uman acti-it(* 3suall(, 0ac"&'ound e'osion 'ates a'e
o)ten simila' to t%at o) soil )o'mation alt%ou&% in
mountainous a'eas t%e( ma( 0e conside'a0l( %i&%* T%e
less $lateau a'eas o) C%ina and t%e imala(an )oot%ills
o) Ne$al a'e t%e $laces !%e'e some o) t%e %i&%est soil
e'osion 'ates %a-e 0een o0se'-ed* E-en in ndia a'ound
;@@ %a* O) land is lost as a 'esult o) &ull( e'osion e-e'(
(ea'*
T%e soil loses mate'ials )'om it mainl( in )ou' )o'ms
&ases, solutes, $a'ticulate mate'ial and -e&etation
'emo-al* o!e-e', t%e $'ocesses as in t%e case o)
additions can 0e di-ided into su')ace and su0su')ace
cate&o'ies* Su')ace losses &ene'all( include &ases 'eleased
to t%e atmos$%e'e du'in& o'&anic matte' decom$osition
and also solutes !%ic% a'e $'o-ide to t%e -e&etation )o'
nou'is%ment and t%en lost !%en t%e -e&etation is
'emo-ed*
o' e#am$le, 0( %a'-estin& c'o$s o' 'emo-al o) t'ees,
$a'ticulate mate'ial !%ic% is lost 0( !ate' o' !ind
e'osion, and t%e u$$e' $a'ts o) $'o1les !%ic% ma( 0e
'emo-ed 0( e'osion o' %uman acti-it(*6
T%e losses o)
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&ases and solutes -ia su')ace de$ends on t%e e#tent to
!%ic% t%e( a'e dissol-ed and lost 0( su0su')ace
d'aina&eQ !%ic% in tu'n de$ends u$on t%e use o) land
and climate*
Remo-al o) $a'ticulate mate'ial 0( !ind is )ound to 0e
most efecti-e in t%e case o) soils !it% a %i&% silt o'
1ne sand content* T%is is 0ecause t%is siHe o) mate'ial is
mo'e easil( ent'ained t%an t%e la'&e' ones and also
)'om t%e %ea-ie' o' small cla( $a'ticles !%ic% 'esist
0ein& ent'ained due to t%ei' &'eate' a&&'e&ation* O'&anic
mate'ial is also )ound to 0e mo'e -ulne'a0le to t%e
e'osion 0( !ind and its lo!e' densit( !%ic% is 'elati-e
to t%e mine'al mate'ials also im$lies t%at7 la'&e'
$a'ticles can 0e mo'e easil( ca''ied*
$ow moisture content, poor aggregation and sparse
vegetation covers will also enhance susceptibility to
erosion. Small particles %&.&'mm in diameter" are
transported by aerial dispersion and may be carried to
elevations of several thousand metres. Particles of
intermediate si!e &.&'(&.' mm" are transported within a
metre or so of the ground surface by the process of
saltation. In contrast, large particles )&.' mm" are moved
along the ground, largely as a result of impacts from
saltating particles, by the process of creep. Saltation is
the most important process of wind erosion in terms of
6 supra note8> at $&* =<@*
7
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the *uantity of material moved, and it is estimated that
''(+- of wind eroded particles are transported in this
way. In the case of erosion by water, soils with wea
aggregation and low vegetation covers are with wea
aggregation and low vegetation covers are particularly
susceptible because the aggregates can be easily broen
down by direct raindrop impact. This can also result in
surface compaction and sealing to form a crust which
may be several mm in thicness which impedes
in/ltration, therefore, enhancing the loss of material by
surface runo0.1
T%ousands o) %ecta'es o) &ood a&'icultu'al land in man(
count'( %a-e 0een dest'o(ed due to e'osion o) land
caused 0( !ind and !ate'* T%e 0est "no!n o) suc%
dest'uction and disaste' is t%e )amous dust 0o!l/ !%ic%
)o'med in $a'ts o) Cent'al 3nited States o) Ame'ica in
t%e =<?@s* T%e !ides$'ead $'actice o) continuousl( and
e#tensi-el( c'o$$in& t%e land !%ic% ea'lie' %ad 0een a
$a't o) &'assland o' )o'est !as t%e main 'eason )o' t%e
de-elo$ment o) t%e dust 0o!l/* Mo'e 'ecentl( , e'osion
%as caused e-en &'eate' casualties !%ic% )ollo!ed u$
$lou&%in& u$ o) &'assland on t%e $lains o) t%e e'st!%ile
3SSR* t is e-en $ointed 0( some $undits t%at t%e
occu''ence o) occasional !ind e'osion on $eat soils and
on some sand lands a'e not%in& 0ut t%e 0e&innin& o)
9 supra note8> at $&* =<@*
supra note8> at $&* =<=*
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suc% t'ou0les*
E'osion losses can also occu', )o' e#am$le 0( &lacie' ice,
i) t%e'e is some ma2o' c%an&e in en-i'onmental
conditions* T%e'e a'e se-e'al !a(s 0( !%ic% losses o)
mate'ials can 0e caused 0( %uman acti-it(, t%e most
$'ominent 0ein& associated !it% t%e 'emo-al o) to$8soil
)o' use as 'esou'ce o' )o' const'uction !o'"* o'
e#am$le, t%e ca$a0ilities o) t%e soil else!%e'e can 0e
im$'o-ed 0( e#t'actin& o'&anic 'ic% soil )'om it* T%e
const'uction o) 'oads and 0uildin&s o' an( ot%e'
landsca$in& $'o&'ammes is also o)ten associated !it% t%e
'emo-al o) soil*
Su0su')ace loses can occu' in 0ot% solute o' solid )o'm
and can in-ol-e an( o) t%e $'oducts o) addition and
t'ans)o'mation, alon& !it% t%ose mate'ials unde'&oin&
t'ans)e' !%e'e conditions )o' total 'ede$osition !it%in t%e
soil do not occu'*; T%e e#tent o) solute out$uts
$'ominentl( de$ens u$on solu0ilit( o) mate'ial in-ol-ed
alon& !it% tem$e'atu'e, !%ic% cont'ols t%e 'ate at !%ic%
t%e 'eaction occu's*
A$a't )'om t%ese it also de$ends u$on t%e s$eed o)
!ate' mo-ement, !%ic% !ill dete'mine t%e time a-aila0le
)o' 'eaction to occu'* Onl( t%ose mate'ials !ill occu' !it%
an( si&ni1cance in solids containin& la'&e $o'es o' ot%e'
)o'ms o) $assa&e !a(s !%ic% a'e lost in solid
$a'ticulates )o'm* Pa'ticulate losses a'e mostl( associated
!it% soil $i$es !%ic% usuall( 'an&e )'om )e! centimet'es
; d*
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u$to se-e'al met'es, t%ou&% in coa'se8te#tu'ed and
uncom$acted soils, t%e $o'e s$aces a'e )ound to 0e
conside'a0l( la'&e !%ic% ma( allo! t%e soil mate'ial to
mo-e out o) t%e soil into t%e d'aina&e c%annels*
T%ese a'e usuall( )ound in t%e soils $'one to
e#$e'iencin& c'ac"in&, due to t%e occu''ence o) smectite,
a %i&%l( e#$anda0le cla( mine'al, o' %i&% o'&anic
contents and also !%ic% contain su0su')ace la(e's o)
'est'icted $e'mea0ilit(*
Soil Pi$es allo! la'&e -olumes o) !ate' to $ass 'a$idl(
t%'ou&% t%em !%ic% 'esults in t%e 'emo-al o) 0ot% solid
$a'ticles and dissol-ed mate'ial*
T%e e#tent to !%ic% soil e'osion %as 0een caused
de$ends u$on se-e'al )acto's* T%e ones !it% $a'ticula'
im$o'tance include e'osi-it( o) t%e e'odin& a&ent,
e'oda0ilit( o) t%e soil, slo$e stee$ness and len&t%, land
use $'actices and conse'-ation st'ate&ies* T%ese )acto's
a'e summa'ised in t%e uni-e'sal soil loss E4uation :
E R*K*L*S*C*P*
W%e'e E Mean annual soil loss
R 'ain)all e'osi-it( inde#
K Slo$e e'oda0ilit(
L Slo$e len&t%
S Slo$e stee$ness
CC'o$$in& )acto'
P Conse'-ation $'actice )acto'
Alt%ou&% !idel( used, t%is model %as 0een t%e su02ect o)
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e#tensi-e c'iticism*< o' e#am$le, it assumes t%at a
-e&etation co-e' is al!a(s $'otecti-e )o' t%e soil !%ic%
is not al!a(s im$licit* E'osion on t%at land !%ic% %as a
&'eate' co-e' o) c'o$s $lanted in 'o!s can 0e
conside'a0l( &'eate' as com$a'ed to some ot%e' land
!%ic% is s$a'sel( co-e'ed !it% -e&etation* Anot%e'
c'iticism is t%at it is onl( a$$lica0le to t%e cases o)
!ate' e'osion and t%us cannot 0e used in t%e ot%e'
a'eas li"e t%ose !%ic% a'e afected e#tensi-el( due to
!ind e'osion* ts a$$lica0ilit( uni-e'sall( as to t%e t'o$ical
soils %as also 0een 4uestioned o)ten* E'osi-it( is a
measu'e o) t%e $otential o) t%e e'odin& a&ent to e'ode
and is commonl( e#$'essed in te'ms o) "inetic ene'&(*=@
< supra note8> at $&* =<?*
=@ d*
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CA3SES O SOLPOLL3TON:
Soil $ollution is caused 0( t%e $'esence o) man8made
c%emicals o' ot%e' alte'ation in t%e natu'al soil
en-i'onment* T%is t($e o) contamination t($icall( a'ises
)'om t%e 'u$tu'e o) unde'&'ound sto'a&e lin"s, a$$lication
o) $esticides, $e'colation o) contaminated su')ace !ate'
to su0su')ace st'ata, oil and )uel dum$in&, leac%in& o)
!astes )'om land1lls o' di'ect disc%a'&e o) indust'ial
!astes to t%e soil* T%e most common c%emicals in-ol-ed
a'e $et'oleum %(d'oca'0ons, sol-ents, $esticides, lead and
ot%e' %ea-( metals* T%is occu''ence o) t%is $%enomenon
is co''elated !it% t%e de&'ee o) indust'ialiHation and
intensities o) c%emical usa&e*
A soil $ollutant is an( )acto' !%ic% dete'io'ates t%e
4ualit(, te#tu'e and mine'al content o) t%e soil o' !%ic%
distu'0s t%e 0iolo&ical 0alance o) t%e o'&anisms in t%e
soil* Pollution in soil %as ad-e'se efect on $lant &'o!t%*
Pollution in soil is &ene'all( associated !it% :
De)o'estation
ndisc'iminate use o) $esticides, insecticides and
%e'0icides
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ndisc'iminate use o) )e'tiliHe's
Dum$in& o) la'&e 4uantities o) solid !aste
De)o'estation:8
Soil 2rosion occurs when the weathered soil particles are
dislodged and carried away by wind or water.
3eforestation, agricultural development, temperature
extremes, precipitation including acid rain, and human
activities contribute to this erosion. Humans speed up
this process by construction, mining, cutting of timber, over
cropping and overgra!ing. 4orests and grasslands are an
excellent binding material that eeps the soil intact and
healthy. They support many habitats and ecosystems,
which provide innumerable feeding pathways or food
chains to all species. Their loss would threaten food
chains and the survival of many species.## Du'in& t%e
$ast )e! (ea's 4uite a lot o) measu'eless &'een land
%as 0een t'ans)o'med into dese'ts* T%e $'ecious 'ain)o'est
%a0itats o) Sout% Ame'ica, t'o$ical Asia and A)'ica a'e
comin& unde' %ea-iness o) $o$ulation &'o!t% and
enla'&ement +es$eciall( tim0e', const'uction and
a&'icultu'e* Man( scientists 0elie-e t%at a !ealt% o)
cu'ati-e su0stances countin& a cu'e )o' cance' and aids,
== %tt$:!!!*0c0*u!c*ac*HaEn-)acts)actse'osion*%tm*
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'ecline in t%ese )o'ests* De)o'estation is slo!l( dest'o(in&
t%e most $'oli1c o'a and )auna a'eas o-e' t%e &lo0e,
!%ic% also )o'm -ast t'acts o) a -e'( $'ecious sin" )o'
CO?*
ndisc'iminate use o) $esticides, insecticides
and %e'0icides:8
Plants on !%ic% !e de$end )o' c%o! a'e unde' molest
)'om insects, mic'o0es , 'odents and ot%e' animals, and
%a-e to com$ete !it% !eeds )o' nut'ients* To "ill
'edundant $o$ulations li-in& in o' on t%ei' c'o$s, )a'me's
use $esticides* t !as du'in& Wo'ld Wa' t%at t%e( came
into e#tensi-e use*
nsects soon 0ecame 'esistant to DDT and as t%e
c%emical did not c'um0le 'eadil(, it $e'sisted in t%e
en-i'onment* Since it !as solu0le in )at 'at%e' t%an
!ate', it 0ioma&ni1ed u$ t%e )ood c%ain and dis'u$ted
calcium meta0olism in 0i'ds, causin& e&&s%ells to 0e t%in
and )'a&ile*
As a 'esult, la'&e 0i'ds o) $'e( suc% as t%e 0'o!n
$elican, os$'e(s, )alcons and ea&les 0ecame in dan&e' o)
&ettin& e#tincted*
Pesticides not only bring toxic e0ect on human and
animals but also decrease the fertility of the soil. Some
of the pesticides are *uite stable and their bio(
degradation may tae wees and even months.
Pesticide problems such as resistance, resurgence, and
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heath e0ects have caused scientists to see alternatives.
Pheromones and hormones to attract or repel insects
and using natural enemies or sterili!ation by radiation
have been suggested.#
ndisc'iminate use o) )e'tiliHe's:8
Soil nut'ients a'e -ital )o' $lant &'o!t% and de-elo$ment*
Plants o0tain necessa'( amounts o) ca'0on, %(d'o&en and
o#(&en )'om ai' and !ate'* ut ot%e' necessa'( nut'ients
li"e nit'o&en, $%os$%o'us, $otassium, calcium, ma&nesium,
sul$%u' and mo'e must 0e o0tained )'om t%e soil*
a'me's 0( and la'&e use )e'tiliHe's to co''ect soil
de1ciencies* e'tiliHe's $ollute t%e soil !it% im$u'ities,
!%ic% come )'om t%e unde'done mate'ials used )o' t%ei'
manu)actu'in&* Asso'ted )e'tiliHe's o)ten contain
ammonium nit'ate +N6NO>,$%os$%o'us as P?O7, and
$otassium as K?O*
o' instance, As, P0 and Cd $'esent in t'aces in 'oc"
$%os$%ate mine'al &et t'ans)e''ed to su$e' $%os$%ate
)e'tiliHe'* Since t%e metals a'e not de&'ada0le, t%ei'
acc'ual in t%e soil a0o-e t%ei' to#ic le-els due to
un!a''anted use o) $%os$%ate )e'tiliHe's, 0ecomes an
im$e'is%a0le $oison )o' c'o$s* T%e o-e' use o) NPK
)e'tiliHe's 'educe amount o) -e&eta0les and c'o$s &'o!n8
u$ on soil o-e' t%e (ea's* t also 'educes t%e $'otein
=? supra note ==*
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content o) c'o$s li"e !%eat, maiHe, &'ams, etc*, &'o!n on
t%at soil*
Dum$in& o) solid !astes:8n &ene'al, solid !aste includes &a'0a&e, domestic 'e)use
and disca'ded solid mate'ials suc% as t%ose )'om
comme'cial, indust'ial and a&'icultu'al acti-ities* T%e(
contain inc'easin& amounts o) $a$e', ca'd0oa'ds, $lastics,
&lass, old const'uction mate'ial, $ac"a&in& mate'ial and
no#ious o' ot%e'!ise %aHa'dous su0stances* Since a
note!o't%( amount o) u'0an solid !aste tends to 0e
$a$e' and )ood !aste, t%e ma2o'it( is 'ec(cla0le o'
0iode&'ada0le in land1lls* T%e $o'tion o) solid !aste t%at
is $e'ilous suc% as oils, 0atte'( metals, etc* and o'&anic
sol-ents a'e t%e ones !e %a-e to $a( $a'ticula'
attention to* T%ese can in t%e lon& 'un, &et de$osited to
t%e soils o) t%e su''oundin& a'ea and $ollute t%em 0(
alte'in& t%ei' c%emical and 0iolo&ical $'o$e'ties* Mo'e
t%an <@ o) %aHa'dous !aste is $'oduced 0( c%emical,
$et'oleum and metal8'elated indust'ies and small
0usinesses suc% as d'( cleane's and &as stations
cont'i0ute as !ell*=>
To#ic c%emicals leac%ed )'om ooHin&sto'a&e d'ums into t%e soil 0eneat% %omes, causin& an
0iHa''el( la'&e num0e' o) 0i't% de)ects, cance's and
'es$i'ato'(, ne'-ous and "idne(8'elated diseases*
EECTS O SOL
=> supra note ==*
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T%e )e'tilit( slo!l( diminis%es, ma"in& land unsuita0le )o'
a&'icultu'e and an( local -e&etation to su'-i-e* T%e soil
$ollution causes la'&e t'acts o) land to 0ecome
%aHa'dous to %ealt%* 3nli"e dese'ts, !%ic% a'e suita0le )o'
its nati-e -e&etation, suc% land cannot su$$o't most
)o'ms o) li)e*
>* Dec'eased Soil e'tilit(:8 T%e to#ic c%emicals $'esent
in t%e soil can dec'ease soil )e'tilit( and t%e'e)o'e
dec'ease in t%e soil (ield* T%e contaminated soil is t%enused to $'oduce )'uits and -e&eta0les !%ic% lac"s 4ualit(
nut'ients and ma( contain some $oisonous su0stance to
cause se'ious %ealt% $'o0lems in $eo$le consumin&
t%em*
6* To#ic Dust:8 T%e emission o) to#ic and )oul &ases
)'om land1lls $ollutes t%e en-i'onment and causes se'ious
efects on %ealt% o) some $eo$le* T%e un$leasant smell
causes incon-enience to ot%e' $eo$le*
7* C%an&es in Soil St'uctu'e:8 T%e deat% o) man( soil
o'&anisms +e*&* ea't%!o'ms in t%e soil can lead to
alte'ation in soil st'uctu'e* A$a't )'om t%at, it could also)o'ce ot%e' $'edato's to mo-e to ot%e' $laces in sea'c%
o) )ood*
9* Economic Efects:8 W%en a$$'oac%in& t%e issue o)
soil de&'adation )'om an economic $e's$ecti-e, it is
$uHHlin& !%( )a'me's, as t%e main use's o) soil, !ould
em$lo( $'actices t%at cont'i0ute to soil de&'adation, !%ile
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t%e( !ill 0e t%e ones !%o sufe' most )'om t%e
conse4uences o) de&'adation* nstead, it s%ould 0e in t%e
economic inte'ests o) )a'me's and ot%e' soil use's to
a-oid soil de&'adation* W%atsoe-e' it ma( 0e 0ut it is
t'ue t%at t%ou&% t%e en-i'onmental $'o0lems a'e mainl(
due to t%e im$e')ect !o'"in& o) t%e ma'"et mec%anism*
It is *uite hard to evaluate many environmental
resources and commodities and thus they can be hardly
charged for through the mechanism of maret price. This
economic bacground seems to shape conditions under
which the present ecological degradation may tae
place.#5
METODS TO CONTROL SOL
POLL3TON:Since the population and urbani!ation can be held
responsible for land use con6ict, unless the bleeding
away of land to urbani!ation , deserti/cation policy will
pro7ect the 2co(System from the devastating e0ects of
deforestation and from conversion of land into deserts.#'
ut t%is ma( not 0e ade4uate* Re&ulation o) t%e use o)
land is necessa'( to limit t%e inc'easin& u'0an s$'a!l
and t%e unnecessa'( enc'oac%ment on a&'icultu'al land
!%ic% su0se4uentl( 'esults to de&'adation o) t%e soil* t
=6 supra note8> $&*89*
=7 supra note >, $&*8?@9*
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%as also 0een o0se'-ed t%at most o) t%e conicts
'elated to land use a'e de'i-ed di'ectl( o' indi'ectl( )'om
su08u'0an &'o!t%, t%us it can 0e im$lied t%at onl(
cont'ollin& and limitin& t%e as$ects o) met'o$olitan
&'o!t% !ill %el$ in mode'atin& and 0alancin& t%e
demand )o' land use* Dist'i0utional aims suc% as ma"in&
land a-aila0le to t%e !%ole communit( alon& !it% t%e
su'et( t%at t%e 0ene1ts 'eac%es t%e communit( can onl(
0e cate'ed usin& an eUcient land use $olic(*
T%e'e can 0e se-e'al met%ods 0( !%ic% t%is de&'adation
and $ollution o) soil can 0e cont'olled li"e:8
En-i'onmental Monito'in& P'o&'ammes:8 T%e 4ualit( and
4uantit( o) t%e $ollutants 'eleased into t%e en-i'onment
can onl( 0e assessed 0( t%e use o) some Monito'in&
P'o&'ammes*
Conse'-in& Eco)'iendl( T'aditional P'actices:8 t %as 0een
noted t%at man( a times it is 0ecause o) t%e s%i)t o)
$eo$le )'om a t'aditional occu$ation to a mode'n one
t%at t%e $ollution 'elated $'o0lems a'ise*
o' e#am$le, in ea'lie' da(s t%e t'aditional )a'min&s(stem !as inde$endent o) t%e use o) s(nt%etic
c%emicals, )e'tiliHe's and $esticides* ut toda( a s%i)t can
0e o0se'-ed )'om t%e t'aditional )a'min& $'actices to
mode'n ones !%ic% a'e %el$in& $eo$le to unde'stand t%e
im$o'tance o) t%e t'aditional )a'min& $'actices* T%e( a'e
s%i)tin& )'om c%emical de$endent a&'icultu'e to!a'ds
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o'&anic )a'min&, !%ic% is no dou0t mo'e eco8)'iendl( and
in acco'dance !it% t%e $'inci$les o) sustaina0le
de-elo$ment* ence, 0an"in& on t'aditional "no!led&e and
inno-atin& to ma"e it suit $'esent needs is one !a( o)
$'e-entin& $ollution*
Tec%nolo&ical Solutions:8 Tec%nolo&( %as al!a(s %el$ed
man to e-ol-e ne! met%ods )o' $ollution cont'ol as !ell
as its $'e-ention* One suc% inno-ation is t%at o)
iotec%nolo&(* t %as si&ni1cantl( %el$ed )o' im$'o-in&
!aste mana&ement met%ods, de&'adation cont'ollin&, etc*
Se-e'al ot%e' tec%nolo&ies li"e STD, Elect'ical Resistance
eatin& +ER, and ET8DSP, etc* %a-e also 0een used*
io'emediation and P%(to'emediation:8 n 0io'emediation,
t%e contaminants a'e 'emo-ed 0( t%e %el$ o) mic'o0ial
di&estion* Tec%ni4ues used in 0io'emediation include
land)a'min&, 0iostimulation and 0ioau&mentin& soil 0iota
!it% comme'ciall( a-aila0le mic'o o'a* n
$%(to'emediation $lants suc% as !illo! a'e used to
e#t'act %ea-( metals )'om t%e soil*
Ot%e' m$o'tant Measu'es:8 T%e'e a'e se-e'al ot%e'
efecti-e !a(s t%at %a-e 'ecentl( t'ic"led do!n into t%e
$'e-enti-e measu'es li"e e#ca-ation o) soil and dis$osin&
it of a!a( )'om t%e in%a0ited a'eas* A$a't )'om t%is
ae'ation o) soils at contaminated sites, t%e'mal
'emediation 0( int'oduction o) %eat to 'emo-e -olatile
contaminants 0( -a$o' e#t'action, etc* a'e also used*
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CONCL3SON:
t is almost im$licit t%at )o' economic &'o!t% to 0e
accom$lis%ed, t%e 'esou'ces o) t%e natu'e a'e de1nite to
)ace e#$loitation* T%e $o$ulation 0oom ac'oss t%e &lo0e
is $osin& e-en &'eate' t%'eats to t%ese 'esou'ces* T%e
inc'easin& 'ate o) $o$ulation causes unintended inc'eases
in t%e $'oduction costs !%ic% ma( lead to ma'"et
im0alances* Pollution can cause a de-iation in t%e $'i-ate
and social costs o) $'oduction* P'i-ate costs a'e t%e
no'mall( calculated costs !%ile social costs include an(
t%i'd $a't( costs !%ic% ma( a'ise du'in& $'oduction li"e
t%at o) due to t%e $ollution*
T%e situations a'e e#$ected to &et e-en !o'se 0ecause
o) t%e inc'easin& Heal o) $eo$le to!a'ds t%e $'inci$les o) Dist'i0uti-e Bustice acco'din& to !%ic% e-e'(one %a-e an
e4ual s%a'e in t%e natu'al 'esou'ces* ut, it s%ould 0e
unde'stood t%at t%is is $ossi0le onl( !%en !e use ou'
natu'al 'esou'ces !isel( and in acco'dance !it% t%e
t%eo'( o) Sustaina0le Mana&ement*
T%us, t%e need o) t%e %ou' is to unde'stand t%at t%e
dist'i0uti-e 2ustice can onl( 0e accom$lis%ed !%en t%e
natu'al 0alance o) t%e 'esou'ces is maintained 0ecause
8The 9ature has got enough for everyone:s need but
*uite less for anyone:s greed.;
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LOGRAPF:8
!oos Us/0##
=* E3GNE, T*, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS/, RNDA
P3LCATONS, NEW DEL,ED* NO*8=, ?@@*?* COKAR, KRAN *, MAMATA PANDFA, MEENA RAG3NATAN,
/UNDERSTANDIN1 ENVIRONMENT/, SAGE P3LCATONS,
NEW DEL, ED* NO*8, ?@@<*
W/ Lins##
+. %tt$:%ome&uides*s)&ate*com0'ie)8int'oduction8!ate'8soil8
$ollution8<?=@*%tml?* %tt$:!!!*education*national&eo&'a$%ic*co*in>* >*%tt$:en*!i"i$edia*o'&!i"iSoilVC%a'acte'istics
6* %tt$:6?e#$lo'e*comdi't*%tm7* %tt$:staf!e0*!il"es*edu0'ian*o'amsoil)o'min&)acto's*%tml9* %tt$:!!!*scallo!a(*o'&*u"$%(e9*%tm* %tt$:!!!*0c0*u!c*ac*HaEn-)acts)actse'osion*%tm;* %tt$:!!!*eci)m*'d&*ac*u"e'osion*%tm<* %tt$:!!!*oma)'a*&o-*on*caen&lis%en&inee')acts;8
@6@*%tmVE'osion?@0(?@Wate'=@* %tt$:!!!*oma)'a*&o-*on*caen&lis%en&inee')acts;8
@6@*%tmVE'osion?@0(?@Wind==* %tt$:en*!i"i$edia*o'&!i"iSoile'osion
=?*!!!*uni8 &'aH*at&eo!!!%m'sc$d)s%m'sc6%EA%m6*PD