soil particles are re -arranged and compressed compaction...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Soil particles are re-arranged and compressed › Reducing pore space and increasing bulk
density. Compaction occurs when applied force
is greater than the soils load bearing strength
![Page 3: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Poor aeration Poor water infiltration and drainage Poor root growth Reduced nutrient uptake and water
availability Difficult to plant into compacted soils! Emergence limitations
› Surface crusts
![Page 4: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Compaction reduces number and volume of macropores
Reduced aeration, drainage and root growth
![Page 6: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Compacted soils can have more significant aeration problems when wet.
![Page 7: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Are hard soils always compacted?› No! › Dry soils are hard!› Clayey soils can be hard but not necessarily
compacted. Clays can have production limitations similar to
compacted soils
Hard= resists penetration or forms clods that are difficult to break apart.
![Page 8: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Compacted soils will alwaysresist penetration› Even when moist.
These distinctions are important when trying to diagnose and alleviate compaction.
![Page 9: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Using a Penetrometer.› Sensitive to soil moisture› Dry soils will have high resistance
to penetration› Used when soils
are at field capacity› Root growth is restricted
at 300psi
![Page 10: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Best tools are a shovel and your eyes Look for horizontal soil structure and root
growth Evaluate root growth of tap rooted plants.
Fibrous roots can also show compaction.
![Page 11: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Moderately course soils such as Sandy loams are most susceptible to compaction.› Large pores between sand grains fill with smaller
silt and clay. As the clay content increases, potential for
compaction decreases.› Less air filled pore space under moist conditions
(must move water out to compress soil) › Clays are more cohesive, (more difficult to move
around).
![Page 12: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
At field capacity, water lubricates soil particles.
Pressure is distributed deeper into profile.
3
69
121518
3
6
91215
3
6
91215184
20
24
28
8
12
16
Dep
th (I
nche
s)
Dry soil, hard Normal soil Moist soil, soft
![Page 13: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Traffic on wet soils causes ruts andsignificant subsurface compaction
• Of course, compactionoccurs without ruts too!
![Page 14: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Source: Soehne, 1958.3
69
121824
33
3
6
912151821
3
6
9
124
20
24
8
12
16
Dep
th (I
nche
s)
Tire: 6,5-20 10-18 6,5-20 10-18
Pressure: 40 20 10
(PSI)
Wide tires reduce surface compaction Less effective at reducing subsurface compaction
![Page 15: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Surface tillage provides short term reduction of compaction at surface:› Provides ideal seed bed› BUT can create a plow pan
Heavy traffic and grazing can compact soils in bothsystems
No-till can alleviate plow pan but surface compaction can still be a problem.
![Page 16: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Removes pressure applied by tillage implement› Concentrated and uniform pressure at
depth causes plow pan. Allows soil processes to beak plow pan
apart› Freeze and thaw cycles??› Shrink and swell during drying and wetting› Root penetration
![Page 17: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Dep
th (I
nche
s)
0
5
10
15
C-W-GSC-WC-GSW-DCGS-CCWGS
Penetration Resistance (PSI)0 200 400 600 800 1000
Dep
th (I
nche
s)
0
5
10
15
No-till
Conv. tillage
![Page 18: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Force of raindrop hitting the soil surface forms surface crusts.
Crop residues protect soil surface from raindrops› Can improve emergence.
![Page 19: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Generally a short-term solutionwith inconsistent yield response
Sub-Soiling
![Page 20: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Soils should be dry when sub-soiled› Dry soils will shatter
Sub-soiling a wet soil will simply create a narrow channel.
![Page 21: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
How do we do it? › Limit Grazing› GPS guidance › Tramlines
Control Traffic
![Page 22: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Minimize grazing during wet periods› Spring graze out.
Maintain surface residue› OM accumulation will limit
shallow compaction
4
16
8 in. 12
![Page 23: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Limits compaction to confined areas of field.
Return accuracy of GPS will determine size of compacted area
![Page 24: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Tramlines:› Created during planting by plugging rows› Provides accurate return to traffic pattern
![Page 25: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Some level of soil compaction is inevitable in modern crop production.
If soils are very susceptible to compaction, prevention is the key› Control equipment traffic and grazing, and
maintain surface residue. Deep tillage may be warranted for severe
compaction › Cause of compaction must
be removed
![Page 26: Soil particles are re -arranged and compressed Compaction ...soilwater.okstate.edu/cropland-soil-management/compaction/... · Soil particles are re -arranged and ... Dry soil, hard](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042321/5f0aa9417e708231d42cb735/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)