soil, landscape, hydrology relationships - aswm.org · soil, geology and the hydrologic cycle water...
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![Page 1: Soil, Landscape, Hydrology Relationships - aswm.org · Soil, Geology and the Hydrologic Cycle Water movement through soils and geology in an area influence where wetlands will exist](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040707/5e089e482fab80190635bc90/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Importance of Soil,
Geology, Hydrology
Relationships
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Soil, Geology and the Hydrologic Cycle
Water movement
through soils and
geology in an area
influence where
wetlands will exist
in a landscape.
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Geology and Wetland Types and Functions
Geology and soils
influence the types
of wetlands that
exist in an area
based on their
physical and
chemical
properties.
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Saturation
• A soil layer is saturated when the
soil water pressure is zero or
positive.
•This water has a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure, and pushes air out of holes in the ground.
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Unsaturated Soils with Suction (Tension) Forces
Water under a suction,
pulls particles together.
This water is not “free
water”, it is not free to
Move.
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Strength of suction force related to pore diameter
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Capillary Rise
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Saturated Soils with Free Water (no Suction)
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Unsaturated Zone, Capillary Fringe, Saturated Zone
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Effect of Hydraulic Gradient
• Large Hydraulic Gradient (≥2%)
• Water flows through soil “fast”
• Chemicals are added to or removed from soil
• Small Hydraulic Gradient (≤1%)
• Water flows through soil “slowly”
• Chemicals move internally within soil
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Perched Water Tables
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Hydroperiod
• The duration and
frequency a soil
stays saturated.
• Different
hydroperiods
produce different
soils that provide
different functions.
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
J F A M J S O D
Wa
ter T
ab
le D
ep
th (
cm
)
SmoothRough
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Organic Soils
Low gradient,
constant
hydroperiod with
periods of ponding
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Soils with Dark Surfaces High in Organic Carbon
Low gradient,
constant
hydroperiod in
wetter months and
fluctuating in drier
months
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Dark Surfaces High in Organic Matter with Redox
Slight gradient,
fluctuating
hydroperiod near
edge of discharge
wetland
-water leaves
through
evapotranspiration
allowing iron to
accumulate in the
dark surface
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Gray matrix with redox
Gradient can be
variable,
fluctuating
hydroperiod
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Soils that Flood
Moderate gradient,
overland flow,
recent sediment
deposition
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Soils that Pond
Low gradient, often
perched, ponded
-saturation
leaves through
evapotranspiration
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Conclusion
Soils and Geology have an influence on the types and functions of
wetlands in the landscape.