software basics
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Software BasicsIntroduction to Computer Science
2007-2008
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Aims
• Describing main sw categories and their relationship
• Explaining relationship between algorithms and programs
• Discussing factors that make apps useful
• Describing the role of operative systems
• Outlining the evolution of interfaces
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How the sw works?
algorithm
thinks thinks
Problem: natural language is ambiguous
thinks
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How the sw works?
thinks
writes
algorithm
thinks thinks
program… but
computers can’t
understand that
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How the sw works?
thinks
writesalgorithm
thinks thinks
program(source code)
executable(binary code)
generates
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Example
1. Ask the user for a number
2. Multiply it by 2
3. Show the result on the screen
Algorithm
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Example
#include <stdio.h>
void main(){
int num, double;
printf( “Enter a number: “ );scanf( “%d”, &num );double = num * 2;printf(“Twice %d is %d\n”, num, double );
}
Source code
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Example010110011101110000001000001111010001111011111000101111100010001001001111001001101011100001111001001101011000110111001001100111100010110011100010001011011011011010111010010100011111000011001000111000100011101111000101010010100100110011111110011100111000111110111110110100011100001110000100101111010011110110010011100001101110
Binary code
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Development software
Softwareclassification
Applicationsoftware
Systemsoftware
Softwareclassification
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Development software
• Assisting programmers to write software
• Typical tools
Text editor
Debugger
IDE
Compiler
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Application software
• Why do we use application sw?
• visual metaphors of the real world
• extend human capabilities
(pictures from tecnomarketer)
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Application software
• Examples: accounting, library cataloguing or restaurant management
• limited market (high cost)
• sometimes developed for just one customer
Vertical market
Specific software for a sector
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Application software• Common applications
• Used in many fields (home, office, education, administration….)
• Sold separately or in a package (suite)
Suites
Apps that “work well together”
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Application software
• Set of applications sold in a block
• Easy earning
• Limited functionality (but enough)
• Cheaper
Integrated packages
Share the same environment
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System software
• Manages communications between hw & sw
• Abstraction from hw details(virtual machine)
(source: FFP Basic http://iaf-bs.de)
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Device drivers
• Communicates computer and I/O devices
• Extends computer (open architecture)
• Brokers to access the device
• You can get them
• included in the OS
• provided with the device (install CD)
• owned by a third company (buy it)
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Operative systems
• brokers between users/programs & Hw
• isolations layer
• programs compatibility
• main tasks
• ease the use of the computer
• use the software efficiently
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OS functions
• communications with peripherals (I/O)
• process management (multitasking)
• memory management (protection & virtual mem)
• resource monitoring for accounting and safety
• file system management
• network communication coordination
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Utility programs
• System maintenance tools
• Executed apart from OS
• We can find them…
• incorporated into the OS (disk defrag)
• provided by others (antivirus)
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Additional considerations
• instructions about how to install them
• tutorials
• reference manuals
• help files
• on line help systems
• support services, FAQ
Documentation
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Additional considerationsUpgrading
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Additional considerations
• periodically, companies sell new versions
• reasons: improvements, bugs, adaptation to other SW (OS)
• versions identified by numbers(decimals for minor changes)
• right to free updates during a period
Upgrading
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Additional considerations
• constraints about computer and resources
• examples: CPU, memory, free HD space
• operative systems (Windows, MacOS, Linux)
• sometimes, version:Windows 95, 98, NT, Me, 2000, XP, Vista..
Compatibility
Hardware Software
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Additional considerations
• you don’t buy sw, you buy a license
• individual and corporative licenses
• main limitation: number of computers and right to copy (backup)
• EULA (End User License Agreement)
• license terms
• disclaimer terms (limited liability)
Licensing
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Additional considerations
• proprieraty
• shareware
• demo
• adware
Distribution
• freeware
• open source / free software
• semi free
• public domain
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User interface• character console:
command line (MSDOS)
• graphical user interface (GUI)
• visual concepts
• controls individual points on the screen
• Apple MacOS (1984)
• metaphors. desktop, folders, documents…
• active elements:
• icons
• buttons
• windows
• scrolling bars
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MS-DOS
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Windows 3.11
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Windows 95
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Windows XP
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Windows Vista
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Linux
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Mac OS X (Leopard)
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File system management
• specific folders for user’s documents
• search tools by name or content(Google Desktop)
• Specific tools for special files (iTunes)
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Multi-user OSUNIX
• preferred OS for mainframes & workstations
• versions: Solaris (Sun), HP-UX (HP), Aix (IBM) IRIX (Silicon Graphics)
Linux
• Unix versions for PCs
• Distributions: Ubuntu, Suse, RedHat…