A seminar on

“LIME SODA GLASS PROCESS AND CERMETS”

By Raj Kumar S Wagmare 1stsem M.Tech (MSE)Sub : Advance Material Technology

SODA-LIME GLASS PROCESSSoda-lime glass, also called soda-lime-silica glass, is the

most prevalent(popular) type of glass,used for windowpanes and glass containers (bottles and

jars) for beverages, food, and some commodity items. Glass bake ware (dishes used for serving foods)is often

made of tempered soda-lime glassSoda-lime glass accounts for about 90% of

manufactured glass.Soda-lime glass is relatively inexpensive, chemically

stable, reasonably hard, and extremely workable. Because it can be resoftened and remelted numerous times, it is ideal for glass recycling.

Soda-lime-silica glassSiO2 (silica) 70%Na2O (sodium oxide)12%CaO (calcium oxide) 8%MgO (magnesium oxide) 3%Al2O3 (aluminium oxide) 1%Commercial glass is colorlessAdditional chemicals have to be added to

produce differentcolours of glass such as green, blue or brown

glass.

SODA-LIME GLASS PROCESSSoda-lime glass is prepared by melting the raw materials, such

as sodium carbonate(soda), lime, dolomite, silicon dioxide (silica), aluminium oxide (alumina), and small quantities of fining (acceptable)agents (e.g., sodium sulfate, sodium chloride) in a glass furnace at temperatures locally up to 1675°C.

The temperature is only limited by the quality of the furnace superstructure material and by the glass composition. Relatively inexpensive minerals such as trona(gray-white mineral), sand, and feldspar are usually used instead of pure chemicals.

Green and brown bottles are obtained from raw materials containing iron oxide.

The mix of raw materials is termed batch.

SODA-LIME GLASS PROCESSSoda-lime glass is divided technically into as follows 1-glass used for windows, called flat glass, and2-glass for containers, called container glass. The two types differ in the application,production method (float process for windows, blowing and

pressing for containers), and chemical composition. Flat glass has a higher magnesium oxide and sodium oxide content

than container glass, and a lower silica, calcium oxide, and aluminium oxide content From the lower content of highly water-soluble ions (sodium and magnesium)

in container glass comes its slightly higher chemical durability against water, which is required specially for storage of beverages and food.

Glass Annealing TemperatureSoda-lime 500°C (930°F)Borosilicate 570°C (1060°F)96% Silica 930°C (1705°F)Fused silica 1170°C (2140°F)

Glass TypesThree common types of glass:Soda-lime glass - 95% of all glass, windows

containers etc.Lead glass - contains lead oxide to improve

refractive indexBorosilicate - contains Boron oxide, known as

Pyrex.

Glasses Flat glass (windows)Container glass (bottles)Pressed and blown glass (dinnerware)Glass fibres (home insulation)Advanced/specialty glass (optical fibres)

Glass Containers

Pressed Glass Processing

SoftenedGob

Blow Molding

Softened glass

Glass in Buildings

Properties Container glass Flat glass

Viscosity 550 °C (1,022 °F)–1,450 °C

550 °C (1,022 °F)–1,450 °C

Glass transitiontemperature, Tg

573 °C (1,063 °F) 564 °C (1,047 °F)

Coefficient ofthermal expansion

9 9.5

Densityat 20 °C (68 °F), g/cm3

2.52 2.53

Young's modulusat 20 °C (68 °F), GPa

72 74

Shear modulusat 20 °C (68 °F), GPa

29.8 29.8

Liquidustemperature

1,040 °C (1,900 °F) 1,000 °C (1,830 °F)

Heat capacity at 20 °C(68°F),J/(mol·K)

49 48

COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES

CERMETS Cermet is a cutting tool material composed mainly of TiC (Titanium Carbide) and TiN (Titanium Nitride). The name, cermet is derived from the words CERAMIC and METAL (representing carbide). As the name suggests, cutting performance is also in the mid-range of ceramic's and carbide's. The advantages of this material grade are high-quality and excellent surface finishes can be achieved with elevated cutting speeds. Cermets provide extended tool life. High quality surface finish The main components, TiC and TiN, have good deposition resistance as they have low affinity with work materials. Thus, machining with cermets brings high quality surface finish over extended periods of time.High speed cuttingThe main components, TiC and TiN, are more resistant to wear and oxidation at high temperature than WC (tungsten carbide), which is the main component of carbide tools. Because of excellent wear and oxidation resistance,cermet grades are less reactive with work materials and make stable high speed machining possible.

CERMETSComposite material are composed of ceramic and metallic materials. A Cermet is ideally designed to have the optimal properties of both aceramic, such as high temperature resistance and hardness, and thoseof a metal, such as the ability to undergo plastic deformation.Composition CERAMICS :Tungsten carbide, molybdenum boride, and aluminum oxide. METALS:Iron, cobalt, nickel, and chromium. UsesManufacturing: resistors, capacitors, and other electronic components, also vacuum tubesand for joints and seals.spacecraft: shielding Bio ceramics : play an extensive role in biomedical materials (prosthesis ).In transportation: as friction materials for brakes and clutches.Armor: lightweight ceramic projectile proof armorNuclear: storage of nuclear waste, fabrication of engines and nuclear reactors.

Properties of cermets• High temperature resistance• Hardness• Ability to undergo plastic deformation• Superior wear and corrosion properties• More resistant to high velocity impacts.• Lightweight• The use of ceramic implants extended the life of the hip replacement parts.• Better thermal shock resistance• High strength• Moderate thermal conductivity.

Thank You…Now floor is open for…Feedback?Questions?Comments?

PRESENTED BY: R S WAGMARE M TECH MSE 1ST SEM