socomec ups presentation 22-11-13
DESCRIPTION
SOCOMEC UPS PRESTRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to UPS
CP 01 Specification Seminar
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Part 1 Power problems
Part 2 Types of UPS
Part 3 Structures of UPS, main componentsPart 4 Parallel UPS system
Part 5 Isolation Transformer
Part 6 Grounding
Part 7 Harmonics
Part 8 Surges
Part 9 Battery
Contents of the seminar
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Causes
Effects
Solution
Part 1 Power problems
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Part 1 Power problems
The causes
Black-out events can arrived due to : Lightning
Accidental events
Short-circuits
Switching – on heavy loads
Overloads
And impurities :
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Part 1 Power problems
The effects
How frequent are the power quality problems ?
Electrical noises & transients63.0 events/month
Spikes & surges50.7 events/month
Sags & brownouts14.4 events/month
Mains interruption
0.5 events/month
A typical server system can have more than 125 events/month, potentiallydestructive !
88% of the events
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Part 1 Power problems
The effects
The effects of a black-out on the installation could be : Loss of data
Disk crash
Hardware damages
Loss of production
And through impurities : Data corruption
Anomalies of operation
Premature wear of electronics parts
Irreparable failures to components
Example of cost per hour of the electrical
breakdowns :
Telecommunication 1.800.000 € Production semiconductor 3.800.000 €
Transaction per credit card 2.500.000 € Financial with stock exchange 6.000.000 € Car industry 6.000.000 €
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Part 1 Power problems
The solution: implement the UPS protection
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Part 1 Power problems
The solution: implement the UPS protection
UPS
1 - CONTINUITY OF THE SUPPLY
2 - PROTECTION OF THE LOAD
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Part 2 Types of UPS Off-line UPS
Line interactive UPS
On line UPS
Mix modes UPS
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Part 2 Types of UPS
What it is ?
According to the IEC 62040-3, UPS are classified via : Output quality
Output waveshape
Output transient performance
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Part 2 Types of UPS
Classification in deep
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Part 2 Types of UPS
Off-line UPS, VFD classified
Normal condition:
The load is directly supplied by the mains
The charger manages the battery charge
Filter
InverterCharger
Switch
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Part 2 Types of UPS
Off-line UPS, VFD classified
Advantages Disadvantages
Very High efficiency (98-99%) Does not stabilize voltage and frequency
Small size Does not protect the load against mains
disturbances
Low cost Does not condition the load current
Battery stress highly linked to power quality
Transfer times main to batteries = ± 10ms
Filter
Inverter
Switch
Charger
This UPS topology is a back-up solution
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Part 2 Types of UPS
Line interactive UPS, VI classified
Normal mode
The UPS stabilizes the output voltage
The battery is kept charged
AVS
Auto Voltage Stabiliser
Filter
Inverter
Switch
Charger
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Part 2 Types of UPS
Line interactive UPS, VI classified
When the input voltage is out of the tolerances
AVSFilter
Inverter
Advantages Disadvantages
High efficiency in normal mode Less efficient than VFD
Some stabilization of the voltage variations
compared to VFD
Only partially protects the load against mains
disturbances
Low cost Bad compatibility with input power generators
Transfer times main to batteries = ± 10ms
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Part 2 Types of UPS
On-line UPS, VFI classified
On-line UPS is the best load protection level to supplycritical load, thanks to double conversion (ACDC AC)
Filter
Rectifier
Switch
Inverter
Filter
Charger
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Part 2 Types of UPS
On-line UPS, VFI classified
The load is kept protected by double conversion even if therectifier input voltage is out of tolerances.
Energy storage provides the back-up until genset starts
By-pass line is only used as auxiliary source or to transfer onmaintenance by-pass
Filter
Rectifier
Switch
Inverter
Filter
Charger
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Part 2 Types of UPS
On-line UPS, VFI classified
Advantages Disadvantages
Stabilizes voltage and frequency variations on mains More expensive
Protects loads against all electrical disturbances Lower Efficiency thanVFD or VI
Provides zero transfer time during transfer :
mains/battery/by-pass
Good compatibility with generators
Conditions the load current avoiding the rejection to
mains of non-linear load harmonics current
By-pass separated from mains increases the fault
tolerance (dual inputs)
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Part 2 Types of UPS
Mix-modes UPS
Mix-mode UPS priories the efficiency performances
It works in VFD till the bypass input is “acceptable”
Filter
Rectifier
Switch
Inverter
Filter
Charger
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Part 2 Types of UPS
Mix-modes UPS
It means also that the load is only partially protected The famous 88% of potentially destructive disturbances are passing
through the UPS, even if the UPS can transfer quickly on VFI mode
Filter
Rectifier
Switch
Inverter
Filter
Charger
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Part 2 Types of UPS
Mix-modes UPS
The UPS can transfer in double conversion if the mains is “too muchdisturbed”
Transfer time depends on the Technology (<6ms is good) butdisturbances will anyway be applied to the load during this period
Rectifier
Switch
Inverter
Filter
Charger
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Power problem Off lineVFD Line interactiveVI Mix mode(*)
VFD / VFI On lineVFI
Mains failures
Sags / brownouts
Surges
Spikes / transients
High frequency noise
Harmonic distortion
Frequency variation
Typical efficiency ≈ 98% 94 < ŋ < 97% 94 < ŋ < 98% 93 < ŋ <96%
Part 2 Types of UPS
Summary, protection vs efficiency
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Power problem Off lineVFD Line interactiveVI Mix modeVFD/VI/VFI On lineVFI
Mains failures
Sags / brownouts
Surges
Spikes / transients
High frequency noise
Harmonic distortion
Frequency variation
Typical efficiency ≈ 98% 94 < ŋ < 97% 94 < ŋ < 98% 93 < ŋ <96%
LIMITED
PROTECTION
FULLPROTECTION
Part 2 Types of UPS
Summary, protection vs efficiency
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2L technology
VFIOnline100%
98%
94%
92%
96%
Mix modesNoUPS
Bypass(VFD)
Lineinteractive
(VI)
3 Level inside
E F F I C I E N
C Y
LOAD PROTECTION
Part 2 Types of UPS
Summary, protection vs efficiency
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Part 3 Structures of UPS, maincomponents
Rectifier
Energy storage management
Inverter
Static by pass
Storage, battery scope
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Description of a double conversion UPS composants.
Filter
Inverter
Convert DC to AC
Rectifier input
Output
Part 3 Structure of UPS
What it is ?
Rectifier
Convert AC to DC
Bypass input
Static Switch
Connect bypass or
inverter to the output
Associate to the inverter
To provide perfect sinewave
Charger/Booster
Energy storage
Management
Energy storage
Provides the energy if the rectifier
input is not available
Filter
Maintenance Bypass
to keep load supplied
upon servicing
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Efficiency (energy consumption, aircon sizing, ..) Protection degree (IP), dimensions, weight, mechanical robustness
Acoustic noise, Ambient service conditions
EMC (emission/immunity)
Part 3 Structure of UPS
How to evaluate it
Input
performances
Output Performances
* on Inverter
* on By-pass
* transfer time
Energy storage
*backup Time
*life time
*environmental stress resistance
Charger
capacity
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The output power capability is defined by S: Nominal apparent power (kVA)
P: Nominal active power (kW)
Q: Reactive power (leading / lagging)
Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
UPS power sizing
UPS designed @ PF=0,9
100kVA /90kW on linear load
without de-rating up to PF= 0,9 leading
Max = 90kVA/90kW
UPS designed @ PF=1
100kVA /100kW on linear load
without de-rating up to PF= 0,9 leading Max = 90kVA/90kW
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Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
Rectifier, scope
Rectifier purpose is to create a fixed DC voltage, startingfrom the input sinusoidal voltage absorbing a current.(performances depends on the technology)
Fixed DCVoltage
Output
RECTIFIER
Voltageand current
controlled
Input
VoltageCurrent
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Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
Rectifier, how to value it
The functions : Converts AC input voltage to DC,
Supply inverter with DC energy,
Provide DC energy battery charger (if connected to DC Bus)
The main performances : Input current distortion (THDI) : Harmonics,
Input power factor,
Input start-up current,
Number of wires (3ph or 3ph+Neutral),
Efficiency (influences global efficiency),
Maximum output power,
Input voltage & frequency tolerances
Impact on upstreaminfrastructure cost
(CAPEX)
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Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
Rectifier, types of rectifiers
SCR 6
pulses
SCR 12
pulses
SCR +
filters Protect plus IGBT
Architectures
Input current
THDi > 35% > 10% Low* < 5% < 3%
Power factor ≈0,7 ≈0,7 High* 0,93 > 0,99
Efficiency 98-99% 96-97% Low* 98% 97-98%
Design Cost $ $$ $$$$ $$$ $$$
(*) depends on the type and size of f iltering
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Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
Rectifier, power factor comparison
Input power factor
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
25% 50% 75% 100%
I n p u t p
o w e r f a c t o r
IGBT
Protect +
With battery charged
Under battery recharge
SCR (6p / 12p)
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JUNE 2002IEEE PESC-0233
Harmonic sequence is the phase rotation relationship with respect to the
fundamental component.
Positive sequence harmonics ( 4th, 7th, 10th , ……. (6n+1) th ) havethe same phase rotation as the fundamental component. Theseharmonics circulate between the phases.
Negative sequence harmonics ( 2nd, 5th, 8th ……… (6n-1) th ) havethe opposite phase rotation with respect to the fundamental component.These harmonics circulate between the phases.
Zero sequence harmonics ( 3rd, 6th, 9th, ….. (6n-3) th ) do not producea rotating field. These harmonics circulate between the phase and neutralor ground. These third order or zero sequence harmonics, unlike positiveand negative sequence harmonic currents, do not cancel but add uparithmetically at the neutral bus.
Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
Harmonic Sequence
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Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
Rectifier, how to improve 6p & 12p
Passive, active, hybrid filters or phase shifting :
Reduce the THDi up to < 5%
Improve the input Power factor
Drawback : Not compact,
More expensive,
Resonance risks,
Decrease efficiency of around 2%,
Additional hardware• More maintenance
• Less reliable
UPS UPS UPS
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Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
Energy storage management
The Charger : Regulates the battery recharging current (xx Amps – No ripple),
Provide adapted voltage to the battery, depending on− Energy storage technology
− Temperature condition
− Charge status
The Booster (only used for some tranformerless UPS):
Step up the battery voltage (≈450 to 800Vdc) to supply the
inverter upon discharge,
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Energy storage can be manage in different ways.
Filter
Inverter
Maintenance Bypass
Rectifier input
Output
Part 3 Structure of UPS
Energy storage management
Rectifier
Bypass input
Static Switch
Charger/Booster
Energy storage
Management
Batteries
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Energy storage can be manage in different ways.
Filter
Inverter
Maintenance Bypass
Rectifier input
Output
Part 3 Structure of UPS
Energy storage management
Charger
Rectifier
Bypass input
Static Switch
Blocking diode
To avoid direct connection
P t 3 St t f UPS
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Energy storage can be manage in different ways.
Filter
Inverter
Maintenance Bypass
Rectifier input
Output
Part 3 Structure of UPS
Energy storage management
Charger
Rectifier
Bypass input
Static Switch
Blocking diode
To avoid direct connection
P t 3 St t f UPS i t
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Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
Inverter, scope
Inverter purpose is to create a SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE
starting from DC Voltage and supply the POWERrequired to the LOAD
Fixed DC Voltage
(Rectifier or energy storage)
OutputINVERTER
Voltageand current
controlled
Input
VoltageCurrent
P t 3 St t f UPS i t
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Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
Inverter, how to value it
The function:
Supply the load with a regulated voltage and frequency,
Supply the load from either converted rectifier supply or storedenergy source,
The main performances :
Nominal apparent power (VA)
Nominal active power (W)
Capability to support load Power factor (Leading mainly)
Inverter efficiency (influences global efficiency)
Output voltage distortion (ThdV, with different load types) Max load current crest factor
Overload, Inrush current and short-circuit capability,
With or without galvanic isolation
P t 3 St t f UPS i t
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Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
Inverter
2 types of inverter power conversion in the market : IGBT 2 levels
IGBT 3 levels
2 types of UPS topology in the market : Transformer-based
Transformerless
Part 3 Structures of UPS main components
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Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
Inverter, 2 or 3 IGBT levels
2 levels 3 levels
Architectures
Inverter bridgeoutput voltage
Switched voltageFrom -400 to 400V
800VFrom -400 to 0 & 0 to 400V
400V
IGBT losses High LowChoke losses High Low
Global Efficiency ≈ 94% ≈ 96%
Design Cost $ $$$
Part 3 Structures of UPS main components
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Transformerless
UPS topology
Transformer based
UPS topology
Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
Inverter, with or without transformers
P t 3 St t f UPS i t
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Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
Built-in inverter transformer UPS
+ batt
- batt
Ubatt
450V
N
P t 3 St t f UPS i t
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Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
Transformerless UPS with 2-level inverter
+ batt
- batt
Ubatt450V
NN0V batt
Ubatt800V
0V batt
Ubatt400V
Ubatt400V
Part 3 Structures of UPS main components
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Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
Inverter, with or without transformers
UPS Techno Transformerless Transformer basedStandard High
performingStandard High
performing
Rect. vs bypass galvanic isolation - - +++ +++
DC / Output galvanic Isolation - - +++ +++
Efficiency performance ++ +++ + ++
Weight +++ ++ + +
Compactness / Power density ++ +++ + ++
Inverter Short circuit Ik1 + ++ ++ +++
Inverter Short circuit Ik2/Ik3 + ++ + ++
Design Cost $ $$$ $$ $$$
Part 3 Structures of UPS main components
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Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
Inverter, with or without transformers
UPS Techno Transformerless Transformer basedStandard High
performingStandard High
performing
Rect. vs Bypass inputs isolation - - +++ +++
DC / Output Isolation - - +++ +++
Efficiency ++ +++ + ++
Weight +++ ++ + +
Size (m²) ++ +++ + ++
Inverter Short circuit Ik1 + ++ ++ +++
Inverter Short circuit Ik2/Ik3 + ++ + ++
Design Cost $ $$$ $$ $$$
Pay attention,
For both topologies, additional transformer can be required for :
• Galvanic isolation between load and UPS,• Galvanic isolation between upstream infra. and UPS,• Bypass line Galvanic isolation,• Input or output grounding system adaptation,• Create neutral for 4wires rectifiers,
• Adapt the voltage,•....
Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
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Power br idge rated to provid e high short-c ircui t capabi l i ty
> Downstream short-circuit
Fault current in a downstream supp l ied equipment
, p
Abnormal load conditions
Static bypass
Short-circuit current capability
14 to 20 x In 20ms
Inverter
Short-circuit current
capability
Up to 2.5 – 3.5 x In
100ms
Unmatched performance
& high short circuit capability
Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
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p
OUTPUT - Short Circuit Capability & discrimination
Distribution to loads
During the short circuit, output voltage of the UPS = 0V
=> Need to eliminate the failure as fast as possible. How?
Assure the highest short circuit current from the inverter
Trip the protection in less than 20ms (1 period)
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THDI > 80%PF = 0.7CF = 3Cos phi = 1
THDI < 5%PF = 1CF = 1.4Cos phi = 1
Before Then Now
THDI < 20%PF > 0.9CF = 1.6Cos phi = 0.9 leading
Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
Load Evolution
Part 3 Structures of UPS main components
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Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
UPS performances with Load
240280320360360360316P (kW)
400400400400360400395S(kVA)
0.60.70.80.910.90.8FPlaggingleading
Design for
PF 0.9
+ 12.5% kW
available
51
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Part Structures of UPS, main components
UPS performances with Load
+ 11 % compared to PF=0,9+ 25 % compared to PF=0,8
Still suitable from 0,9 lagging to 0,9 Leading
Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
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Efficiency
Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
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, p
Static by-pass
Purpose of the static by-pass: Connect the output directly with auxiliary mains via a by-
passing of the UPS,
Commute from inverter output to by-pass line and vice versa.
Output
Static by-pass
By-pass, auxiliary
mainsVoltageCurrent
Inverter
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, p
Static by-pass, how to value it
The transfer time : With no break =
• Zero transfer time during the commutation inverter to by-pass,
• On-line UPS have it.
With interruption =
• Transfer time during the commutation inverter to by-pass,
• Off-line UPS have it,
• < 6ms is a good transfer time.
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p
Static by-pass, how to value it
The overload : It measures the capability of the UPS by-pass to supply
transient loads higher than the nominal load,
By-pass overload characteristics is essential to estimate thesize of the by-pass,
The short-circuit current : In case of s/c, the UPS commutes immediately on by-pass,
connecting directly the s/c to mains = very high s/c current,
The by-pass must be able to withstand this s/c until theprotection trips.
Part 3 Structures of UPS main components
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ON BYPASS:
The short-circuit capability correspond to the ability of theUPS semiconductors to let trough the fault currentcomingfrom the LV transformer, without damage
ON INVERTER:The short-circuit capability correspond to the ability to trip the
downstream protection in a SHORT TIME !
The Inverter short-circuitcapability is sizing the
downstream selectivity !!
Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
Static by-pass, how to value it
Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
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p
Energy storage
The purpose of the energy storage system is to providethe energy necessary to supply the load when the mainssupply in not available.
Energy storage is an huge percentage of the final price ofthe UPS solution proposed to the customer :
Battery cabinet 15min. at
80kVAMasterys GP 80kVA
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Energy storage, battery basics
Is the key element to store energy,
The most common used battery technology withUPS is VRLA.VLRA : Valve Regulated Lead – Acid
Is an alive component (>80% of Capacity) : Life expectancy classification (Eurobat) :
• 3-5 years
• 6-9 years
• 10-12 years
• > 12 years
It is sensitive to several environmental factors,
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Energy storage, battery basics
Important values for the batteries are : Nominal Capacity (Ah) : indicates the capability of the battery
to store more or less energy.
Nominal Voltage (V) : lead cell is 2V, usually a battery bloc hasa Vn of 12V (6 cells).
Short circuit current (A) : is the current where the fuse sizingmust be done.
By design, critical elements affecting battery life : Under charge : A fully charged battery can be stocked for a
maximum period of 6 months.
Cycling
Overcharge
Temperature
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Energy storage, battery connection for UPS
Different UPS
different DC voltage : String are connected in series to reach the required DC voltage
Battery cabinet cannot be connected among different brand ofUPS (Vs required nominal voltage and end of discharge voltage)
String are connected in parallel total capacity (Ah) : Determinates the limit of the battery charger of the UPS,
Recharging current >= 10%*Total battery capacity.
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Energy storage, battery temperature
Storage and working temperature are the most criticalfactors affecting battery expected life :
Working temperature is affecting the available power,which means also the back-up time.
VLRA are generally defined for 20°C
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Energy storage, the backup time
BackUp time depends only on active power of the load,so customers can be confused when comparing differentbattery offers
What does“100kVA UPS with backUp time of 30 minutes”
mean? Battery provides kW !
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Parallelization solutions
Distributed or centralized bypass
Part 4 Parallel UPS systems
Part 4 Parallel UPS systems
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Parallelization solutions: Modular UPS
“Modular” UPS systems, flexibility on UPS redundancy
Power increase
Battery redundancy
Back-up Time increase
Hot-swappable Insignificant MTTR
Easy and on-line power increase
Granularity Power-on-demand in small steps
Part 4 Parallel UPS systems
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Parallelization solutions: Standalone UPS
Horizontal parallelisation of standalone
800kVA/kW
Example :
Power Increase2 x 400kVA/kW
Redundant Unit (N+1)2+1 x 400kVA/kW
400 400 400
Can be done in Online ModeInfra need to be ready for
Part 4 Parallel UPS systems
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UPS rating LOAD
500kW (N+1)
Redundancy
design cost
Number of modules
(MTBF) and batteries
200 4*200 = 800kW
250 3*250 = 750kW
500 2*500 =1MW
Parallelization solutions: Standalone UPS
Horizontal parallelisation considerations for standalone
+ footprint + maintenance + electrical infrastructure costs +..
Part 4 Parallel UPS systems
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DISTRIBUTEDSTATIC BY-PASS
CENTRALIZEDSTATIC BY-PASS
Distributed or centralized bypass
Both Solutions offer Flexibility and Availability Parallel Capacity or Redundant
Part 4 Parallel UPS systems
Di ib d li d b
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Distributed or centralized bypass
Principle Each unit has its own bypass Single Bypass
common for the whole system
Load current management Shared between the bypass line Single bypass line
Bypass power sizing Sized according each UPS
nominal power
Can be sized according the need :
Nominal load & short-circuit capability
Short-circuit management “Almost “shared between the bypass line
(unbalancing due to ≠ impedances)
Unique bypass line that can be sized
according the prospective current
SelectivityUpstream/Downstream
More sensitive withseveral number of units
(1 protection per by-pass)
Easy:(Single bypass protection)
Maintenance by-pass Must be external or in additional cabinet
Sized for the full power
Can be integrated in the bypass cabinet
Distributed by-pass Centralized by-pass
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Why isolation Transformer Why Double neutral
K rated Transformer
Zig Zag Transformer
Location of Transformer
Part 5 Isolation Transformer
Neutral overheating EMC with HarmonicsPart 5: Isolation Transformer
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Neutral overheating, EMC with Harmonics
Harmonic currents are generated by non-linear loads:lighting, power supply units (computers), Variable speeddrives, UPS
3rd order harmonics can create over heatingin the neutral conductor. The 3rd order harmonics are in phase and add in the Neutral.
Harmonic currents can perturbate other equipements. Of higher frequency, they are better transmitted by coupling
capacitors
They create EMC issues between equipments.
Why Isolation TransformerPart 5: Isolation Transformer
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Why Isolation Transformer
Reduce Harmonic Current Create a local Neutral System
Establish local grounding points for safety as well ascommon mode noise reduction
Handle unbalanced wye-connected loads when appliedto 3W distribution
Why Double NeutralPart 5: Isolation Transformer
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Why Double Neutral
Phase L1
Phase L2
Phase L3
NeutralNeutral current: IN = 3 x Ih3
Example of a multi storey IT buildingPart 5: Isolation Transformer
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Example of a multi storey IT building
Work
Stations
Work
Stations
3 W m
a i n r i s e r
Storey n
Storey n-1
Basement
Servers
TNS for ITsystems
IT Tfo
Wh t i K R t d T f ?
Part 5: Isolation Transformer
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Able to handle heat generated by harmonic load
Not affected by harmonics
The neutral bus is rated at 200% of the secondary fullload ampere rating
The winding conductors are specially configured andsized to minimize heating due to harmonic load currents.
Cores are specially designed to maintain flux coredensity below saturation due to distorted voltage
waveforms or high line voltage
What is K Rated Transformer ?
K F t C l l ti
Part 5: Isolation Transformer
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K Factor Calculation
As mentioned in IEEE Standard 1100-1992
K F t C l l tiPart 5: Isolation Transformer
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K-Factor Calculation
Typical Nonlinear Load 400KVA Delphys Green Power
HarmonicsCurrent
Ih ih^2 ih^2*h^2 HarmonicsCurrent
Ih ih^2 ih^2*h^2
1 100 0.83 0.83 1 100 1.00 1.00
3 33 0.0901 0.8109 3 1.26 0.0002 0.0014
5 20 0.0331 0.8274 5 0.70 0.0000 0.0012
7 14 0.0162 0.7946 7 0.90 0.0001 0.0040
9 11 0.0100 0.8109 11 1.70 0.0003 0.0349
11 9 0.0067 0.8109 13 0.40 0.0000 0.0027
13 8 0.0053 0.8949 19 0.70 0.0000 0.0177
15 7 0.0041 0.9122 23 0.50 0.0000 0.0132
17 6 0.0030 0.8608 29 0.22 0.0000 0.0041
19 5 0.0021 0.7467 35 0.60 0.0000 0.044121 5 0.0021 0.9122 37 0.33 0.0000 0.0149
Required K Factor is 1.0000 9.2092
Required K Factor
is 1.0000 1.1375
Zi Z T f
Part 5: Isolation Transformer
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Zig-Zag Transformer
Third harmonic suppressionThe zigzag connection in power systems totrap triple harmonic (3rd, 9th, 15th, etc.)currents. Here, We install zigzag units nearloads that produce large triple harmoniccurrents. The windings trap the harmoniccurrents and prevent them from traveling
upstream, where they can produceundesirable effects.
Ground current isolationIf we need a neutral for grounding or forsupplying single-phase line to neutral loads.
No Phase DisplacementThere is no phase angle displacement between the primary and the secondarycircuits.
L ti f T f
Part 5: Isolation Transformer
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Location of Transformer
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Part 6 Grounding Earthing System
UPS Grounding Schemes
Part 6 Grounding
Earthing S stem
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Earthing System
Part 6 Grounding
Earthing System
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g yTT/IT
Part 6 Grounding
S t G di
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“System Grounding” refers to the intentional connection of a circuitconductor(typically the neutral on a 3 Phase circuit) to earth
Purpose:
Electrical Safety to Personnel & Equipment
Also Impacts on the performance of the electronic load for reasons related
to common mode noise
System Grounding
Part 6 Grounding
UPS Grounding Schemes
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In this system
The UPS Neutral Should not be bonded to the grounding conductor
It Does not provide any Isolation or Common Mode Noiseattenuation
Configuration 1: Single UPS with Non Isolated Bypass
Part 6 Grounding
UPS Grounding Schemes
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g
Configuration 2: Single UPS with Isolated Bypass
In this system It acts as a separately derived Source The UPS Neutral Should be bonded to the grounding conductor It provides complete Isolation & Common Mode Noise attenuation
Part 6 Grounding
Configuration 3: Single UPS NonIsolated Bypass,
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g g yp ,
Isolated Distribution Centre
In this system
UPS Neutral should not be bonded
With Transformer in the PDU,PDU acts as a separately derived Source
The PDU Neutral Should be bonded to the grounding conductor
It provides complete Isolation & Common Mode Noise attenuation will be better whencompared with earlier 2 Configurations
With this scheme, the UPS Can be placed remotely
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Part 7 Harmonics Passive Filter
12 Pulse /Phase shifting Transformer
Active Filter
Part 7 Harmonics
Harmonic Symptoms/Concerns
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Harmonic Symptoms/Concerns
Equipment Failure and Misoperation Notching
Overheating/Failure
Nuisance Operation
Communication / control interference
Economic Considerations Oversizing
Losses/Inefficiencies/PF Penalties
Part 7 Harmonics
H i S l ti
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Filter
Harmonic Solutions
480 V
Xs
M
XT
+ -
M
Blocking
Filter
G
UPS
w/Filter
Welder
Low Distortion
Electronic Ballast
Oversized
Generator
K-Rated
A c t i v e
F i l t e r
12 Pulse
M
Part 7 Harmonics
Passive Filters
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Passive Filters
Tuned to 5th or 7th Harmonics on 6 Pulse
Tuned to 11th and 13th on 12 Pulse Reduced THDI to 5 - 7% @ 100% Load
Constant KVAR as % Load changes
Leading PF on Lightly Loaded UPS
Part 7 Harmonics
Phase Shifting - 12 Pulse
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Phase Shifting - 12 Pulse
Advantages Substantial reduction (50-
80%) in harmonics
Disadvantages Cost varies
Increased size
Part 7 Harmonics
Active Filters
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Active Filters
Advantages
Guarantees IEEE 519 compliance
Cancels 2nd-50th harmonic
Provides 50 Hz reactive current (PFcorrection)
Can be incorporated in PCC Fast response to varying loads
Disadvantages
Typically more expensive thanother methods
Series design must be sized fortotal load
More complex
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Part 8 Surges Types of SPD’s
SPD Technology
Selection Criteria
Protection Modes
Part 8 Surges
Protection against indirect effect
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LV Surge Protective Device
In
Nominal
discharge
current
Equipment
to
protect
UpProtection
level
2
Impulse current
flow
1
Equipment voltage
limitation
Protection against indirect effect
Part 8 Surges
N li d f C t l
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Normalized waveforms Current values
12.5 kA min
5 kA min
Type 1
Class I
Type 2
Class II
Part 8 Surges
Types of SPD
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Type 1
1. Main distribution board can be struck directly by lightning(eg equipped with lightning protection)
2. Test with 10/350us waveform
Type 2
1. Top or inside installation2. Test with 8/20us waveform
Type 31. Close to sensitive equipments
2. Test with 1,2/50us - 8/20us waveform
Types of SPD
Part 8 Surges
Types of SPD Technology
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Types of SPD Technology
U
Clipping
Varistor
U Priming
Spark gap
In the presence of overvoltage Priming: high impedance to short circuit Flow all the overvoltage Clipping: High imedance to low impedance Overvoltage limitation
U
Clipping
Diode clipping
Part 8 Surges
Comparaison Technologies
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Comparaison Technologies
Priming
Accuracy
Voltage
Range
8/20 µs
Flow
Response
Time
Capacitor
Li fe
Short-c ircui tDestruct ion
Insulat ion
Resistor
Fol low
Current No
VARISTORSPARK-GAP
Part 8 Surges
Selection Criteria
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SPDs are required following IEC 60364-4-443
SPDs must comply with IEC 61643-1 std
Up level = 2.5 kV max (at entrance of the 230/400 Vac network)
Uc and Ut voltages of the SPD are in relation with the nominal voltage and the system
configuration of the AC network
Discharge currents :
In = 5 kA (@ 8/20µs) minimum by pole Iimp = 12.5 kA (@10/350µs) minimum by pole
SPDs must be installed at the origin of the electrical installation
Additional SPDs must be necessary close to the sensitive equipment
SPDs must be protected against the short-circuit currents : external and associated
fuses required.
SPDs must be equipped with a status indicator
SPDs must be connected in parallel with 0.5 m length max. wires.
Selection Criteria
Part 8 Surges
SPD choice according installation
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SPD choice according installation
Lightning ProtectionSystem (LPS)
Equipment
to p rotectHead SPD
Type 1
Distribution
SPD Type 2
Head SPDType 1
Part 8 Surges
SPD protection modes
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SPD protection modes Common mode
Equipment
to protect
L
N
PerturbationUc
SPD connection between each
Phase-PE conductors and between
neutral-PE conductors
Phase-PE overvoltage destroys the
equipments connected to earth
Applies to all neutral systems
Common Mode connection
Part 8 Surges
SPD t ti d
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SPD protection modes Differential mode
L Equipment
to protectN
PerturbationUc
SPD Connection between each
phase and neutral conductors and
neutral and PE conductors
Phase-Neutral overvoltage mainly
for TT and TN-S systems if the cable
lengths of neutral and PE are different
Differential Mode scheme
SPD
Part 8 Surges
SPD protection modes
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According to SPD Standard
TT TN-C TN-S IT
Phase-Neutral(MC/MD)
Recommended
YES
Recommended Not useful
Phase-Earth(MC)
YES YES YES
Neutral-Earth(MC)
YES _ YES
YES
If distributedneutral
Top ofInstallation
Common Mode SPD
Close tosensitiveequipments
Common Mode / Differential Mode
recommended
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Part 9 Battery Battery Sizing Calculation
Battery Cable Sizing
Battery Protection
Design Considerations
Part 9 Battery
Design Considerations
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Optimum ambient temp 20°C and 25°C. The ventilation system must prevent accumulation of hydrogen
pockets in greater than 4% concentration
Key is Ventilation and Maintainability
Avoid battery cabinets where possible
Design Considerations
Part 9 Battery
Batteries in cabinets
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Batteries in cabinets.
Access for installation. Difficult to make and inspect connections and check torque Access for maintenance.
Difficult to access terminals to take periodic readings.
Visual inspection is impossible.
Replacing defective battery blocks can be extremely difficult.
Heat. Heat generated nearby equipment.
Heat buildup because of restricted air-flow
Heat generated within the battery because of charging current
Personnel safety. It can be plain dangerous
Part 9 Battery
Why Ventilation is Required?
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The ventilation system must address Health Safety – Air shall be free of pollutants i.e. toxic,corrosive &
poisonous
Fire Safety – The system must remove accumulation of gasses or aerosolsthat could be flammable or explosive.
Equipment Reliability & safety – The system must provide an environmentthat optimizes the performance of equipment and maximize their lifeexpectancy.
y q
Part 9 Battery
Battery preventive maintenance
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Battery preventive maintenance
Measure cell voltage levels Visual inspection for leaks or bad cells
Spot check for connection torques
Load testing
Inspection of battery environment
Spot replacement of batteries
Part 9 Battery
Heat Loss of Battery
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Float mode the heat generation
in Watt-Hrs for 2V cell
0.1 x 2.23 x Ah @C10 x No. ofcells in the battery bank
100
Boost mode the heat generation
in Watt-Hrs for 2V cell
0.2 x 2.3 x Ah @C10 x No. of
cells in the battery bank
100
Heat Loss of Battery
Part 9 Battery
Airflow Required in Battery Room
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Air Flow Required for SMF Battery as Per EN 50272-2
No of cells/UPS 10800Charging Current 15
Capacity of Battery 150
I gas I float/boast *FG *F s
I float/boast ,Float charge current under fully charged
condition 15
FG
Gas Emission factor,(as Per EN 50272-2) 0.2
Fs Gas Emission Safey factor,(as Per EN 50272-2) 5
I gas 15
Air Flow Required in m3/Hr (Q)
0.054X No of Cells X I gas X Capacity of
BatteryX 10-3
Air Flow Required in m3/H (Q) 1312
Area of Opening in air inlet & Out let (A, cm2) 28* Q
Area of Opening in air inlet & Out let (A, cm2) 36742
Airflow Required in Battery Room
Part 9 Battery
Understanding Battery Sizing
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Understanding Battery Sizing
In an ac circuit, the product of the measured rms value of the current(Amps) and the measured rms value of the Voltage equals the Volt Amps(VA) of the circuit. However, this calculation does not reflect the reactance inthe circuit.
Because of this, the VA product is only the Apparent Powerof the circuit.
In order to calculate the Real Power(Watts) the Power Factor (PF) of thecircuit needs to be known.
Watts = VA x PF
In order to calculate the battery Watts required, the efficiencyof the UPS
Inverter also needs to be considered.
Battery Watts = VA x PF ÷Inverter Efficiency
Part 9 Battery
Battery Sizing Calculation
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Battery Sizing Calculation
..\Battery Sizing.xlsx ..\Customers\Customer\JPMC Blr\DC Cable Sizing &
Cable Details.pdf
Part 9 Battery
Battery Protection Types of Fault
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Battery Protection Types of Fault
Part 9 Battery
Short Circuit Current
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Capacity ofBattery Open CircuitVoltage InternalResistance Short CircuitCurrent
26AH 13.5 0.012 1125.00
42AH 13.5 0.0095 1421.0565AH 13.5 0.0073 1849.32
100AH 13.5 0.0042 3214.29
120AH 13.5 0.004 3375.00
150AH 13.5 0.0035 3857.14200AH 13.5 0.003 4500.00
Short Circuit Current
Part 9 Battery
Coordination of Battery and Battery breaker
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Trip Settings Magnetic Setting < 70% of Short Circuit Current of Battery
AC breakers can be used for DC with necessary correctionfactor on the trip settings
…
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