socl /anth 302: social theory - winthropfaculty.winthrop.edu/solomonj/spring 2012/socl 302/pp 2...
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SOCL /ANTH 302:Social Theory
Herbert Spencer
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Herbert Spencer
1820 - 1903
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Herbert SpencerBorn April 27, 1820 in Derby, England
Oldest of 9 children, only one to survive infancy
Family influence NonconformistIndividualistAnti-establishment
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Herbert SpencerTaught at home by father & later his Uncle Thomas
Education--heavy in science--light in Latin, Greek, English, and History
By age 16 had good background in mathematics and the natural sciences
Not generally educated individual
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Herbert Spencer
In 1837 (age 17) became a civil engineer at London and Birmingham Railroad
Later worked as a draftsman for the Birmingham Railway
Discharged in 1841Returned home to Derby
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Herbert Spencer
Published articles in radical press“The Proper Sphere of Government”Supported extreme restriction on the scope of government
Only policingEverything else to be left to private enterprise
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Herbert Spencer
No poor laws
No national education
No established church
No restrictions on commerce
No factory legislation
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Herbert SpencerIn 1850, first book, Social StaticsBased on laissez faire view of government
Disagreed with Comte on “government intervention” Comte visualized a “social priest” (with governmental powers)
Help society run as smoothly as possibleSimilar to the Federal Reserve (in the United States) in fine tuning the economy via changing interest rates
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Herbert Spencer
The basic argument of Social Statics
Human happiness can be achieved only when individuals can satisfy their needs
and desires without infringing on the rights of others to do the same.
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Herbert Spencer
“The Developmental Hypothesis”
1852, seven years prior to Darwin’s Origin of Species
Advocated a theory of evolution
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Herbert SpencerSpencer coined the phrase “survival of the fittest”
Almost a decade before Darwin published “On the Origin of Species”
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Herbert Spencer
1853 inheritance from uncle’s estate
Supported his life as a private scholar
A lifelong bachelor
Lived frugally in various lodgings and rooming houses in London
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Herbert Spencer
1854, suffered from a “nervous illness” At times unable to concentrate, write, or even to read
Attempted to overcome acute insomnia with heavy doses of opium
Eventually retreated from society, became a semi-hermit
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Herbert SpencerRefused nearly all honors from universities, the government, or scientific bodies No official academic position No university degree
Had an international reputationInfluence almost comparable to that of Charles Darwin
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Herbert Spencer
Organicism and Societal Evolution
Society is similar to an organismobeying its own laws of ‘progress’
The natural order of all societies is hierarchy
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Herbert Spencer
Sociology as the study of “superorganic“organisms
That is, study relations among living organisms
Included more than human organisms
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Herbert SpencerSurvival Similarities in Social & Biological
Systems
1. Production of life-sustaining substances2. Reproduction of system parts3. Regulation & control of actions by
system parts4. Distribution of information & materials
among system units
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Zoophyte
Any of various invertebrate animals, such as a sea anemone or sponge, that attach to surfaces and superficially resemble plants.
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Protococcus
Protococcus is a genus of single-celled Algae. The British species Protococcus viridis forms a yellowish-green stratum on trees, damp walls and shallow pools.
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Nostoceae
Hormogonia are motile filaments of cells formed by some cyanobacteria in the family Nostoceae.
They are formed during asexual reproduction.
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Acalephae
A group ofcœlenterata, includingthe Medusæ orjellyfishes, andhydroids; - so calledfrom the stingingpower they possess.
Sometimes called seanettles.
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Protozoa
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes (organisms whose cells have nuclei) that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals, most notably mobility and heterotrophy.
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Protophyta
When single-celled organisms were first discovered, they were split between the two kingdoms: mobile forms in the animal phylum Protozoa,And colored algae and bacteria in the plantdivision Thallophyta or Protophyta.Thursday, January 26, 2012
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Herbert SpencerEmphasized concept of progress
Evolution of society involves increasing complexity of social structure & cultural symbolsComplexity increases capacity of humans to adapt and survive in environment
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Herbert SpencerEvolution of human societies, is a special case of a universally applicable natural law
Sociology can only become a sciencebased on the belief that social order conforms to natural law
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Herbert Spencer
Evolution--Unilinear
orMultilinear?
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Herbert Spencer
At first supported a unilinear model of evolution—straightforward & progressive
Later suggested that “regression” was possible
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Herbert Spencer
Survival of the Fittest
War and complex societies
Intervention results in lesser societies
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Herbert Spencer
War--impact upon society
One of few social phenomena where “individualistic” members of a modern society are willing to “sacrifice” self-centerness for the “good” of society as a whole
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Herbert Spencer
For a time, members of society are willing to allow “major” changes to be made “overnight”
Example: Post 9/11
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Herbert Spencer
(Turner, Beeghley, and Powers 1998:64-68)
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1/24 Herbert SpencerStructural-functionalism—War benefits societyWar would not exist unless it had positive outcomes for society. . .
War created a world of larger political units. . . from 600,000 around 1,000 BC to less than 200 today
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Herbert SpencerCenturies of warfare, the state (as a large political unit) was created
Led to greater social stability
Which led to positive social and cultural changes
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Herbert Spencer
Industrialization & technology could not have developed in small social groups before military action consolidated them into larger states.
Thus, war contributed indirectly to industrialization and technological sophistication that characterize modern world
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Herbert Spencer
As societies become more industrialized, their proneness to
warfare decreases. . .
Preindustrial nationsOverall mean of 10.6 wars per decade
Industrial nationsOverall mean of 2.7 wars per decade
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Herbert Spencer
Benefits of WarCreates solidarity
Gives society a common cause to rally around
Increases employment & stimulates economy
Inspires scientific & technological developments useful to civilians
Microwave ovenInternet
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Herbert Spencer:Nonintervention
Noninterventionand the
Survival of the Fittest
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Herbert Spencer:Nonintervention
Concept of survival of the fittest from the works of Thomas Robert Malthus.
The role of “intervention”
“Pure evolution and nonintervention”
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Herbert Spencer:Nonintervention
Classical MalthusianismThomas Robert Malthus
English economist
Essay on the Principle of PopulationFirst published in 1798 AD
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Herbert Spencer: Nonintervention
Basic principles of Malthus’ Theory
Food is essential for existence
“Passion between sexes” will continue to exist & result in population growth
Population grows “geometrically” whereas food increases “arithmetically”
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Herbert Spencer: NoninterventionPositive checks on population growth
FaminesDiseaseWars
Humans procreate faster than food can be produced
Most of mankind is poor most of the time
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Herbert Spencer: Nonintervention
Preventive checks (moral restraints)Delayed marriagesReduced frequency of sex relations in marriageNo premarital or extramarital sex relations
Malthus did not think that the effect of “moral restraint” would be significant
Did not approve of contraception
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Herbert Spencer:Nonintervention
Spencer’s own theory of population was slightly more optimistic than
Malthus.
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Herbert Spencer:Nonintervention
Excess fertility stimulates greater social activity
More people, more ingenuity required to stay alive
Least intelligent groups & individuals die off
Hence, general level of intelligence rises gradually
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Herbert Spencer:Nonintervention
Intervention of government
Distorts necessary adaptation of society to environment
Beneficial processes that naturally lead to more efficient & intelligent control over nature are distorted
Result: Progressive deterioration of the human race
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Survival of the Fittest
A good society, in Spencer's view, is based on contracts between individuals pursuing their respective interests.
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Survival of the Fittest
The general level of intelligence will rise to the extent that only those with superior intelligence survive in the battle for existence.
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Lamarkianism
Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de la Marck (1744--1829), often just known as "Lamarck", was a French soldier, naturalist, academic
And an early proponent of the idea that evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws
Theory of inheritance of acquired traits, called soft inheritance, Lamarckism,or Lamarkianism
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Survival of the Fittest
Beneficial evolutionary mechanism will be fatally upset once governmental intervention (e.g., poor laws or other measures of social welfare) is allowed to distort the beneficial processes of natural selection
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Spencer’s quote:“That rigorous necessity which, when allowed to operate, becomes so sharp a spur to the lazy and so strong a bridle to the random, these paupers' friends would repeal . . . .
Blind to the fact that under the natural order of things society is constantly excreting its unhealthy, imbecile, slow, vacillating, faithless members,
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Spencer’s quote cont.these unthinking, though well-meaning, men advocate an interference which not only stops the purifying process, but even increases the vitiation--absolutely encourages the multiplication of the reckless and incompetent by offering them an unfailing provision, and discourages the multiplication of the competent and provident by heightening the difficulty of maintaining a family.” ©1999-2006 by Ronald Keith
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Spencer's greatest contribution?
To encourage people to think of society and culture, no less than stones and pinecones, as belonging to the natural world."Civilisation," he declared, "is a part of nature; all of a piece with the development of the embryo or the unfolding of a flower" (Spencer 1969:65).
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