How the language is influenced by society and

culture?…

Speak

Regional accent or

dialectSocial factor

But alsoNot only

How to

Is influenced

Social class

Results in

Differences in the languague

Such as

Lexical and

phonological differences

Is classified

Upper class

Lower class

Industrial revolution

Main factor

Britain became the first nation to have an Industrial

working class

The rise of urbanization is connected with

an increase in social

Stratification which affects in lingusitic variation

Main points“ The sociolinguistic consequences of

urbanitization promote linguistic diversity as well uniformity”

“Urban environments are often the sites of contact between languages as well as dialects”

“Variation of the speech are connected with social factors such as social class, age, sex and style in predictable way”

Some studies

New york city Reading Social class

32

20

12

0

0

28

44

49

Upper middle class

Lower middle class

Upper working class

Lower working class

This table shows the percentage of postvocalic /r/ s pronunced among different kind of social class. The results show that in New York City the lower one`s socil status, as measured in terms of factors such as occupation,education,an income,the fewer postvocalic /r/s one uses, while in reading the reverse is true.

Social class (ing) (r) (h)

Middle m class

Tower m class

Upper working

Middle w class

Lower w class

31

42

87

95

100

41

62

89

92

94

6

14

40

59

61

This table shows percentage of non RP forms in Norwich. This shows the results for ing, t, and h,. How this RP is used by different class group and also, it shows that the lower a person`s social status, he or she is to use a higher percentage of alveolar rather than velar nasal endings

Style and language

It is related to casual or formal. Style can range from formal to informal depending on social context,relationship of the participants,social class,sex,age,physical environment, and topic.

Style is a multidimensional phenomenon.

Variation according to age

is most noticeable across both of

them, time span

Variation according to gender:

Female tend to use more prestigious forms and speak

their personal feelings and male tend to use with the same general

social background , non-personal topics

Examples: (M)I done it, it growed and he ain`t / (F) I did it, it grew and he isn`t

Examples: (G) icebox, wireless, rules, sucks /(Y) we`re getting ready, he`s like, let`s go

Fact

ors in

the

inve

stig

atio

n of

soci

al d

iale

cts

Not only the education influences in dialects surveys for example people who have left their education system

tend to adopt forms which are not

frequenty in the speech but also social class is a issue such as in occupation and socio-economic status, the most

common differences are in pronunciation

varieties of language used by groups defined

according to class,

education, age, sex,

and a number of

other social parameters

Overt prestige:

Positively valued ways of speaking

in social communities

Covert prestige:non-standard

forms and expressions by

certain sub-groupsIn

tera

ctio

n

betw

een

soci

al v

alues

and

langu

age

use

Language and social networkSome linguistic studies have emphasized the nature of

contacts and networks in a society and also have mentioned that there is a relation between individual`s netwrok with the effect on language choice.

“Dense network has relation with the people whom speaker knows and interacts with also know each other while “Multiplex network” has relation with the individuals who interact are tied to one another in other ways.

High network scores indicating the strength of association with the local community used more local, nonstandard forms of speech

The notion of network is thus more useful than social class and it applies equally well to multilingual adn monolingual settings.

StandardizationStandardization is the main agents of

inequalityThe process of standardization converts one

variety into a standard by fixing and regulating its spelling, grammar., etc.

Standardization is not an inherent, but rather an acquired or deliberately and artificially imposed characteristic

Most of the present day standard languages of Europe emerged within a climate of intense political nationalism

Dialects

All dialects can be described with the same kind of precision as standard language variation

Pronunciation , morphology, vocabulary, grammar, and semantic that make one group of speakers different from another

Lexical differences

Educated and

uneducated speech

There is considerable

According to

Educated and

uneducated speech

The former can be identified with

nostandard regional dialect

The latter moves away from

regional usage to a form of english taht cuts across

regional boundaries

Educated English tends to be given

the additional prestige of governmet

agencies, the professions, the political parties,

teh press, teh law court, and the

pulpit

It`s codified in dictionaries,

grammars, and guides to usage,

and it is taught im teh school system

at all levels

It`s used in academic writing, grammatical, linguistic correct

It`s a variation of language

It`s prestigios

It`s spoken by educated people

It is not associated

with geography

It is not non_ native

speakers

“Number of distinctive

usages and in the degree to which these

distinctions are instutionalized”

E.G Scots, Hiberno_English, Irish English,Canadian English, New Zeland and Australian English

AmE and BrE differences

Bre : It`s comes close to

enjoying the status of

“standard”-associated with

the older shools and

universities of England “RP”

E.G BrE : lift

AmE: elevator

Depends on Depends on

Formal and informal contexts show grade of differences in attitude

ReferencesSociolinguistic Patterns, Chapter 3.

•“Language, society and culture” Yule, G (1996) The study of language UK, Cambridge University Press