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ETHEKWINIPROFILE
2 Demographic Profile
The KwaZulu Natal population was estimated at an average size of 9,9 million people. The largest
number of these people lived in eThekwini Metro (32.8 percent of the provincial population), followed by
uMgungundlovu district (9.5 percent) and uThungulu (9.4 percent) (Figure 11.1).
Figure 11.1: Total Population by DM, average 2002-2008
3,259,637
709,272
945,892
700,194
477,295 489,341
795,918
591,152
930,442
559,525474,948
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
eThekwini, 32.8
Ugu, 7.1
uMgungundlovu, 9.5
Uthukela, 7.0Umzinyathi, 4.8
Amajuba, 4.9
Zululand, 8.0
Umkhanyakude, 6.0
Uthungulu, 9.4
iLembe, 5.6Sisonke, 4.8
Source: Global Insight, 2009
Figure 11.2 shows the distribution of the population in eThekwini district by age group. In eThekwini the
largest proportion of the population was the age group 15-64 years (2,134,196), which constitute 68.4
percent of the district population1. This was followed by age group 0-14 years (842,410), which is about
27.0 percent. The elderly population made the smallest portion of the total population in the district at
128,529 (4.1 percent).
1 The provincial estimate was 6,033,961.
Figure 11.2: eThekwini total population by age group and gender; average 2002-2008
250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000
00-04
05-09
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75+
Male Female
Source: Global Insight, 2009
In eThekwini the majority of the population was females across age groups (Figure 11.2). eThekwini
occupies only a 2.4 percent share of total KwaZulu-Natal land, and yet is the district (metropolitan) with
the highest population in the province i.e It has a high level of population density.
3 Economic Outlook
3.1 Gross domestic product per municipality (GDP-M)
The KwaZulu-Natal region produced an average GDP-R of R185,0 bn between 2002 and 2008,
with the highest annual growth being experienced between 2005 and 2006 (5.25 percent). The
economy experienced positive growth again between 2007 and 2008, albeit at a slower pace of
3.52 percent. This slower pace of growth was indicative of the onset of the economic downturn
experienced by the country between 2008 and 2009 (Fig 11.3).
Figure 11.3: Districts Real GDP and real growth rate (constant 2000 prices-R1000), average 2002-2008
Ugu RGDP 6,703,608Real growth 4.1
uMgungundlovu RGDP 15,280,356Real growth 3.8
Uthukela RGDP 4,476,296Real growth 3.5
UmzinyathiRGDP 1,431,308Real growth 2.9
Amajuba RGDP 6,404,983Real growth3.4
Zululand RGDP2,924,467Real growth 2.1 Umkhanyakude
RGDP 1,992,979Real growth2.9
Uthungulu RGDP 16,844,759Real growth 2.6
iLembe ,RGDP 6,226,197,Real growth 5.8
Sisonke RGDP 2,158,815Real growth3.2
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
-5,000,000 0 5,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000
Real
gro
wth
(%)
RGDP
eThekwiniRGDP 117,196,450Real growth 4.6
KZNRGDP 185,006,576Real growth 4.5
Source:
Global Insight, 2009
Between 2002 and 2008, the GDPR for KwaZulu-Natal was estimated at an annual average of R184,8bn.
There was significant growth of 29.9 percent from R162bn in 2002 to R210,4bn in 2007. EThekwini
municipality contributed 64.8 percent to the GDP-R, making it the single highest contributor to GDP in
the province. Uthungulu was the second largest contributor to the provincial GDPR at an annual average
of 9.25 percent and was followed by the uMgungundlovu district which contributed 8.43 percent. The
least contributor was Umzinyathi at 0.78 percent (Figure 11.4).
Figure 11.4: Districts contribution to KwaZulu-Natal GDPR, average 2002-2008
eThekwini, 64.85
Uthungulu, 9.25
uMgungundlovu, 8.43
iLembe, 3.36
Umkhanyakude, 1.06
Zululand, 1.50
Amajuba, 3.52
Umzinyathi, 0.78
Uthukela, 2.46
Ugu, 3.69
Sisonke, 1.09
Source: Global Insight, 2009
Figure 11.5 shows eThekwini’s GDP-M by economic sector between 2002 and 2008. The district
experienced growth of 4.6 percent on average during this period with Finance, Transport and Trade
growing at steady rates of 6.4 percent, 6.3 percent, and 6.0 percent respectively. Electricity, Agriculture,
and Community services experienced low levels of growth, and the mining sector appeared to have been
shrinking. Manufacturing, Finance, and Community Services made the highest contributions to the GDP-
M at 24.3 percent, 20.5 percent, and 17.3 percent respectively. These three sectors were the driving forces
behind the growth experienced by this economy.
Figure 11.5: eThekwini GDP-M by sectors (2002-2008)
Agriculture
Mining
Manufacturing
Electricity
Construction
Trade
Transport Finance
Community services
-8.0%
-6.0%
-4.0%
-2.0%
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
-5.0% 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0%
Aver
age
Annu
al G
DPR
grow
th
Average sector contribution to GDPR
Source: Global Insight, 2009
2.2 International Trade
Figure 11.6 shows the percentage of export, import, and trade balance (as a proportion of GDP-M) across
all DMs. The diagram reveals that the district’s imports were on average 29.8 percent of the GDP and its
exports 25.5 percent. The district hence had a negative trade balance of R4,9 million.
Figure 11.6: Exports, imports and Trade Balance (percent of GDP-M), average 2002-2008
-20.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
%
Exports Imports Trade Balance
Source: Global Insight, 2009
3 The labour market
3.1 The labour force and the economically active population
Between 2002 and 2008, when the provincial labour force2 approximated 6,0 million people per annum
(approximately 60.0 percent of total provincial population), the economically active population (EAP) 3
was approximately 3,1 million. EThekwini housed more than 1,4 million of the province’s EAP, followed
by uMgungundlovu (360,000) and uThungulu (221,000). The smallest EAP size was found in Sisonke
(92,000).
As a proportion of the district’s labour force4, however, the district’s EAP was estimated at 66.8 percent.
At this rate, the district was the most economically active one in the province, followed by
uMgungundlovu at 60.6 percent.
2 Labour force is population aged 15-64 years.
3 The category EAP is made up of people who are either employed or unemployed. The employed consists of employers and employees, while unemployment are those not having a job but are actively seeking one (official definition), or they do not have a job, are actively seeking one or have given up searching yet still available for work at anytime (expanded definition).
4 EAP/LF = Labour participation rate or ratio.
3.2 Unemployment
During this period, there were about 562,000 unemployed people in the district. This was the highest level
of unemployment in the province, the lowest being in Sisonke (50,000).
The district’s unemployment rate56 was the lowest in the province, at 38.2 percent; an impressive 7.3
percent below the provincial average (Figure 11.7), and one of only two districts with below average
unemployment rates. The other district was Amajuba at 45.4 percent.
As with the rest of the districts, eThekwini’s unemployment rate was skewed towards Blacks (47.0%).
The respective rates for Coloureds, Indians and Whites were 31.1, 23.4 and 8.2 percent (Figure 11.8).
5 Unemployment rate is the ratio of the unemployed to the EAP6 Global Insight makes use of the expanded definition of unemployment, this includes those unemployed but not actively seeking a job
Figure 11.7: Unemployment rate by district, average 2002-2008
22.8
30.428.8
35.6
47.6
27.3
42.1
44.6
28.4
25.6
33.4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50(%
)
Source: Global Insight, 2009
Figure 11.8: KwaZulu-Natal and eThekwini unemployment rate by race, average 2002-2008
52.4%
8.2%
29.5%
23.2%
47.0%
8.2%
31.1%
23.4%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
Black White Coloured Asian
KwaZulu-NataleThekwini
Source: Global Insight, 2009
3.3 Employment
3.3.1 Total, formal and informal employment
During the period under review, KwaZulu-Natal employment totaled an annual average of 2,1 million
workers, and eThekwini’s employment level was the highest in the province, at 1,2 million. This was
followed distantly by uMgungundlovu at approximately 231,000. UMzinyathi was the district with the
fewest workers (33,000), outperformed even by Sisonke, the least populated district (43,000).
EThekwini’s formal employment was the highest in the province, at 77.7 percent of the district’s total
employment.
Manufacturing, Community Services, Trade, Finance and Household Services were the most dominant
sectors in the district’s formal employment, together accounting for about 86.2 percent of the district’s
formal employment (Figure 11.10).
Figure 11.10: EThekwini formal employment by economic sector (%), average 2002-2008
Agriculture, 1.6%
Mining, 0.0%
Manufacturing, 25.4%
Electricity, 0.7%
Construction, 4.6%
Trade, 15.0%
Transport, 6.3%
Finance, 14.6%
Community services, 21.1%
Households, 10.7%
Public administration
and defence activities, 4.1%
Education, 7.8%
Health and social
work, 6.7%
Other service activities, 3.2%
Households, 11.2%
Community services
Source: Global Insight, 2009
Manufacturing, the leading employer in the district, was dominated by Textiles, clothing & Leather
goods, followed by Fuel, petroleum, chemical & rubber products, then Food, beverages & tobacco
products (Figure 11.11).
Figure 11.11: EThekwini formal manufacturing employment by industry (%), average 2002-2008
3.1%
8.1%
3.6%3.9%
0.4%
2.2%
1.7%
0.3%
2.0%
1.4%
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
8.0%
9.0%
Food
, bev
erag
es an
d to
bacc
o pr
oduc
ts
Texti
les,
clot
hing
and
le
athe
r goo
ds
Woo
d an
d w
ood
prod
ucts
Fuel
, pet
role
um, c
hem
ical
and
rubb
er
prod
ucts
Oth
er n
on-m
etal
lic
min
eral
pro
duct
s
Met
al
prod
ucts
, mac
hine
ry
and
hous
ehol
d ap
plia
nces
Elec
tric
al m
achi
nery
an
d ap
para
tus
Elec
tron
ic, s
ound
/visi
on,
med
ical
& o
ther
ap
plia
nces
Tran
spor
t equ
ipm
ent
Furn
iture
and
othe
r ite
ms N
EC a
nd
recy
clin
g
Source: Global Insight, 2009
3.3.3 Informal employment
KwaZulu-Natal’s informal sector employment, recorded mainly in Trade, Construction, Community
Services, Manufacturing, Transport and Finance7 sectors, was generally skewed towards the Trade sector.
This was true in all but four districts, each having at least half the employment in this sector involved in
trade of some kind; eThekwini was no exception. The second most important contributor to this district’s
informal employment was ‘Community Services’ (Figure 11.12).
Figure 11.12: Informal employment by district and main economic sector (%), average 2002-2008
7 These are the sectors recorded by Global Insight; they are easier to monitor and collect data thereon than the remaining others.
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
KwaZ
ulu-
Nata
l
eThe
kwin
iMe
tropo
litan
Muni
cipal
ity
DC21
: Ugu
DC22
:uM
gung
undl
ovu
DC23
: Uth
ukel
a
DC24
: Um
zinya
thi
DC25
: Am
ajub
a
DC26
: Zul
ulan
d
DC27
:Um
khan
yaku
de
DC28
: Uth
ungu
lu
DC29
: iLe
mbe
DC43
: Siso
nke
Trade Constr Comm serve Manufacturing Trans Finance
Source: Global Insight, 2009
Figure 11.13 shows the distribution of eThekwini’s formal employment in the Trade sector, which sector
is the leading contributor to the district’s informal employment. The district’s formal employment in trade
was skewed towards ‘Retail trade & repair of goods’ at more than a third of the employment level,
followed by Sale & repairs of motor vehicles. The informal trade employment could also have followed a
similar trend as its formal counterpart.
Figure 11.13: EThekwini formal employment in Trade (%), average 2002-2008
Retail trade & repairs of goods39.6%
Wholesale & commission trade
19.4%
Hotels & restaurants17.9%
Sale & repairs of motor vehicles; sale of fuel
23.0%
Source: Global Insight, 2009
4 Land cover and use
In 2008, eThekwini’s share of the KwaZulu-Natal soil was a miniature 2.4 percent, the smallest of all
districts in the province (Figure 11.14).
Figure 11.14: KwaZulu-Natal land by district (%), 2008
2.4%
5.4%
9.6%
12.1%
9.2%
7.4%
15.9%
13.7%
8.8%
3.5%
11.9%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
eThe
kwin
i
Ugu
uMgu
ngun
dlov
u
Uthu
kela
Umzin
yath
i
Amaj
uba
Zulu
land
Umkh
anya
kude
Uthu
ngul
u
iLem
be
Siso
nke
Source: Global Insight, 2009
Contrary to the majority other districts, the district’s unimproved grassland amounted to only 11.1 percent
of its land, although thickets and bushland still accounted for a massive 22.5 percent.
Permanent and temporary cultivation was carried out on a satisfactorily large portion of the district’s soil;
12.0 and 12.6 percent respectively. The remaining portion of eThekwini’s land was used as depicted in
Figure 11.15. In all the other districts, these other land use categories were insignificant, mainly because
of the vastness of the districts’ territory.
Figure 11.15: EThekwini land use, 2008
0.7%
22.6%
11.1%
0.6%
0.3%
0.8%
0.1%
10.6%
0.9%
12.0%
0.1%
12.6%
21.7%
2.0%
1.2%
0.8%
1.9%
0.1%
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Forest
Thicket & bushland (etc)
Unimproved grassland
Improved grassland
Forest plantations
Waterbodies
Barren rock
Degraded: thicket & bushland (etc)
Degraded: unimproved grassland
Cultivated: permanent - commercial sugarcane
Cultivated: temporary - commercial dry land
Cultivated: temporary - semi-commercial/subsistence dry land
Urban / built-up land: residential
Urban / built-up land: residential (small holdings: bushland)
Urban / built-up land: residential (small holdings: grassland)
Urban / built-up land: commercial
Urban / built-up land: industrial / transport
Mines & quarries
Source: Global Insight, 2009
5 Crime
Between 2002 and 2007, there was a consistent decline in reported incidences of crime in the province
(2.4 percent annual average). UMkhanyakude, and uThungulu to a less extent, were the only districts
resistant to declining crime rates. However, 2003 forward saw a comprehensive decline, though with
differing magnitudes; the provincial collapse rate in crime incidents was 5.1 percent. EThekwini’s
negative growth in crime rates was very minimal, larger only than that in iLembe.
During the same period, 2002 to 2007, the most common crimes in this district were theft, burglary,
assault and robbery. Unlike in any other district, eThekwini had a unique experience of theft from motor
vehicle. As could be expected, the district also had the highest crime rates in the province, with crime
rates as high as 1,100 incidences per 100,000 people – half the rates in Amajuba, for example (average
less than 350 annual cases between 2003 and 2006) (Figure 11.17).
Figure 11.17: EThekwini crime rate by category (per 100,000 people), average 2002-2007
354.4244755
497.6731317
484.8408023
294.8861014
545.8123881
337.25639
381.5082549
292.6321973
1019.787349
359.8165604
Assault with the intent to inflict grievous bodily harm
Common assault
Robbery with aggravating circumstances
Malicious damage to property
Burglary at residential premises
Theft of motor vehicle and motorcycle
Theft out of or from motor vehicle
Drug-related crime
All theft not mentioned elsewhere
Aggravated robbery - General
Source: Global Insight, 2009
6 Development
Figure 11.18 gives eThekwini district’s urbanisation and poverty rates, the Gini coefficient and the
Human Development Index (HDI). It can be seen from this graph that, similar to what we have observed
in all the other districts, the proportion of people living in poverty in the district has been on a decrease,
from 30.9 percent in 2002 to 27.7 percent in 2006. The district is undoubtedly dominantly urban, with
89.8 percent of its households located in the urban areas in 2002, this rising to some 91.4 percent in 2006.
Unlike in the other districts, the income gap indicator in the district, tough still high, remained stable at
0.60 throughout 2002 to 2006.
Figure 11.18: Poverty rate, HDI and Gini coefficient in uMzinyathi, 2002-2008
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Poverty rate Gini coeff Urbanization rate HDI
Source: Global Insight, 2009
The overall human development in the district was the highest in the province at 0.66 in 2002, rising to
0.68 in 2006.