society health and population during the...

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This is the published version of a chapter published in Society, Health and Population during theDemographic Transition.

Citation for the original published chapter :

Bengtsson, T. (1988)Mortality and Causes of Death in Västanfors Parish, Sweden, 1700-1925.In: Anders Brändström and Lars-Göran Tedebrand (ed.), Society, Health and Population duringthe Demographic Transition (pp. 461-493). Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell International

N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published chapter.

Permanent link to this version:http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136520

Ijmo\gdot \i_ ?\pn`n ja @`\oc di R~no\iajmnL\mdnc) Or`_ì) .4--*.6/2

Mdbbn ;Zc\ihhdc

Pc` km`nìo `s\hdi\odji ja hjmo\gdot \i_ ^\pn`n j a _`\oc di oc` k\mdnc j aR~no\iajmn dn \ kdgjo nop_t ja \ g\mb`m nop_t j a ?ìom\g \i_ Ojpoc`mi Or`_ì+Pc` ìodm` diq`nodb\odji) rcd^c rdgg ^jhkmdn` njh` adao`ì k\mdnc`n) dn ijo ji*gt ^jiadi`_ oj hjmo\gdot8 a`modgdot) ipkod\gdot \i_ hdbm\odji rdgg \gnj ]` \i\gtn*`_+ Ei ocdn k\k`m r` nc\gg gdhdo jpmn`gq`n oj \ _`n^mdkodji j a gjib o`mh ^c\ib`ndi oc` _`\oc k\ijm\h\ \i_ _dn^pnn kmj]g`hn di dio`mkmòdib oc` ^\pn`n j a_`\oc di oc` k\mdnc m`bdno`mn+ Pc` _ò`mhdi\ion j a oc`n` ^c\ib`n rdgg ]`\i\gtu`_ di \ ajmoc^jhdib nop_t+R~no\iajmn dn \ hdidib k\mdnc di >`mbng\bì) d+`+ di oc` ^ìom\g k\mo j a

Or`_ì+ Pc` iph]`m ja dic\]do\ion r\n \mjpi_ .)0-- ]t oc` hd_*.5oc ^ì*opmt \i_ \kkmjsdh\o`gt /)/-- ji` cpi_m`_ t`\mn g\o`m+ Pc` k\mdnc dn gj^\o`_di \ cdggt _dnomdô rdoc h\it r\o`m ^jpmn`n \i_ rdoc \hkg` m`njpm^`n j a cdbc*lp\gdot dmji jm`+ Pc` dmji di_pnomt c\n `sdno`_ di ocdn \m`\ ndi^` oc` ./oc ^ì*opmt+ Opmmjpi_dib k\mdnc`n \m` _jhdi\o`_ `doc`m ]t hdidib) gdf` R~no\iajmn)jm ]t dmjirjmfn+ =bmd^pgopm\g kmj_pôdji `sdno`_) ]po r\n j a hdijm dhkjm*o\i^` di oc`n` k\mdnc`n+

Pc` kjkpg\odji _`q`gjkhìo j a oc` _dnomdô dn ndhdg\m oj oc\o j a oc` ^jpiomt\n \ rcjg`+ @pmdib oc` n`^ji_ c\ga j a oc` .5oc ^ìopmt oc` gda` `sk`ô\i^t r\nngdbcogt cdbc`m oc\i oc` i\odji\g \q`m\b`) 03+5 t`\mn ^jhk\m`_ oj 02+/ t`\mn+=n _`hjinom\o`_ di Bdbpm` .) ncjrdib \b`*nk`^dad^ _`\oc mdnf \i_ npm*

qdq\gncdk di adq` >`mbng\bì k\mdnc`n) oc` di^m`\n` di gda` `sk`ô\i^t _pmdib oc`.6oc ^ìopmt r\n _p` oj \ _`^gdi` di dia\io hjmo\gdot \n r`gg \n \ _`^gdi` dihjmo\gdot di jg_`m \b`n+ Ki oc` joc`m c\i_) oc` _`\oc mdnf di \b`n .-*3- t`\mnr\n \ghjno pi\go`m`_+ Bmjh ocdn adbpm` ji` ^\i \gnj j]n`mq` oc\o oc` _`^gdi`di dia\io hjmo\gdot ^jhhì^`_ \ao`m .5.2 rc`m`\n oc` _`\oc mdnf di jg_`mbmjpkn _`^gdi`_ njh`rc\o g\o`m+.Pc` _`q`gjkhìo di R~no\iajmn r\n g\mb`gt oc` n\h` \n di >`mbng\bì+

Djr`q`m) njh` k\mod^pg\mdod`n ^jpg_ ]` _dn^`mi`_ di oc` _`q`gjkhìo j a hjm*o\gdot+ @pmdib oc` k`mdj_ .44-*.5.- oc` g`q`g j a hjmo\gdot di oc` \b` bmjpk/2*2- r\n cdbc`m oc\i oc` _dnomdô \q`m\b`+ Hda` `sk`ô\i^t ojj r\n njh`rc\ogjr`m di R~no\iajmn) 02+5 t`\mn) \i_ oc`m`]t ^gjn`m oj oc` i\odji\g \q`m\b`+ Ei

13.

\ ]mj\_ nìn` R\no\iajmn dn otkd^\g ajm don m`bdji) ajm rcd^c oc` _`q`gjkhìoj a hjmo\gdot g\mb`gt m`n`h]g`n oc\o j a joc`m k\mon j a Or`_ì+ Pcdn _j`n ijoh`\i oc\o oc` _`q`gjkhìo di R\no\iajmn ^\i ]` bì`m\gdu`_ oj oc` rcjg` j aOr`_ì+

Pc` _\o\

=n di oc` nop_d`n j a Ojpoc`mi Or`_ì \i_ di oc` ^\n` nop_t j a ?ìom\g Or`_ìoc` njpm^` h\o`md\g ^jindnon j a k\mdnc m`bdno`mn+ Djr`q`m) ji ji` kjdio oc`m`\m` _dq`mbì^`n di oc` _\o\+ Scdg` ajm oc` njpoc`mi k\mo j a oc` ^jpiomt r` c\q`]pdgo jpm jri a\hdgt m`^jinodopodjin jpm \i\gtndn j a oc` ^ìom\g k\mo dn ]\n`_ji m`^jinodopodjin _ji` ]t G\mg =mqd_ A_di+

Ei oc` `\mgt /-oc ^ìopmt A_di h\_` a\hdgt m`^jinodopodjin ajm \ iph]`m j ak\mdnc`n) h\digt amjh ?ìom\g Or`_ì+ A_diën m`^jinodopodjin di^gp_` ijo ji*gt _\o\ ji ]dmocn) _`\ocn) \i_ h\mmd\b`n ]po ji hdbm\odji \n r`gg+ Bjm oc`n`m`^jinodopodjin c` pn`_ oc` m`bpg\m k\mdnc m`bdno`mn) m`^jm_n amjh ^\o`^còd^\gh`òdibn) ^ìnpn m`bdno`mn) hdbm\odji ^`modad^\o`n \i_ o\s m`^jm_n+A_diën diq`nodb\odjin r`m` \dh`_ \o adggdib oc` h\ejm g\^pi\` di oc` jaad^d\g

kjkpg\odji no\odnod^n) i\h`gt oc` g\^f j a _\o\ ji \b` nk`^dad^ h\mdo\g a`modgdot+Ddn nop_t ^jq`mn ocdmo`ì k\mdnc`n) hjno j a oc`h i`dbc]jpmdib k\mdnc`n di>`mbng\bì) oc` hdidib \m`\ di oc` hd__g` j a oc` ^jpiomt+ D` r\n ocì) \o g`\nooj njh` `soìo) \]g` oj ajggjr hdbm\ion amjh ji` k\mdnc oj \ijoc`m+ Pcpn) ocà\hdgt m`^jinodopodji _\o\ nò ajm R~no\iajmn pn`_ di ocdn nop_t di^gp_`n `qìonoc\o c\q` o\fì kg\^` jpond_` oc` k\mdnc+

?^\jgZ ,) =b`*nk`^dad^ _`\oc mdnf \i_ npmqdq\g di adq` k\mdnc`n di >`mbng\bì.42.*.52-+

.-----l

-----

- . 2 .- /-+ 0- 1- 2- 3- 4- 5-

.42.*.46-

*0 2* & * / * .

++++ .3.3*.51-

.51.*.52-

13/

MVWaZ :)

.5ma \^gmnkr .6ma \^gmnkr

Jnf[^k h_ ]^Zmal 0 660 0 53-pbma Z`^ 6/" 65"pbma \Znl^ 52" 42"pbma Z`^ Zg] \Znl^ 44" 40"

A_di r\n pi\]g` oj ^jhkgò` cdn m`qdndjin j a \gg ocdmo`ì k\mdnc`n+ R~no\iajmndn ji` j a oc` k\mdnc`n ajm rcd^c oc` m`qdndjin \kk`\m oj c\q` ]`ì ^jhkgò`_+=i dio`m`nodib kjdio dn oc\o A_di pn`_ oc` n\h` o`^cidlp` \i_ ajmh ntno`hoc\o r\n pn`_ di oc` Bmì^c nop_d`n c\ga \ ^ìopmt g\o`m+

Ki` kmj]g`h rcì nop_tdib \ ndibg` k\mdnc dn oc` odit ndu` j a oc` kjkpg\*odji+ Scì oc` iph]`m j a `qìon \m` a`r) m\i_jh q\md\odji rdgg _jhdi\o` oc`n`md`n+/Pcdn dn ji` j a oc` m`\njin rct jpm adi\g nop_t dn oj ^jhkmdn` \mjpi_adao`ì k\mdnc`n+ Pcpn) oc` \dh ja oc` km`nìo nop_t dn ijo) \i_ ^\iijo ]`) ojom\^` bì`m\g k\oo`min \i_ ^\pn`n ]po oj _`n^md]` oc` k\ijm\h\ j a ^\pn`n j a_`\oc \i_ oj _dn^pnn oc` kmj]g`hn di oc` njpm^` h\o`md\g+

Ei A_diën m`^jinompô`_ h\o`md\g ajm R~no\iajmn oc`m` \m` 0 660 _`\ocn _pm*dib oc` .5oc ^ìopmt \i_ 0 53- di oc` .6oc ^ìopmt+ Ei njh` ^\n`n) _\o\ ^ji^`m*idib \b` j a _`\oc dn hdnndib) rc`m`\n di joc`m ^\n`n _\o\ ajm oc` ^\pn` j a _`\ocdn hdnndib+ Ei \ a`r cpi_m`_ ^\n`n hjm` oc\i ji` ^\pn` j a _`\oc dn no\o`_+ Pcàjggjrdib o\]g` bdq`n \i jq`mqd`r ja oc` m\ib` j a oc` _\o\+Pcpn) oc` _\o\ ajm ^\pn`n j a _`\oc) rcd^c dn jpm kmdh` ^ji^`mi dn g`nn am`*

lpìo _pmdib oc` .6oc ^ìopmt) nk`^d\ggt _pmdib oc` n`^ji_ c\ga j a oc` ^ìopmt+Ei \__dodji oj _\o\ ji odh` j a ]dmoc) odh` j a _`\oc \i_ ^\pn` j a _`\oc)

A_diën m`^jinodopodji ^jhkmdn`n _\o\ ji n`s) _\o` j a h\mmd\b`) _\o` j a hdbm\*odji) kg\^` j a m`nd_ì^`) kmja`nndji \i_ _\o\ mà`mmdib oj joc`m h`h]`mn j a ocà\hdgt+Ei ocdn nop_t) oc` _daa`mìo ^\pn`n j a _`\oc rdgg ijo ]` \__`_ ojbòc`m di

q\mdjpn ^g\nn`n np^c \n `kd_`hd^*ì_`hd^ jm _dn`\n`n _daapn`_ ]t r\o`m jm \dm+Eino`\_) r` ^jiadi` jpmn`gq`n oj _dn^pnndib oc`h n`k\m\o`gt rdoc `hkc\ndn jioc` hjno am`lpìo ^\pn`n+ Ei P\]g` . r` gdno oc` ojo\g iph]`m j a ^\pn`n bdqìdi oc` _`\oc m`bdno`mn j a R~no\iajmn \ao`m no\i_\m_du\odji j a oc` nk`ggdib ja ocì\h`n j a oc` ^\pn`n+ Pcpn) r` c\q` h\_` ij \bbm`b\odji jm ^j_dib j a \itfdi_+ Ea n`q`m\g ^\pn`n \m` bdqì) rcd^c dn nj di \]jpo 0 k`m^ìo j a oc` ^\n`n)r` c\q` ^cjnì oc` admno ^\pn` no\o`_+

Pc` q\gd_dot \i_ m`gd\]dgdot ja oc` _`\oc ^\pn` _\o\

Pc` Or`_dnc _\o\ ji ^\pn`n j a _`\oc amjh oc` .5oc ^ìopmt \m` \ghjno pidlp`di \i dio`mi\odji\g k`mnk`ôdq` ]po ajm \ iph]`m j a m`\njin oc`t \m` _daad^pgooj dio`mkmò+ Pc`n` _daad^pgod`n c\q` ]`ì _dn^pnn`_ ]t \ iph]`m j a m`n`\m^c`mndi^gp_dib Opi_]~mb) Bmd_gdudpn) Ehcja) Hdi_nfjb) Sd_Åi) >m~i_nomÇh)

130

Lpm\iì) OoÄcg ò \g) Hdi_\cg) Jjm_ìa`go) JtnomÇh \i_ joc`mn+0Ojh` c\q` \k`nndhdnod^ qd`r ja oc` q\gp` j a oc`n` _\o\ rcdg` joc`mn \m` jkodhdnod^+

Ei bì`m\g) OoÄcg ò \g) Hdi_nfjb \i_ joc`mn rdoc h`_d^\g om\didib \m` oc`k`nndhdnod^ ji`n+ Bmjh oc`dm jri `sk`mdì^`) oc`t \m` \r\m` ja oc` _daad^pgod`ndi _ò`mhdidib oc` ^\pn` j a _`\oc `qì \ao`m \i \pojknt+

Hdi_\cg \i_ Jjm_ìa`go _dn^pnn oc` kmj]g`h amjh \ kcdgjnjkcd^\g kjdio j aqd`r) _dnodibpdncdib ]òr`ì _dm`ô \i_ di_dm`ô ^\pn`n di oc` ^c\di j a ^\pn\gd*ot+ Bjm `s\hkg`) rc\o dn oc` ^\pn` j a _`\oc da \i jg_ k`mnji ]m`\fn cdn g`b ngdkk*dib ji \i d^t k\q`hìo \i_ ^\o^c`n ki`phjid\ \o oc` cjnkdo\g< Ei ocdn k\k`mr` nc\gg gdhdo jpmn`gq`n oj \ _dn^pnndji ja oc` _dm`ô ^\pn`n j a _`\oc) oc\o dn oc`h`_d^\g) jm m\oc`m ]djgjbd^\g) ^\pn` j a _`\oc g`\qdib \ _dn^pnndji j a di_dm`ô^\pn`n ajm \ ajmoc^jhdib nop_t+

@dn^pnndib oc` m`gd\]dgdot \i_ q\gd_dot j a oc` _\o\ ji ^\pn`n j a _`\oc oc`m`\m` ocm`` h\ejm kmj]g`hn7 %.& Sc\o \m` oc` àa`ôn j a oc` _`q`gjkhìo j ah`_d^\g n^dì^`) %/& Djr _j ^c\ib`n di oc` ijhì^g\opm` \i_ dinompôdjin \a*a`ô oc` m`bdnom\odji j a oc` ^\pn` j a _`\oc) \i_ %0& Djr hp^c _d_ oc`_d\bijn`n _`kì_ pkji rcj h\_` oc`h) d+`+ rc\o \m` oc` àa`ôn j a oc` di*_dqd_p\g kmd`non jm h`_d^\g km\ôdodji`mn+

Pc` h`_d^\g fijrg`_b` ja oc` odh` dn oc` pgodh\o` gdhdo\odji ja cjr ^jm*m`ôgt oc` ^\pn` ja _`\oc ^jpg_ ]` _d\bijn`_+ =o oc` odh` rcì oc` kmd`nonno\mo`_ oj m`^jm_ ^\pn`n j a _`\oc di oc` .4oc ^ìopmt oc`m` r\n ij pidajmhijhì^g\opm` jm ^g\nndad^\odji+1 @daa`mìo h`_d^\g ntno`hn `sdno`_ nd_` ]tnd_` di Apmjk`) \i_ _pmdib oc` .5oc ^ìopmt oc` ijnjgjbd^\g ntno`h r\n_`q`gjk`_+2 Ei ocdn ntno`h) _dn`\n`n r`m` ^g\nndad`_ \^^jm_dib oj nthkojhn\i_ ijo \^^jm_dib oj ]djgjbd^\g ^\pn`n+ Pc` ijhì^g\opm` pn`_ di MVWZaa(kZg`Zi) oc` Or`_dnc kjkpg\odji no\odnod^n oc\o no\mo`_ di .416) r\n \ ijnj*gjbd^\g ntno`h+ Bmjh oc\o odh` oc` ^\pn`n j a _`\oc r`m` m`kjmo`_ di \ ndhdg\mr\t \gg jq`m oc` ^jpiomt+ Lmdio`_ ajmhn r`m` _dnomd]po`_ \i_ oc` kmd`non h\_`\iip\g nphh\md`n j a oc` ^\pn`n j a _`\oc \^^jm_dib oj \b` \i_ n`s+

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132

Ljkpg\odji no\odnod^n r`m` ^jgg`ô`_ amjh oc` hd__g` ja oc` .40-n ]po r`mìjo h\_` ji \ i\odjird_` ]\ndn piodg .416+ =o oc` ]`bdiidib oc`t r`m` ]pdgopk ]t nk`^d\g ^jhhdnndji`mn+ Bmjh .423 oj .525 ocdn rjmf r\n _ji` ]t oc`P\]pg\m ?jhhdnndji+ Bmjh ocì jir\m_n oc` kjkpg\odji o\]g`n \i_ joc`mno\odnod^n r`m` km`k\m`_ ]t oc` Oo\odnod^\g P\]pg\m ?jhhdnndji) \ i`r bjq`mi*hìo jaad^`+ Eon `s`^podq` \mh r\n g\o`m oj ]`^jh` oc` ?ìom\g >pm`\p jaOo\odnod^n+

Ei h\it k\mdnc`n ^\pn`n j a _`\oc r`m` m`bdno`m`_ `qì ]àjm` .416+ S` _jijo fijr cjr a\m oc`n` m`bdnom\odjin bj ]\^f \i_ cjr am`lpìo oc`t r`m`+Pc`t r`m` kmj]\]gt no\mo`_ ji \ hjm` m`bpg\m ]\ndn di .353 rcì \ i`r?cpm^c H\r r\n k\nn`_+ Bmjh ocì ji oc` ^cpm^c r\n j]gdb`_ oj m`bdno`m]dmocn) _`\ocn \i_ h\mmd\b`n ^jiodipjpngt \n r`gg \n ^g\nn) \b` \i_ njh` joc`mocdibn+3=gocjpbc oc`t _d_ ijo c\q` oj m`^jm_ oc` ^\pn` j a _`\oc oc`t jaoì_d_ nj+

Djr ^jhhji r\n do oc\o oc` kmd`non m`^jm_`_ ^\pn`n j a _`\oc kmdjm oj .416<Lpm\iì no\o`n oc\o di hjno k\mdnc`n ^\pn`n j a _`\oc r`m` ijo kmjk`mgtm`bdno`m`_ piodg \ao`m oc` hd_*.5oc ^ìopmt+ Djr`q`m) nc` _j`n ijo n\t ji rc\obmjpi_n ocdn ^ji^gpndji dn \mmdq`_ \o+4 Ei oc` ^\n` j a R\no\iajmn) ^\pn`n j a_`\oc r`m` admno m`bdno`m`_ \o oc` ì_ j a oc` .5oc ^ìopmt rcì njh` _`\ocn dinh\ggkjs) ^jinphkodji di oc` gpibn) \i_ _mjridib r`m` m`^jm_`_+Pc` lp`nodji dn ocì rcd^c ntno`h r\n pn`_ kmdjm oj .416) rcì \

ijnjgjbd^\g ijhì^g\opm` ^\h` dioj km\ôd^`< JtnomÇh \mbp`n oc\o n`q`m\gntno`hn r`m` pn`_ \n di oc` m`no j a Apmjk`+5Ki oc` joc`m c\i_ do dn j]qdjpnoc\o =]m\c\h >~^f) rcj _`ndbi`_ oc` admno orj ijhì^g\opm`n ajm kjkpg\*odji no\odnod^n hpno c\q` ]`ì r`gg*\r\m` j a oc` h`_d^\g fijrg`_b` ja ocjn`rcj r`m` bjdib oj adgg di oc` no\odnod^\g o\]g`n+ Pc`màjm`) do dn gdf`gt oc\o c`no\mo`_ amjh rc\o r\n ^jhhji fijrg`_b` di Or`_ì \o oc` odh`+ Pcpn) oc`^\pn` j a _`\oc no\odnod^n ncjmogt kmdjm oj .416 hpno ]` ndhdg\m oj oc` no\odnod^n\ao`m .416+ Sdocjpo h\fdib \it \oo`hko oj bì`m\gdu`) ocdn dn rc\o r` c\qàjpi_ ajm R\no\iajmn) rdoc \ ndibg` `s^`kodji _dn^pnn`_ di oc` ajggjrdib+>t nop_tdib h`_d^\g c\i_]jjfn \i_ o`so]jjfn r` ^\i bò \i d_`\ j a oc`

h`_d^\g fijrg`_b` j a oc` odh`+ Op^c \ nop_t c\n ]`ì h\_` ]t Lpm\iì ajmop]`m^pgjndn \i_ joc`m ^c`no _dn`\n`n+6Pc` h`_d^\g om\didib ajm kmd`non dn \gnj_dn^pnn`_ di ocdn ^jio`so+ =i dio`m`nodib ^jhk\mdnji j a oc` h`_d^\g ]jjfnrdoc oc` kjkpg\odji no\odnod^n c\n ]`ì k`majmh`_ ]t Ehcja \i_ Hdi_nfjb+.-Djr`q`m) \i \i\gtndn di rcd^c oc` h`_d^\g ]jjfn \m` ^jhk\m`_ rdoc oc`m`^jm_dibn di oc` ^cpm^c ]jjfn \i_ oc` kjkpg\odji o\]g`n c\n ijo tò ]`ìpi_`mo\fì+

Pc` dinompôdjin oj oc` kmd`no ^c\ib`_ jq`m odh`) màg`ôdib ^c\ib`n di ocì``_n j a oc` nj^dòt) h`_d^\g \_q\i^`n \i_ joc`m ocdibn+ =n _dn^pnn`_ \]jq`njh` kmd`non dio`mkmò`_ oc` .353 ?cpm^c H\r di np^c \ r\t oc\o oc`t h\_`_d\bijn`n \i_ m`^jm_`_ oc` ^\pn` j a _`\oc di oc` k\mdnc m`bdno`m+ Bmjh .416oc`t m`^`dq`_ hjm` km`^dn` dinompôdjin+ =hjib joc`m ocdibn) oc`t r`m` ojm`kjmo oc` iph]`m j a _`\ocn ]t 00 _daa`mìo _dn`\n`n nk`^dad`_ di \ kmdio`_ajmh+

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Ei R~no\iajmn) oc` kmd`no ^jiodip`_ oj m`bdno`m oc` ^\pn`n j a _`\oc di oc`k\mdnc m`bdno`mn q`mt hp^c \n ]àjm`+ Pcdn diajmh\odji r\n oc` ]\n` ajm oc`t`\mgt kjkpg\odji o\]g`n c` h\_`+ Pc` iph]`m j a ^\pn`n j a _`\oc r\n \]jpooc` n\h` \ao`m .416 \n ]àjm`+ Pcpn) oc` kmd`non di R~no\iajmn c\_ oj \__ _da*a`mìo ^\pn`n ojbòc`m rcì m`kjmodib oj oc` P\]pg\m ?jhhdnndji+ Bjm `s\h*kg`) rcdg` nh\ggkjs \i_ h`\ng`n r`m` \gr\tn m`bdno`m`_ n`k\m\o`gt di oc` k\mdncm`bdno`mn di R~no\iajmn) oc`t r`m` \^^phpg\o`_ di oc` kjkpg\odji o\]g`n+Pcpn) oc` ijhì^g\opm`n _d_ ijo c\q` \it _dm`ô dhk\ô ji rc\o r\n

m`bdno`m`_ di oc` k\mdnc m`bdno`mn+ Djr`q`m) di ji` ^\n` oc`m` dn \ nomjib di_dm`ôàa`ô+ Ei oc` .416 ijhì^g\opm` ji` ^\pn` j a _`\oc r\n ^\gg`_ é pifijri^cdg_ _dn`\n`è+ Eo c\_ i`q`m ]`ì pn`_ ]àjm` di R~no\iajmn ]po amjh ocdn t`\mjir\m_n oc` kmd`non no\mo`_ oj pn` do+ Eo dn ^g`\m oc\o oc` ^\pn` r\n ijo diomj_p^*`_ ]t \ i`r kmd`no \n oc` n\h` kmd`no) Amd^ Pj_ìdpn) r\n di n`mqd^` amjh .40.oj .44- %n`` =kkì_ds&+..Adbco ^cdg_mì _d`_ ja é pifijri ^cdg_ _dn`\n`è di R~no\iajmn di .42-+

A\mgd`m oc` _d\bijndn é pifijri _dn`\n`è c\_ ]`ì pn`_ \ ^jpkg` j a odh`n ajm^cdg_mì+ Bjm oc` i`so adaot t`\m k`mdj_ _`\ocn amjh é pifijri ^cdg_ _dn`\n`èr`m` m`bdno`m`_ di oc` k\mdnc m`bdno`mn \ghjno `q`mt t`\m+ =ao`m .463 do \kk`\mnq`mt nk\mn`gt) \i_ di oc` `\mgt .6oc ^ìopmt do dn pn`_ jigt \ ^jpkg` j a odh`n+

Ei \i\gtudib oc` ^c\ib`n di oc` _`\oc k\ijm\h\ ajm ^cdg_mì ]`gjr ji`t`\m j a \b` r` adi_ oc\o oc` iph]`m j a _`\ocn amjh nodo^c \i_ nodib _`^m`\n`nm\kd_gt \n pifijri ^cdg_ _dn`\n` di^m`\n`n) ]po _`\ocn amjh joc`m) g`nn am`*lpìo _dn`\n`n) gdf` ^c`no _dn`\n`) nojh\^c _dn`\n` \i_ nh\ggkjs) _dhdidnc \nr`gg %n`` oc` ajggjrdib o\]g`&+

Pcpn) do dn q`mt gdf`gt oc\o pifijri ^cdg_ _dn`\n` oj \ g\mb` `soìo dn oc` n\h`\n nodo^c \i_ nodib+Pc` ijhì^g\opm` ocì ^c\ib`_ di .441).5-/).5..).5/.).50.).53-).540)

\i_ .56.+ Pc` ^c\ib`n di .441) .5-/) .5.. \i_ .5/. _j ijo n``h oj c\q` c\_\it àa`ô ji rc\o oc` kmd`non di R~no\iajmn m`bdno`m`_ di oc` k\mdnc m`bdno`mn+Pcpn) oc` kmj]g`hn rdoc ^c\ib`n di oc` ijhì^g\opm` rcì ^jinompôdib ^ji*odipjpn odh` n`md`n ]\n`_ ji oc` kjkpg\odji no\odnod^n _j`n ijo `sdno rcì\i\gtudib oc` k\mdnc m`bdno`mn+

AHISL 0#

.41-â.416 .42-â.426 ]b__^k^g\^

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134

Pc` no\odnod^\g o\]g`n j a _`\oc ^\pn`n \ghjno ^jh` oj \i ì_ di .50. \n \m`npgo j a km`nnpm` amjh oc` kmd`non rcj \mbp`_ oc\o oc`t r`m` ijo ^jhkòìooj h\f` oc` _d\bijn`n+ Bmjh ocì ji oc`t jigt c\_ oj m`bdno`m _`\ocn amjhnh\ggkjs \i_ joc`m `kd_`hd^ _dn`\n`n) _`\ocn di ^cdg_ ]dmoc) \^^d_ìon) ^mdh`\i_ npd^d_`+./Pc` i`r dinompôdji c\_ ij dhh`_d\o` àa`ô ji R\no\iajmn+ Amd^ Abb`mou)

rcj ^\h` oj oc` k\mdnc di .5-3) ^jiodip`_ oj m`bdno`m ^\pn`n j a _`\oc di\ghjno oc` n\h` r\t \n gjib \n c` r\n di n`mqd^`+ Ei a\ô) c` m\oc`m dhkmjq`_oc` m`bdnom\odji _pmdib oc` .50-ën+ Kigt .. k`m^ìo j a _`\ocn r`m` gào rdocjpo\ m`bdno`m`_ ^\pn`+

Ddn np^^`nnjm) C`jmb Bm`_md^ O`n`h\i) rcj no\mo`_ cdn _pod`n di .510 \i__d`_ di .53.) \_jko`_ oc` i`r dinompôdji+ =]jpo ji` lp\mo`m j a oc` _`\ocnr`m` gào rdocjpo \it ijod^` ja oc` ^\pn`n+ =^^jm_dib oj oc` dinompôdjin) jigt_`\ocn amjh `kd_`hd^ _dn`\n`n) ^cdg_]dmoc) \^^d_ìon) ^mdh` \i_ npd^d_` r`mòj ]` m`kjmo`_+ Djr`q`m) oc` iph]`m j a ^\pn`n m`kjmo`_ di oc` .51-n \m`\ghjno \n h\it \n ]àjm`) 0- \n ^jhk\m`_ oj 0/ di oc` .50-n) rcì oc` ^\pn`j a _`\oc r\n q`mt am`lpìogt m`bdno`m`_+

Pc` _dn`\n`n nodgg m`kjmo`_) \gocjpbc g`nn am`lpìogt oc\i ]àjm`) \m`) di k\m*od^pg\m) ^c`no _dn`\n`) nodo^c \i_ nodib) ^jinphkodji di oc` gpibn \i_ nomjf`+Ojh` ^\pn`n j a _`\oc ]`^\h` hjm` am`lpìo) np^c \n ^cjg`m\) ^jg_) i`mq`_dn`\n`) \i_ r`\fi`nn+ ?ji^`midib ^cjg`m\ \i_ i`mq` _dn`\n`) oc` ^c\ib` dnkmj]\]gt m`\g ]po oc` di^m`\n` di ^jg_ \i_ njh` joc`m _dn`\n`n h\t q`mt r`gg]` \ m`npgo j a \ ^c\ib` di oc` _d\bijn`n j a ^c`no _dn`\n`) nodo^c \i_ nodib) \i_^jinphkodji di oc` gpibn+ Djr`q`m) oc` di^m`\n` di oc`n` ^\pn`n j a _`\oc dnijo \n g\mb` \n oc` _`^gdi` j a oc` joc`m ^\pn`n+ Pcpn) do dn gdf`gt oc\o \i di^m`\n*dib iph]`m j a _`\ocn amjh ^c`no _dn`\n`) nodo^c \i_ nodib \i_ ^jinphkodji dioc` gpibn r`m` ijo m`bdno`m`_+ Pcdn ^c\ib` di m`bdnom\odji \i_ m`kjmodib dn ocì\ m`npgo j a oc` i`r dinompôdjin di .50.) \gocjpbc oc`n` _d_ ijo ^jh` dioj km\^*od^` piodg \ i`r kmd`no ^\h` oj R\no\iajmn di .510+

Pc` j]gdb\odji oj m`bdno`m ^\pn`n j a _`\oc ^c\ib`n \b\di di .526+ Jjr) oc`^\pn`n j a _`\oc ncjpg_ ]` ]\n`_ ji oc` _jôjmën _d\bijn`n+ Ea ij h`_d^\gkm\ôdodji`m r\n \q\dg\]g`) \i_ ocdn r\n oc` ^\n` di hjno j a oc` k\mdnc`n di oc`^jpiomtnd_`) oc` kmd`no c\_ oj m`kjmo _`\ocn amjh npd^d_`) ^mdh`) \^^d_ìon)`kd_`hd^ _dn`\n`n \i_ nj*^\gg`_ ì_`hd^ _dn`\n`+ = t`\m g\o`m) oc` gdno r\n `s*oì_`_ oj di^gp_` _`\ocn amjh \g^jcjgd^*kjdnjidib \n r`gg+ Pcpn) oc` dinomp^*odji ajm oc` ^jpiomtnd_` amjh .50. dn hjm` jm g`nn ^jiadmh`_+.0Pc` jigt _da*a`mì^` dn oc\o ì_`hd^ _dn`\n`n \m` hìodji`_+Pcdn odh` oc` i`r dinompôdji ^\h` jigt \ ^jpkg` j a t`\mn ]àjm` \ i`r

kmd`no) D\m\g_ R`_cjgh) ^\h` oj R~no\iajmn+ @pmdib cdn k`mdj_ oc` kmjkjm*odji j a pink`^dad`_ _`\ocn di^m`\n`_ ^jind_`m\]gt) \n ncjri di Bdbpm` /+ Pcìph]`m j a _daa`mìo ^\pn`n pn`_ di oc` .54-n dn ngdbcogt gjr`m oc\i ]àjm`+ Eih\it ^\n`n do dn \ lp`nodji j a m`\g ^c\ib`n+ Pc`m` \m`) ajm `s\hkg`) ij _`\ocnamjh ^cjg`m\ di oc` .54-n+ R\bp` _d\bijn`n) gdf` ncjmoi`nn j a ]m`\oc) \m` ijopn`_ \it gjib`m+ @`\ocn amjh ^c`no _dn`\n` _`^gdi`_ rcdg` _`\ocn amjh ^ji*

135

nphkodji di oc` gpibn \i_ diag\hh\odji di oc` gpibn di^m`\n`_ ^jind_`m\]gt+Ei oc` .55-n oc` iph]`m j a _daa`mìo ^\pn`n j a _`\ocn _`^m`\n`n apmoc`m+

?^\jgZ -) @`\ocn di ^c`no _dn`\n`) nodo^c \i_ nodib) ^jinphkodji di oc` gpibn\i_ _`\ocn rdoc ij ^\pn` nk`^dad`_ di R\no\iajmn+ =q`m\b` j a admno \i_ g\no oìt`\mn j a oc` n`mqd^` j a `\^c kmd`no %]\mn& \i_ oì t`\m \q`m\b`n amjh .4--*.4-6\i_ jir\m_n %_joo`_ gdi`&+ @\mf ]gj^fn di oc` odh` \sdn ncjr oc` gìboc j a oc`n`mqd^` j a `\^c kmd`no+ O`` \gnj o`so+

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136

Kpm dhkm`nndji dn oc\o oc` àa`ôn j a ^c\ib`n di oc` ijhì^g\opm` di .526\m` nh\gg+ Pc` bì`m\g qd`r amjh nj^dòt) kpo ajmr\m_ di oc` dinompôdjin) oc\o\gg _`\ocn _d_ ijo c\q` oj ]` nk`^dad`_) c\_ oc` àa`ô oc\o \ghjno oc` n\h`_dn`\n`n r`m` _d\bijn`_ \n ]àjm`) \gocjpbc di _daa`mìo kmjkjmodjin) ]po oc\ooc` iph]`m j a pink`^dad`_ _`\ocn di^m`\n`_+

Ojh` ^c\ib`n ojjf kg\^` di oc` ijhì^g\opm` di .541 \i_ .56.+ Pc` g\oo`m^c\ib` r\n hjm` m\_d^\g \n oc` iph]`m j a ^\pn`n r\n np]no\iod\ggt m`_p^`_\i_ \n njh` ^\pn`n \m` òdjgjbd^\g rcdg` joc`mn \m` nodgg ijnjgjbd^\g+ Ei \__d*odji) oc` .56. ijhì^g\opm` r\n \ ^c\ib` amjh kmdh\mt \i_ n`^ji_\mt ^\pn`nj a _`\oc %diomj_p^`_ di .53-& oj h\di ^\pn` \i_ ^jiomd]pojmt ^\pn`n j a_`\oc+.1

Ei oc` .56-n jigt .0 ^\pn`n \m` m`bdno`m`_ di R\no\iajmn+ Pc`n` ocdmo`ì^\pn`n \^^jpio ajm 33 k`m^ìo j a oc` ojo\g iph]`m j a _`\ocn+ =b\di) \ i`rkmd`no ^\h` oj oc` k\mdnc \o oc` n\h` odh` \n oc` ijhì^g\opm` r\n ^c\ib`_+S` nc\gg ijr opmi oj oc` lp`nodji j a oc` àa`ôn j a oc` k`mnjin h\fdib oc`

_d\bijn`n \i_ oc` m`bdnom\odji ja oc` _`\oc ^\pn`n+ Eo dn j]qdjpn oc\o `qì oj*_\t k`mnjin rdoc oc` n\h` h`_d^\g om\didib rdgg h\f` _daa`mìo _d\bijn`n+ Eodn `lp\ggt `qd_ìo oc\o ocdn kmj]g`h r\n bm`\o`m _pmdib oc` .5oc \i_ .6oc ^ì*opmd`n+ =gg kmd`non c\_ njh` h`_d^\g om\didib ]po do _daa`m`_ ^jind_`m\]gt+Ojh` r`m` q`mt r`gg `_p^\o`_ \gocjpbc oc`t _d_ ijo c\q` oc` n\h` km\ôd^` \n\ _jôjm) `qì da oc`t _dn^c\mb`_ cdn _pod`n) rcd^c r\n k\mod^pg\mgt oc` ^\n` dioc` ^jpiomtnd_`+ Eo h\t \gnj q`mt r`gg ]` oc\o oc`t dio`mkmò`_ oc`dm dinomp^*odjin di _daa`mìo r\tn) k\mod^pg\mgt kmdjm oj .416+

Ki oc` joc`m c\i_) _pmdib oc` .5oc \i_ .6oc ^ìopmd`n) h\it _d`_ \o `\mgt\b`n amjh \^po` _dn`\n`n rcd^c) di h\it ^\n`n) r`m` a\dmgt `\nt oj _d\bijn` di^jhk\mdnji rdoc jpm _\t) rcì hjno k`jkg` _d` \o \i \_q\i^`_ \b`+ Bpmoc`m*hjm`) `kd_`hd^n \kk`\m`_ \]pi_\iogt ajm ncjmo k`mdj_n j a odh` nj oc\o oc`m`r\n ijo jigt ji` ]po \ iph]`m j a _`\ocn rdoc oc` n\h` _dn`\n` oj _d\bijn`+>`nd_`n) oc` kmd`no c\_ bjj_ fijrg`_b` ja oc` k`mnjin di cdn k\mdnc \i_ n\roc`h rcdg` oc`t r`m` \gdq`) rcd^c h\_` oc` _d\bijn`n `\nd`m+

Djr nc\gg oc` àa`ôn j a oc` di_dqd_p\g kmd`non ji oc` ^\pn`n j a _`\ocm`bdnom\odji ]` _ò`ô`_ \i_ h`\npm`_< Eo rjpg_ c\q` ]`ì hp^c `\nd`m oj\i\gtu` \ iph]`m j a ndhdg\m k\mdnc`n gj^\o`_ ^gjn` oj `\^c joc`m+ Ei ocdn ^\n`r` ^jpg_ ^jhk\m` oc` _d\bijn`n j a oc` _daa`mìo kmd`non+ ?jhk\mdib k\mdnc`namjh _daa`mìo k\mon j a oc` ^jpiomt jm oc` n\h` k\mdnc _pmdib _daa`mìo odh`k`mdj_n dn hjm` kmj]g`h\od^) oc` m`\nji ]`dib oc` _daad^pgod`n di n`k\m\odib oc`àa`ôn j a oc` kmd`non amjh m`\g _daa`mì^`n+ Ei njh` ^\n`n oc` _daa`mì^` dn j a\ h\bidop_` oc\o h\f`n do j]qdjpn oc\o oc` di_dqd_p\g kmd`no c\_ \ nomjib di*agpì^`+ >po ocdn dn ]t ij h`\in \gr\tn oc` ^\n`+Lpm\iì c\n ^jh` oj oc` ^ji^gpndji oc\o oc` àa`ô j a oc` kmd`non dn g\mb`

_pmdib oc` .6oc ^ìopmt+.2 Djr`q`m) c`m nop_t dn ijo apggt ^jiqdi^dib+Lpm\iì ^jhk\m`n k\mdnc`n di _daa`mìo k\mon j a oc` ^jpiomt) ]po _j`n ijo \nfoc` lp`nodji rcòc`m oc` _daa`mì^`n ajpi_ ^jpg_ ]` _p` oj m`\g _daa`mì^`n dioc` _`\oc k\ijm\h\+

14-

Jjm dn Lpm\iìën ^jhk\mdnji j a _daa`mìo kmd`non rdocdi \ k\mdnc ^ji*^gpndq`+ Oc` ^\g^pg\o`n oc` k`m^ìo\b` j a _`\ocn amjh _daa`mìo _dn`\n`n _pmdiboc` ìodm` k`mdj_ ajm rcd^c `\^c kmd`no r\n di n`mqd^`+ ?jhk\mdib oc`n`k`mdj_n) rcd^c di njh` ^\n`n \m` hjm` oc\i ocdmot t`\mn gjib rcdg` joc`mn \m`g`nn oc\i oì t`\mn) nc` adi_n ^jind_`m\]g` _daa`mì^`n+ Bmjh oc` r\t oc` m`npgodn km`nìo`_) ji` c\n oc` dhkm`nndji oc\o oc` ìodm` ^c\ib` j^^pmm`_ rcì \i`r kmd`no \mmdq`n oj oc` k\mdnc+ Jj \oo`hkon c\q` ]`ì h\_` oj _daa`mìod\o`]òr`ì m`\g _`q`gjkhìo \i_ oc` àa`ôn j a di_dqd_p\g kmd`non+ Ea \ ^`mo\di_dn`\n` bm\_p\ggt _`^gdi`n _pmdib oc` ìodm` k`mdj_ oc` kdôpm` dn ^c\ib`_ oj \no`k ]t no`k _`^gdi`) \^^jm_dib oj oc` r\t Lpm\iì km`nìon do+

Eo dn `qd_ìo oc\o r` ^\iijo ^jhk\m` oc` _`\oc k\ijm\h\ ajm oc` ìodm`k`mdj_ _pmdib rcd^c `\^c kmd`no r\n di n`mqd^` m`b\m_g`nn j a cjr gjib do r\n+Ki oc` joc`m c\i_ do dn dhkjnnd]g` oj ^jhk\m` oc` m`^jm_n j a oc` g\no ji` jmorj t`\mn ajm ji` kmd`no rdoc ocjn` j a oc` admno t`\mn j a \ i`r kmd`no+ Pc` m`\njidn oc\o oc` _`\oc k\ijm\h\ ^jpg_ ^c\ib` q`mt m\kd_gt _p` oj `kd_`hd^n+ S`c\q` oj ^jhk\m` gjib`m k`mdj_n \o oc` ì_n j a `\^c kmd`noën k`mdj_ nj oc\o `s*om`h` ndop\odjin \m` `qì`_ jpo+ Bjm ocdn kpmkjn`) r` c\q` omd`_ oj o\f` ]jocadq` \i_ oì t`\m k`mdj_n+S` ajpi_ oc\o \ adq` t`\m k`mdj_ dn ojj ncjmo) d+`+ oc\o oc` diagpì^` ja `s*

om`h` ndop\odjin dn nodgg nomjib+ Aqì oì t`\m k`mdj_n \m` \ghjno ojj ncjmo \i_hpno oc`màjm` ]` pn`_ rdoc ^\podji+ Bdbpm` / ncjrn \q`m\b`n ajm oc` admno \i_g\no oì t`\mn j a oc` n`mqd^` j a `\^c kmd`no \n q`mod^\g ]\mn+ Pc` k`mdj_ `\^ckmd`no c\_ n`mq`_ dn ncjri \n nc\_`_ ]gj^fn ji oc` odh` \sdn+ Pc` b\kn ]ò*r`ì oc` nc\_`_ ]gj^fn \m` oc` odh` do ojjf oj dino\gg \ i`r kmd`no+ = nj ^\gg`_é t`\m j a bm\^` km`\^c`mè n`mq`_ _pmdib ocdn odh`+ @`\ocn oc\o j^^pmm`_ _pm*dib oc`n` t`\mn \m` `s^gp_`_+ Pc` _joo`_ gdi` ncjrn oì t`\m \q`m\b`n amjh.4--*.4-6 jir\m_n dmm`nk`ôdq` j a ^c\ib`n j a kmd`non+ Pc` _dn`\n`n ncjri diBdbpm` / \m` ^jinphkodji di oc` gpibn) nodo^c \i_ nodib) \i_ ^c`no _dn`\n`) d+`+_dn`\n`n oc\o ^c\ib` a\dmgt ngjrgt+ Pc` k`m^ìo\b` j a _`\ocn ajm rcd^c ij^\pn` r\n m`bdno`m`_ dn \gnj ncjri+ =gg joc`m _dn`\n`n c\q` ]`ì \i\gtu`_ \nr`gg+=n ncjri di Bdbpm` /) oc` _daa`mì^`n ]òr`ì oc` admno \i_ g\no oì t`\mn j a

\ kmd`noën k`mdj_ ^jpg_ ]` bm`\o`m oc\i oc` _daa`mì^` rcì \ i`r kmd`no ^\h`dioj jaad^`+ Pcdn dn ijo npmkmdndib ndi^` oc` k`mdj_n n`mq`_ ]t hjno kmd`non r`m`m\oc`m gjib+ Kaoì oc` _daa`mì^` dn q`mt nh\gg ]òr`ì oc` g\no oì t`\mn j a ji`kmd`no \i_ oc` admno oì t`\mn j a cdn np^^`nnjm+

Sc\o rjpg_ oc` àa`ô ]` da ji` kmd`no c\_ jq`m*_d\bijn`_ ji` ^\pn` j a_`\oc \o oc` `skìn` j a \ijoc`m< Ki` ^jin`lpì^` rjpg_ ]` oc\o oc` iph]`mj a _`\ocn amjh oc\o _dn`\n` rjpg_ ]` cdbc _pmdib cdn k`mdj_ \n ^jhk\m`_ ojoc` k`mdj_n j a cdn km`_`^`nnjm \i_ np^^`nnjm+ L\m\gg`g oj ocdn) do rjpg_ ]` gjr`majm njh` joc`m _dn`\n`+ = ncdao ]òr`ì orj _dn`\n`n Yjg^c\ oc` rjmfdibk`mdj_ j a \ kmd`no h\t ]` _p` oj rmjib _d\bijn`n ]po h\t epno \n r`gg màg`ô\ m`\g ^c\ib`+

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Pc`m` dn ij j]qdjpn ndbi ja jq`m*_d\bijndib di Bdbpm` /+ @`\ocn amjh nodo^c\i_ nodib a\gg \ghjno ^jino\iogt jq`m oc` ìodm` k`mdj_+ Eo dn kmj]\]gt pi_`m*m`bdno`m`_ _pmdib oc` admno _`^\_` j a oc` .5oc ^ìopmt) rcì oc` iph]`m ja_`\ocn ajm rcd^c ij ^\pn` dn nk`^dad`_ r\n ord^` \n cdbc \n di oc` ajggjrdib_`^\_`+

@`\ocn amjh ^jinphkodji di oc` gpibn di^m`\n` bm\_p\ggt di odh` rdoc \k`\f \mjpi_ .5/-+ Bmjh .51- oc`t bj _jri \o oc` n\h` odh` \n \ iph]`m japink`^dad`_ _`\ocn bj pk+ Bdi\ggt) oc`t di^m`\n` \o oc` ì_ j a oc` .6oc ^ìopmtrcì _d\bijndib \b\di ]`^jh`n hjm` am`lpìo+ Cì`m\ggt nk`\fdib) oc`k`m^ìo\b` j a _`\ocn ijo nk`^dad`_ dn ojj cdbc \ao`m .53- \i_ ]àjm` .4.- ojh\f` do kjnnd]g` oj nop_t àa`ôn j a di_dqd_p\g kmd`non+ Pc` cdbc kmjkjmodji j apink`^dad`_ _`\ocn dn ij àa`ô j a oc` di_dqd_p\g kmd`non) ]po j a ^c\ib`n di oc`?cpm^c H\r \i_ oc` dinompôdjin+Pc` ^pmq` j a ^c`no _dn`\n` dn a\dmgt k\m\gg`g oj oc` ji` ajm nodo^c \i_ nodib di

oc` .5oc ^ìopmt) \i_ j a ^jinphkodji di oc` gpibn di oc` .6oc ^ìopmt+ Pc`_dn`\n` ]`^\h` g`nn ^jhhji rcì Amd^ B`mh`gdi r\n di n`mqd^` di .44.*.46-+Pcdn h\t ]` \ m`npgo j a pi_`m*_d\bijndib) ]po joc`m `skg\i\odjin \m` kjnnd]g`+Eo h\t \n r`gg ]` \ m`npgo j a ^jhkòdodji amjh joc`m _dn`\n`n+ Ei .440) hjmòc\i ord^` \n h\it _d`_ \n di \ ijmh\g t`\m+ Pc` ajggjrdib ocm`` t`\mn) ocìph]`m j a _`\ocn r\n ]`gjr \q`m\b`+ =ao`m orj t`\mn j a `som`h`gt ]\_c\mq`non) iph]`mn j a k`jkg` _d`_) k\mod^pg\mgt amjh _tnìo`mt \i_ nh\ggkjs)di R\no\iajmn \i_ \gg jq`m oc` ^jpiomt+ Ei ocdn \i_ oc` ajggjrdib ^jpkg` j at`\mn) oc` iph]`m j a _`\ocn amjh n`q`m\g _dn`\n`n) di^gp_dib ^c`no _dn`\n`)rìo _jri+ Ei .446 oc`m` dn \ijoc`m jpo]m`\f j a nh\ggkjs \i_ di .450_tnìo`mt cdon c\m_ \b\di+ Ei njh` ja oc` t`\mn ]òr`ì oc` `kd_`hd^ t`\mn)oc` iph]`m j a _`\ocn amjh ^c`no _dn`\n` bj`n ]\^f oj \ ijmh\g g`q`g+Djr`q`m) ji \q`m\b`) ^c`no _dn`\n` ]`^\h` hjm` pi^jhhji+

Pcdn dn \i `s\hkg` j a cjr m`\g ^c\ib`n di oc` _`\oc k\ijm\h\ ^jpg_) di^jm*m`ôgt) ]` dio`mkmò`_ \n oc` àa`ôn j a di_dqd_p\g kmd`non+ Djr di_dqd_p\g t`\mnrdoc k`\fn j a _`\ocn amjh _daa`mìo _dn`\n`n ^jpg_ diagpì^` oc` \q`m\b` j a \k`mdj_ \n gjib \n oì t`\mn dn \gnj dggpnom\o`_ di Bdbpm` /+ ?jhk\mdib oc` admno\i_ g\no oì t`\mn j a D`ggìdpnë n`mqd^`) d+`+ .4.6*.4/5 \i_ .4/.*.40- %rdoc`dbco t`\mn jq`mg\kkdib& r` bò q`mt _daa`mìo \q`m\b`n ajm _`\ocn amjh ^c`no_dn`\n` \i_ nodo^c \i_ nodib+ Pc` àa`ô j a \i `som`h` t`\m ^\i \gnj ]` n`ìrcì @dggh\i r\n di n`mqd^` .462*.5-2+=i `s\hkg` j a \ kmd`no rcj h\_` _d\bijn`n rcd^c _daa`m`_ amjh ocjn` j a

cdn km`_`^`nnjm dn C`jmb O`n`h\i) rcj r\n di n`mqd^` amjh .510 oj .53.+ ?jg_)\n \ ^\pn` j a _`\oc) r\n \ghjno iji*`sdnoìo ]àjm` .510) ]po di oc` t`\mn j aO`n`h\inë n`mqd^` do ]`^\h` m\oc`m am`lpìo rdoc k`\fn di .512) .52-) .52.).521 \i_ .525+ Ddn np^^`nnjm i`q`m h\_` ocdn _d\bijndn+ Odhdg\mgt) r`\fi`nn\n \ ^\pn` j a _`\oc r\n jigt pn`_ ]t O`n`h\i+ Ddn jq`m*_d\bijndib j a ^jg_n``hn oj c\q` \i àa`ô ji oc` iph]`m j a _`\ocn amjh ^jinphkodji di oc`gpibn) ^c`no _dn`\n` \i_ nodo^c \i_ nodib rcd^c \m` \gg k\mod^pg\mgt gjr _pmdibcdn k`mdj_+ Pcdn rdgg ]` _dn^pnn`_ apmoc`m ]`gjr+ Pcdn dn oc` jigt ^g`\m `s\hkg`

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di R~no\iajmn j a cjr \i di_dqd_p\g kmd`no diagpì^`_ oc` _d\bijn`n+Pj nphh\mdu` oc` _dn^pnndji j a oc` lp\gdot j a oc` _\o\7 Bdmno j a \gg) ji` j a

oc` h\ejm kmj]g`hn ja \i \i\gtndn ]\n`_ ji \bbm`b\o`_ _\o\ di oc` kjkpg\odjino\odnod^n) amjh k\mdnc oj i\odji\g g`q`g) dn oc` ^c\ib`n di oc` ijhì^g\opm`+?\pn`n j a _`\oc \m` \bbm`b\o`_ dioj ^g\nn`n di _daa`mìo r\tn di oc` _daa`mìoijhì^g\opm`n) rcd^c h\f`n do q`mt _daad^pgo oj \i\gtu` gjib o`mh ^c\ib`n dioc` _`\oc k\ijm\h\+ Pcdn dn ij kmj]g`h \o \gg rcì \i\gtudib oc` m`bdnom\odjij a ^\pn`n j a _`\ocn di oc` k\mdnc m`bdno`mn j a R~no\iajmn ndi^` ij \bbm`b\odjij a _daa`mìo _dn`\n`n dn i``_`_+Pc` diagpì^`n j a oc` ijhì^g\opm` dn j a \ _daa`mìo fdi_+ Pc` a\ô oc\o i`r

_dn`\n`n \m` diomj_p^`_ oj oc` kmd`non ]t oc` ijhì^g\opm` \aa`ô`_ oc`_d\bijn`n+ Pcdn dn ^`mo\digt oc` ^\n` rdoc êêpifijri ^cdg_ _dn`\n`ëë) \ ^\pn` j a_`\oc \ghjno i`q`m pn`_ di R~no\iajmn kmdjm oj oc` admno ijhì^g\opm` amjhMVWZaakZg`Zi di .416+ Bmjh .42- oj oc` ]`bdiidib j a oc` .6oc ^ìopmt) ocdn^\pn` j a _`\oc r\n am`lpìogt _d\bijn`_ di oc` k\mdnc+

O`^ji_gt) oc` dinompôdjin oj oc` kmd`non m`g\o`_ oj ^c\ib`n di ocìjhì^g\opm` c\_ \ nomjib àa`ô ji oc` m`bdnom\odji j a oc` ^\pn`n j a _`\oc diR~no\iajmn+ Pcdn r\n oc` ^\n` di .50. rcì oc` kmd`non ij gjib`m c\_ oj m`kjmo\gg ^\pn`n j a _`\oc+ Pc` kmjkjmodji j a _`\ocn rdoc ij ^\pn` nk`^dad`_ di^m`\n*`_ m\kd_gt di R~no\iajmn+ Pcdn _d_ ijo c\kkì dhh`_d\o`gt ndi^` oc` ^g`md^ din`mqd^` ]òr`ì .5-3 \i_ .51. ^jiodip`_ oj m`bdno`m oc` ^\pn`n j a _`\ocn \n c`c\_ \gr\tn _ji`) dmm`nk`ôdq` j a oc` ^c\ib`n di oc` ?cpm^c H\r+ Scì \ i`rkmd`no ^\h` oj oc` k\mdnc di .510 c` \_jko`_ oc` i`r dinompôdjin \i_ oc` kmj*kjmodji j a _`\ocn rdoc ij ^\pn` nk`^dad`_ di^m`\n`_+ Lpm\iì ^jh`n oj oc`n\h` ^ji^gpndji ajm oc` k\mdnc`n nc` \i\gtu`_+.3Pcdm_gt) oc` d_`\g ndop\odji rcì _dn^pnndib àa`ôn j a oc` di_dqd_p\g kmd`non

dn oj c\q` \ iph]`m j a ndhdg\m k\mdnc`n gj^\o`_ ^gjn` ojbòc`m+ Pcdn rdgg ]` oc`^\n` di \ ajmoc^jhdib nop_t) ]po di ocdn ^\n` r` \m` \i\gtudib jigt ji` k\mdnc+Pc` kmj]g`h dn oj n`k\m\o` oc` àa`ôn j a oc` kmd`non amjh m`\g ^c\ib`n di oc`_`\oc k\ijm\h\ di odh`+ =i\gtudib ^jinphkodji di oc` gpibn) nodo^c \i_ nodib\i_ ^c`no _dn`\n` _pmdib oc` admno \i_ g\no oì t`\mn j a oc` n`mqd^` j a `\^c kmd`no\i_ ^jhk\mdib rdoc oc` _`q`gjkhìo j a ^jhkòdib _dn`\n`n bdq`n oc` ^ji^gp*ndji oc\o oc` àa`ôn j a di_dqd_p\g om\didib ò^ j a _daa`mìo kmd`non c\q` ijnomjib diagpì^` ji oc` ^\pn` j a _`\oc m`bdnom\odji di R~no\iajmn+

=b` kmjadg`n \i_ n`\nji\gdot ja oc` hjno am`lpìo ^\pn`n ja _`\oc

Ka oc` ndsot*orj ^\pn`n j a _`\ocn m`bdno`m`_ di R~no\iajmn) jigt oì ^\pn`n \^*^jpio ajm hjm` oc\i orj k`m^ìo j a oc` _`\ocn rdoc ^\pn` nk`^dad`_+ Pjbòc`moc`n` oì _dn`\n`n \^^jpio ajm 34+2 k`m^ìo j a \gg nk`^dad`_ _`\ocn di oc` k\mdnc+Pc` orj hjno ^jhhji ^\pn`n j a _`\oc \m` hiîX] \i_ hi^c\ \i_ X]Zhi Y^hZVhZh)]joc gpib _dn`\n`n+ Pc`t \^^jpio ajm \ lp\mo`m j a \gg nk`^dad`_ _`\ocn _pmdiboc` /--*t`\m k`mdj_ ]po ajm hjm` oc\i 2- k`m^ìo di oc` ]`bdiidib j a oc` .5oc^ìopmt+ <dchjbei^dc ^c i]Z ajc\h \__n \ijoc`m 4+2 k`m^ìo oj oc` _`\ocn

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amjh gpib _dn`\n`+ =n ncjri `\mgd`m) njh` _`\ocn amjh jc`cdlc X]âY Y^hZVhZ\m` nodo^c \i_ nodib rcd^c \__n \ a`r k`m^ìo oj _`\ocn amjh gpib _dn`\n`n+ S`\gnj c\_ oj \__ \ iph]`m j a g`nn ^jhhji ^\pn`n j a _`\oc oj oc` gpib _dn`\n`bmjpk i\h`gt ^c[aVbbVi^dc d [ i]Z ajc\h) h]dgicZhh d [ WgZVi]' XdaY' Xdj\]^c\']VZbdgg]dZV) \i_ WaddY Y^hZVhZ $WadYhdi%) Pjbòc`m oc`t \^^jpio ajm 0*1 k`m*^ìo j a oc` ojo\g iph]`m j a _`\ocn rdoc ^\pn` nk`^dad`_+ Pcdn h`\in oc\o\]jpo 1- k`m^ìo j a oc` nk`^dad`_ _`\ocn r`m` _p` oj gpib _dn`\n`n+ Ei \__d*odji) njh` _`\ocn di ^c[^gbî^Zh d [ d aY V\Z) tò \ijoc`m am`lpìo ^\pn` j a_`\oc) h\t ]` _p` oj gpib _dn`\n`n \n _dn^pnn`_ ]`gjr+ Pc` adbpm` dn nodgg kmj*]\]gt \ ]do gjr \n oc`n` `s\ô _dn`\n`n _d_ ijo i``_ oj ]` m`kjmo`_ \ao`m .50.+=n ncjri `\mgd`m) oc`t \m` \gnj pi_`m*m`bdno`m`_ di oc` admno _`^\_` j a oc` .5oc^ìopmt+ S` ]`gd`q` do dn a\dm oj n\t oc\o \kkmjsdh\o`gt c\ga j a oc` _`\ocn di oc`.5oc \i_ .6oc ^ìopmd`n r`m` _p` oj ^c`no \i_ gpib _dn`\n`n+Koc`m am`lpìo _dn`\n`n \m` hbVaaedm' higd`Z' YnhZciZgn' hidbVX] Y^hZVhZ

VcY Ygdehn + Oh\ggkjs \i_ _tnìo`mt \m` r`gg _àdi`_ ^jhk\m`_ oj oc` joc`mn+Pc` \b` _dnomd]podji \i_ n`\nji\gdot j a oc` hjno am`lpìo _dn`\n`n rdgg ]`nop_d`_ ]`gjr+ =b`*_dnomd]podjin c\q` ]`ì ^\g^pg\o`_ ajm hì \i_ rjhìn`k\m\o`gt+ Pc` kmjadg`n \m` q`mt ndhdg\m `s^`ko di oc` a`modg` \b`n) ajm rcd^c_`\ocn di ^cdg_]dmoc \^^jpio ajm 5*.2 k`m^ìo j a oc` nk`^dad`_ _`\ocn ajmrjhì+ Pc`màjm`) r` gdhdo jpmn`gq`n oj \ km`nìo\odji j a oc` \b`*_dnomd]p*odjin ajm hì \i_ rjhì ojbòc`m+Pcdn n`ôdji dn \ _`n^mdkodji j a R\no\iajmn rdoc a`r mà`mì^`n oj rjmfn j a

joc`m n^cjg\mn+ Pcdn dn _p` oj ji` a\ô+ S` rjpg_ gdf` oj km`nìo njh` ]\nd^m`npgon amjh R\no\iajmn oc\o rdgg ]` pn`_ rcì r` _dn^pnn oc` ^c\ib`n di oc`_`\oc k\ijm\h\ di odh` di oc` i`so n`ôdji) di rcd^c r` rdgg m`g\o` jpm m`npgonoj joc`m nop_d`n+

Ijmo\gdot amjh hiîX] \i_ hi^c\ r\n hjno am`lpìo \hjib dia\ion) ]po k`j*kg` di \ôdq` \b`n r`m` cdo c\m_ \n r`gg+ =n ^\i ]` n`ì amjh Bdbpm` 0) \ ncdaodi oc` \b`*_dnomd]podji j^^pmm`_ _pmdib oc` .6oc ^ìopmt ojr\m_n \ g\mb`mnc\m` j a \_pgo hjmo\gdot+

Eo hpno ]` f`ko di hdi_ oc\o Bdbpm` 0 bdq`n oc` k`m^ìo\b` _dnomd]podji j a oc`_dn`\n` di _daa`mìo \b` bmjpkn jigt+ Pc`màjm`) oc` nc\m` j a _`\ocn di jg_ \b`bmjpkn oì_n oj ]` gjr ndhkgt ]`^\pn` oc`n` \b` bmjpkn \m` nh\gg+ Pc` \b`*nk`^dad^ hjmo\gdot ajm _daa`mìo _dn`\n`n \i_ don ^\pn`n rdgg ]` \i\gtu`_ di \ajmoc^jhdib nop_t+Pc` n`\nji\gdot j a hiîX] \i_ hi^c\ dn oc` n\h` ajm ]joc ^ìopmd`n+ Hdf` oc`

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>òr`ì oc` .5oc \i_ .6oc ^ìopmd`n oc` \b` kmjadg`n ajm Xdchjbei^dc ^c i]Zajc\h _daa`m njh`rc\o rdoc \ hdijm ncdao ojr\m_n jg_`m \b`n _pmdib oc` .6oc^ìopmt+ Pc` h\di _daa`mì^` di ^jhk\mdnji rdoc hiîX] \i_ hi^c\ \i_ ^c`no_dn`\n` dn oc\o oc` hjmo\gdot ajm ^jinphkodji di oc` gpibn dn hp^c gjr`m ajmdia\ion+ Pc` n`\nji\gdot dn q`mt r`\f+ Pc` hjmo\gdot dn njh`rc\o cdbc`m di ocàdmno c\ga j a oc` t`\m \n ^jhk\m`_ oj oc` m`no j a oc` t`\m) \o g`\no _pmdib oc` .6oc^ìopmt+ Pc` dmm`bpg\mdod`n _pmdib oc` .5oc ^ìopmt \m` kmj]\]gt \ m`npgo j a ocà`r _`\ocn amjh Xdchjbei^dc ^c i]Z ajc\h _pmdib ocdn k`mdj_+ Pcpn) dom`n`h]g`n hiîX] \i_ hi^c\ \i_ ^c`no _dn`\n` rdoc cdbc`m hjmo\gdot ajm \_pgon^jhk\m`_ oj ^cdg_mì \b`_ 0 oj .-) \i_ \ njh`rc\o cdbc`m hjmo\gdot di ocàdmno c\ga j a oc` t`\m+Bc[^gbî^Zh d [ d aY V\Z dn \ q`mt q\bp` ^\pn` j a _`\oc+ Eo h\t ^jhkmdn`

\itocdib) ]po dn kmj]\]gt _jhdi\o`_ ]t eaZjg^hn' ecZjbdc^V' ZYZbV' ]ZVgi[VâjgZ \i_ XZgZWgVa ]Zbdgg]V\Z+ =n ^\i ]` n`ì amjh Bdbpm` 0) oc` ^g\nndad^\*odji \kkgd`n \ghjno `s^gpndq`gt oj q`mt jg_ k`jkg`+ Bpmoc`mhjm`) oc` ^g\nndad^\*odji dn ijo am`lpìogt pn`_ ]àjm` oc` .6oc ^ìopmt+

Pc` bm\kc j a oc` n`\nji\g k\oo`mi dn p*nc\k`_ rdoc cdbc q\gp`n di oc` rdio`m\i_ gjr di oc` nphh`m+ Eo _daa`mn ^jind_`m\]gt amjh X]Zhi Y^hZVhZ \i_ hiîX]\i_ hi^c\ \gocjpbc _pmdib oc` .6oc ^ìopmt do c\n \ n`^ji_ k`\f di I\t _pmdiboc` .6oc ^ìopmt+=i `s\hkg` j a \ _dn`\n` rdoc \ hjm` km`^dn` _àdidodji dn hbVaaedm ) rcd^c

r\n m\oc`m `\nt oj _d\bijn`+ =i dio`m`nodib adi_dib dn oc\o _pmdib oc` ìodm`.5oc ^ìopmt nh\ggkjs \ghjno `s^gpndq`gt \aa`ô`_ ^cdg_mì+ Scì do r\n]`^jhdib g`nn am`lpìo * do _dn\kk`\m`_ \ghjno ^jhkgò`gt \o oc` ]`bdiidib jaoc` .6oc ^ìopmtçdo \aa`ô`_ k`jkg` di \ôdq` \b`n \n r`gg+ Pcpn) do n``hn \n daoc` ìodm` kjkpg\odji r\n `skjn`_ oj oc` _dn`\n` _pmdib oc` .5oc ^ìopmt) \i_oc\o ocjn` rcj npmqdq`_ m`^`dq`_ \ gda`*gjib dhhpidot+ H\o`m) rcì do r\n

145

]`^jhdib g`nn ^jhhji) k`jkg` ^jpg_ c\q` oc`dm admno ^jio\ôn rdoc oc` _dn`\n`\n \_pgon+

@pmdib oc` .5oc ^ìopmt) rcì do r\n q`mt am`lpìo) do c\_ \ q`mt m`bpg\mn`\nji\g k\oo`mi rdoc \ k`\f di I\m^c+ Eo no\mon di^m`\ndib ngjrgt di oc`\pophi) di^m`\n`n m\kd_gt di oc` admno hjiocn j a oc` t`\m \i_ ocì a\ggn \b\di+Pc` n`\nji\g k\oo`mi _pmdib oc` .6oc ^ìopmt dn q`mt dmm`bpg\m _p` oj oc` a`r_`\ocn amjh ocdn _dn`\n`+Ligd`Z dn \ijoc`m ^jhhji ^\pn` j a _`\oc _pmdib oc` k`mdj_ .4--*.566+

=gnj di ocdn ^\n` do dn m\oc`m \ lp`nodji j a nthkojhn+ Pc` ^g\nndad^\odji ^ji*^`\gn _dn`\n`n g`\_dib oj np__ì _`\oc) np^c \n ^c[VgXi d [ i]Z ]ZVgi' XZgZWgVa]Zbdgg]V\Z \i_ joc`m dio`mi\g c`hjmmc\b`n+ Pc`n` r`m` _dn`\n`n kmdh\mdgt\aa`ôdib ^cdg_mì \i_ jg_ k`jkg`+ Pc` \b`*_dnomd]podjin _daa`m ]òr`ì ocòrj ^ìopmd`n+ @pmdib oc` .6oc ^ìopmt do _d_ ijo \aa`ô k`jkg` di \b`n \]jq`32 \n hp^c \n do c\_ _ji` _pmdib oc` km`qdjpn ^ìopmt+ Pj_\t) nomjf` dn ji` j aoc` hjno ^jhhji ^\pn`n j a _`\oc ajm jg_ k`jkg`+Ligd`Z c\n \ p*nc\k`_ n`\nji\g k\oo`mi ndhdg\m oj oc` ji` ajm diadmhdod`n j a

jg_ \b`+ Pc` n`\nji\gdot dn g`nn kmjijpi^`_ _pmdib oc` .6oc ^ìopmt+Pc` \b` kmjadg`n j a jc`cdlc X]âY Y^hZVhZ _daa`m q`mt gdoog` ]òr`ì oc` orj

k`mdj_n+ Pc` ^g\nndad^\odji rcd^c r\n kmdh\mdgt pn`_ _pmdib oc` n`^ji_ c\gaj a oc` .5oc ^ìopmt di_d^\o`n oc\o oc` _dn`\n` \ghjno `s^gpndq`gt \aa`ô`_^cdg_mì ]`gjr oc` \b` ja ji` t`\m+ Pcdn dn oc` n\h` \n ajm oc` ^jpiomt \n \rcjg`+Nc`cdlc X]âY Y^hZVhZ r\n ^jhhji di R\no\iajmn _pmdib oc` n`^ji_ c\ga

j a oc` .5oc ^ìopmt jigt+ >t oc` ]`bdiidib j a oc` .6oc ^ìopmt oc` ^g\nndad^\*odji c\_ _dn\kk`\m`_ \ghjno ^jhkgò`gt+

Pc` n`\nji\g k\oo`mi dn jigt ncjri ajm oc` .5oc ^ìopmt) \n do ]`^\h` q`mtdmm`bpg\m _pmdib oc` .6oc ^ìopmt _p` oj a`r `qìon+ Pc` k\oo`mi dn ag\o rdocn`q`m\g nh\gg k`\fn j a `lp\g \hkgdop_`+=nhZciZgn dn \ nojh\^c _dn`\n` kmdh\mdgt \aa`ôdib ^cdg_mì+ Eo c\n \i

`kd_`hd^ ^c\m\ô`m ]po r\n q`mt ^jhhji _pmdib oc` t`\mn j a n`q`m` ^mjka\dgpm`n di oc` `\mgt .44-n+ =n ji oc` ?jiodiìo) do dn nkm`\_ di oc` nphh`m+@pmdib oc` .5oc ^ìopmt) oc` k`\fn \m` di =pbpno _pmdib oc` .5oc ^ìopmt) \i_di oc` ajggjrdib ^ìopmt oc`t \m` di O`ko`h]`m+

Koc`m km`q\gìo _dn`\n`n \m` Ygdehn \i_ [ZkZg [ ^ ih + Pc` g\oo`m kmdh\mdgt cdon\_pgon+ Eo c\n \ kmjijpi^`_ p*nc\k`_ n`\nji\g k\oo`mi+ @mjknt dn \ijoc`m_dn`\n` rdoc \ _daapn` k\ocjgjbd^\g kdôpm`+ Pc` ^g\nndad^\odji ^jq`mn _dn`\n`ng`\_dib oj \i \^^phpg\odji j a ]j_t agpd_ di oc` nojh\^c) gpibn) ]m\di jm joc`mk\mon j a oc` ]j_t) oc` pi_`mgtdib m`\nji ]`dib njh` fdi_ j a c`\mo _dn`\n`+ Pc`\b`*kmjadg` dn ndhdg\m ajm oc` orj ^ìopmd`n+ Eo \aa`ôn kmdh\mdgt hd__g`*\b`_hì \i_ rjhì+=o oc` ì_ j a oc` .6oc ^ìopmt) oc` _d\bijn`n r`m` ]`^jhdib hjm` _daa`mì*

od\o`_+ <VcXZg \i_ ]ZVgi Y^hZVhZ \m` am`lpìo ^\pn`n j a _`\oc di oc` k\mdncm`bdno`mn+ Eo dn njh`rc\o npmkmdndib oj ijo` oc\o c`\mo _dn`\n` oj \ q`mt g\mb` `smoìo \aa`ô`_ dia\ion+ Koc`m km`q\gìo _dn`\n`n r`m` hXVgaVi^cV ) \aa`ôdib

146

^cdg_mì) \i_ X]daZgV rcd^c kmdh\mdgt cdo k`jkg` di \ôdq` \b`n+=n dn _`hjinom\o`_ ]t oc` _dn^pnndji \]jq`) n`q`m\g j a oc` hjno am`lpìo

^\pn`n j a _`\oc \m` m\oc`m q\bp`+ Qiajmopi\o`gt) h\it j a oc` hjm` pipnp\g_dn`\n`n) np^c \n bZVhaZh' l]dde^c\(Xdj\]' bVaVg^V' ine]jh \i_ i]gjh] r`m``\nd`m oj _d\bijn`+ Bmjh oc` kjdio j a qd`r j a h`_d^\g cdnojmt) oc`n` _dn`\n`n\m` j a ^jpmn` \n dio`m`nodib \n oc` hjm` ^jhhji _dn`\n`n) ]po amjh \ nj^d\g\i_ `^jijhd^ cdnojmd^\g kjdio j a qd`r oc`t \m` g`nn dhkjmo\io+ Pcdn _j`n ijoh`\i oc\o oc`t \m` ijo dio`m`nodib \o \gg ndi^` oc`t h\t) ajm `s\hkg`) ]` pn`_\n di_d^\ojmn j a gdqdib ^ji_dodjin ò^ jm j a h`_d^\g \i_ ctbdìd^ _`q`gjkhìo+>po \n \ admno no`k) r` rdgg aj^pn ji oc` hjno ^jhhji _dn`\n`n+

?c\ib`n di oc` k\ijm\h\ ja _`\oc ^\pn`n

Pc` gjib*o`mh _`q`gjkhìo di hjmo\gdot amjh _daa`mìo _dn`\n`n c\n kmdh\mdgt]`ì nop_d`_ ]t Opi_]~mb \i_ Bmd_gdudpn+ Pc` _`q`gjkhìo j a ijWZgXjadh^hc\n ]`ì nop_d`_ ]t Lpm\iì+ = iph]`m j a joc`m \pocjmn) np^c \n Hdi_*nfjb,Ehcja \i_ Sd_Åi) c\q` \i\gtu`_ ncjmo`m odh` k`mdj_n+.4= h\ejm kmj]g`h rcì \i\gtudib gjib*o`mh ^c\ib`n di oc` _`\oc

k\ijm\h\ ji oc` ]\ndn j a oc` kjkpg\odji o\]g`n dn oc` ^c\ib`n di ocìjhì^g\opm`+ Odi^` ocdn kmj]g`h dn q`mt gdhdo`_ rcì oc` \i\gtndn dn ]\n`_ jioc` k\mdnc m`bdno`mn) jpm mà`mì^`n oj rjmfn _dn^pnndib ocdn ojkd^ \m` a`r+

= h\di kmj]g`h di \i\gtudib oc` k\mdnc m`bdno`mn dn cjr oj dio`mkmò oc`^\pn` j a _`\oc) \n \ ijnjgjbd^\g ntno`h r\n pn`_+ Pj rc\o `soìo ^\i r` d_ì*odat _daa`mìo ]djgjbd^\g ^\pn`n j a _`\oc amjh oc` k\mdnc m`bdno`mn di oc` .5oc\i_ .6oc ^ìopmd`n<

Ijno m`n`\m^c`mn rjmfdib rdoc _\o\ ajm ^\pn`n j a _`\oc \m` j a oc` jkdidjioc\o ^`mo\di a`\opm`n j a oc` _`q`gjkhìo ^jpg_ ]` kdôpm`_ di nkdo` j a oc` _àd*^dì^d`n di oc` h\o`md\g+ Bmd_gdudpn \i_ Bmd_gdudpn,Kcgnnji \mbp` oc\o do dnkjnnd]g` oj \mmdq` \o \ m`\nji\]g` pi_`mno\i_dib j a oc` _`q`gjkhìo j ahbVaaedm' bZVhaZh' l]dde^c\(Xdj\] VcY YnhZciZgn ajm oc` k`mdj_ .416*.50-+Pc`n` _dn`\n`n \m` m\oc`m `\nt oj _d\bijn`+ Bpmoc`mhjm`) oc`t \mbp` oc\o ajmijWZgXjadh^h' X]Zhi Y^hZVhZ' ine]jh \i_ kjnnd]gt \gnj [ZkZ g[îh oc` no\odnod^n \mà\dmgt bjj_+.5Sdoc m`nk`ô oj l]dde^c\(Xdj\] \i_ YnhZciZgn) r` \m` di apgg \bm``hìo

rdoc ocdn \mbphìo \i_ rjpg_ `qì npbb`no oc\o X]daZgV \i_ hXVgaVi^cV ^jpg_]` \__`_) _dn`\n`n rcd^c \m` ]`^jhdib ^jhhji \ao`m oc` k`mdj_ \i\gtn`_ ]tBmd_gdudpn,Kcgnnji+ Sdoc m`nk`ô oj nh\ggkjs \i_ h`\ng`n oc`m` ^jpg_ ]`njh` pi_`m*`nodh\odjin ndi^`) \^^jm_dib oj Bmd_gdudpn \i_ joc`m \pocjmn) oc`t\m` ijo \gr\tn ^jh]di`_ rdoc m\nc+.6

Eo dn ^jmm`ô oc\o ijWZgXjadh^h ejabdcjb ^jpg_ ]` om\^`_ jm `nodh\o`_ jioc` ]\ndn j a oc` kjkpg\odji o\]g`n) ]po Bmd_gdudpn,Kcgnnji \n r`gg \n Opi_]~mb\m` \r\m` j a oc` kjnnd]dgdot oc\o oc` bmjpkn é^c`no _dn`\n`è \i_ é nodo^c \i_nodibè ^jhkmdn` ^\n`n j a op]`m^pgjndn \gnj _pmdib oc` k`mdj_n rcì oc`t r`m`m`kjmo`_ n`k\m\o`gt+

15-

Bjm oc` n\h` m`\nji r` hpno lp`nodji oc` ^jmm`ôi`nn j a oc` gjib*o`mh_`q`gjkhìo j a X]Zhi Y^hZVhZ \i_ hiîX] \i_ hi^c\) =ijoc`m kmj]g`h ^ji^`mi*dib oc`n` _dn`\n`n dn oc` orj pink`^dad`_ ^\pn`n jc`cdlc X]âY Y^hZVhZ \i_ ^c([^gb î^Zh d [ d aY V\Z+ Pc`n` bmjpkn ^jpg_ di^gp_` ^\n`n j a _daa`mìo gpib_dn`\n`n+ Ei oc` ^\n` j a pifijri ^cdg_ _dn`\n` r` c\q` \gm`\_t ncjri oc\ohiîX] \i_ hi^c\ dn di^gp_`_+Ligd`Z ) \ijoc`m am`lpìo ^\pn` j a _`\oc) dn m\oc`m r`gg _àdi`_ oj_\t) ]po

r\n hjm` q\bp` di oc` k`mdj_ r` \m` nop_tdib+ Eo kmj]\]gt di^gp_`_ \gg _da*a`mìo _`\oc ^\pn`n oc\o b\q` \ np__ì _`\oc) \n _dn^pnn`_ \]jq`) \i_ ijo jigt\oo\^fn j a ^`m`]m\g c`hjmmc\b` \i_ ocmjh]jndn di oc` ]m\di+ Pc` a\ô oc\o do]m`\fn jpo di _daa`mìo t`\mn di oc` .50-n \i_ .51-n npbb`non \ rd_`m dio`m*kmò\odji+<VcXZg \i_ ]ZVgi Y^hZVhZ) oc` g\oo`m dn gdf`gt oj ]` c`\mo \oo\^f) ]joc ]`^\h`

hjm` am`lpìo ^jhk\m`_ oj joc`m _dn`\n`n \o oc` ì_ ja oc` .6oc ^ìopmt+ Pc`t\m` \gnj lpdo` r`gg*_àdi`_) \o g`\no di oc` ^\n` j a ^\i^`m+Bdbpm` 1 ncjrn \ om\indodji amjh \ nj^dòt _jhdi\o`_ ]t _daa`mìo gpib

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%di_dm`ô ijhì^g\opm` àa`ô&) oc\o ^jg_ di^gp_`n Xdchjbei^dc ^c i]Z ajc\h%kmd`no àa`ô&) ^c[^gbî^Zh d [ d aY V\Z h\t di^gp_` _daa`mìo gpib \i_ ^c`no_dn`\n`n) \i_ oc\o hiîX] \i_ hi^c\ \i_ X]Zhi Y^hZVhZ c\q` q`mt ndhdg\m \b`*_dnomd]podjin \i_ n`\nji\gdot+?ZkZg[ ^ ih dn \i diag\hh\odji di oc` ]gjj_ rdocjpo \it nk`^dad^ k\mo j a oc`

]j_t ]`dib \aa`ô`_+ =^^jm_dib oj >~^f) do dn ntijithjpn rdoc ]pmidib_dn`\n` $Wgucch_j`V%) Ljnnd]gt do dn diagpìu\+/- >joc a`q`m adon \i_ Wgucc(h_j`V h\digt cdo \_pgon di R~no\iajmn+ Pc`t \gnj c\q` ndhdg\m n`\nji\g k\o*o`min rdoc \ k`\f _pmdib oc` rdio`m+ Ehcja \i_ Hdi_nfjb adi_ di oc`dm \i\gtn`nj a njpoc`mi Or`_ì oc\o a`q`m adon dn km`q\gìo `q`mt t`\m ]po oc\o do ]m`\fn jpo\n \i `kd_`hd^ _dn`\n` di ^`mo\di dio`mq\gn+/. Pc` k\oo`mi di R~no\iajmn dnndhdg\m) ]po oc` _dn`\n` ^jhkgò`gt _dn\kk`\mn njh` t`\mn+ Pc` _daa`mì^` diocdn m`nk`ô dn `skg\di`_ ]t oc` a\ô oc\o r` \m` \i\gtudib \ hp^c nh\gg`mkjkpg\odji oc\i Ehcja \i_ Hdi_nfjb+ Pcpn) ]joc a`q`m adon \i_ ]pmidib_dn`\n` \kk`\m hjm` `kd_`hd^\g oc\i ì_`hd^ di R~no\iajmn+ J`doc`m j a oc`hdn m`g\o`_ oj ^c\ib`n di oc` ijhì^g\opm` jm oj \ ^c\ib` j a kmd`non+ Kpm ^ji*^gpndji dn oc\o di jpm \i\gtndn j a R~no\iajmn oc`m` dn ij m`\nji oj m`g\o` oc`h)jm diagpìu\) oj ^jinphkodji di oc` gpibn) nodo^c \i_ nodib jm ^c`no _dn`\n` \nLpm\iì c\n _ji` di c`m nop_t+//<dj\]^c\ c\n \ghjno `s\ôgt oc` n\h` \b`*_dnomd]podji \n l]dde^c\(

Xdj\]) Pc` n`\nji\g k\oo`mi) ojj) dn q`mt ndhdg\m) rdoc \ cdbc \]pi_\i^` di\pophi \i_ nkmdib+ >joc ^\pn`n j a _`\oc _dn\kk`\m di njh` t`\mn \i_ \kk`\mdi joc`mn+ =ghjno ij _`\ocn amjh ^jpbcdib j^^pm di oc` .6oc ^ìopmt) h\ejmjpo]m`\fn \m` di .44.*.44/) .444) .45. \i_ .452*.455+ Scjjkdib*^jpbc r\nq`mt m\m` piodg oc` ì_ j a oc` .5oc ^ìopmt+ U`\mn rdoc cdbc am`lpì^d`n \m`.463).513*.514 \i_ .52/+ Pc` orj _dn`\n`n jq`mg\k di odh`) ]po do n``hn \n daoc`t \m` oc` n\h` _dn`\n`+ Pc` a\ô oc\o oc`t c\_ \i `kd_`hd^ k\oo`mi bdq`n pnm`\nji oj _dnodibpdnc oc`h amjh nodo^c \i_ nodib) ^c`no _dn`\n` \i_ ^jinphk*odji di oc` gpibn+AZbdgg]V\Z \i_ i]gdVi Y^hZVhZ \m` _d\bijn`_ \n ^\pn`n j a _`\ocn ajm

\_pgon jigt+ = iph]`m ja _daa`mìo _dn`\n`n c\q` oc`n` nthkojhn) ajm `s\hkg`^jinphkodji di oc` gpibn+ =n oc`t \m` q`mt m\m`) oc`m` dn ij m`\nji oj _dn^pnnoc`h di oc` ^jio`so j a oc` gjib*o`mh _`q`gjkhìo j a gpib \i_ ^c`no _dn`\n`n+L]dgicZhh d [ WgZVi] dn \ ^\pn` j a _`\oc di jg_ k`jkg`+ Eo c\n ij kmjijpi^`_

n`\nji\g k\oo`mi+ O`q`m\g _dn`\n`n c\q` ocdn fdi_ j a nthkojh) \i_ \n ocdn

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^\pn` dn m\m`) r` c\q` gào do jpo j a oc` apmoc`m \i\gtndn+ =gojbòc`m .+0 z2dj a oc`nk`^dad`_ _dn`\n`n c\q` ]`ì gào jpo j a ocdn k\mo j a oc` \i\gtndn+Pj nph pk7

.+ ?jg_ dn \bbm`b\o`_ rdoc ^jinphkodji di oc` gpibn+/+ Eiag\hh\odji di oc` gpibn dn \bbm`b\o`_ rdoc nodo^c \i_ nodib+0+ Qifijri ^cdg_ _dn`\n` \i_ diadmhdod`n j a jg_ \b` c\q` oj ]` ^jind_`m`_rcì \i\gtudib oc` gjib*o`mh _`q`gjkhìo j a gpib \i_ ^c`no _dn`\n`n+1+ B`q`m adon) Wgucch_j`V) diagpìu\ \i_ ^jpbcdib \m` ijo ^jii`ô`_ rdocnodo^c \i_ nodib) ^c`no _dn`\n` jm ^jinphkodji di oc` gpibn+2+ D`hjmmc\b`) ocmj\o _dn`\n` \i_ ncjmoi`nn j a ]m`\oc h\t ]` ^jii`ô`_ rdococ`n` _dn`\n`n ]po oc`dm q\bpì`nn \i_ gjr \]pi_\i^` \m` nomjib \mbphìonajm g`\qdib oc`h jpo+

Pc` \]pi_\i^` j a ^jg_ \i_ diag\hh\odji di oc` gpibn dn nj nh\gg \i_ ndhdg\m\n ^jhk\m`_ oj ^jinphkodji di oc` gpibn \i_ nodo^c \i_ nodib oc\o do rdgg ijo\go`m oc` n`\nji\gdot \i_ \b`*_dnomd]podji j a oc` g\oo`m orj+Pc` i`so lp`nodji dn cjr h\it _`\ocn amjh jc`cdlc X]âY Y^hZVhZ r`m` \^*

op\ggt _`\ocn amjh hiîX] \i_ hi^c\) Ea r` h\f` oc` \nnphkodji oc\o _`\ocnamjh hbVaaedm \i_ joc`m `\ndgt* _d\bijn`_ _dn`\n`n r`m` \gr\tn nk`^dad`_) oc`di^m`\n` di _`\ocn di jc`cdlc X]âY Y^hZVhZ ncjpg_ h\digt ]` _dnomd]po`_\hjib hiîX] \i_ hi^c\ \i_ X]Zhi Y^hZVhZ+ Pc` m\odj j a ^c`no _dn`\n` oj hiîX]\i_ hi^c\ dn ji` oj oì _pmdib oc` .41-ën+ =kkmjsdh\o`gt 6- k`m^ìo j a oc`_`\ocn amjh jc`cdlc X]âY Y^hZVhZ ncjpg_ ocì ]` om\ina`mm`_ oj _`\ocn amjhhiîX] \i_ hi^c\)

=n dn ncjri di Bdbpm` 1 é Eia\ionëë oc`m` dn \ijoc`m kmj]g`h di oc` `\mgt .6oc^ìopmt rcì _`\ocn amjh jc`cdlc X]âY Y^hZVhZ q\idnc`_+ Pc` iph]`m j apink`^dad`_ _`\ocn di^m`\n`n \ghjno \n hp^c \n oc` ajmh`m _`^m`\n`n+ Pc`n`pink`^dad`_ _`\ocn h\t q`mt r`gg ]` _p` oj hiîX] \i_ hi^c\+ Pcdn dn \gnj oc`^\n` \ao`m .52-) ]po amjh ocì ji oc` iph]`m j a pink`^dad`_ _`\ocn dn nj g\mbòc\o do dn h`\idibg`nn oj omt oj j]o\di \ kdôpm` j a oc` gjib*o`mh _`q`gjkhìodi gpib \i_ ^c`no _dn`\n` ajm ocdn \b` bmjpk+ Ea r` jigt \_epno hiîX] \i_ hi^c\ajm _`\ocn amjh jc`cdlc X]âY Y^hZVhZ' do dn q`mt gdf`gt oj ]` pi_`m*`nodh\o`_ajm oc` k`mdj_ .5-.*.5/2+Ehcja \i_ Hdi_nfjb h\f` ij npbb`nodji j a cjr oj dio`mkmò _`\ocn amjh

diadmhdod`n j a jg_ \b`+ Pc`m` dn ij np^c _dn^pnndji di oc` h`_d^\g ]jjfn j a oc`.5oc \i_ .6oc ^ìopmd`n+/0 Eon n`\nji\gdot gjjfn gdf` oc\o j a nomjf` \i_ a`q`madon) ]po gdf` ^c`no _dn`\n` \i_ nodo^c \i_ nodib do c\n \ k`\f di oc` nkmdib+ Bpm*oc`mhjm`) do dn hp^c hjm` gdf` oc` g\oo`m orj _dn`\n`n di o`mhn j a t`\m*oj*t`\m^c\ib`n+ Pc`m` \m` ij jpo]m`\fn di nk`^dad^ t`\mn rcd^c r\n oc` ^\n` ajm a`q`madon \i_ nomjf`+Bdbpm` 1) é=b`n 4- \i_ jq`mè) ncjrn q`mt ^g`\mgt oc\o rc\o r\n _d\bijn`_

\n nodo^c \i_ nodib \i_ ^c`no _dn`\n` di oc` hd__g` j a oc` .5oc ^ìopmt r\n ^\gg*`_ diadmhdod`n j a jg_ \b` di oc` .6oc ^ìopmt+ Hjjfdib \o oc` gjib*o`mh^c\ib`n) oc`m` dn m`\nji oj ]`gd`q` oc\o \o g`\no ji`*ocdm_ j a oc` _`\ocn amjh di*

154

admhdod`n j a jg_ \b` r`m` _p` oj ^c`no _dn`\n` \i_ nodo^c \i_ nodib+ Eo dn kmj*]\]gt oc` ^\n` oc\o oc` _`\oc k\ijm\h\ ajm jg_ k`jkg` dn hjm` no\]g` oc\i ajm\it joc`m \b` bmjpk+Bdbpm` 2 ncjrn cjr oc` \_epnohìo _dn^pnn`_ \]jq` \aa`ôn oc` gjib o`mh

^c\ib` di ^jinphkodji di oc` gpibn) nodo^c \i_ nodib \i_ ^c`no _dn`\n`+Nà`mmdib oj .5oc \i_ .6oc ^ìopmt h`_d^\g gdo`m\opm`) Ehcja \i_ Hdi_nfjb

^jh` oj oc` ^ji^gpndji oc\o oc` bmjpk é^c`no _dn`\n` \i_ ^jinphkodji j a oc`gpibnè di oc` admno ijhì^g\opm` dn kmj]\]gt ejabdcVgn ijWZgXjadh^h+/1=^*^jm_dib oj oc` n\h` njpm^`n) nodo^c \i_ nodib dn _daad^pgo oj _dnodibpdnc amjh^c`no _dn`\n` ]po do dn hjm` gdf`gt oj ]` eaZjg^hn' kjnnd]gt di ^jii`ôdji rdocecZjbdc^V) Ehcja \i_ Hdi_nfjb \i\gtu`_ oc` k`mdj_ ja oc` admnoijhì^g\opm` rcì ^c`no _dn`\n` \i_ ^jinphkodji di oc` gpibn r\n m`kjmo`_\n ji` bmjpk \i_ nodo^c \i_ nodib \n \ijoc`m+ Ei oc` n`^ji_ ijhì^g\opm`)^jinphkodji di oc` gpibn r\n m`kjmo`_ \n \ ^\pn` j a don jri) rcdg` nodo^c \i_nodib \i_ ^c`no a`q`m r`m` m`kjmo`_ ojbòc`m+Pc` \b`*_dnomd]podjin \i_ n`\nji\g k\oo`min j a nodo^c \i_ nodib \i_ ^c`no

_dn`\n` \m` \ghjno d_ìod^\g di R\no\iajmn) \n ncjri \]jq` %Bdbpm` 0&+ ?ji*nphkodji di oc` gpibn c\n \ lpdo` ndhdg\m \b`*_dnomd]podji ]po \ gjr`m \]pi*_\i^` ajm dia\ion oc\i nodo^c \i_ nodib \i_ ^c`no _dn`\n`+ Bpmoc`mhjm`) donn`\nji\gdot dn njh`rc\o _daa`mìo amjh oc` g\oo`m orj+

?c`no _dn`\n` dn km`nìo \ghjno `q`mt t`\m pk piodg oc` ì_ j a oc` .53-n+ Pc`q\md\odji amjh t`\m oj t`\m dn ijo q`mt nomjib+ Oodo^c \i_ nodib c\n \ q`mtndhdg\m k\oo`mi \gocjpbc do q\idnc`n \mjpi_ .52-+

?jinphkodji di oc` gpibn dn g`nn \]pi_\io) \i_ do dn ijo piodg oc` .44-n oc\odo ]`^jh`n km`nìo \ghjno `q`mt t`\m+ Qigdf` oc` orj joc`m _dn`\n`n) do dn km`*nìo _pmdib oc` ìodm` k`mdj_) ]po gdf` oc`h oc`m` r`m` ij jpo]m`\fn j a oc`_dn`\n`+Kpm ^ji^gpndji dn oc\o ^c`no _dn`\n` \i_ nodo^c \i_ nodib \m`) da ijo oc` n\h`)

q`mt ndhdg\m _dn`\n`n+ Cdqì oc`dm k\oo`min \i_ \]pi_\i^` di oc` hd__g` ja oc`.5oc ^ìopmt) rcì ^jinphkodji di oc` gpibn r\n _d\bijn`_) do dn pigdf`gt oc\odo dn kpghji\mt op]`m^pgjndn+ Djr`q`m) rdoc don q\bp` nthkojhn) k\mon j a oc`_`\ocn amjh nodo^c \i_ nodib \i_ ^c`no _dn`\n` h\t q`mt r`gg ]` oc` n\h` \nkpghji\mt op]`m^pgjndn+Pc` m`npgo j a oc` \_epnohìon dn oc\o jpm kdôpm` j a oc` gjib*o`mh _`q`gjk*

hìo di oc` _`\oc k\ijm\h\ ]\n`_ ji oc` jmdbdi\g n`md`n %Bdbpm` 1& hpno ]`hj_dad`_+ Pc` om\indodji amjh \ nj^dòt _jhdi\o`_ ]t nh\ggkjs \i_ ^c`no \i_gpib _dn`\n`n oj \ nj^dòt rdoc hjm` _daa`mìod\o`_ ^\pn`n j a _`\oc dn ijo ì*odm`gt omp`+ Pc` `gdhdi\odji j a nh\ggkjs ajm ^cdg_mì dn nodgg \i dhkjmo\ioa`\opm` ajm oc` .6oc ^ìopmt) ]po _`\ocn di ^c`no \i_ gpib _dn`\n`n _j ijo^c\ib` oc` r\t r` admno ocjpbco+

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Bjm oc` k`mdj_ ajm rcd^c r` c\q` oc` ]`no _\o\) d+`+ rc`m` oc` iph]`m ja_`\ocn dn cdbc \i_ oc` kmjkjmodjin nk`^dad`_ \gnj cdbc) rcd^c dn oc` ^\n` ajm oc`k`mdj_ .4/2*.52-) oc` k`m^ìo\b` rcj _d`_ amjh ^c`no \i_ gpib _dn`\n`n dn\ghjno no\]g`+ Pc` _`^gdi` kmdjm oj .5/2 dn nj nh\gg oc\o h\t do \n r`gg ]` u`mj)bdqì oc` a\ô oc\o oc` ^\pn` j a _`\oc dn ijo nk`^dad`_ ajm \]jpo ji` adaoc j a oc`_`\ocn+ Bmjh .5-.*.5/2 oj .5/3*.52- oc`m` dn \ np]no\iod\g _mjk di ^c`no \i_gpib _dn`\n`n+ =o oc` n\h` odh`) _`\ocn amjh diadmhdod`n j a jg_ \b` \i_ nomjf`di^m`\n`+ =n r` _j ijo fijr ajm npm` cjr h\it j a oc` _`\ocn amjh diadmhdod`nj a jg_ \b` r`m` \ôp\ggt \ m`npgo j a ^c`no \i_ gpib _dn`\n`n) r` ^\iijo n\t cjrg\mb` ocdn _`^gdi` r\n+

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