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SOCIETY FOR CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGY

NEWSLETTER VOLUME 12 NO. 4

fWMINATIONS COMMITTEE FOR 1979 ELECTIONS

Co-cnairmen of the Nominating Committee for SCA 1979 elections will be John Foster and Russ Kaldenberg. They will welcome nominations from all SCA members for these officers for 1979-1980: President-Elect, Northern Vice-President, Southern Vice­President, Secretary, and Treasurer (two­year term).

Nominees must be SCA members, and should be contacted for permission before you submit their names. Ful 1 name, · address and telephone number of each nominee should be included so that the Nomination Committee may contact him/her.

Please think about it now, and make your suggestions early, since the list of nominees with short accounts of their backgrounds and interests will be included with the January/February Newsletter. Ballots will be mailed to members in time for their return before the spring Annual Meeting.

Submit names to Russell L. Y.aldenberg, 1695 Spruce Street~ Riverside, CA 92507 (Phone 714-787-1650) or to John W. Foster, State Parks Archaeologist, Department of Parks and Recreation, P.O. Box 2390, Sacramento, CA 95811 (Phone 916-445-9663).

DI RECTORY APP LI CATI ON DATE EXTENDED TO DEC. 31

Consultarits wishing to be listed in the new edition of the California Di-rectory of Archaeological Consultants still have a chance to send in their application and fee ($8.00) before the deadline, which has been extended to December 31, 1978.

Underwater archaeologists should contact James Rock at the Klamath National Forest, 1215 South Main, Yreka, CA 96096, for a copy of the "Qua l i f i cat i on s for Underwater Archaeologists" adopted by the ~xecutive Board at its Oct. 6 meeting. A special underwater review committee will consider these applications.

NOVEMBER 1978

CSUF-PAST SYMPOSIU~ DECEMBER 2

The Department of Anthropology at California State University, Fullerton, together with the Public Antiquities Salvage Team (PAST) will sponsor the Second Anthropology Symposium on December 2, 1978, from 9:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. in the University Center, California State University, Fullerton.

The symposium is titled "Archaeology in Orange County: Problems in Cultural Continuity". Speakers tentatively scheduled are these: Dr. William Clewlow, Marie Cottrell, Franklin Fenenga, Theo Mabry, Dr. Clement Meighan, Dr. Charles Rozaire. Call (714) 870-3977 for further information.

LORI HANEY 10/11/78

METHOD AND THEORY PAPERS Papers are being solicited for the SCA

publication sertes, Occasional Papers in Method and Theory in California Archaeology. They may cover a wide range of topics and be in any of several formats: full-length monographs, articles, brief comments, editorials, or reviews .. Emphasis should be on new techniques or methods, theoretical contributions, new interpretations of existing data, or other substantive topics. Well-researched regional research designs or regional syntheses, or articles on other current issues in archaeology (significance, standards, ethics, etc.) would be especially welcome. Upcoming issues will deal with the themes of (1) the prehistory of California and (2) significance in archaeology, and articles on these areas would be very welcome.

Copies of the first issue (articles on populating of western North America and on an automated method for the production of computer graphics) are avaflable at $3.50 (+ CA tax) from the SCA Business Office, c/o Department of Anthropology, CSU, Fullerton, 92634. The second issue will be mailed to members soon. Sead ma~uscripts to the editor, GARY S. BRESHINI, 379 Corral de Tierra, Salinas, CA 93908. I0/17/78

Memorial Pauline (Pam) Colarich, described

by the Riverside Archaeological Society Newsletter (Vol. 6, 3&4, 1978, page 3) as an archaeologist and humanita~ian, died in the San Diego PSA crash on Sept. 25. She was involved in attempts to assist Caltrans and the LuiseWo people in the I-15 discussions. Malki Museum has established a fund in honor of Pam and the.California Native American War Dead, to construct a ceremonial round­house on the ·Mbrongo Reservation. Land will be donated by Matt Pablo ....

The L.S.B. Leakey Foundation has scheduled a 2-day symposium at the Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco, on Feb. 17-18, 1979, in conjunction with the California Academy of Sciences. The "Ice Age Art" exhibit (sponsored by the same two organizations) will open on February 16 at the Academy of Sciences. Symposium speakers will include Alexander Marshack, Lewis Mumford, Phillip Tobias, and Desmond Clark ....

Chico State now offers certificates in Aoplied Anthrotology in two different categories--Museo ogy and Cultural Resource r.anagement. Purpose of the former is to prepare individuals for careers in museums and interpretive centers, with emphasis on curatorial research and the design, preparation and installation of exhibits. For the CRM certificate, emphasis is on research, development and implementation of gegi ona 1 research designs. Admission requirements include two letters of recommendation or current enrollment in B.A or M.A. programs at Chico, and application to the certificate coordi~ nator. For more information, contact Ketth Johnson, Dept. of·Antfiropology, CSU, Chico, CA 95926.

BLM DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT: COSO

The Bureau of Land Management, Bakersfield District, is preparing a draft environmental statement (ES) on geothermal leasing and development within the Coso geothermal study area, by contract with Rockwell International. More than 70,000 acres is included in the study area, within China Lake Naval Weapons Center and in and east of Rose Valley. Public meetings were held at Lone Pine and Ridgecrast Nov. 15-16. (Notices were not mailed to the public unti 1 November l, however). At these meetings, the BLM and the Naval Weapons Center were scheduled for presentation on the programs to develop geothermal resources in this area. SLM seeks"any resource or socio-economic oriented data" which could be used in the draft ES. For further information or to give your ideas, contact Louis A. Boll, District Manager, Bureau of Land Management, 800 Truxtun Avenue, Boom 311, Bakersfield, CA 93301 (phone 805-861-4191, &;30 A.M. to ~:00 P.M. weekdays).

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Moss~BENNETT AcT FUNDING REAUTHORIZED

"aoth the· Senate and tbe House have passe'd ·the· reauthori za-tion of Section 7 of the Archeological and Historic Preservation Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-291 ••.. Section 7 provides discretionary appropriations to the Secretary of the Interior beyond the 1% a federal agency can 1ega11 y expend for archeol ogi cal salvage. The reauthorization sets funding levels for five more years ... " (American Anthropological Association, De artmental Services Pro ram Re art, Vol. 2, No. 2, Nov. 1978, page 8.

BUREAU OF. RECLAMATION CRM REGULATIONS

"The Bureau of Reclamation of the Department.of the Inteior has established final regulations to fulfill the require­ments of Executive Order 11593 which di rec ts al 1 federal agencies to take active steps to identify and protect cultural resources. The regulations apply to cultural resources found on lands administered by the Bureau.

"Briefly the regulations call for the conducting of surveys for all Reclamation lands and existing projects as well as for those areas which may be affected by Reclamation actions or for Reclamation projects being planned. The Bureau will use National Register criteria for evalu­ation of resources and will take steps to mitigate the adverse impact a Reclama­tion project may have on cultural

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resources deemed eligible or listed on • the National Register of Historic Places.

"As is the case with other agencies implementing Executive Order 11593, mitigation measures depend on the nature of the cultural resource and vary with its importance. They may include recording by photograph and measured drawings, archeological excavation, re­location, salvage, and other steps to ensure full knowledge of the affected cultural resource·.

"For further information on the administration of the new regulations contact L. David Williamson, Chief, Recreation and Land Branch, Division of Water and Land, Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior, Washington, DC 20240." (American Anthropological Association, Departmental Services Program Report, Vol. 2, No. 2, Nov. l978, pages 4-5).

BLM DESERT INVENTORY MAP AND HEARINGS

The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has available a Draft Inventory Map as a part of its 3-stage program on the California Desert Conservation Area. A series of public meetings will take place from December 4-15, and wil 1 all ow formal public testimony.

To get further information on the • program, and to receive mailings from the BLM, Riverside, contact Charles R. Tulloss at Bureau of Land Management, 1695 Spruce Street, Riverside, CA 92507.

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VICTOR VALLEY foOTPRINTS fOUND

"Victorville, Calif. (AP)--The oldest human footprints ever found in North America record what seems to have been a family stroll through the cottonwoods that lined the Mojave River some 4,300 years ago, scientists say.

"The discovery of 54 footprints was announced this week by excited archeolo­gi sts from the University of California, Riverside.

"Two sets of adult prints, one larger than the other, were found preserved in the once-soggy ground. These barefoot adults walked purposely southward, taking longer steps now and then to avoid puddles. One lost his or her footing and skidded in the mud.

"Two smaller sets of footprints point in many directions, suggesting two children who scurried here and there, as though playing and exploring.

"'Finding the children's prints, that \'las really great,' said Jim McManus, second in command at the excavation. 'They show that people really haven't changed that much--at least Kids haven't.'

"The trail of footprints 'gives the impression of mom and dad and two kids walking along,' James Swenson, UCR's senior archeologist, said during a press tour of the site.

"'But,' he added, 'that'.s mostly suppo­sition. All we can really say for sure is that somebody was walking by here.'

~$wenson said specialists will be considering for years to come who the people were, what they looked like, where they were going and why.

"He speculated that the footprints survived because a fire swept the area, hardening the mud and its trail of foot­prints not long after the four prehistoric people walked through.

"Powdered charcoal found with the tracks allowed archeologists to use radioactive dating techniques that showed the fire occurred between 4,200 and 4,400 years ago.

"The footprints are by no means the oldest relics of civilization in North America. Skeletons, tools and other evi­dences have been found dating back at least 10,000 years.

"But the oldest footprints found previously in North America are a mere 400 years old, Swenson said. Those prints also are in Southern California, near the Salton Sea.

"Then, perhaps 1,600 years ago, another prehistoric group walked along the river. This group, probably ancestors of the Serrano Indians who still live in Southern California, built huts of twigs and brush . The village was in turn abandoned and buried beneath centuries of sand and silt.

"It was while excavating that village

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in July that the trail of footprints was discovered almost three feet beneath the surface, said Carol Rector, who directed about 40 students working on the project.

"The village itself was a valuable find, she said.

"But the footprints--now the only direct evidence that men and women lived in the desert so long ago--were 'the frosting on the cake. That was totally unexpecte~.· Swenson said."

SAN DIEGO UNION page A-12

9/2/78

SAN DIEGO COUNTY RESOURCE INVENTORY

On October 1, 1978, the County of San Diego~ completed an inventory of all knowrf archaeological, biological and geological resources and hazards in the county. Of particular interest to archaeologists working in the region is a cross-filed card and bibliography system which is keyed to 22 maps covering the entire county.

The system was to plot all the boundaries of projects included under the environmental review since 1972 and number them. Each number keys to an archaeologi­cal report kept in archival files. The number is also found on a small card on a Rollodex file which lists the kinds of sites found. A bibliography is also kept so that a researcher can source the entire region.

The system also includes the mapped locations of sensitive plant species, faunal species, sensitive habitats, mines, quarries, commercial rocks, seismic sites and faults, and the like. Certainly some of this information would be helpful in developing models of recent cultural land use.

A similar study by Gary Fink of the epartment of Transportation revealed that

only 2.8% of the county has been surveyed. This is most remarkable, since about 5000 sites have been recorded to date. This suggests that the data in Mike Moratto's 1973 SCA report is a considerable under­estimate of what is out there.

The archives and RSA Maps are available to qualified researchers at the County Environmental Analysis Division, 9150 Chesapeake Road, San Diego, CA 92123. You may call Ron May for further information.

RON MAY 11/7 /78

SCA ETHICS GUIDELINES ADOPTED

The third draft of the SCA Ethics Guidelines was adopted at the Executive Committee meeting on September 18, 1978. The text will be printed in the next Newsletter.

RIVERSIDE COUNTY RULES CRITICIZED

"Riverside County's rules for reviewing the archaeological importance of building projects are too loose and do not comply with state law, an official with the governor's office of planning and research says.

"The official, project coordinator Scott Warner, said he will refer the matter to the state attorney general '.s office in San Diego. He said the county~s rules exempt too many projects and do not comply with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).

"The matter became an issue as the Board of Supervisors weighed the decision as to whether money for continuing the county archaeologist's position should be -budgeted. The budget adopted Tuesday included no such money.

"County Planning Director Pat Nemeth insisted the county's rules on exemption of projects are legal and said Warner had no right to question them.

"Under rules set by Nemeth, all sub­divisions and grading permits are subject to archaeological review. Other projects are subject to review only if they are larger than 80 acres, within a quarter-mile of an archa~ological or historical site, or inside a conservation or open-space area.

'" The s e r u l es , ' Warn e r s a i d , ' a r bi tr a r i l y limit the scope of environmental concern. It~s absurd. It's like saying just because a project is less than 80 acres we won't be concerned with soil consistency, fault lines or water tables. Archaeology is just as important. I have a real problem with this.'

"Warner said Wednesday he wi 11 refer the matter to Deputy Attorney General Mark Weinberger, the environmental specialist in the attorney general's San Di ego office. Weinberger declined comment on the Riverside County rules but noted that CEQA contains a list of the type of projects exempted from environmental review.

"'I'm very concerned about any policy that would limit review to parcels in excess of 80 acres,' Weinberger said. 'The law generally encourages specific review of projects, especially in the initial process to decide whether to undertake a full environmental impact report.

"'I'm not in a position to discuss the Riverside County rules without reviewing the county policy or talking with county officials. But I would say that for pro­jects that are not otherwise exempt from CEQA, we would expect specific site investigations.'

"Among the projects exempted from CEQA review are single-family homes, additions to an existing home, business or school, and land divisions involving parks and wilderness areas. CEQA, which does not mention acreage, says that steps must be taken to protect 'objects of historic or aesthtic significance.'

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"Nemeth, however, said local planning departments are al owed considerable flexibility in implementing CEQA. In a letter to Riverside Archaeological Society President Mary Brown, who brought the archaeological issue to Warner's attention, Nemeth said, 'You have raised a question of "values," and not of "legal requirements."'

"Nemeth said her position is backed by the county counsel's office. County Counsel James Angell and Senior Deputy County Counsel Gerald Geerling, the county's specialist on land use and planning, declined comment.

"Brown, who unsuccessfully opposed Nemeth's proposal to eliminate the job of county archaeologist, said her group plans to sue the county for destroying cultural resources. During county budget hearings, Brown joined Indian leaders and other archaeologists in warning that valuable archaeological sites would be destroyed unless Nemeth's rules were overturned.

'" I t ' s u p to us , ' B row n s a i d , ' to review all parcel maps and come up with a specific resource being destroyed, and then we'll file suit. We'll find such a case because with their inadequate review pro­cess, they'll pass right over it.'

"Shortly before the Board of Super­visors voted Tuesday to adopt the 1978-79 general fund budget--which included no money for the county archaeologist--Brown gave the supervisors copies of a letter from Warner. In the letter, Warner, who is not a lawyer, said Nemeth's acreage limit for archaeological review 'does not comply with the intent of the California Environmental Quality Act.'

"The supervisors made no respo~se to the letter. But Board Chairman Walt Abraham said later that he plans to 'review the letter and make darn sure we're within (legal) guidelines.' However, Abraham said he has no plans to discuss the archaeologi­cai rules at any upcoming board meetings.

"Nemeth has said she wants to limit archaeological review in order to 'streamline' the planning review process."

ANTHONY PERRY Press-Enterprise Staff Writer Riverside ENTERPRISE 9/15/78

CORRECTION/CLARIFICATION RE RIVERSIDE ARCH,

A September 17th letter from John H.

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Jameson, Jr. to this Newsletter editor states that he is "very much disturbed and disappointed that you did not take the courtesy of investi­gating the contents of the newspaper story. (reprinted in the Aug. 1978 SCA Newsletter, pp. 5-6). There were several inaccuracies in the story, one ofthem being that I never recom­mended that the SCA excavate a siie. The recommendation was that the landowner negociate a deed easement with the SCA as a preservation measure.

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in the near future: 1) a personal apology for printing and quoting a false statement regarding another SCA member; and 2) a printed statement in the next issue of Newsletter pointing out the nature of the misquote, and that I never recommended excavation of the site.

"I refer you to Ron May's proposed ethics standards that state that SCA members should not make untruthful state­ments (or quotations) about other members or professionals."

The newspaper article in question, from the Riverside Press-Enterprise, August 13, 1978, County Page and page B-4, was sent to the SCA Newsletter by one of the Riverside archaeologists who has been working to save Jameson's position as county archaeologist, but without comment, so that there was no inditation of mj~6~ inaccuracies in the story.

The article was quoted verbatim from the Press-Enterprise. Apparently the offending section was this:

''Working with the county Planning Commission, Jameson convinced the land owners to allow the Society for California Archaeology to excavate the site prior to any construction." An editor's note was added at the bottom of the page (5):

"Editor's Note: Whatever may have been discussed, the SCA as an or.ganization is not involved in excavating sites, and members should not so indicate. For Easements, see pages 15 and 16, this issue." This note was intended to serve as a disclaimer of any implication that the Society of California Archaeology does do archaeo­logical excavation as a corporate entity, so that no one would think that because such a statement was reprinted.in the Newsletter, that it was true. The note was not meant as a reprimand to Jameson, and I am indeed sorry if he felt it was so. I did not of course know what had been said, and therefore began the note, "Whatever may have been discussed .... "

For Jameson's position on easements in this case, see the page in this issue titled SCA News. The July 29 Executive Board minutes (received after the August issue was completed) refer to his advocacy of Open Space Easement status to be granted to the SCA. I hope this part is correct this time!

It would be very helpful to the Newsletter and SCA members as readers if people who are aware of various issues (and particularly those involved in them who may disagree with accounts in the public press) would write an accurate item and send it to the Newsletter. Or send on the clippings with your comments at the time. If news does not come in from the mem.bers, w~· have only the newspapers to rely on for our information. We hope to' be more accurate through the efforts and cooperation of interested SCA members.

MARCIA WIRE, Editor 5

REST1TUT10N REQUIRED OF S.D. DEVELOPER

iast September, the San Diego County Planning Commission told land developer Dr. James MacDonald that ~e would have to pay for the construction of a 2000 square foot Cultural Museum at the Rincon reservation as restitution for the destruction of 3 Luiseno Indian sites located on his proposed gal f course course [by Gopher Canyon Road, north of Escondido] •. MacDonald repeatedly graded the sites after 3 warnings posted by the County Dept. of Transporation ordering "Stop Work".

It appears that Dr. MacDonald decided not to wait for the County to grant his Special Use Permit or Grading P~rmit, and jumped the gun. However, he was later convicted in Superior Court of a mTs~im~anor violation of the Grading Ordinance and fined $300.00 for ignoring warnings and failing to desist.

During his unlawful grading . operations, ~acDonald was preparing &is own environmental impact report. He took the word of an amateur archaeoloqist, Mrs. Rosemary Pankey, that no sites·· existed on the property. The County Environmental Analysis Division rejected her report and MacDonald then hired the firm of Flower, Ike, and Roth to survey the land. They found 3 Luiseno sites and to their horror also observed the grading.

The San Diego County Archaeological Society protested the illegal grading and 9ot the Attorney General's Office to join them in a meeting with the County Department of Transportation. Although MacDonald promised not to grade further, Flower, Ike, and Roth and later Westec Services observed repeated grading at a later date. The Attorney General refus•~ to prosecute MacDonald for the evasion of CEQA in the grading of the sites.

However, the County Planning Commission adopted a restitution condition which was negotiated by Ron May of the County Environmental Analysis Division, Darcy Ike of Flower, Ike, and Roth, and Lester Marston of California Indian Legal Services. MacDonald will fund a test excavation in search for undisturbed "pockets" of midden and in construction of the Cultural Museum. The idea was to compensate for the lass.

RON MAY 11 /7 /78

ADDENDUM ON RESTITUTION STORY

Articles in the San Diego Union and Escondido Times-Advocate give the devel­oper's name as James McDonald, so perhaps that is the preferred spelling. The·Union, 1n reporting.the granting of the.special Use per.mi t (Se Rt. 1-6 , .19Z8 • page B - 3) , noted. th~ conc~cn of-Daniel Whitney; of san Di ego State Uni v~r,tty •. that the I;

Planning-Commission was in effect approving illegal grading: "The construction industry will see this, he was quoted as saying. "I am afraid a precedent has been set here." The same is true of the outcome given above.

CURRENT AND VITAL-AN OPEN LETTER TO EVERYBODY FROM TOM KING

Dear Colleagues:

I edit a section of the Journal of Field Archaeology called "Preservation and Rescue", which attempts to present and analyze problems confronting the archeological profession in its relationships with government agencies and special interest groups outside of our­selves. As an erstwhile California archec1o­gist, I've naturally followed with interest the "Artifact Bill", the "Burial Bill", and other expressions of apparent conflict between California Indians and archeologists. The fact that _there does seem to be conflict is_ dis-tressing, because at the time ___ ! left California it seemed that detente was proceeding apace. Something has happened, and it bodes no good for archeology nationwide. So, I'm trying to develop some sort of analysis for the Journal.

I have formed some sort of preliminary opinions, which are not necessarily internally consistent, to which I am not necessarily attached, and which are certainly based on incomplete data. I want to take this oppor­tunity to express them, and solicit your comments:

(1) Much of the conflict between California Indians and archeologists today arises from the fact that semi-qualified and marginally ethical persons have hung out their shingles as archeological consultants and are raking in the bucks by whitewashing environmental impact reports and doing rip-off salvage, without consideration for either California Indian or real archeological interests. It follows that a logical way to proceed would be to try to control these people and the large corporate interests they serve.

(2) However, the last thing the Brown· admini­stration is going to do is push large corpor­ate interests. rt is much easier to set up archeologists-as-a-group as a negative symbol and then knock them down. Moneyed interests are protected·, nothing much is done for Indian economic and social concerns (when has the Brown administration given more than lip-service n opposition to the so-called "backlash bills"), but Jerry Brown has a magnificent defence of the Native American to his credit, at the expense only of a bunch of weak-kneed intellectuals.

(3) Representative Keene, who has been intro­ducing the legislation, is trying hard to do the right thing by everyone, especially his constituents, and this is only proper. He has shown a great. deal of flexibility, and the artifact bill, for one, is now a pretty reasonable, valuable piece of legislation. The frightening thing is the way the stuff appears--out of the blue, as blasts at the archeological community laced with talk about archeologists diddling with burials. However reasonable Rep. Keene may be, there is some­body behind the thing who seems to want to drive archeologists to the wall.

(4) The response of the SCA has been character-ized by weakness and inconsistency. Ej

I would appreciate your comments on the above expressions of opinion and on anything else regarding the current relationships between California Indians and archeologists. Responses can be addressed to me at the address below.

TOM KING (Thomas F. King) 10/15 P.O. Box 436 CHRB Saipan, Mariana Islands, 96950

EDITORIAL COMMENT--THE SAMPLING NIGHTMARE

Contracting archaeology is big business. Normal costs of excavation in Southern California can be an~wh~re fro~-$30;Doo to well over $100,000. Most of these excava­tions undergo a competitive bidding pro­cedure where the low bid wins. Few are simply contracted with the original firm which located the site and perhaps com­pleted a test excavation. Fewer are awarded with the idea of maximum informa~. tion recovery and either an open or realistic checkbook. In the past few months numerous sites in Southern California have been lost due to statistical manipula­tion by archaeologists who are serving a client. This client-oriented archaeology irr an ideal situation should generate good archaeology, ethical anthropological interaction, a service to the public and

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the paying client, and information which will add to our archives on human behavior.

In reality, however, few of these things really happen. Sampling, which is supposed to generate positive results (such as is • shown by the famous Gallup and Harris polls) is often being used to justify too little work. The client is often being given the product he demands and not the product which the public should receive. Almost no information is being generated to the archaeological public, and our ethics continue to be tested and perhaps abridged. Excavations costing in the neighborhood of $100,000 generate a stone tool typology, a few statements on ethnobotany, a map of site locations, and a statistical formula. Most important, these excavations recommend the destruction of the resource base by stating that adequate mitigation of all impacts has occurred. In an ideal world, adequate mitigation occurs only when no more harm can be done to the resource base, when the excavation and analysis has recovered all possible information and none will be lost by a particular action. We must all be aware that in the real day-to-day circumstances of contracting archaeology very few sites are actually mitigated. Most are simply excavated until the committed money runs out. Then the archaeologist is asked to make a statement that the site has no further value, that it can be bulldozed away--no matter that 99% of it has not been tested or excavated, but some type of statistical package has • indicated that the unknown universe is actually predictable, and the archaeologist is able to predict that no new information would be forthcoming. If this is true,

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then why do human burials, features, and radiocarbon dates from the sample indicating much older dates than hypothesized, occur when the site is razed for modern development? The crisis was not over in 1973 when Moratto indicated that 45,000 sites had been destroyed by development. He was not saying that we have done enough just because we have a feel for how many sites were lost. He was saying to archaeologists to get with it and save sites. It seemed to me that CEQA would do so, since archaeologists would work with it, commit themselves to good scholarly work, and generate new information for the public. Instead, through CEQA we are losing our data base. Our Native American constituents are losing their heritage piece by piece. I firmly believe that our stubborn reliance on statistics instead of empirical evidence is partially the reason for this grave loss.-

What is an adequate excavation? Is it 50%? Is it 15%? Is it .2%? If you were doing strictly academic archaeology, how much or · how little would you settle for? I can't believe that any of you ~ould settle for less than 10% of a site. Yet how many contract projects actually propose to excavate at least that much of a site? I know of one in San Diego County where 1% was proposed; another where 5% was proposed; and one in Orange County where 2/10 of one percent has been proposed. Most of the time these percentages wind up on legal documents and the archaeologists and the jurisdiction are bound to them.

I firmly believe that a statewide task force is needed to investigate the problem . Whom do we serve, the discipline or ourselves? Certainly we are popular with our client if we cost him less than the other archaeologist, but how about with our professional colleagues? I feel the time has come for us as a pro­fession to talk about minimum levels of acceptability. If we don't, sooner or later private and public clients are going to get some archaeologist to state that no excava­tion at all is necessary because a site "like that one" was already excavated last year so no new information would be possible. The day is n.ot too far off when this is a possibility. Then we would not lose 45,000 sites, but would lose our entire resource base with ~he exception of a few museum specimens and already-stored collections.'

If SCA doesn't do something about this, someone else will I would rather have the SCA actively involved in all aspects of archaeology in California than have another organization from outside come in and have to solve the problems for us. Does anyone out there have any thoughts on this subject? How about either sending them to me or responding in the Newsletter with your ideas or thoughts? Frankly, when I look at some of the recommendations for mitigation in Southern California, I am scared. When an anthropologist with a Ph.D can state that that degree entitles him or her to write off a site even though other archaeologists disagree, and when local governments look to the higher degree and support the recommenda­tion for no work, I think we are on the verge of selling our discipline to the highest bidder. The bottom line may be that we need guidelines, or it may be that we need to

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rethink our ethical commitment to a discip discipline whose raw data has waited for centuries for certain destruction.

RUSSELL L. KALDENBERG

HAYWARD INSTITUTE OF CULTURAL RESOURCES

California State University, Hayward, has recently created the Institute of Cultural Resources. The Institute is under the School of Arts, Letters, and Social Sciences and is housed in the Department of Anthropology. Research Associates partici­pating in the activities of the Institute come primarily from the CSUH faculty. Faculty of various departments and programs participate in research projects as their specialties are needed.

The purpose of the Institute is to pre­serve the rich cultural heritage of the San Francisco Bay Area communities. The Insti­tute is designed to provide trairrtng for careers in Cultural Resource Management and Public Archaeology. In cooperation with the C.E. Smith Museum of Anthropology, the Institute maintains archives of the ethnic (historic and prehistoric) communities of California.

The Institute is prepared to offer its services in_ Cultural Resource Management and in Applied Anthropology. Specialties include archaeological survey and site assessment, ethnic resources analysis, oral history, medical anthropology, health services (i.e. traditional and alternative health care-ideologies), Peace Corps and Vista training programs, and bilingual programs.

During 1978, the Institute conducted the following archaeological investigations:

Chinatown/N2 Excavation--The Institute was responsible for the analysis last spring of the bone collection found in San Francisco's Chinatown district. The cultural material recovered apparently dates from the late 19th century. The "N2• faunal sample was characterized by a predominance of domestic animals cattle, pigs, sheep, · goats and chickens). Non-domestic animals (turtles and fish) were represented to a lesser degree.

Sixty-one percent of the cattle, pigs, sheep/goat bones show clear evidence of having been sawed. Since the saw marks show perfect parallel striations, it is possible that a mechanical band saw was utilized to cut t~e bones. The remaining bones are fractured. Some of the fractures seem to have been produced pj an axe. Trat a band saw and not a hand saw was used remains to be experimentally tested; however, if proven true, ·this fact would provide another important datum in dating these historical remains.

San Pablo Archaeological Testing--Two archaeolo~ical test programs were conducted for the City of San ~ablo. No significant cultural resources were encountered.

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Walpert Ridge Archaeological Survey--This proJect consisted of the archaeological survey of a 2500 acre parcel in the ridgelands of Alameda county, The survey is significant because it is the first major archaeological investigation in the area. Six aboriginal and ten historic. archaeological sites were recorded.

Of the six aboriginal sites, 3 were food processing sites (bedrock mortars with associated cupules), 2-were rock art sites (incised . boulder and tablet--the first art sites to be recorded in Alameda County), and one was a small habitation site. The 10 historic sites included 4 stone walls, 4 sandstone quarries, one stone - l i n e d we l l , and one hand - hewn stone structure (milk-cooling building, circa l900l.

The bias in the study of aboriginal peoples in the East Bay area has been towards bayshore settlement patterns. Only 17 of the 770 previously recorded sites in'Alameda and Contra Costa Counties ~re located in the east Bay Hi11s. Only one of these sites (a single BRM on Walpert Ridge) is located above an elevation of 500 feet. The ridgeland environment is undoubtedly the frontier for East Bay archaeology.

E. BRECK PARKMAN 11/1/78 ROSA INES AGUIRRE Institute of Cultural Res. Calif. State Un.iv. ,Hayward 25800 Hillary Street Hayward, CA 94542

POINT CONCEPTION LNG REJ~CTION ADVISED

"WASHI~GTON-The staff of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission recommended yesterday rejection of a site at Point Conception, Calif., for a terminal to receive shipments of liquefied natural gas (LNG).

"In a final environmental impact statement, the staff said two better sites:exist and its first 'Choice for the LNG terminal would be Oxnard, Calif., wtiich it described as 'significantly ·superior.'

"Its second choice, it said, would be a site known as Rattlesnake Canyon, along the Pacific Coast north of San Luis Obispo.

"The staff report said the risk of accidents in handling LNG would involve some risk to the public. 'The site at Point Conception should be rejected as a proposed site primarily because of the presence of an active earthquake fault on the site,' the statement said."

THE DAILY CALIFORNIAN November 2, 1978, page 2

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SANTEE GREENS DISCOVERIES In compliance with a mitigation measure

on an approved subdivision in the area of Santee in San Diego County, Toups Corpora­tion archaeologists Stan Berryman and Keith Polan have discovered one of the richest Late Prehistoric sites to be found in the region. Radiocarbon dates suggest that the time for ceramic intrustion into California may have to be rolled back to 728 + 100 A.O.

The research design approved by the County and a Native American liason from the Campo Reservation, oriented the test to recover 2% of the midden to determine varia­bility in suspected strata and midden bounda­ries. Arrangements are to be made to house the collection at San Diego State University, in cooperation with the Kumeyaay community.

Some of the test units, 2 m. square, re­covered up to 4000 artifacts and faunal remains. More than 100 arrowpoints of all shapes, steatite shaft straighteners, ceramics, flaked and ground stone tools, and thousands of flakes have been recovered. Mi nor amounts of sh el 1 were found, but pre-1 iminary analysis of faunal material by Zoologist John P. Rieger suggests the diet to have been primari~y rabbit, woodrat, mice, and traces of bobcat and deer.

It is too early in the analysis to discuss the implications of the data to the research design, but 1 or 2 radiocarbon­dates suggest that the earliest people on the site used Tizon Brown Ware pottery at 728 + 100. This is no less than 180 years earlTer than previous data had shown.

What will be done to finish mitigation has not been decided at the time of this writing. The richness and extensive size of the site were not known at the time of the EIR. It is possible that the project will have to be re-heard before the Planning Commission to determine possible alternatives to site destruction.

RON MAY 10/7/78

WOMEN ARCHAEOLOGISTS: CONTACT SAA The Chairman of the Soc.iety for American

Archaeology Committee on the Status of Women in Archaeology is trying to get an up-to-date list together of women archaeolo­gists, especially those not listed in the AAA Guide to Departments. Women who are archaeologists should contact her, and let others (especially students or women working outside academia) know of her interest and address. Please send your name, address, phone number, with information on your highest degree held & year awarded, position title, and whether or not you are currently a student; to: Leslie E. Wildesen, Regional Archaeologist, U.S. Forest Service, P.O. Box 3623, Portland, OR 97208. A mailing list will be compiled from the information.

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SOUTHERN DATA SHARING MEETINGS SUMMARY

The Southern California SCA Data Sharing Meeting was held October 7 at the.San Bernardino County Museum. Approx1mately 75 persons were in attendance.

1) red Budinger, Jr.,(Calico Early Man Site gave a progress report on the C?lico site ·now in its 15th year of excavat1on. More'than 3000 tools with good wear patterns have been analyzed. Paleomagnetic studies on a hearth indicate that the site is 70,000!~ years old. Mastodon tusk fragments proved too old to date through radiocarbon dating. Since 1974, when the County of San Bernardino Parks Dept. began funding the site as a regional park, there have been 3~i000 visitors. Excavatton has~been entirely by volunteers. Although Prop. 13 seemed to have caused termination of-the site operation, the BLM will provide ~10,000 to fund a site manager for the 1979 f1scal year.

2) Ronald Douglas (Ca1 State Fullerton) spoke on a survey at Cottonwood Springs in Joshua Tree National Monument. The objective of the survey was to compare early and late site settlement patterns and to discover post-Anglo contact settlement changes. It appears that subsistence modes changed due to the acceptance of European cultural elements. Eighteen prehistoric and two historic period sites were located, five of which were surface collected and analyzed. One site, Rive-256, contained maize and ceramics. Douglas feels that this site appeared to be a contact period seasonal village of the Desert Cahuilla or Serrano. The area affords a good opportunity to explore further contact period desert sites.

3) Mark Sutton (Paul Chace and Associates} discussed his excavation at Fairmont Buttes (LAn-298) in Antelope Valley. In 1977-78 a large midden site was tested to ascertain the existence of an early tradition in the Antelepe Valley, as postulated by the late W.S. Glennan. Sutton excavated to 2 meters in depth. He found a late period stratum on the top, with Olivella beads and Desert side-notched projectile points. However, 80% of the site contained rhyolite cores and bifaces. Sutton proposed that LAn-298 was a quarry workshop of an early group which preferred rhyolite for tool manufacture. It was also used by the later prehistoric peoples. However, no Cl4 dates were obtained because of the absence of organic material in the site. Sutton feels that these people avoided the use of silicates and obsidians ~ither because they had a preference for rhyol i te or because the quarry source was close to the site. He supported an early rhyolite tradition for the Antelope Valle~.·

4) Emma Lou Davis (Great Basin Foundation) discussed early (Pleistocene era) site locations around Pleistocene Lakes, and her tech ique of using balloons, bulldozers, small planes, and aerial photography for site location. She discussed lake-bed archaeology, likening it to an "autobiology". Her tren~hes encountered organic mats from

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Lake Panamint, revealing ephemeral lakes dated to around 10,500 B.P. She hopes that the trenches will reveal pond mats which will connect fossil soils with a "Paleo­Indian Grocery Store."

5) Fred Budinger for Jim Benton (Baker High School) presented a slide show of his work recording petroglyph sites at Halloran Springs near Baker. Benton indicated that there is a predominance of hunting scene glyphs over complex abstract glyphs.

6) Mike Glassow (UC Santa Barbara) stated that he finished contract negotiations to mitigate impacts to several sites at Vandenberg Air Base. Three coastal sites revealed dates of 6000 B.C. and 1000 A.O. Full excavation.will start.in .la . .t.e.October-­or earl~ November, continuing through the wet winter and into spring. Excavation of a 5-10% sample will be conducted in phases over the entire impact area, until the point of redundancy is reached.

UCSB is bringing in Pandora Snethcamp from New York to establish an Office of Public Archaeolog1. - She will also begin an M.A. program in Public Archaeology at UCSB.

7) Russel 1 Kal denberg (BLM) discussed survey and test excavation at Blackwater Wel 1, as a joint project of BLM.~ San Bernardino County Museum, and the SCA Clearinghouse. Amargosa and Pinto style points were on the surface, but were not found in 4 test pits. With the exception of Tizon Brown Ware pottery, materials on the surface of the site seem older than in the subsurface. C14 dates from two well-developed hearths are not yet back. Tool materials are primarily cherts, chalcedonies, and obsidian. Pre­liminary results indicate that the site was used as;a temporary camp site and for secondary tool reduction. A permanent spring provided a constant supply of water. Bedrock mortars at the site seem to refute several' publications which indicate that mortar sites are absent from the northern Mojave Desert area. Turquoise from Granite Wells was also located as were numerous r'ivella beads and at least one green glass trade bead. Analysis is continuing.

8) Christopher Drover (UC Riverside} dis­cussed his work at Cronese Lake. Very little work had been done in the basin previously, although Malcolm Rogers worked there in 1929. Using surface collections, limited testing, and Rogers' early collections, Drover is attempting to investigate Cronese Basin settlement and catchment systems.

Rogers had indicated that the area appears to have been used by the Amargosans and later the Yuman and Puebloans. Drover sees Patayan (Hakatayan) materials which were later linked to the Yuman .. Ceramics tend to be gray wares and Tizon Brown Ware, including Moapa Valley (E. Arizona) and Jeddito from the Hopi. The Cronese ceramics are not at all like those from Death Valley (Paiute). A major cccupa­tion about 1100 A.O. appears to have been Proto-Mojave (See Report from the Desert in the next Newsletter for a further update).

Flotation sampling from two later period

sites revealed much in the way of seeds, grasses, gourds, and some oak. The mano/metate complex suggests mesquite use as well. More than 6000 faunal remains have been studied. The diversity of remains includes pond turtle, duck, chuck­walla, pelican, grebe, squirrel, bobcat, mountain sheep, and rabbit. The orientation is nearly entirely terrestrial and non-riparian. No fish remains have been found, Freshwater mussel (Anadonta) was the only lacustrine resource regularly exploited. The question of agriculture was not solved from flotation; however, Rogers reported finding exoskeletons of maize in the Cronese Basin.

While it seems as though long-term occupa­tion was possible at Cronese, the lake must be flushed at least once eac~ year to remain potable. The work is continuing.

9) N. Nelson Leonard, III (San Bernardino County Museum) presented his preliminary results on turquoise quarrying in the Halloran Springs area. Malcolm Rogers worked in the area in 1928. Recently modern turquoise miners, who excavate by hand today in much the same manner as the prehistoric quarriers, wanted the museum to examine aboriginal tools they were saving since they were interested in prehistoric mining techniques. The tools recovered were 3/4-grooved picks and mauls.

Nelson's goal is to produce a report describing the technology, then to publish the cultural context to demonstrate socio­cultural integration. Ceramics at the site are Lino Gray, which has been associated with the turquoise chips and (according to Rogers)dates to about 900 A.O. In 1975, trace element analyses on 13 turquoise beads found in a room at Snaketown indicated that the beads date from 500-700 A.O. and are derived from the Halloran Springs source, even though there are closer turquoise quarries. Nelson believes that miners from the Southwest excavated at Halloran Springs from about 200 to about 900 A.O.

10) Holly Dunbar (IAS, San Francisco) announced that IAS had three openings for archaeologists: a temporary one~year appointment, a graduate intern (GS-5), and a GS 9/11 renewable for up to 3 years to work with the Vandenberg Air Base excavations discussed by Glassow. Holly also summarized the new Heritage Conservatton and Recreation Service.

11) Richard Brook (BLM, Desert Plan Staff) summarized the methodological approaches BLM is taking to inventory in the desert, and also summarized the results of contract and BLM field work to date. In the Big Maria area, 803 of the transects had no sites; the Chocolate Mountains, however, are possibly the richest site area in the California Desert. Brook also discussed their Native American contact program in which an ethnographer has conducted inter­views with more than 100 Native Americans.

12) Dennis Gallegos (Westec, Inc.) presented some preliminary results of an inventory in the Bristol-Cadiz area. A~ percent sample was produced by 164 transects.

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Their assumption was that biological and topo­graphic resources were the most accurate predictors of high and low sensitivity. Site locations can be determined by economic resources, as suggested by present vegetational zones. Five strata (mountain, valley bottoms, dunes, lava beds, and lakes) were tested against vegetational zones. It was found that historic sites generally occupy valley bottoms and mountains, and prehistoric sites occupy dunes and creosote zones. Catchments were defined by mountains and their drainages. Emma Lou Davis then said that hydrology is the biggest variable. Since many of the lakes are just shallow bowls and contain badwater, indicating impoverished systems and high salinity, she was surprised to find such huge sites at the ges of these lakes. The people were at the stabilized dunes adjacent to the dry lakes.

13) Willie Pink (Malki Museum, Morongo Indian Reservation) discussed Native American values. He is involved in teaching children what their elders can remember. He discussed his beliefs about the origins of his family with a story about his people's mt"ration to Cupa from four islands off the coast in pre-Spanish times. He feels that this migration coincides with the arrival of the Chingichnich cult in the Luisei'fo area. He believes that the Chumash and Cupelo are closely associated. He said that in 1902, when the U.S. Army removed

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his people from Cupa to Pala, they were taken the long way, through Temecula Valley, where the Indians were kept in corrals.

Why have Native Americans on surveys? Willie pointed to his migration beliefs. He added that since migration occurred he has relatives in the Cahuilla and Luiseno regions.

• He explained that travellers were buried or cremated immediately. Bird songs often name places, so Native Americans could assist the archaeologist in this work. Willie also stated that the Native American Heritage Commission is preparing a list of active observers, which could assist archaeologists.

14) Jay Hatley (San Diego County Archaeological Society) discussed a plan to assess site significance which the county Board of Super­visors may adopt. The degree of meaningfulness in a site needs to be measured. Variables which they are going to consider are integrity, regional uniqueness, variability, ethnic value, site type, public benefit, and research potential. The procedure was tested at a pothunted Oiegueno cemetery in the Singing Hills region. Numerous persons on the task force independently assessed the site. Even though the site had been damaged extensively, it received a high rating of significance. Only one person--one not familiar with San Diego county sites gave the site a low significance rating. Hatley indicated that the technique works in San Diego eounty but may not work elsewhere.

15) Chris White (San (San Diego County Clearing­house) indicated that San Diego County probably has the highest per mile number of archaeologi-cal practitioners in the state, and possibly • in the nation. San Diego State now has a CRM center for the first time since Paul Ezell retired two years ago. (Continued on page 14)

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HISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY

BY PAUL J,f, SCHUMACHERJ HISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY EDITOR

GRAN QUIVIRA CONFERENCE

The 7th Gran Quivira Conference was held in Santa Fe, New Mexico, on October 6-8. 1978. Among the many (twenty-odd) papers presented this year were four on work in California. Richard Carrico discussed 3 contact rancherias he has been investigating in San Diego County. Paul Ezell gave us a preliminary final report on his many years' work at the Presidio of San Diego, which has been covered in previous issues of this Newsletter. Julia Costello enthralled us with her work in urban Los Angeles (see below). One of the great treats of the conference was the visit on Sunday to the El Rancho de 1 as Golondrinas, a Spanish Colonial Life-­Open Air Living History Museum, which is open one day a month and is 1 oca ted a few miles southwest of Santa Fe.

D.O. MILLS BUILDING, COLUMBIA

A $12,550 Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service grant-in-aid was awarded to the California Depart­ment of Parks and Recreation for archaeological investigations, as part of a major restoration effort of the D.O. Mills building in Columbia. The structure will be restored to its appearance in .£.!· 1855-1870, as part of an on-going restoration effort at Columbia State Park.

WARM SPRINGS RESERVOIR

The Warm Springs Cultural Resources Study has been initiated under a con­tract between the Corps of Engineers, the San Francisco District, and Sonoma State University. Greenwood and Associates· is responsible for the effort on historic sites, as part of the multi-disciplinary team under the administration of Dr. Dave Fredrickson. The work will continue through 1982.

The first phase, completed in July 1978, involved the necessary site mapping and recording to prepare for testing and mitigation phases. The histo~ic resour6es located within the boundaries of the Warm Springs Dam-Lake Sonoma project boundaries include homestead and ranching complexes, mining, and the 1850~s resort complex of Skaggs Springs.

ROBERTA GREENWOOD 8/78

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SOSCOL HOUSE, NAPA COUNTY

A preliminary test excavation at the Sos col House, Napa County, has been cornpl eted by Greenwood and Associates. A detailed report has been submitted to the California Department of Transportation. The investi­gation produced new and important information about Soscol House and a determination that additional work will be necessary to complete the required site evaluation.

Local legend had long maintained that the Soscol House was built by Elijah True in 1855, as an "L-shaped" structure, primarily as a stage stop for the Town of Soscol. Based on new documentary research and the field excava­tion of the structure and associated features, it now appears that the original building was a rectangular personal residence. After its purchase by True, it was remodeled and con­verted to a hostelry serving all travelers, including the stage and ferry traffic. The north-south wing was actually added about the early l870's to produce the L-shape. This and later additions, and the changes in services offered and ownership throughout the entire span of occupation until 1977, suggest that its location on a well-traveled historic highway was far more significant to its role than the earlier postulated relation­ship to the Town of Soscol.

Following analysis of the assemblage and synthesis of the historic/respondant informa­tion, certain critical data gaps were recog­nized which can only be addressed by.investi­gation of areas outside the boundaries adopted for the preliminary test. These additional areas will include: the potential location of the blacksmith/livery that served Soscol House during the stage coach era; two off-site areas of trash deposition which should provide needed data on the commercial activities; and continued work on the central site to define the early occupation.

ROBERTA GREENWOOD 8/78

CHANNEL ISLANDS NATIONAL MONUMENT

Roberta Greenwood has been working on the historical resources of Channel Islands Nat. Monument, including Anacapa, Santa Barbara, and San Miguel Island, for the National Park Service. No site reords had previously been compiled for any of the historical resources on these three isla~ds, A number of them have now been recorded and evaluated.

ROBERTA GREENWOOD 10/78

LOS ANGELES

People Mover Study

Roberta Greenwood further reports that she has been engaged most recently with a study of the People Mover, an elevated pedestrian transit system through downtown Los Angeles. The study, made for the Community Redevelopment Agency, was intended to inventory and evaluate both standing and subsurface resources which could be affected by the construc­tion. It involved a substantial research effort into historical maps, grants, building records, and other sources, combined with records of engineering, utilities, roadbuilding, grading and other activities which could have disturbed the resources. Tbg report identified a number of localities where there is potential for archaeological remains of significance.

ROBERTA GREENWOOD 10/78

La Placita Pedestrian Mall

Archaeological investigations were conducted in downtown Los Angeles preliminary to the construction of an Urban Park. The proposed La Placita Pedestrian Mall is located within El Pueblo de Los A·ngeles State Historic Park, the second site of the Spanish pueblo occupied in 1815. Excavations were directed by Julia Costello and were sponsored by the L.A. Department of Public Works, Bureau of Engineering. One of the most interesting series of finds documented the evolution of water systems for the Spanish, Mexi~an, and early American periods--the lifeline for survival in this semi-arid region. The path of the origin al zanja madre {mother ditch) ran through the La Placita site and was utilized as a water ro u t e until ca . 1914 . The 18 8 0 ' s b r i ck conduit impoovement on this system was discovered in a relatively intact state on this ~ame location. In addition, the early administrative · offices and several shops for the series of water works companies were also located within the site area. As the center of town shifted during the American period, the building was eventually leased to local businesses of the surrounding Chinese community. The need for aqueduct water also declinedw1th·Los Angeles' change from an agricultural to a commerical and residential community. ·

The economic and technological evolution of this water system is clearly reflected in the remains of the aqueduct and related structures preserved on the La Placita site. An interpretive exhibit is being planned on the evolution of water systems in the L.A. area. Copies of the final archaeological report, "An Archaeological Assessment of Cultural Resources in Urban L.A.," is available from the Los An gel es Dept. of Public Works, Room 810, City Ha 11, 200 N. Spring Street, Los Angeles, CA 90012. ·

JULIA COSTELLO 10/78 12

MISSION SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO

During late May and early June 1978, the fathers of Mission San Juan Capistrano asked • art historian.Norman Neuerburg of Calidfornia . State U €ivers1ty, Dominguez Hills, to o some preliminary research around the old Mission. What had been the most ambitious building in all of the California missions was destroyed by a terrible earthquake in 1812. An ill-advised and ill-fated attempt at rebuilding in the 1860's only resulted in further destruction of what had remained. From time to time suggestions have been made that the church should be restored to its former glory, but funds were never sufficient to move beyond the suggestion stage. What has survived of the church is in such fragile condition that most of it would have to be destroyed in order to pass the _f'igi d Ca li.forni a bui.l ding code. Now it is hoped to construct a full-scale replica of the church on another site on the mission grounds, leaving the old church as a picturesque ruin. However, much is still uncertain about the actual appearance of the original building, especially the front part which had been completely destroyed in the 1812 earthquake. This spring's research involved digging around the foundations to locate the bell tower si nee there had been opposing opinions as to its location. The excavation confirmed that the tower was to one side, above the baptistry, rather than over the front entrance as the more popular reconstruction drawings had shown.

NORMAN NEUERBURG 10/78

MEXICAN FORT OF IMPERIAL COUNTY, 1825-1826

In late 1825, the Mexican military at San Diego sent a detachment of troops under Lieutenant Romauldo Pacheco to construct a fort at Laguna Chapala in the Yuha desert, in what is now Imperial County.' The facility was to secure against native attack the inland route that Captain De Anza had opened between Mexico and Alta California a half century before.

• The soldiers completed the 100 foot square

structure in late January 1826. They had dug an eight foot wide and five foot deep ditch around the structure not only to provide additional protection but al so to procure the materials with which to construct adobe bricks. The design included ramps leading to gun emplacements and lookout stations at the tops of the corners, and a six foot wide gateway. Quarters and other enclosed rooms within the fort were probably of ocotillo and other available desert bushes. It was situated al along the banks of New River, and at the south edge of the laguna on a slightly raised mesa.

In the early spring of 1826, the Kumeyaay ros~ against the foreign intrusion, testing the Mexicans' strength and their defensive strategy. The Mazatlan Squadron was sent from San Diego to help quell the attacks. They delive~ed to the coastal presidia 26 pairs of enemy ears to prove a limited victory over the Natives who had themselves killed several national troops during the skirmishes .• Though the frontier was again quiet the military abandoned the desert bastion in April

. 1826.

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Tradition and topographic descriptions from various accounts since 1825 have placed the site 6 miles west of the present community of Imp~rial, neari El Centro. Turn-of-the-century news articles, a plat sketch, and various pioneer accounts depict the structure as eroded but still there. Charles Zinn, whose eighty­year-old father-in-law had grown up near the site, took movies of the crumbling adobe walrs in the early 1960's, and Sheriff Herbert Hughes mapped the remnants soon after. In 1958 a local farmer leveled the site to fill an enlarging gully near his property, but annual rains bring forth scrub where the walls once stood.

Since 1973, Mike Barker, Chief Curator of Imperial Valley College ~:useum, has worked to propect the site from further damage, and to develop pl ans to e-xcav-ate and restore this first historic building in Imperial County. H~ integrated the interests of the college, IVCM, I.V.C. Museum Society, the Imperial Irrigation District (who owned one-half of the site), a local farmer (who 01rned the other half), and the County government. I.V.C. r~useum Society Director Bill Farris wrote a preliminary history of the fort from archives in San Diego and Imperial Counties. Jay and Sherilee von Werlhof acquired additional documentary material from the Bancroft Library.

The site has now been secured with an eight-foot cyclone fence. Electrical energy for lights and refrigeration has been brought in, and an on-site labora­tory and storage room have been authorized . IVC field clas~es test-located the ditches that surrounded the structure, and Federal CETA grants have now been processed for funding the total excavation of the ' site, commencing November 1, 1978. It is expected that the ten-man crew and crew leader now being selected should complete the project in one year.

Accounts indicate that this is the only military fort the ~exicans established during their short tenure in Al ta California. Despite the brief history of the outpost, and the surface destruction it suffered lately, it is hoped that data necessary to validate and reconstruct the site can be recovered.

To plot excavation units with more assurance, IVCM acquired a resistivity meter. Site strategists will thoroughly probe the entire site area before con­ducting any further subterranean tests. The site has been gridded in one-meter units for purposes of micro-mapping and probe control.

Near the historic site are pottery scatters and cremation remains. With the Laguna Chapala and the New River (then an overflow channel of the Colorado River) next to the fort, it is possible that the military ired the natives by taking over an area they relied upon seasonally. Excavations and laboratory tests should be ftelpful in determining this possibility.

JAY VON WERLHOFF lD/78 13

NEW POLITICS & ARCHAEOLOGY PUBLICATION -A..new publ i ca ti on ca 11 ed Archaeology

& Politics, An Occasional Journal of Articles and Commentary, has appeared, under the General Edi tors hip of Clyde Kuhn, with Dean Gaumer as Managing Editor. The first issue, dated June 1978, has the following information (page 27)=

"POLITICS AND ARCHAEOLOGY IM CALIFORNIA is a publication for investigative journalism in heritage and science and a medium for heritage advocacy. This issue has been published privately. The General Editor assumes responsibility for the contents.

"Critical articles and comments or notes, files and other information for a particular -storj or subject are being solicited. Confidentiality will always be respected. The Editors are also seeking potential sponsors for future issues.

"This issue has been distributed at the personal expense of the Editors. To be included on our mailing list and to receive a complimentary copy, please send your name and address to the sponsoring organization. Contributions to reimburse publication and mailing costs would be appreciated. Additional copies are available at $1.DO each. Special arrangements will be made for multiple orders."

Included in the first issue are four articles: "Department of Interior Reorganizes Heritage Functions;" dealing with the Heritage Conservation and Recrea­tion Service and its background, and with additional proposed national heritage changes (pages 1-9); "New Regulations Implementing NEPA Drafted," (pagesl0-18); "Latest G-0 Road Proposal Stirs Up Ethics Issue," (pages 18-24), giving the back­ground of the controversy from 1975 through late 1977, and detailing ethical concerns brought out in the G-0 road issue; and "rajor Survey Inconsistencies Turn I.Ip in rnvironmental nocument," (pages 25-25), summarizing differences between two surveys for the Point Conception LNG terminal and pipeline route, made by different consultants.

To contact the editors and be included in future mailings, contact General Editor Clyde Kuhn, Cultural Resources Management, Inc., P.O. Box 69, Davis, CA 95516, or telephone (916) 756-6616.

(SOUTHERN DATA SHARING, cont. from page 10)

16) John Maguire (Orange County Clearinghouse) said that they are all working closely with Robert Selway of the County of Orange. They have met regularly and have had no problems. The county finally approved a building for an artifacts repository.

17) John Jameson (Riverside County Archaeolo­gist) informed the meeting that due to Prop. 13 and the political climate in Riverside County, his position would be dissolved on November 1. He indicated that his 9 months were extremely frustrating. The County wanted him to prepare sensitivity maps but his supervisors were not aware of the problems in creating or using them. Jameson was offered a position in the Planning Department, so archaeological expertise will remain in the County, but the position will not. (For more on Riverside County, see p. 4-5 above)

18) Mary Brown (Riverside County Clearinghouse) says that the Clearinghouse has been quiet as the result of a great amount of field work stemming from increased development. If the Clearinghouse becomes active, it will be to bring the Archaeologist-Native American issue to the Board of Supervisors.

1:9) Eric Ritter (BLM, Desert Plan Staff) led an open forum discussion on land-use alloca­tions in the desert and discussed types of uses which might be allowable in various types of archaeological use categories. Eric's allocation types include preserves/reserves, conservation areas, and areas of low signifi­cance. The audience seemed to have no general pr9blems with the allocatio~ types, which are not finalized.

The meeting ended at approximately 6 P.M.

RUSSELL KALDENBERG & RONALD MAY 11/5/78

NORTHERN DATA SHARING MEETINGS The following summary of the Northern SCA

Data Sharing Meeting on October 14, which appeared in the November Trade Bead of the Santa Clara County Archaeological Society, is reprinted with the permis ion of the writer and SCCAS President, Linda King.

"Contra Costa College in San Pablo hosted this year's SCA annual "data sharing" meeting. These meetings are a recent tradition, intended to provide a casual get together for archaeologists to describe their recent activi­ties without the formality of the Annual Meetings and confusion of more than one paper being· read at the same time. The meeting was loose, with plenty of time for questions and comments. The special value of these meetings is that the fieldwork reports are the most recent. The material has not been analyzed and con~lusions may be tentative but the purpose is to let everyone know what's going on.

"The morning program consisted of District Clearinghouse Coordinators describing the region's activities for the last year and included reports from people active within the area. (Ed. note: In eluded were reports from Sonoma State (Dave Fredrick son); Chi co State

(Keith Johnson); Plumas National Forest (Chuck James); CS! Fresno (Dudley Varner); Cabrillo College; and finally, Gary Heath of the Califo~nia Energy Commission, speaking on commission projects and their potential impacts on cultural resources).

"The afternoon was a symposium centered around the theme Ethics and Standards. The chairman, Chester King, pointed out that people are getting paid to make archaeological decisions who have not had basic field training. The major problems are lack of ability to recognize simple (but tricky) data in the field such as burnt rock, pit houses, etc.; and equally important, lack of familiarity with regional research problems and theory, and lack of bothering to consult with local experts. ·

"Don Miller of the Forrst Service re­emphasized the importance of what Chester said, and discussed the Forest Service's standards. He pointed out that many archaeologists are failing to determine (or even discuss) the significance of archaeological sites. Current law requires that si gni fi cance be eva1 uated for environ­mental impact reports, but as we al 1 know, the state of the art of archaeology does not always make it possible for us to determine the significance of a particular site or its significance in the future, and yet our current planning processes require archaeologists to do so.

"Marley Brown, a Historic Archaeologist employed with the State's (sic) Inter­Agency Archaeological Serivces, gave a very informative discussion of the value of historic archaeolooical sites. He addressed the issue, 'Why dig (and spend large sums of money) when there are written records?' He pointed out that when considering the value of salvaging a historic site, one has to take into account the information that would be lost if the site were not dug (InformationLLoss Ap~roach). Historic sites can be particu­larly important in writing the histories of the poor and minorities, as their past is under-recorded. Finally, he recommended Small Things Forgotten, by James Deetz, for a discussion of the value of historic sit es.

"Wayne Roberson, a Native American, made the final statement of the conference by making a plea for more r~sponsible and professional archaeology. He emphasized that efforts to protect Native American sites must take ·into account religious values, including information revealed not only by archaeological t~chniques, but also through visions and other means of knowing by Native Americans.

"The day ended with a great party hosted by Corrine and George Coles •.. ".

(Ed. note: Clyde Kuhn concluded the afternoon session with some comments on current heritage issues. He began with some statements on the recent Congression al. resolution on infringement of Native American religion, and at the end urged his listeners to take a wider perspective and more active stand on environmental

14 issues, beyond the purely archaeo'\og'lca' concerns.

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SDCAS VISITS RocK ART SITE IN BAJA

On October 21, 1978, the San Diego County Archaeological Society conducted a campout and visit to the famous rock are in the valley west of the Mexicon town of La Rumarosa in Baja California. Lacking a permit to conduct research at the site, SDCAS members merely hiked around and looked at the painings.

However, Vice Pres. Ron May took the time to photograph and sketch as many paintings as possible in two days time, and later recorded the site with San Diego State University. The late Malcolm J. Rogers first recorded the site for the San Diego Museum of Man and more recently Ken Hedges of that institution has made more detailed observations.

The site is located in a pinyon-juniper woodland valley between two ancient gravel­covered ridges at about 4700 ft. --nsoo m ;T. The valley is characterized by an extension of the Southern California Batholith which appears as bedrock intrusions and a "fairy­land" of ovoid to elongate boulders atop the bedrock. Many of these boulders have "blisters" or cave-like concavities upon which paintings were applied. Few paintings were just painted on rock walls. The surrounding ridges appear much like the "Table Mountain Gravels" found in the Jacumba Valley about three miles to the north. It appears that erosion of those. gravel ridges formed the valley, exposing the granite and providing water storage to support the pines. Only yucca, juniper, and agave are to be found on the ridges.

The site area seems to be about one-half mile long and a quarter as wide. Flaked stone abounds, but concentrated workships and flaking stations of volcanics and quartz suggest ineresting activity area patterns. Fire-broken rock and some roasting pits are thought to have been primarily for pinyon. The most obvious sight is the association of midden campsites with rock art. The art is just not found without a midden camp, so anyone looking for art ought to first find the midden camps.

VP Ron May tecorded the site an~ suggested that the high concentration of rock art (nothing like it in S.D. County) may have been a result of so many unrelated clans visiting together during the summer pinyon­processing festtvals. The literature indicates that these people (Kumeyaay, Paipai?) gathered at such times for marriages, dances, gossip, gambling, and performance of certain festivals. Could not the rock art denote specific clan residence at the different camps? There are distinct differences at

sites visited by the SDCAS, which might tend to support this idea. It is hoped that someone will obtain a permit to do research at the La Rumarosa site and convince the Mexican government to protect the site.

RON MAY

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KuLE LoKLO Wms AWARD

"Kule Loklo was honored with a special award of merit for 'distinguished contri­bution to California History' at a June conference of California Historical Societies in Bakersfield. The village at Pt. Reyes National Seashore was nominated for this award by the Marin Historical Society on the recommendation of their board member Bertram Dunshee of Ross.

"MAPOM member Marilyn Licklider-Goudeau accepted the award on behal.f of MAPOM. She was the project director for the first year of the village's existence. Dave Pugh, Chief of Interpretation for Pt. Reyes · National Seashore, accepted th& award for the Park. MAPOM is complimented to have been considered for this award and delighted wit_h the outcome.~ ..

"Greg Gnesios has joined the staff at Pt. Reyes National Seashore as the Project Director for Kule Loklo. Greg is a native of the Bay Area, has served at Pinnacles National Monument and most recently at Canyonlands National Park in Utah. His position with the Park Service is that of Interpretive Specialist •.•. "

•. Newsletter, MIWOK ARCHAEOLOGICAL . PRESERVE OF MARIN, 9/78, page 1

KERN COUNTY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY NEWS

"In March of 1977 the Bakersfield College Archaeological Field Class, under the direction of KCAS advisor Robert Schiffman, and students from Antelope Valley College under the leadership of archaeologist and KCAS member Roger Robinson, worked with members of Bakersfield's American Indian Council to excavate the remains of an Indian village and cemetery southwest of Bakersfield Several days of field work were completed after first working out an agreement with Tenneco, Pala Farms and the Indian Council.

"The site had been exposed during land leveling and discing operations. Pala Farms first notified the Coroner's Office which, in turn, notified Schiffman at B.C .• The cultural remains are presently under analysis and, upon completion of this lab work, the Indian Council witl rebury the remains according to custom and tradition.

"Although the artifacts and burials re­covered were few in number, the project was significant in that it brought local archae­ologists and Indians into a cooperative working relationship. It is the hope of KCAS that this relationship will be continued.

"In July of this year near this same site but during unrelated survey work, KCAS member Steve Bass uncovered disturbing evidence that the main area of habitation at the site had been completely stripped of all artifacts after December's wind. The entire area in question lies at the edge of existing cultivation. Slowly, all of this land is being leveled and plant~d; thus the need for survey and recording.

"Because of the extremely strong winds

just before last Christmas, the sandy o~erburden in the area was completely removed leaving heavier objects (stones, artifacts) exposed on the hardpan. During survey this condition made sightings of cultural materials very easy as every artifact was readily visible. No large artifacts were noted, however, only flakes and fragments. During the second day of survey an employee of a large local farming corporation stopped and visited with Bass. After some dis­cussion of what Bass was doing out there in 1100 heat the employee explained that he, too, was interested in Indian 'stuff' and that he (and a few others) had, immediately following the winds, combed the area and removed all visible arti­facts: From bowls to charmstones, points to pestles.

"Lithic debris and soil coloration gave some idea as to the extent of the site but ~o muc~ more could have been learned by viewing and record i n g the mate ri a 1 that had bee ri co 1 le cl e d by the relic hunters."

WINATUN Archaeology News Kern County Archaeological Society Fall 1978, page 1

"The Bakersfield College Archaeological Research Unit recently surveyed ridges in the Tehachapi Mountains east of the Edmonston Pump1 ng Pl ant. As many as ten small rock for~ations were found interspersed among oak trees along one of the ridges. The formations were circular, 2-3 meters in diameter with the outer structure raised. The insides were lined with rocks giving the formations a concave appearance. It is bel~eved that they may have been used as caches. In some instances flat, thin rocks were still propped around the edges. Others had appeared to have collapsed to the center of the ring.

"A few sites with mortars were also found. One site with mortars had satellite depressions similar to those found at McCarthy Ranch and Lake Isabell a. 11

" ... The Boswell Ranch Company has, in effect, tsolated the sites and Historical Marker at Tulamniu from the public. Upon last inspection, all access roads had been cut with a trenching machine and, in fact, a deep, wide trench had been cut along the entire south edge of the foothills severing all vehicle traffic to the site. Attempts are being made to determine if this was an action taken to discourage trespassing or if the Company has suddenly become interested in preserving antiquities."

The first issue of the Kern County Archaeological Society Journal is still available through the Society, at $5.00 per copy. Write KCAS at P.O. Box 6743, Bakersfield, CA 93306.

W1NA1UN Archaeology News Fall 1978, pages 2~4.

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(CONTINUATION OF SCA BOARD MINUTES for OCT 6, from page 27)

Ron May then said we ought to send a letter to Dr. Hauck expressing our ethical • concerns. Macko also urges a letter. Kaldenberg said he would write a letter as SCA Vice President.

Jane Gothold then spoke on the Newland House caper in which there is a fight between those who wish to landscape the place and the Pacific Coast Archaeological Society which wishes to protect the archaeology site underneath. PCAS may seek an injunction to stop the landscaping.

Ron May then informed the Executive Committee of the progress in the Vista Valley Country Club. The County of San Diego PlannJng Commission. approved the project with the conditions that testing would be conducted to ascertain whether any sites remain and that the developer would have to fund the construction of a 1000 square foot Cultural Center at a Luiseno reservation. California Indian Legal Services will seek the particular reservation, but it appears that Luiseno leaders wish it to be at Rinson.

Paul Chace then announced the next Executive Committee meeting would be on November 18 in the Dallas Room of the Los Angeles Hilton at the American Anthropological Association Meeting.

The meeting was adjourned by group consent at 12:00.

RON MAY Secretary

PHOENIX COPIES AVAILABLE

10/6/78

The third issue of the publication Phoenix: New Directions in the Study of Man, "a semi-annual journal with an anthropological perspective," is now available. The journal, which investigates human psjchic evolution, seeks "a new understanding of the cosmos and man's place in it, making use of anthropological data on shamanism, trance states, altered states of consciousness, dreams, visions, and concepts of time,~ according to the Phoenix Associates, made up largely of Bay Area anthropologists. Subscription costs are $12 for regular, $9 student, and $16 for institutional memberships, for two issues per year.

If SCA members are interested, they may write for a complimentary copy, either the new issue,. #3, or #2 which contains an article in which psychics are used to gain ethnohistoric and archaeological information about a proto-historic site, and which contains reviews of America B.C. anLJati ve American Astronomy/ Archaeoas t­ronomy in Pre-Columbian America. The new issue,.Summe~, 1978,. contains an article on "Folsom Ethnography," in which psychic Albert Bowes gives his impressions about 10 Folsom artifacts from the Lindenmeier site, whose origins were unknown to him; and two short reviews of Schwartz' The Secret Vaults of Time. To subscribP., or to receive a complimentary copy, write Phoenix Associates, 880 Lathrap Drive, Stanford, CA 94305.

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SOCIETY FOR CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGY

The Society for California Archaeology, Inc. is a non-profit scientific and educational organization dedicated to promoting the interests of California archaeology. All statements in the Newsletter, published five or six times a yea~. do h6t ~ec~~s~riTY reflect the opinion of the SCA unless said statements are signed by the Society's President and Executive Committee. All other statements are the opinions of the Editorial Staff or of the person(s) and/or organizations whose name appears below each statement.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE President: Paul G. Chace, 1823 Kenora Drive,

Escondido, CA 92D27. Vice President, Southern California: Russell

L. Kaldenberg, 1695 Spruce Street, Riverside, CA 925D7.

Vice President, Northern California: Chester King, 1D89 Broadway, San Jose, CA 95125.

President-Elect: Charles O. James III, P.O . Box 1266, Quincy, CA 95971.

Immediate Past President: Joe Winter, Six Rivers National Forest, 710 E Street, Eureka, CA 95501.

Secretary: Ronald V. May, 6044 Estelle Street, San Diego, CA 92115.

Treasurer: Jane Gothold, 10121 Pounds Avenue, Whittier, CA 90603.

EDITORIAL STAFF Editor: Marcia Wire, 15533 Kavin Lane,

Monte Sereno, CA 95030.

REGIONAL EDITORS

Baja California: E.L. Davis, 1236 Concord St., San Diego, CA 92106.

San Diego: Ron ~ay, 6044 Estelle Street, San Diego, CA 92115.

Los Angeles: Nancy P. Walter, 17048 Sunburst, Northridge, CA 91325.

California Desert: Russell L. Kaldenberg, 1695 Spruce Street, Riverside, CA 92507.

Southern Nevada: Pat 01 son, Dept. of Anth ro University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89109.

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San Joaquin Valley: Robert A. Schiffman, Dept. of Anthropology, Bakersfield College, Bakersfield, CA 93305.

South Central Coast: Robert L. Hoover, Social Sciences Dept., California Polytechnic State University, Sein -Luis Obispo, CA 93407.

Bay Area: Linda King, Dept. of Anthropology, West Valley College, 14000 Fruitvale Ave., Saratoga, CA 95070.

Sacramento Valley: Joan Hellen, P.O. Box 453, Davis, CA 95616.

Northern California: Dean Gaumer, P.O. Box 69. Davis, CA 95616.

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

Avocational: Currently vacant.

Geoarchaeology: Clay A. Singer, 830~ Bay St., Santa ~onica, CA 90405.

Historic Archaeology: Paul J.F. Schumacher, 200 Pinehill Road, Hillsborough, CA 94010.

Legislation: Dean Gaumer, P.O. Box 69, Davis CA 95616. '

Politics & Archaeology: Clyde Kuhn, P.O. Box 69, Davis, CA 95616.

BUSINESS OFFICE Busin~ss Offi~~ Manager: Lori Haney, SCA

Bus~ness.Of11ce, Dept. of Anthropology, Cal1forn1a State University, Fullerton CA 92634. '

~EMBERS HIP Dues are tax-deductible and are paid on a

calendar year basis, to the Business Office.

Regular member Student member Institutional

membership

SCHENK ARCHIVES

$15.00 6.00

$20.00

Schenk Archives, Treganza Museum, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132 .

SCHENK ARCHIVES PAPERS AVAILABLE The Robert E. Schenk Archives of

California Archaeology, a series of the Society for California Archaeology, consists of a number of papers on California archaeology, of professional quality, and reproducible by Xerox, which would not otherwise be published.

Miley Holman, Archives Editor, has provided the following list of papers available to date. He requests that members~or others let him know what they would like to see included in the series, in addition to the kinds of subjects now included. He has felt that contract archaeology should not be included, since it alone would require far more volunteer time than is available to_cope with-it.-lhe fength of submissions should be 100 pages or less, with shorter contri­butions preferred--since at a cost of 5 cents a page plus a small margin for photo duplication, most people do not want to pay for longer papers. Please send your suggestions, new manuscripts, and orders (including a check to Miley Holman, editor for the listed cost to cover reproduction, handling and postage) to:

Miley P. Holman Robert E. S~henk Archives Adan E. Treganza Anthropology Museum 1600 Holloway Avenue San Francisco, CA 94132.

#1 Possibilities of aboriginal practices of marginal agriculture among the Southern Diegueno, by Adan E. Treganza, 1945. $0.90

#2 Avila Beach, descriptive data and hypotheses from the excavation o.f 1929, by Thomas F. King, 1970.

$1. 85 #3 The Monterey Peninsula College

sites; preliminary report, by Robert K. Evans, 1967. $3;80

#4 Archaeological salvage of the Pico Creek and Little Pico Creek sites, San Luis Obispo County, California, by N. Nelson Leonard III et iLl_, 1968. $7.75

#5 Contributions to the archaeology of San Mateo County, by Stanley Van Dyke tl iLl_, 1970. $6.00

#6 An archaeological and historical reconnaissance of a portion of the San Mateo County coastside, by Steven Dietz and Thomas Jackson, 1970. $5.10

#7 Tsahpekw: an archaeological record bf Nineteenth Century accultura­tion among the Yurok, by Michael J. Moratto, 1970. $0.75

#8 A selected bibliography of Ca1i­fornia- archaeology and ethnology, by Michael J. Moratto,1961.$2,50

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#9 A reconsideration of the evidence relating to the antiquity of the Borax Lake Site, by Adan E. Treganza, 1950. $2.00

#10 An archaeological survey of the Shaver Lake area, by Stanley Van Dyke, 1970.

$2 .. 25 #11 An archaeological analysis of skeletal

material excavated from the Civic Center Station of BART, by Winfield Henn and Robert Schenk, 1970 (revised 1973). $0.75

#12 The archaeological resources of the West Sacramento Canal Unit, by Joseph L. Chartkoff, 1969. $2.50

#13 Outline for an Archaeological Element for the California State General Pl an, by the SCA General Pl an -Committee, 1970. $1.50.

#14 An experiment in the manufacture of Olivella shell beads, by Paul R. Hampson, 1970. $2.00

#15 Report of 1970 archaeological excava­tions at Buchanan Reservoir, by Michael J. Moratto, 1970. $1.50

#16 Test excavations at site 4-Son-392, near Petaluma, California, by Thomas F. King, 1968. $0.75

#17 Test excavations at Mrn-375, the Palo Marin Site in Point Reyes National Seashore, Marin County, by Thomas F • King, 1967. $2.25

#18 The prehistory of the Pui 'mak Wintun, Thomas Creek, Tehama County, California, including a suggested chronological model of the Northern Sacramento Valley Region prehistory, by Robert L. Edwards, 1970. $8.50

#19 Archaeological observations at Angel Island State Park, by Adan E. Treganza; 1966. $4.75

#20 Son-320, an unusual archaeological site on Bodega Head, Sonoma County, California, by Thomas F. King, 1960.

$0.85 #21 An interesting cache of domesticated

seeds from Southern California, by Adan E. Treganza, 1946. $0.80

#22 California clay artifacts, by Adan E. Treganza, 1946. $1. 50

#23 An archaeological survey of the English Ridge Reservoir in Lake and Mendocino Counties, California, by Jeffrey Childress and Joseph L. Chartkoff, 1966. $3.00

#24 An archaeological survey of the pro­posed Paskenta-Newville Reservoir in Glenn and Tehama Counties, Northern California, by Joseph l. Chartkoff and Jeffrey Childress, 1966. $10.00

#25 An archaeological survey of Pescadero Creek, San Mateo County, California, by Robert E. Schenk, 1968. $1.25

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(ROBERT E. SCHENK ARCHIVES PAPERS, continued)

#26 Analysis of an historic burial from Modoc County, California, by Peter D. Schulz, 1970.$0.90

#27 Salvage archaeology along Clear Creek and Cow Creek, Shasta County, California, by Adan E. Treganza, 1961. $2.50

#28 Archaeology and cross-cultural ethic in Coastal Northwest California, by Michael J. Moratto, 1971.

#29 Archaeological resources of the Mineral King District, by C.H. Jennings and Patricia Kisling, 1971.

#30 Data appendix for the Reese River Ecological Project, by David H. Thomas, 1971.

$2;00

$ 2. 2 5

$3.00

#31 New River ethnozoology and archaeology, by Joseph L. Chartkoff and Laurie Jan Kona,1969$2.75

#3 2

#33

#34

#35

#36

Archaeological investigations at the William B. Ide Adobe, Red Bluff, California, by Adan E. Treganza, 1957.

Preliminary report on archaeological survey work done in the Oroville Reservoir Area, 1966. by Joseph L. Chartkoff and Eric W. Ritter, 1966.

A framework for interoretation of fish remains recovered from archaeolooical sites of the Santa Barbara Channel Region, by Stephen P. Horne, 1972. · -

Nibbled Rock Ridge: a prehistoric milling station in the Jurupa Mountains, River.side County, California, by Thomas F. King, 1972.

Distribution of cultural material at archaeological sites 4-Mrn-216 and 4-Mrn-298E: Maps to accompany Chapter V, Paper #6, A.E. Treganza Anthropology Museum, California State University, San Francisco, prepared by Ronald N. Melander and compiled by Thomas F. King, 1973.

#37 Archaeological reconnaissance of Camp Whitsett, Sequoia National Forest, California, by Calvin H. Jennings, 1972

#38 A deeply buried aboriginal skeleton from the U.S. Army Presidio, San Francisco, California, by Roger Heglar and.Michael J. Moratto, 1973.

#39 Survey of archaeological resources in the Modoc and Shasta-Trinity National Forests, California, by Steven J. Fox and Donald L. Hardesty, 1972.

#40 Archaeological reconnaissance of lands in the vicinity of the Corte Madera Valley, Descanso District, Cleveland National Forest, by Margaret L. Weide, 1973.

#41 An archaeological investigation of the Eagle Theater in Old Sacramento, California, by William E. Pritchard, 1972.

#42 Preliminary Report: Historical and architectural research: South Lake Tahoe Estates, by John Townley, 1973.

#43 SL0-463: a food processing site in Los Osos Valley, San Luis Obispo County, California, by Robert L. Hoover, 1973.

#44 Patton Mill Pasture: an archaeological investigation trehama County], by Thomas F. King, 1973.

#45 Archaeological reconnaissance, Renner Land Exchange and Cuppy Cave: Part !--Renner Land Exchange (Modoc County], by Richard E. Hughes, 1973.

#46 Archaeological reconnai.ssance, Renner Land Exchange and £uppy Cave: Part II--test excavation of Cuppy Cave, Modoc National Forest, Northeast California, by Richard E. Hughes, 1973.

#47 An archaeological survey of the Badger Flat Timber Sale, Sierra National Forest, by Payson D. Sheets, 1973.

#48 The archaeological resources of the New River [Trinity County], by Joseph L. Chartkoff, Kerry K. Chartkoff and Lauies J. Kona, 1967.

#49 Archaeological reconnaissance in the Camp Potwisha Vicinity, Sequoia National Park, California, by Calvin H. Jennings, 1973.

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$1. 75

$3. 50

$1.50

$2.10

$1. 2 5

'$1. 3 5

$0.70

$4.20

$1. 75

$6.50

$2.00

$1. 50

$1. 2 5

$1. 10

$2.90

$1. 30

$3. 20

$1. 65

1150 Preliminary report on the archaeological investigation of Pinnacle Point Cave, TuoltJmne • County, California, by Louis A. Payen, 1964. $1.80

#51 The Mastin site: a preliminary report on Lake County Salvage Operations, by Ron King and Gary Berg, 1973.

1152 A descriptive report and introductory appraisal of archaeological resources, Trabuco District, Cleveland National Forest, California, by Clyde E. Kuhn, 1971.

#53 Archaeological impact evaluation, Road No. 20n03, Mendocino National Forest, Lake County, California, by Thomas F. King, 1971.

1154 An archaeological survey of the Quail Timber Sale, Sierra National Forest, by Payson D.

$0.90

$0. 6 5

$1.20

Sheets, 1973. $1.20

1155 Some models for the history of American Archaeology, by James P. Barker, 1973.

156 An intensive archaeological reconnaissance of Site FS-05-17-57-33 (Nevada County, CaliforniaJ, by Gail Townsend and Robert Elston, 1974.

#57 The boundaries of the Jaeger Site: Mechanized subsurface exploration of 4-Nap 7, an archaeological site in the Napa Valley of California, by Thomas F. King, 1974.

#58 The historic component of the Finch Site (Butte County, California), by Joseph L. Chartkoff. 1972.

#59 Report on the Hartnell-Cabrillo Colleges' November 1972 archaeological field

$1.20

$2.40

$0.85

$1. 90

reconnaissance by the Nacimiento River, Monterey County, by Robert L. Edwards, 1973.$3.00

#60m An archaeological survey of the Aboriginal and Early Historic Sites of Lassen Volcanic Park, California, by Adan E. Treganza, 1963.

#61 Prehistoric anthropometric & burial data from the Santa Barbara Channel Region, California, by Robert Hoover and Todd R. Olson, 1973.

1162 Archaeological notes on a Chumash House floor at Morro Bay [San Luis Obispo County, California], by John S. Clemmer, 1962.

#63 Archaeological and osteological notes on the "Vina Massacre" Site (Ca-Teh-676), Tehama County, California, by Peter D. Schulz, 1974.

#64 Fish remains from the Burrell Site (CA-Mod-293), Modoc County, California, by Peter D. Schulz, 1974.

#65 Variability among Milling Tool Industries in the Northern Sacramento Valley, California, by Joseph L. Chartkoff, 1974.

#66 Report on the salvage excavation of Ca-LAn-493 and Ca LAn-645, located in the.Van Norman Reservoir Complex, City of Los Angeles, by Gerald R. Gates, 1974.

#67 A distributional index of Gunther Barbed projectile points, by Peter D. Schulz and Thomas L. Jackson, 1975.

#68 The archaeology of the Middle Fork American River Project, Placer County, California, by Frank E. Rackerby, 1965.

#69 Archaeological salvage excavations at 4-LAn-306 (known as Puvunga), Summer, 1973, by Jack L. Zahniser.

#70 Osteological analysis of an historical burial at Fort Ross, California, by Peter D. Schulz, 1972.

$3.00

$2.75

$5.60

$0.55

$0.20

$1. 50

$7.20

$1. 00

$4.80

$3.75

$0. 40

#71 The development of political archaeology in California: some comments on the organizing of the Society for California Archaeology, by Joseph L. Chartkoff, 1972.$0.40

#72 The evolution of research paradigms in California Archaeology, by Joseph L. Chartkoff, 1972. $0.40

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Research Reports • THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HORSE FLATS--A BRIEF REPORT

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ON THE SYSTEMATIC TESTING OF SITES LAn-474A AND LAn-474S

-BY CLAY A. SINGER

LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION

The Horse Flats sites, LAn-474A and LAn-474B, are located on the west side of Limekiln Canyon in the Santa Susana Mountains overlooking the San Fernando Valley. Both deposits occupy small terraces above a perennial stream in the approximate center of an eroded anticline known as Horse Flats. The Aliso Canyon Oil Fields are located about one mile north of Horse Flats and about half of the original "flats" has been converted into Porter Ranch, a suburb of the City of Los Angeles.

ENVIRONMENT--PAST AND PRESENT

At the present time, the dominant plants are non-native grasses and other annuals, However, this is essentially the result of recent fires, over­grazing and deliberate land clearing. Many native species persist in the canyons and hilly areas, including oaks, willows, walnut trees, yucca and sage. There is every indication that the area was formerly covered with grasses and sage and may have had a small lake or swamp just northwest of the archaeological sites. The region is also seismically active--the two deposits are on opposite sides of the Santa Susana Thrust Fault--and it is this instability that accounts, in part, for the presence of the sites and the "flats".

PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY

Evidence of prehistoric human occupation in the San Fernando Valley is quite abundant and presently indicates that groups of people established small villages on knolls or other well-drained spots near streams during the Early Holocene, somewhere around 7,000 to 9,000 years ago. They lived on wild game and various seeds, nuts, berries, roots and other plant products. Villages were few and far between. This lifestyle persisted in the inland southern regions of California until perhaps 1500 B.C., at which time the archaeological record shows a distinct change in social and economic inter­action within and between populations. Another series of changes which took place around 500 A.O. brought about additional sociopolitical and techno­economic variation in local cultural systems. Shortly after the arrival of European colonists, the aboriginal population was decimated by epidemic diseases and the Valley was converted into grazing land and small farms. In the 20th Century, the Valley has

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contained large and small agricultural enterprises, exclusive ranches, and is now an important suburban center.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES LAn-474A AND 474B

The two deposits known as the Horse Flats Sites, LAn:..474A and 474B, contain archaeological materials from all of the above Holocene occupations. Five different components are represented at the two sites: Early (Millingstone) Horizon, Early Middle Horizon, Later Middle Horizon, Late Horizon and Historic Period (both early and modern). llotn sites manifest vertical as well as horizontal stratification, and both contain habitation debris, man-made features and human burials. Some damage has been done to both deposits but the major portions of each are still undisturbed.

TEST EXCAVATIONS--1977 AND 1978

Limited test excavations were carried out at both sites in 1977 and again in 1978. The initial sample (16 test units, 1 x 1 m.) failed to detect the deeply buried (earlier) components at the sites due to the sampling strategy employed. These older components were detected and mapped, but not system­atically sampled, during the 1978 excava­tions. At the higher, older site {474A) the deposits range in thickness from less than two feet to more than six feet, not including the recent (roadcut) overburden. Deposits at the lower site(474B) appear to be somewhat more restricted and may ~ot exceed four feet in most areas. The lo-wer components at both sites are virtually · intact; the upper components are disturbed (displaced or mixed). Thirteen test units (2 x 2 m.) were excavated at each site in 1978.

CONTENTS OF THE DEPOSITS

The combined materials from the two tests represent less than 5% of the archaeological deposits. All materials were recovered by hand excavation methods using 1/8 inch mesh screens; some additional materials were recovered from peripheral trenches and surface collections. Nearly ten thousand artifacts, and a 1 esser number of ecofacts, have been cata-1 ogued and analyzed .so far. The inventory includes a wide variety of stone tools and manufacturing debris, a few weapons and a few bone tools, ornaments of bone, stone and shell, exotic stones and ancient fossils, burned stones and features, and at least one intact prehistoric cemetery. The historic material includes iron nails {square and round) and early glass (includinq glass projectile points).

(ARCHAEOLOGY OF HORSE FLATS, contin~ed)

Gross ecofactual material is scarce but micro recovery techniques have not been attempted; only small amounts of bone, shell and carbonized organics have been found.

ANALYSIS OF TEST DATA

Preliminary analyses of the lithic artifacts, beads and ornaments and mortu­ary data clearly indicate that both sites were early villages, and that the ~ower site (474B) eventually became a Late Horizon campsite: The cemetery at 474B seems to ~ave been established during the Later Middle Hor4zon and used throughout the La t e Hori z ()n. B u t 1: he _() v e ra l l p ()Jl u -l ati on arid fm~portance of Horse Flats seems to have declined, perhaps after peaking sometime during the Middle Horizon. Data from both sites shows a steady increase i n the s i z e o f t h·e i n t e r act i on s p h e re , with the two earliest components involved in an inland-based exchange network and the two later ones linked into the Chumash (coastal) economic system. There may be a ~orrelation between the loss of certain plants due to environmental change and the shift from only millingstones toward millingstones ·and mortars, that is, from hard seed processing to' hard and large seed processing. Only one fragment of a true stone vessel was r~covered from 474A ( a s u r face f i n d ) , yet t h e. r.e i s a bu n d an t evidence that either stone or wooden bowls and/or cantainers ~ere made and used at the site. A developed microblade industry has been identified at both sites and the limited samples show a high degree of intrasite and intersite patterning of artifactual and ecofactual materials.

AGE OF THE DEPOSITS

Archaeological material at both sites occurs within a geological deposit that has been incorrectly identified as Pleistocene in age. Artifacts have, in fact, been found in situ resting on the buried Miocene bedrock, but these are actually objects buried during post­Pleistocene times. The oldest material at these sites is estimated to be 7000 to 9000 years old, but most of the artifacts thus far recovered are from the later components, circa 3000 to 500 B.C. and 500 to 1800 A.O. Age estimates are based on typological analyses of beads and ornaments, lithic artifacts, and geological context.

THE CEMETERIES

Site LAn-474B contains an intact cemetery with cremations· and reburials of adults, sub-adults, and infant children. No intact burials were re­covered from the cemetery but more than 6 individuals are represented in the disturbed upper levels (O to 45 cm.) of the test unit which exposed 3 grave cairns. At least one cemetery at 474A was probably destroyed during construc­tion of the Sesnon Boulevard roadcut. 22

However, another is likely to exist in the still intact central part of this site. Remnants of the destroyed cemetery may still exist within the Sesnon roadcut backdirt.

THE SITES IN PERSPECT1VE

Three factors make the Horse Flats sites unique among archaeological sites and valuable as cultural· resources. The sites are strati­fied and contain an unbroken record of Holocene occupation and deposition. Fewer than 10 other Millingstone Horizon sites are known in all of Los Angeles County and all but Horse Flats are gone. Site 474A is the oldest known occupation site in the San Fernando Valley.

SI TE DAMAGE

An estimated 30% of the intact deposits have been destroyed by various agencies in the recent past. Excavation with heavy equipment of the Sesnon Boulevard roadcut in the mid-1960' s heavily damaged the older site, 474A. The northe~n portion nf the deposit was removed and redeposited on top of part of the remaining central area. Prior to cutting the road, the entire surface of the site was cleared of vegetation by bulldozers. Evidence of recent fires and extensive topographic modification by he~vy equipment is visible everywhere around the sites- graded and paved roads, deep cuts and ~raded hills and terraces. Outright destruction is less'evident at 474B although the disturbance is more severe. Two deep bulldozer cuts and a dirt road traverse the site and much of the eastern half shows vertical mixing of the deposit. Aside from the controlled ~xcavation samples (16 m.2 in 1977 and 104 m. in 1978), a series of hand­excavated and backhoe trenches were placed along the Sesnon roadcut and on the eastern and estern margins of 474A. No trenching was done at 474B. ·

POTENTIALS--LONG AND SHORT RANGE

To the Porter Ranch Development Co., the site locations represent potential home sites. Most Native Americans and local archaeologists feel that the sites should be preserved as intact as possible, and protected from further damage. Others believe that the sites can be adequately sampled and sufficient data·gathered to mitigate the destruction of the resource. The limited test samples have already provided many insights into the complex nature of the prehistory and early history of the area, and the sites' potentials for yielding signifi­cant data are great. Important paleoecological data present at both sites has the potential for aiding in the reconstruction of past environments and weather cycles as well.

POTENTIAL ADVERSE EFFECTS

All or parts of both 4esposits are scheduled to be destroyed in the near future by residential development. Some parts may remain undisturbed and be buried under con­struction fill, but their ultimate fate is undetermined. A paved street and underground sewer system, critical to the future develop­ment of the area west of the archaeological deposits, is now designed to pass along the southern and eastern edge of 474A and inter­sect with Sesnon Boulevard. As planned, the

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(ARCHAEOLOGY OF HORSE FLATS, continued)

street will necessitate the removal of less than 2% of the remaining intact deposit. Other proposals call for the removal of the · cultural deposit and construction of houses at 474A, and the preservation and burial of approximately 10% of the intact deposit at 474B (i.e., the cemetery area).

MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES

The various choices regarding the disposition of the two sites can be summed up as: 1) total preservation with no con­struction; 2) partial construction and partial preservation; or 3) full construc­tion with additional controlled sampling.

SUGGESTED MITIGATION MEASURES

The unique nature of these deposits obligates archaeologists to argue for immediate and total preservation, in conjunction with future studies and analyses. As long as adequate protective measures are taken, there is no logical reason to impede development of ~reas south and west of the deposits, but two thi~gs are of immediate concern: the Sesnon intersection street and sewer system, and Sesnon Boulevard. The streets and sewer system can probably be constructed with little damage to the deposit--further controlled excavation does not appear necessary. The several thousand cubic meters of material that forms the Sesnon roadcut backdirt (mixed geological and archaeological deposits) could be utilized as fill for the construc­tion of a protective rampart along the east side of 474A. Neither site should be buried or covered with more than a meter of material of any kind, and no heavy equipment should be used on (or driven across) the sites. When development begins, all grading and constructioh adjacent to the two deposits should be observed and recorded by a team of archaeologists. The site areas should be allowed to remain as open space after minimal surface modification and stabili­zation. The surface and subsurface limits of both deposits can be defined using data derived from the 1978 test. ·

LIMITS OF THE DEPOSIYS

Natural slopes define the southern limits of both deposits. The Sesnon road­cut now defines the northern limit of 474A and the western margin has been established at the location of Test Trench B. A very small area of intact cultural deposit may exist in an eastern quarter of the site but the effective eastern margin has been set just east of Test Trench A, about 200 feet from Trench B. The 474B deposit is surrounded on 3 sides by existing natural slopes (dropping off to the east, south and west) and by another higher terrace to the north. This terrace has been tested and contains no cultural.deposits. No other archaeo1og1ca1 materials or sites have thus far been located in the Horse Flats area · immediately west of the LAn-474 deposits.

(213) 392-4723)

CLAY A. SINGER 10/1/78 830'2 Bay Street Santa Mani ca, CA 90405 23

CORPS OF ENGINEERS CRM CONTRACT

The Corps of Engineers, San Francisco District, anticipates advertising for a one-year contract for the performance of various cultural resource services in Northwestern California, San Luis Obispo to Del Norte counties.

The following q~alifications are being considered as criteria for eligibility for the contra_ct:

a) Firm must qualify as a 100% small business set-asfde.

b) In-house or through association r_e~.E!a_rc:h_caR~bilities include, but are not limited to: archaeology (historic and prehistoric), architectural history ethnography, history; and ethnohistory.' Capability in these areas must be docu­mented through appropriate academic degrees, and authorship of comparable monographs, articles, or reports.

c) Fi rm mus t have w i th i n i ts own s ta ff an archaeologist holding a Master's degree, and at least 2 years of full-time, non-academic experience in cultural resource management. That archaeologist must have some demonstrable past working relations with historians, architectural historians, ethnographers, and Native Jlmeri cans.

d) Level expertise of principal investi­gator will vary from Master's degree to Ph.D., or equivalent, plus experience. A principal investigator and/or director will familiar with evaluating cultural resources i~ ter~s of their National Register of H1stor1c.Places eligibility, and the preparation of both requests for determina­tions of eligibility as well as the nomination forms themselves.

e) Firm must be familiar with the geographic area.

Parties wishing to be notified of official advertising of the contract and of final eligibility criteria should send their names and addresses no later than January 2, 1979, to:

Secretary, Selection Board U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 211 Main Street San Francisco, CA 94105.

JOHN M. ADSIT, Col., District Engr. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 11/14/78

SCA NEWS CHICO HAS REPORT BIBLIOGRAPHY AVAILABLE

Keith Johnson, S.CA :UistrLc.t,02 , Cl~arin9house Coordinator, has a list of reports on fila. at the Clearinghouse. For «.lis.t·· or in.formation, write th.e SCA Clearinghouse, Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico, CA 95929.

MINUTES OF EXECUT-1 VE BOARD) JULY 29) 1978

(FULLERTON, 1:00 P.M.)

Members Present: Paul Chace, Ch.este.r-Ktng, Jay Hatley (Proxy fo~ Russ Kaldenberg), · Jane Gothold,· Ron May, Lori Haney; ·Standing Committee and Genera 1 Members: Jim Muche, Mary Brown, Connie Cameron, Lewis Tadlock, Keith -Oixon.

Paul Chace began the meeting at 1 :15 P.M., stating that the minutes of the last meeting could not be adopted since he and Ron May had not edited them and none were avail~ble. We would adopt them at the next meeting. Ron May asked Paul Chace if he should send the minutes out to all the members in the future and skip thi~ step of Chace editing them. Paul responded in the affirmative and said just to se~d them out to the Executive Committee.

Paul Chace· then asked Ron May if there warer- special Business Office expenses to be taken care of;· May responded no. Lori Hanfy,said she thought she could take care of any needs and problems.

Paul then announced that the next business meeting would be in San Bernardino at the October 7, 1978, SCA Data Sharing Meeting.

Paul Chace then moved to the subject of Committee Roles and suggested that Chuck James chair a committee to define them for the future. Ron May made th~ formal motion and Jane Gothold made the second. Unanimous.

Pa u 1 Ch ace r a i s e d the proposed R i v er s i de Open Space Easement which would be granted to the SCA. He summarized a letter from John Jameson, County.Archaeologist; Riverside County, 7/5/78. The landowner would have to seek approval from the SCA to excavate, trample, or build upon the easement. Mary Brown said that Jameson wants the SCA to agree in pri nci pl e and authorize Paul Chace to sign the easements. She added that Jameson is very anxious to get these ease­ments. Ron May then moved to authorize Paul Chace 'i.n princtple to this concept and in particular 'to this lot split. He was also authorized to sfgrt the paperwork on this project in Riversfde: Jane Gothold seconded the mdtian. Vote: unanimous.

Paul Chace then took up the issue of the

then pointed out that we ought to include the marine archaeology category. Several changes in Jim Muche's s~ggested qualifi- · cations are as follows: 1) change marine to "underwater"; 2) ethics are in the Di~ectory and membership forms; 3) delete the "degree" in archaeology, as there are none; 4) archaeology/surveyor should be knowledgeallle in fHld.tecf,rHqties. ·J1:r.. Muche argued against remote sensing, as it has ·little bearing in California archae­ology. Chace suggested the ~ording be changed to "knowledge of the theory of ... "

Paul stated t"hat he wanted this in the August 31, 1978, issue of the Directory. Lewis Tadlock que~tioned the difference between terrestrial and marine archaeology. aside from the use of scuba. There were several interchanges between Chace, May and Muche.

Paul C~ace asked Muche for ways to review the applications, since most of us will not be "qualified". Muche suggested Charles Rozaire. Paul then queried if we need an "Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology"? Muche further suggested J.B. Arnold. Ron May suggested a "Blue Ribbon Committee": Charles Rozaire, Travis Hudson, and Arnold. Muche countered that these people would then only say that a Master Diver would qualify. Chace urged the Executive Committee to hammer out the differences and try to get it in the August 31, 1978, Di rectory (Ed. note: deadline has been changed to Dec. 31st).

Paul then brought up the problem Riverside may have in the near future if it loses the County Archaeologist, which is slated for deletion in this year's budget hearings. Mary Brown stressed that there will be no archaeology if the position is deleted. She said that the new planning director is convinced that John Jameson is not neutral enough and is asking the Board of Supervisors to delete the position. Mary said the Agua Caliente Band of Indians sent a letter. Ron May then said that we (SCA) need to demonstrate to the Board of Supervisors that there is a strong public base to this concern.

Paul Chace brought up the legal suit SCA v. Plumas. Mary Brown questioned whether or not the site was on the property in question. Paul said that the site was indeed on the property and that. further the jurisdiction knowingly gave it a Negative Deel aration. Paul said that we will be taking a stand on this case.

Chester King raised the point that Mission Santa Cruz is being bulldozed, but that when brought to the developers' attention, it wi 11 be preserved. King said that the developers will cap it and build on it. '

Directory and Jim Rock reported (in absentia) Paul then raised the City of San Jose there were 33 applications with 32 piid. The case, in which the California Indian Legal address for Rdck is Klamath National Forest, Services is suing both San Jose and the 1215 South Main, Yreka, CA 96097. Paul Chace

24county of Santa Clara because they issued

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(JULY 29 EXECUTIVE BOARD MINUTES, cont.)

a Negative Declaration on a grading permit on a village site. King said the Attorney General might join the suit. Jane Goth~ld asked if SCA authorized funds for the fight and Paul Chace said it is in the last minutes. Chester King said he would get in touch with her on the details.

Jay Hatley then led into the Los Compadres suit by the San Diego County Archaeological Society. SDCAS via Hatley requested amicus curiae (friends of the plaintiff) on the case to the State Supreme Court. He noted that the Sierra Club joined the suit, as has the Attorney General. He contended that "footnote 3" must be deleted, as it gives license to grading sites. Ron May moved that the SCA join in this capacity, at no cost to the Society beyond basic filing costs, and Jane Gothold seconded. Vote: unanimous.

Paul Chace then noted that SB 2699 (PL 93-291), the Moss-Bennett Act, needs our support. We must send a letter to Congressman Burton.

Paul suggested that we send a letter to Barry Keene regarding AB 817, as we have not been given updated information for review. Chester King said that the original bill was to amend "trespass" rules and that Keene changed it. Basically, the Indians are opposed to the removal of any burials. Paul then referred to his June 15 1978, letter from the SCA to all Ex~cutive Board members urging against its current form. Ron May_asked an open question as to who is behind this new form? Chester King said he did not know. Ron May suggested that the Archaeological Resource Management Society lobbyist be contacted to find out what the status of the bill is.

Lewis Tadlock raised the question of who has the rights to 20,000 year old remains. He voices the opinion that Native Americans might not be direct descendants and that Constitutional citizens of the hJ eited States have a shared heritage, by r i gh t.

Chester King said he was upset by Chace's letter on AB 817 and he raised the question as to "when" can we place a cut-off for a culture's heritage--100, 200, 500, ... ? There was a round of disagreement among the people in attendance on this issue. Some said that the people in Sacramento-­archaeologists and Native American lobbyists--are not aware of, or. responsive to to, the values of ~thers and their respective areas of the state. An~ther argued that the Natiwe Americans should not force us to submit to their value systems. Chester then argued that they should ~ave some say in what happens. Paul called a point of order and changed the subject.

Chester King mo~ed to support AB 817. This died due to lack of a second.

Ron May suggested that SCA contact the ARMS lobbyist and ask him to investigate

25

the the status of AB 817 and who is behind these rapid changes and then report it to the SCA Executive Committee. Paul then attempted to cut off the lengthy discussion. Jim Muche added that only a lobbyist with a lot of clout could get the necessary information.

Paul Chace then called for the question. Ron May moved and Jane Gothold seconded to spend $50.00 on the ARMS lobbyist to investigate and report on AB 817. Chester King commented that objection to AB 817 is counter.to preservation. Vote: unanimous.

Paul Chace then turned to the subject of AB 3007. He urged that both archaeologists and Native Americans ought to move together. He suggested that we urge the Native American Heritage Commission to expahd its membership to include 3 archaeologists and 2 museologists. Ron May suggested that the 5 need only be present at hearings of "collection-transfer hearingsr,·whith ~re vaguely referred to in th~ bill~ .. and which Steve Rios said could be held to determine the capability of local reservations to care for the collections. Paul Chace then attempted to find a motioh. Jim Muche pointed out that political expediency and fairness are reasons that archaeologists' values ought to be heard. Mary Brown expressed opposition to adding 5 people to the Heritage Commission, but argued that perhaps assistants would be appropriate. Someone pointed out that page 5, part c, and then again on 7 and 8, are the lines which give the Heritage Commission the authority to conduct public hearings.

Ron May then moved that the President draft a letter to both Steve Rios and Barry Keene suggesting that specific wording be modified in AB 3007 to allow the Governor to seat 3 professional archaeologists and 2 museum specialists in an advisory capacity to the Native American Heritage Commission i.n the trans f e r o f arch a e o l o g i ca 1 co 1 1 e c -tions from non-Indian museums to local reservations. Jane Gothold seconded. Paul Chace then argued that he did not like it and the i s sue di e d for l a ck of a u nan i mo us vote.

Jay Hatley then commented that this will now appear that the SCA sees AB 3007 as "OK". since we took no action against it in its present form. Paul Chace said that no one should put words in our mouths. Jane Gothold questioned what will happen to Mission artifacts and Jim Muche pondered the fate of Spanish-Galleons. Paul Chace said that he would pursue this matter on his own, as a private citizen.

Paul then moved to Internships and Grants. Joe Winter was absent. Paul then raised the question of underwater interns at the State His&oric Preservation Office and suggested that California Tomorrow will pay 30% (12 weeks long) of a minimum $1800, but that we would need to raise 70%.

Ron May moved that we recommend an intern­ship program be initiated for an underwater archaeologist to be placed at SHPO. Jane Gothold seconded and the vote was unanimous.

(JULY 29 EXECUTIVE BOARD MINUTES, cont.)

Paul Chace and Jane Gothold then pondered the source of the funding. Ron May suggested that SCA contact consulting firms. Paul then directed J.im Muche to do that.

Paul then directed our attention to several geothermal worshops. Mr. Carl Strojam of the Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine asked SCA to direct and orient them as to our concerns. It was gener­ally agreed that SCA does not do EI Rs, but that we ought to send Strojam a letter indicating our concern. Paul then passed out the address for any present to follow up: Carl Strojam, 900 Veterans Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024. The same was said for the other project: Thomas M. Dodson, Environmental Protection Office, Naval Weapons Center, ChiRa Lake, CA 93555.

Ron May then raised the issue of funding at·calico, where the San Bernardino County Board of Supervisors might cut off funding of $15,000.00 to maintain a ranger at the site and museum. May moved and Gothold :seconded a motion that SCA write a letter urging them against that action.

Ron May then raised the topic of the discovery of footprints at Victor Valley and requested that the SCA send a letter urging protection of those prints. They have been dated to more than 4000 years old. May then made a mdtion to that effect and Gothold seconded it. Vote was unanimous.

Paul Chace then reviewed the I-15 issue, reporting that on June 15,"1978, the Council of Archaeology Societies met to discuss the incident. Chace's primary concern was destruction of the test collection by reburial. There was a heavy discussion around the table. Chace said he would attempt to work with the Luiseno Indians on the matter, but that national societies might take legal action to protect the remains.

Jane Gothbld then raised the issue of the Newlan~.House Restoration· Committee~ which will adversely affect Ora-183, which lies under the house. The landscaping plans will damage the site. The Capistrano Indians wish to preserve it by a topsoil covering, but the Pacific Coast Archaeol ogi ca 1 Society is afraid that this will not protect it from chemical action and underground utilities. An injunction might be sought by the PCAS, if better efforts are not made to protect the site.

Jim Muche then asked if he could act as a clearinghouse to gather information relevant to the concerns of the Marine Archaeology Committee. Paul Chace said that was OK with him.

At 5:55, Ron May moved to adjourn and Jane Gothold made the second. Vote: unanimous.

RON MAY, Secretary

26

r1INUTES OF EXECUTIVE BOARD; OCTOBER 6; 1978 (RIVERSIDE, 9:00 P.M.)

Present: Paul Chace, Russ Kaldenberg, Ron May, Jane Gothol d, Mike Macko (Proxy for Chester Ki n g) , Mary B r own , J i m Much e , John Er 1 an d s on , • and William Pink.

Paul Chace cal 1 ed the meeting to order and we approved the minutes from the May 13, 1978, meeting at San Jose. Kaldenberg moved and Gothold seconded. Vote: nanimous.

Then Paul Chace moved to the July 29, 1978, minutes and Jane Gothold read some changes. Ron May moved and Russ Kaldenberg seconded that they be approved. Vote was unanimous.

Jane Gothold then read the Tresurer's report. She summarized the balance.

Russ Kalden~~rg announced the Southern California Dat-a- Sharing Meetirig would -be at the San Bernardino County Museum.

Paul announced that the SCA Annual Meeting will be at San Luis Obispo (off campus) and that Dr. Bob Hoover wi 11 be in charge.

Internships Committee-_-no report .. Pc3.u1 then.moved on to Planning and Development and Kaldenberg added that he thought we had voted at Yosemite to publish it (f.Q.: Presumably the internship report by Clyde Kuhn). Paul Chace said that Winter has not edited the manuscript. Kaldenberg again pushed the point that we ought to publish it for all the membership. Paul said that he understood that Winter will be editing it. Ron May corrected with his memory that we were to publish it as it is. May suggested that we send it to Gary • Breschini and Paul then said that our publica-tion series is on "Method and Theory". Kaldenberg then suggested we send it off in the Newsletter. Paul Chace asked May to investigate and get back to him with c-0sts and alternatives.

Directorv--No report; Jim Rock was not present. (See later discussion under Marine Archaeology.

Paul then .moved to Winter's work on inves­tigating Native American interns under a grant program. William Pink expressed surprise and interest in this issue. Jim Muche asked about the underwater intern we had discussed at the July meeting. Paul said that although we adopted the idea of sending someone to SHPO "in principle", we have made no progress at this time. Paul Chace said we will go to California Tomorrow and they will make arrangements for us .. Chace added that we are still uncertain about funding on our end of the deal. Mike Macko asked about the Native American Internship, but Paul Chace reminded him that we have no report from Joe Winter at this time.

Chace then moved to the Underwater Archaeology report. After some discussion, Ron May moved and Jane Gothold seconded to adopt the requirements, as Muche suggested, for the Directory. Chace then discussed whether or not we are narrowing the field too much, but Muche gave several reasons why he did not think this was so. He added that we ought to see at least 100 applicants from California alone. •

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(OCTOBER 6 EXECUTIVE BOARD MINUTES, cont.)

The question was raised regarding the deadline for application to the Directory. There was much discussion as to extending the deadline. Ron May and Russ Kaldenberg argued at length for extending the already closed deadline until December 31, 1978, and for all categories. The first motion was voted on unanimously. Then ·May moved for December 31, 1978 for all applications and Mike Macko seconded. Vote: Unanimous. Kaldenberg moved that it should be in print and available by the next SCA Annual Meeting. Vote was unanimous. Russ Kaldenberg moved that the Executive Board review all applications prior to publica­tion. May seconded; vote was unanimous.

Underwater Committee: Paul Chace sought names for the "Blue Ribbon Committee" to review the applications. The names dis­cussed are not placed in the minutes so that we may insure anonymity in the review of the applications. Jim Muche said he would get Chace a list in the next few days. Chace would like a list of 10 names. May moved and Macko seconded that the list be brought to the next meeting for confir­m at i on ·' .Vote was u nan i mo l1S ·-

Then. th·ere was much. discussion· over the "Ethics Guidelines" but nothing was resolvRd due to conflicts between certain demands and constitutional ri·gh1s. Chace suggested that a third draft be brought to the No~ember meeting.

Nominations Committee--No report. Paul then moved to the issue of the Publication .which Breschini says is ready. There was general agreement to send copies to all members. Kaldenberg formal­ized the motion, Gothold seconded, and the vote was unanimous. Paul then announced that Breschini still solicits articles on the subject of "an overview of California prehistory".

Kaldenburg discussed the work of the Military Review Committee, which has focused upon Fort Irwin. He expressed anger that the entire 846 ;square-mi le a~ea was only given a 5-page discussion He says that they will destroy many sites as they propose a National Training Center for war games. He ·is very concerned about the conflict of interest of the District Cleari.nghous.e .. The DC cannot review reports which they themselves have written, so there will be no reviews. Therefore he wants authority. to review on the matter. Paul Chace told Russ to write a letter reviewing the situation.

The subdect then changed to Mary Brown's Leg~l Affairs Committee and the problems in Riverside. Ron May offered advice that she ought to research ·Meyers v. the County of Santa Cla~a. in ihich the courts ruled that even 5-acr~ lot splits need equal review for CEQA considerations. He asked her to write a letter to the City of San Diego which underscores their duty to 5~acre and smaller lots.

27

Legislation--Paul Chace then moved to inform everyone of the progress of the "Onlnibus ... Parks Bifl ". HR 12536 .' He urged that letters be sent out to Rep. Burton to encourage SB 2699. Paul Chace then announced that State SB 817 died on the floor, but that we ought to work with the Native 'American community this year for a new draft that most certainly will come. However, William Pink noted that is is not likely to be revived. He thought it would come back in a form more similar to AB 3007.

Legal suits--Paul Chace then said that neither the San Jose nor the Plumas County suit , was filed as yet. The"SCA joined the San Diego County Archaeology Society as Amicus curiae in the Los Compadres suit, but the Supreme Court decided not to hear the case.

I-15 controversy --Paul then informed us that the Advisory Council on Historic Preserva­tion and SHPO signed an agreement to place 70 feet of fill over the site at Moosa Canyon and bury all the collections from the test excavations. Carl Chapman wrote the Advisory Council that civil war may be the only recourse to protect the collection from being destroyed by reburial. William Pink expressed surprise that the "collection" has not yet been buried. However, May explained that the material associated with the Eagle Ceremony was buried last year. The material now in question is a 11 the a rt i facts , marine she 11 , carbon , pollens, and soi samples from all over the site. (This site was several acres in size and the ceremonial area was/is very limited.) Paul Chace said that this is the focus of the problem: to save the collection from destruc­tion. May contended that it is a matter of ethical responsibility not to just stand by and allow scientific collections to be destroyed. He asked, "What if future LuiseWo people regreeted this loss of their historical heritage?"

Paul moved on to the Victor Valley Waste Water Recovery Plant, where 4000 year-old human footprints were found. Kaldenberg stated that there is no excavation now and VVWWRP is evaluating what to do next. William Pink advised them to protect the whole site in the beginning and now feels that discovery of the footprints supports his recommendations.

Calico site--Paul pointed out that there was a letter campaign to urge the San Bernardino County Board of Supervisors to restore funding to protect the site. May noted that the Pacific Coast Archaeological Society and Chris Hardacker expended much effort in this drive. Kaldenberg reported that the Bureau of Land Management had saved the day by taking over the funding and that the County found $3000 to assist in the trans­ition. This was a direct result of Prop. 13.

New Business: Mike Macko brought up the Point Conception LNG issue. Macko contended that the utilities firm bro_ught in out-of-state archaeologists from Salt Lake City who violated SCA ethics of not contacting and considering the conerns of the Chumash. This is a direct violation of SCA ethics, but of course non-members are not really bound by our ethics. Macko said that the program is good,. but it does not involve the Chumash. (CONT, p,16)

SOCIETY FOR CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGY Department of Anthropology California State University Fullerton, CA 92634

News: General .... Riverside County . San Diego County . Los Angeles County Kern County .. . Bay Area ... .

Data Sharing Meetings. Research Report .... Opinions & Commentary. Historic Archaeology . Avoca ti ona 1. ..... . SCA News ...... .

Nominations .... . Directory Applic'ns. Method & Theory .. . Schenk Archives .. . Minutes ...... . Data Sharing Mtgs .. Officers/Membership.

Pages 1-3, 8. 3-5 15-16 21-23 15 -16 7-8 9-10' 14 21-23 6 -7 11-13 15-16 24-2 7 1 1 1 18-20 24-27' 16 9-10 ,14 1 7

NON-PROFIT ORG, U.S. POSTAGE

PAID Permit No. 31 CAMPBELL'· CA •

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