SOCIETY ANDCULTURE

PRESENTED BY SHELLA ELGARICO AND EUNICE DULALIA

ESSENTIAL THEMESCUL-1.0: Explain how religious groups and ideas have affected American society and political life

CUL-2.0: Explain how artistic, philosophical, and scientific ideas have developed and shaped society and institutions.

CUL-3.0: Explain how ideas about women’s rights and gender roles have affected society and politics.

CUL-4.0: Explain how different group identities, including racial, ethnic, class, and regional identities, have emerged and changed over time.

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PAST PROMPTSExplain how religious ideas and values held by the British American colonists influenced the political, economic, and social development from 1607 to 1700 (2010).Compare and contrast the ways that social and political tensions in colonial society between colonizers and other groups reflected conflict in the period from 1607-1754 (2003)Evaluate the extent to which the American Revolution changed the political, economic, and social aspects of American society from 1775 to 1800 (2006).Evaluate the extent to which the role of women maintained continuity as well as fostered change in economic, political, and social arenas between 1790 and 1860 (2009).Evaluate the legal, religious, and economic factors which led to the defense of the institution of slavery (1995).

PERIOD ONE & TWO.1491-1754

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CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS✗ Voyages were inspired by his conviction

that he was fulfilling a divine mission✗ “God made me the messenger of

the new heaven and the new earth”

✗ Similar combination of worldly and religious passions lay behind many subsequent efforts at exploration and settlement of the New World

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EFFECTS ON NATIVE POPULATION✗ Exposure to infections decimated 95 percent✗ Conquistadors’ deliberate policy of subjugation

and extermination✗ Introduced new domestic livestock, new crops,

and new agricultural techniques✗ Complex racial hierarchy

✗ Spanish at the top and natives at the bottom

✗ Labor systems

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NEW ENGLAND✗ Puritans moved to the Americas to escape the

religious persecutions under King James I of England✗ Centered around congregational churches

✗ William Bradford (Plymouth), John Winthrop (Massachusetts Bay , Roger Williams later joined by Anne Hutchinson (Rhode Island)

✗ Religious beliefs included Calvinism, the nature of good and wicked life, laws of governance based on the laws of the bible, rigid Church structure (very communal)

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SALEM WITCH TRIALS✗ Widespread belief in supernatural and

devil’s practice of violent power to certain humans in return for loyalty✗ Fueled by residents’ suspicions

of and resentment toward their neighbors

✗ Bridget Bishop and 18 others were accused and hung

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WOMEN & FAMILIES IN NEW ENGLAND

✗ Sex ratio was reasonably balanced✗ Northern children were more likely to survive✗ Cast in independent roles less often and had less

choice of who to marry✗ High value on Puritan family

✗ Principal economic and religious unit✗ Women were expected to be submissive and modest

✗ Prudence, Patience, Chastity, Comfort, Charity

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MIDDLE COLONIES✗ Quakers dominated this region, along with the

Presbyterian Church, Jews, and Mennonites✗ Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn as a

“Holy Experiment”✗ Clashed often with Puritans

✗ QUAKER BELIEFS✗ Pacifism, equality within gender and race, “inner

light” guides individual to salvation, and minimal Church structure

✗ PRESBYTERIAN BELIEFS✗ Calvinism, tolerant of other religions, and salvation

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CHESAPEAKE & SOUTHERN COLONIES✗ Dominated by Catholics and Anglicans scattered

in Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and other southern colonies

✗ CATHOLIC BELIEFS✗ Strict hierarchy, women had few rights, and

salvation is earned through good works. Faith, and loyalty

✗ ANGLICAN BELIEFS✗ Divine Right of Kings and many continuation

of Catholic traditions

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WOMEN & FAMILIES IN CHESAPEAKE

✗ High mortality rates✗ Average bride was three to four years younger than

the norm in England✗ Could choose who they wanted to marry✗ Often outlived their counterparts

✗ Traditional male-centered family structure of England was hard to maintain

✗ Anticipated life of childbearing✗ Widows were widespread

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THE FIRST GREAT AWAKENING✗ A series of emotional religious revivals

that spread across the colonies✗ Jonathan Edwards was the chief

father and became most prominent for “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

✗ Congregational Church was the largest✗ Presbyterian Church split between “Old

Lights” and “New Lights”

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PERIOD THREE.1754-1800

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COMMON SENSE✗ Written by Thomas Paine who

became a Revolutionary propagandist

✗ Blamed the constitution itself rather than the Parliament or particular ministers

✗ Encouraged breaking off from a corrupt government

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AFRICAN AMERICANS DURING REVOLUTION

✗ Found increase exposure in concepts of liberty✗ Resulted in open resistance to white control

✗ Produced some eloquent efforts by black writers to articulate its lessons for the people

✗ Slave owners feared that revolutionary ideas would prompt slaves to revolt against them✗ Refused to emancipate slaves

✗ Enslaved and free black African Americans created communities and strategies to protect their dignity, family structures, and culture

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WOMEN DURING REVOLUTION

✗ Wives, mothers, sisters, and daughters were left in charge of farms and businesses

✗ Some went to war along with men✗ Improved army morale and performed

necessary tasks ✗ Some became involved in combat

✗ Molly Pitcher✗ Brought the question of and call for women’s rights

✗ Few supported this cause at the time

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RISE OF CULTURAL NATIONALISM

✗ Dreamed of an American literary and artistic life that would rival England

✗ “Poem on the Rising Glory of America”✗ Predicted that America was destined to

become the “seat of empire”✗ Geography Made Easy (1784)

✗ Written by Jedidiah Morse✗ Argued that the country must have its own

textbooks✗ Noah Webster and his ideas of patriotism

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RELIGIOUS SKEPTICISM

✗ New “rational” theologies reflected modern, scientific attitudes ✗ The Age of Reason by Thomas Paine

✗ Attacked religious superstitions and attracted wide readerships and discussion

✗ Deism, Unitarianism, and Universalism✗ Acceptance of God’s existence but had little

interference in human world✗ Salvation was available to all

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SECOND GREAT AWAKENING✗ Secularization of society and

perceived drop in moral values✗ Challenged Calvinism

✗ Saved through faith and actions rather than predestination

✗ Inspired many reform movements✗ Temperance, abolition, and

women’s movement

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PERIOD FOUR & FIVE1800-1877

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THE “ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS”✗ Reflected a sense of national purpose

and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of the War of 1812

✗ Monroe was elected without opposition✗ Federalist party dissolved

✗ Monroe’s Goodwill Tour✗ Greeted everywhere with

enthusiastic demonstrations✗ Columbian Centinel was a Federalist

paper that recognized this era

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NATIVISM✗ A defense of native-born

people and a hostility to foreign-born; desired to stop or slow immigration

✗ Secret societies began to emerge to oppose immigrants✗ Native American

Association and the Know-Nothings

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WOMEN AND THE “CULT OF DOMESTICITY”

✗ Women were denied many legal and political rights enjoyed by men✗ Husbands retained almost absolute authority

over both the property and persons of their wives

✗ Most women had less access to education than men✗ Became guardians of “domestic virtues”

✗ Entrusted with nurturing the young, companions and helpers to their husbands, and valued as consumers

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CULTURE OF SLAVERY

✗ Pidgin was retained some African words, but drew primarily from English

✗ Field workers often used songs to pass the time in the fields and some also created emotionally rich and politically challenging music for their religious services

✗ African American religion was more emotional than that of their white counterparts✗ Established own churches✗ Free blacks worshipped alongside slaves

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ROMANTIC PAINTINGS✗ Sought to portray some of the nation’s

wildest and most spectacular areas✗ Hudson River School

✗ Frederic Church, Thomas Cole, Thomas Doughty, and Asher Durand

✗ Painted the spectacular vistas of the rugged and unsettled Hudson Valley

✗ Depicted America as a nation of greater promise

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ROMANTIC LITERATURE✗ James Fenimore Cooper was known for

“Leatherstocking Tales”✗ Celebrated American landscape and the

ideal of an independent individual✗ Walt Whitman published Leaves of Grass

✗ celebration of democracy and individualism

✗ Herman Melville wrote Moby Dick which emphasized courage and individual will

✗ Edgar Allan Poe evoked images of individuals rising above narrow confines of intellect

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TRANSCENDENTALISTS✗ Reason was the individual’s innate capacity to

grasp beauty and truth through giving full expression to the instincts and emotions

✗ Ralph Waldo Emerson’ “Nature” (1836)✗ Individuals should work for a

communion with the natural world✗ Henry David Thoreau’s Walden (1854)

✗ Resist pressures to conform to society’s expectations and respond instead to instincts

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THE TEMPERANCE CRUSADE

✗ Excessive consumption of alcohol was widespread among all classes

✗ American Society for the Promotion of Temperance emerged in 1826 and Washington Temperance Society in 1840✗ Sought to use many techniques of revivalism in

preaching abstinence✗ Some attempted to ban wine and beer as well✗ Some demanded state legislation to restrict

sale and consumption of alcohol

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THE EMERGENCE OF FEMINISM

✗ Catherine Beecher, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Dorothea Dix, etc.

✗ Lack of rights concerning property, suffrage, and education✗ Sought to overcome inferior status by focusing

on women suffrage✗ Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

✗ “Declaration of Sentiments” stated that women no less than men have certain inalienable rights

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THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT

✗ Caused by the dispute between white supremacy in the South and the idea of slavery as moral wrong✗ Sought emancipation through gradualism by

moderates and immediate by radicals✗ Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison,

Sojourner Truth, Harriet Beecher Stowe, etc.✗ Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) by Harriet Beecher Stowe

✗ Anti-slavery novel that portrayed good, kindly slaves victimized by a cruel system

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PERIOD SIX.(1865-1890)

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THE GILDED AGE✗ Produced new cultural and intellectual

movements✗ Many executed public reform efforts,✗ Political debates of the time period

eventually affected and demanded change of social policies

✗ Challenged the traditional social order of the United States

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ART OFREALISM✗ The paintings of this era were

simplified glimpses of the reality of the United States

✗ The diversity and crowdedness of urbanized areas were common themes

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SOCIAL DARWINISM✗ Competition is normal✗ Social classes based on

socioeconomic status✗ Government should not try

to eliminate class or poverty because it is natural

✗ Captains of Industry, upper class, “Forgotten Man” (middle class, tax payers, etc.)

SOCIOECONOMIC JUSTIFICATIONS

GOSPEL OF WEALTH✗ Christianity and American

Churches were significant in American society

✗ Churches should provide services to the poor and advocate for those in need

✗ “Kingdom of God” on earth✗ Manipulate evolution and

direct society to higher morality

✗ Cooperation is more important than competition

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VARIETY OF PERSPECTIVES

✗ The industrial workforce became more diverse because of internal and international migration, child labor increased

✗ The battle over working conditions and wages caused workers to organize labor unions, local and national, which established a group identity within the working class

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✗ Mechanized farming = poverty for farmers

✗ Inspired agrarian activists to take a political stance as one as the People’s (Populist)Party

✗ Omaha Platform✗ advocated for a silver standard,

a graduated income tax, direct election of U.S. senators, and ownership of railroads, telegraph, and telephone lines.

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PEOPLE’S PARTY

Stories of Horatio Algers Jr.

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THE THEME OF RAGS TO RICHES✗ A collection of of 270 dime novels✗ Featured rags-to-riches stories

✗ Described how down-and-out boys become rich and successful through hard work, honesty, and a little luck

✗ Social Darwinism

NATIVE AMERICAN DISPLACEMENT

✗ Native American displacement to reservations

✗ Decimation of the bison population✗ “Concentration” policy✗ Denied tribal sovereignty by violating pre

existing treaties with the Native Americans✗ Dawes Severalty Act of 1887✗ Many American Indians preserved their

cultures and tribal identities despite government policies promoting assimilation, and they attempted to develop self-sustaining economic practices.✗ Ghost dances

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ASSIMILATION AND AMERICANIZATION

✗ Many immigrants negotiated compromises between the cultures they brought and the culture they found in the United States.✗ Chinese Exclusion Act✗ Nativism

✗ The idea that foreigners were savages and/or were “dominating” the economy

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THE GROWING MIDDLE-CLASS✗ Political machines thrived

✗ Providing immigrants and the poor with social services

✗ Monopolies and Trusts plus patronage✗ Unequal distribution and access of

power✗ Corporations’ need for managers and clerical

workers as well as increased access to educational institutions✗ Fostered growth of middle class elites✗ Management system

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BUSINESS AND GOVERNMENT✗ Economic greed and self-interest had corrupted all levels of

government✗ Tariffs and currency issues

✗ Equal Suffrage✗ Many women sought greater equality with men, often

joining voluntary organizations, and going to college✗ Jane Addams - settlement houses to help

immigrants adapt to U.S. language and customs.

✗ Direct democracy with limitations✗ Supreme Court Case Plessy v. Ferguson

✗ Upheld racial segregation helped to mark the end of most of the social and political gains African Americans made during Reconstruction

✗ Facing increased violence, discrimination, and scientific theories of race, African American reformers continued to fight for political and social equality.

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THE HUDSON RIVER SCHOOL

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✗ Group of artists led by Thomas Cole✗ Painted landscapes emphasizing

America's natural beauty✗ America's 1st coherent school of

art

“A CENTURY OF DISHONOR”✗ Book written by Helen Hunt

Jackson✗ Raised public awareness

regarding the federal government’s long standing reputation of “cheating” the Native Americans

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PERIOD SEVEN.(1890-1945)

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THE PROGRESSIVE ERA✗ Response to political corruption, economic

instability, and social concerns✗ Called for government action and social

measures✗ Progressive era journalism

✗ Yellow journalism✗ Muckrakers✗ Attacked social injustices

✗ Social Gospel✗ Reformers often from the middle and upper classes

worked to effect social changes in a local level

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PROGRESSIVEAMENDMENTS

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✗ 17th Amendment✗ Popular election of United

States Senators✗ 18th Amendment

✗ Prohibition of intoxicating liquors

✗ 19th Amendment✗ Equal suffrage

THE JAZZ AGE✗ Post WWI Movement which caused the emergence

of Jazz music and dance✗ The rise of jazz coincided with the rise of radio

broadcast and recording technology, which spawned the popular “potter palm” shows that included big-band jazz performances.

✗ Young people of the 1920s were influenced by jazz to rebel against the traditional culture of previous generations

✗

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THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE

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✗ Considered a golden age in African American culture, manifesting in literature, music, stage performance and art.

✗ Key writers included Langston Hughes, Zora Hurston, Claude McKay, etc.

✗ Established a distinctive African American Culture

“The Influence of Sea Power Upon History”, 1890

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✗ Written by Capt. Alfred Mahan✗ argued that control of the

sea was the key to world dominance

✗ Promoted the growth of US naval power during the 19th century.

✗ A muckraking novel✗ Exposed the appalling conditions in

the Chicago meatpacking industry✗ Written by Upton Sinclair✗ Brought about the passage of the

Pure Food & Drug Act & Meat Inspection Act of 1906.

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“THE JUNGLE”

PERIOD EIGHT.(1945-1980)

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POSTWAR INNOVATIONS AN TECH✗ MEDICAL BREAKTHROUGHS

✗ Development of Antibiotics, Penicillin, and the Salk Vaccine

✗ DDT Pesticides✗ Harmless to humans but toxic to insects✗ Later found that it had long term effects on humans

and animals✗ The Television

✗ Enabled wide coverage of broadcast programming✗ Computer Technology

✗ Began to perform commercial functions✗ UNIVAC used to tape storage and perform

calculations

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BOMBS, ROCKETS, AND MISSILES

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✗ The Hydrogen Bomb✗ Different power source✗ Greater in impact

✗ Sputnik✗ First artificial Earth satellite, it was

launched by Moscow in 1957 ✗ Sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance

in technology and outer space✗ Led to the creation of NASA and the

space race✗ Apollo

✗ Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, and Michael Collins successfully traveled to the moon

THE CONSUMER CULTURE

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✗ Growing absorption of consumer goods from increasing…✗ Prosperity✗ Variation of products✗ Access to markets✗ Advertisement✗ Consumer credit

✗ Credit cards✗ Consumer Crazes

✗ “Trends” or pop culture✗ Walt Disney, hula hoop, etc.

AN ORGANIZED SOCIETY✗ American Educational system became more

focused on the “core” subjects✗ Increased importance for specialized

education and professionalism✗ “Multiversity”

✗ Commitment to making higher education a “training ground” for future professionals in a wide variety of fields

✗ Novels such as The Adventures of Augie March (1953) and many others expressed their view of the impersonality of modern society✗ Inability to finany are of society to feel

secured and committed

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THE BEATS AND THE RESTLESS CULTURE OF YOUTH✗ The Beat Generation’s Critiques

✗ “Beats” - Young poets, writers, and artists who critiqued the American bureaucracy✗ Wrote critiques of what they saw as the

conformity of American life, meaninglessness of politics, predictability of popular culture

✗ Novel On the Road (1957) by Jack Kerouac✗ A growing sense among young people of limitless

possibilities✗ Declining of power of traditional values (thrift,

discipline, and self-restraint)✗ Encouraged the youth to live or expect rich and

fulfilling lives

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YOUTH AND DELINQUENCY

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✗ “Juvenile delinquency”✗ Growing criminality of the

American youth✗ Blackboard Jungle

✗ Alienation✗ The popularity of James Dean

✗ Represented the youth of the time period

✗ Elvis Presley✗ An icon of popular culture✗ Rock ‘N’ Roll’s black roots

COUNTERCULTURE

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✗ Beatniks✗ Nonconformist's in the 1950's in NYC✗ Led by people such as writer Jack Kerouac and

poet Allen Ginsberg✗ Believed and encouraged individuality in an age of

conformity✗ Used drugs, wrote poetry, and rebelled: formed

mold from which hippies would come.✗ White middle-class youths, called HIPPIES

✗ New Left, against Vietnam War, turned back on America

✗ Believed in a society based on peace and love✗ rock'n'roll, colorful clothes, and the use of

drugs, lived in large groups✗ Yippies

✗ Youth International Party; anarchist party headed by Abbie Hoffman that opposed the Vietnam War & conformity; poured bags of dollars onto the New York Stock Exchange and carried pictures of LBJ upside down

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

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✗ A struggle for social justice that took place mainly during the 1950s and 1960s for blacks to gain equal rights under the law in the United States✗ Continued to endure the devastating

effects of racism, especially in the South✗ Jim Crow Laws✗ Martin Luther King, Jr.

✗ “I have a dream…”✗ Civil Rights Act of 1964

PERIOD NINE.(1980-PRESENT)

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THE NEW AMERICAN CULTURE

✗ Social and cultural changes provided the right to seize a position of authority in American life

✗ The increase in population in the Sunbelt region produced a strong opposition to the growth of government and resentment for regulations

✗ Sagebrush Rebellion - mobilized conservative opposition to environmental laws on development

✗ Suburban Conservatism - Most conservative communities in America were in suburbs for insulation of contact

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RELIGION

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✗ Growth of Evangelical Christianity✗ Common belief in personal

conversion✗ Evangelicals owned their own

newspapers, magazines, radio stations, etc.

✗ Formed a basis of commitment to racial justice✗ Alarmed by the spread of

immorality and disorder in American life

✗ Roe v. Wade

THE “NEW RIGHT”

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✗ A diverse powerful coalition✗ Conservatives usually found themselves better funded and

organized✗ Right-wing think tanks, consulting firms, lobbyists,

foundations, and schools✗ Ronald Reagan

✗ Reagan believed that government intruded too deeply into American life

✗ He wanted to cut programs he contended the country did not need, and to eliminate "waste, fraud, and abuse."

✗ Reagan also reflected the belief held by many conservatives that the law should be strictly applied against violators

THE WAR ON TERROR AND AL QAEDA

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✗ 9/11 during the Presidency of George W. Bush✗ George W. Bush declared a war

on terrorism✗ This led to attacking Iraq where

Saddam Hussein ruled so that they could stop them from building nuclear weapons

✗ Afghanistan War