social work journal skh august 201

CONTENTS

¸ÀªÀiÁdPÁAiÀÄðzÀ ºÉeÉÓUÀ¼ÀÄ DUÀ¸ïÖ 2011 3

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Dr. H. M. Marulasiddaiah Rtd,Prof, Deptt. of Social Work, B.U

Hanumantharayappa Ex. President R.R. Nagarasabhe

Dr. Prof.T.B.B.S.V. Ramanaiah Prof. Deptt. of Social Work, Mysore University

Mr . G.S. Lakshmiprasad Director, HRM Consultants

Dr. K. Hemalatha Faculty, Deptt. of Social Work, Christ University. Dr. T.S. Chandrashekara Faculty, Deptt. of Social Work, Kristu Jayanthi College.

Dr. John JohnsonSt. Philomena College, Puttur.

N.V. Vasudeva Sharma Director, Child Rights Trust.

M. A. Boratti Rtd. Principal, Basaveshwara College

Ram K Navaratna CEO, HR Resonance

T.F. Hadimani Chief illustrator, The Week Magazine

M.R. Sharma Sr. Manager, Compact India

NIRATANKA TEAM

M. H. Ramesha, MSW, PGDELT. Editor

N. Ponnaswamy,MSW

B. Anitha, MSW, PGDHRM

K. Venkatesh, MSW

U.S. Pradeep, BE

C.R. Prasanna, MA

R.T. Vyshali, MSW

H.C. Sridhar Reddy, MSW

H. Gangaraj, MBA

L. Nirmala, B.com

ACTIVE COMMITTEE

S. Venkatesh MurthyHOD, Deptt of Social Work, CMR College

C. ShashidharHOD, Deptt of Social Work, Acharya College

ManjunathaMJ Consultant

Shashikantha RaoLecturer, Govt First Grade College, Madhurgiri

G. GundappaFaculty, Deptt of Social Work, Kolar PG Centre

N.L. Anand Faculty, Deptt of Social Work, CMR College

Panduranga .R JadhavFaculty, Govt First Grade College, Mudalagi, Gokaka

V.T. Mohan Faculty, Hemadri College of Management Studies, Tumkur

CREATIVE GROUP

K.S. Ramesha, Avinash .V, Naveen M.V

R e g u l a r s

5

38

10

40

41

39

Letters

Research

Model NET Questions

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Glossary

»ÃUÀÆ GAmÉ?

Opportunities

Documentaries

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46

45

44

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Debate & Discussion 47

43 ¥ÀÄ¸ÀÛPÀ ¥ÀjZÀAiÀÄ

42 Seminars / Conferences

6 ¸ÁA¸ÀÌøwPÀ ªÀiË®åUÀ¼À ªÁºÀPÀ: PÀÄlÄA§ ªÀåªÀ¸ÉÜ

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22 Psycho Social Issues And Needs Of Family Care

Givers: A Failure Paradigm Of CBR, An Emerging Social

Problem

- J. Harini Christopher

29 Making Sense Of Specific Learning Disability

- A.P. Senthil Kumar

30 Bangalore Calling

- Arati Davis

32 Overview of Labour Law Compliance

-Ram K Navaratna

34 Rural Development Strategy Needed

- N V Krishnakumar

35 TISS turns 75, to archive its years of growing up

- Mihika Basu

36 D¢ªÀÄ ¨ÉlÖzÀ°è ºÀÄtÂÚªÉÄAiÀÄ ºÁqÀÄ: ¤gÁvÀAPÀ ¸ÀA¸ÉÜAiÀÄ

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My experience in Niratanka was good. I learnt many things in organisation. It was the memorable day in my life. I did the survey , attended the seminars, visited the NGOs and interacted with many scholars all are very useful to my professional development. Thanks to Niratanka for everything.

Nayana Summer Placement student,

St. Philominas Collage, Mysore............................................................

On the completion of my summer placement i would like to thank the organitions for all the help and guide. I have learnt many new things during my internshhoip programme at Niratanka. I have seen the documentaries, attended seminars, visited Adhima betta where t h e w o n d e r f u l c o m m u n i t y development programmes were carried out by Kotagaanahalli Ramaiah. all these experiences i got from Niratanka were comparatively very different from other organisation where i went for the fieldwork placement.

Jinju N George Summer Placement student,

St. Philominas Collage, Mysore.............................................................

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The venerable Dr. D. Veerendra Heggadeji is a personification of benevolence and altruism. The

'Dharmadhikari' of Dharmasthala is a leader, philanthropist, educationist, Social Reformer, and an emissary of art and culture. Veerendra Heggadeji’s first major act upon becoming Dharmadhikari was to realise his father’s dream by completing the carving and installation of the Bahubali statue at Dharmastala. In 1982, on the eve of his taking over of Dharmadhikara, Sri Heggade initiated a "Grameenaabhivruddhi Yojane" (Integrated Village-Welfare Program) which today spread to more than 11 districts. The program included such provisions as funding for poor farmers with agricultural credit, technical training for young people through the RUDSET Insti-tutes, Micro finance, Micro enterprise project, Jana Jagruthi Vedike, Sampoorna Suraksha, and many more. He also established the Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara (SDM) Education Society and Trust which manages more than 46 educa-tional institutions. Heggadeji has been a great sup-porter of preserving Tuluva culture and heritage. Ever since he has worked for the betterment of society, he has won renown and adoration for the simplicity of his nature and nobility of action. He has been a guardian figure and a last resort for many a suffering soul. His achievements in the field of EDUCATION, SOCIAL WELFARE, MEDICINE and ART, LITERATURE & CULTURE is phenomenal. The Shri Kshetra has also seen noteworthy changes and new dimension under his administration.

HONORS AND TITLESØ Mangalore University, Gulbarga University and Karnataka University have honored Heggadeji with HON-ORARY DOCTORATE Degree.Ø The Rotary Club and Lions Club have conferred upon him HONOR-ARY MEMBERSHIPS.Ø H. H. Shri Swamiji of Admar Mutt conferred on him the title of 'DHARMA BHUSHANA' during the Paryaya Festival of 1972.Ø The All India Arts, Culture and Literary Parishad of Mathura in Uttar Pradesh honored him with the title of 'VAISHNAVA MARTHANDA' in 1977.Ø During the Paryaya Festival at Udupi in 1978, Heggadeji was given the title of 'SAMAJA RATNA' on behalf of all the eight mutts of Udupi.Ø Shri Swami Paramahamsa Sheshacharaya of Dwarakashrama on the bank of Nethravathi honored him with the title of 'ADHYATMA

RATNA'.Ø Rajyothsava Award by Govern-ment of Karnataka in 1985Ø Rajashri title from President of India 1993Ø FICCI Award for SKDRDP in 1995Ø FICCI Award for Rudseti in 1999Ø Padmabhushan by the Govern-ment of India in 2000Ø Vatika Varshada Kannadiga – 2004 by ETV KannadaØ Doctor of Science by Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences in 2007Ø 10th Rajiv Gandhi Award – 2007 by Mumbai Regional Congress Committee in 2007Ø Honorary Award by karnataka Lalitha Kala Academy, U.S.A. in 2009Ø Karnataka Rathna by the Govern-ment of karnataka (for Social Work) in 2009Ø NAADOJA award by the Hampi University in 2010.


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PSYCHO SOCIAL ISSUES AND NEEDS OF FAMILY CARE GIVERS: A FAILURE PARADIGM OF CBR*, AN EMERGING SOCIAL PROBLEM

Key Words: burden, Chronic Mental Illness (CMI), Family Caregivers (FCG’s), Persons with Chronic Mental Illness (PWCMI), Mental Illness (MI), Psychosocial Issues and Needs (PSIN).

Introduction58% of the world's population over

60 years of age are said to be living in developing countries (Murray CJL, Lopez AD, 1996) and India is the second most populous country of the world. With the advent of de-institutionalization, people with CMI are aging in the community rather than in institutions. Adult persons with chronic schizophrenia have complex clinical and service needs. A majority suffer from negative symptoms, cognitive deficits, depression, side effects due to long-term use of antipsychotics and co-morbid medical problems. They may have social disabilities making them vulnerable to poverty, isolation and poor quality of life, (Karim S, Overshott R, Burns A, 2005). A growing number of aging parents are caring for an adult child with a severe disability throughout their life span, in helping them to regain functional capacity and live satisfying lives in the community (Kahana, Biegel, & Wykle, 1994), causing undue burden.

The mentally ill persons and their families in need of support and services

are, in many instances, receiving fragmented care, or worse yet, no care at all (NAMI, 2002). The concept of needs is complex and defies definition, as needs are extensive (family, medical, community and rehabilitation/patient). In the healthcare paradigm it is "the lack of health/wellbeing or the lack of access to care". (Dobrzyńska E, Rymaszewska J, Kiejna A., 2008). Evaluation of mental health services in accordance with the needs of FCG’s and persons with mental illness is essential (Issakidis C, Teesson M. 1999). Unmet needs are a strong predictor of less favourable health perceptions and a lower quality of life. The prevalence of (un) met needs is an outcome criterion for the evaluation of mental health service systems and for cross-cultural comparison, (Wiersma D.2006). According to WHO, countries like India devote less than 1% of their health budget to mental health com-pared to 10%, 12%, and 18% in other countries? Needs of persons with long term mental disorders and their families are often neglected (Mohan Isaac, 2008). For care-givers, the assessment of needs, is an opportunity both to act as advocates for the persons with mental illness and to help them access support and services, (Kamlesh KS, Sophia CA, Dharitri R & Kalyanasundaram S. 2010). A compre-

hensive and integrated system of community-based services must exist to fill these needs (Bonjean, Coleman, & Iscoe, 1988).

‘Familial burden’ has been described as suffering, very sad, draining & lonely (Marsh et al 1996). The term “treatment burden” was first mentioned in 1950. Studies emanating since then, found that caring for a relative with mental illness interfered with the daily lives of the families, their social activities, work attendance, financial time and emotional resources on other healthy family members. However, over the years it has been equated with the consequences (Schene et al, 1994), the high levels of stress (Tull, 2008), the unpaid and unantici-pated responsibility (Schulze, Beate, 2005) that diminish the quality of life (Sales, 2003; Motlova, 2007), of the FCG’s, but less attention has been paid to the burden arising from the lack of psychosocial issues and needs of the ageing population of FCG’s and their older PWCMI.

MATERIALS AND METHODSObjectiveEfforts are made to find out if there

is a statistically significant difference in the PSIN scores between FCG’s (parents, spouses, siblings, children and others). It is a known fact that age of FCG’s also influences the PSIN

* Community Based Rehabilitation

AbstractThe plethora of evolving Psychosocial Issues and Needs (PSIN) of the ageing population of family caregivers (FCG’s), and their Chronic Mentally Ill (CMI) family members, remains largely unaddressed in the community. The evaluation of Mental Health Services Is a problem of both target and design. To find out if there is a statistically significant difference in the PSIN scores between the various FCG’s and whether age of FCG’s also influences the PSIN scores. Thirty male and thirty female FCG’s were administered a constructed questionnaire to assess the socio-demographic, Psychosocial Issues And Needs (PSIN) of family caregivers regarding mental illness and clinical data sheet, in an analytical, cross-sectional study design, using stratified random sampling. There is a statistically significant effect of age of FCG’s and PSIN scores of parents and siblings. The psychosocial needs of FCG’s did not differ with respect to rural, suburban and urban areas. The needs of FCG’s were more information and professional support, respite care and reducing stigma and those of their ill family members were lack of respect, acceptance/understanding by family, marriage and child bearing. Results support the relevance for Psychi-atric Social Workers (PSW) in sensitizing policy makers in lobbying for services within the Community.


scores. We want to adjust for this effect and see if there still exists a difference in PSIN between these groups, so We can focus on a specific group.

Study Sample 30 male and 30 female FCG’s of the

in-patients diagnosed with schizophre-nia, above 18 years of age, first-degree relatives, living with the index patient for at least two years prior to the study, primarily responsible for meeting their needs, with no history of psychotic illness in self or other members who consented, participated in the study. Patients below 18 years of age, history of illness below 2 years, other major mental or physical illnesses, and organic, neurological, substance induced were excluded from the study. The study was conducted in a psychia-try ward of a GHPU, in Bangalore, over a six month period.

Study InstrumentsA socio-demographic questionnaire

was constructed for this study, for FCG’s consists of three parts – i) socio-demographic details recorded informa-tion relating to age, gender, duration of caring, education, occupation, family income and PSW intervention in previous admissions. Part ii) was designed to collect purely qualitative information on the subjective issues and needs of FCG’s. The PSINFCG’s were framed from the outcome of the deliberations of a one day family seminar and focus group discussions of 85 family caregivers and 20 PWCMI, organized by the researcher. The recurring themes of the ten group

discussions were the issues and unmet needs, that contributed to burden in caregiving and the psycho social issues are reflected as unmet and under addressed needs. The questions are coded and cover the areas of reaction to diagnosis of schizophrenia, views regarding MI, coping role as caregiver, disturbing patient behaviors, effects of MI on other family members and the impact of long years of caregiving. The responses to needs were further categorized and grouped under four headings: medical, family, community and rehabilitation/patient needs, (World Health Report, 2001). Except for items on patient needs, which is asked of the PWCMI, all other items are documented by FCG’s. The questionnaire is meant for qualitative rather than quantitative data and therefore requires no standardization. iii) The Clinical data sheet recorded information on Illness status, family status, residential status and occupa-tional status of PWCMI.

Research DesignAn analytical, cross-sectional

design, using stratified random sampling, Mean, difference in mean, 95% confidence of the difference, statistical test adopted for the study was Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Descriptive statistics was used to describe the socio- demographic variables. The One Sample T test was used to estimate the mean value of PSINFCG scores. ANCOVA test was used for assessing the strength of association between relationship, age

and PSIN scores of FCG’s. Two way ANOVAs was used to assess the strength of association between relationship, patient’s duration of illness and PSIN of FCGS. SPSS version 16 was used for analysis.

RESULTSSample Characteristics of FCG’sThe mean age of the FCG’s was

50.20 years (range 19 -71), the majority of FCG’s (63.3%) were above 51 years old, with high school education (45 %) and family income (65%) below Rs. 12,000/- p.m. One-third were parents (33, 55%), one-in-four were spouses (24%), children (5%) and the remain-ing were siblings (15%). More than one-half were employed (58.3%), nuclear (76.6%) Hindu (60%), subur-ban family background (40%). Three-fourths of the caregivers (75%) had not availed of Psychiatric Social Work interventions, in previous admissions.Sample Characteristics of patients

Mean age of the patients was 35.48 years, (range 19 -64 yrs). More than one-half were females (56.6%), single (51.6%). Less than one half were educated to high school (41.6%). Forty five percent had discontinued employ-ment due to mental illness, while 33% were earning. Less than half (48.3%) had illness duration of below 5years. About one-third manifested the illness (31.6%) before the age of 35 years and more than three of four (78%) reported irregular medication and had a history of multiple hospitalizations and two-thirds (63.3%) had treatment outcome of below 50%.

Table 1, showing the Psychosocial Issues and Needs of Family Caregivers of Persons with Chronic Mental Illness (PSINFCG)

variable N mean±SD 95% CI of mean P value

PSINFCG 60 43.6±5.57 34.15 to 37.04 .000

One sample T test was used. PSINFCG- Psychosocial Issues and Needs of FCG’s, N-number, SD –Standard Deviation, CI- Confidence Interval, S – Significant .001In this study, the mean value of the PSIN score of FCG’s was 43.6 dB (95% confidence: 34.15 & 37.04) with a p value of 0.001 and 80 power, using SPSS 16 for analysis. Sample was normally distributed (.05, K-S).


Table 2, showing association between PSIN scores and predictor variables (i.e. age and relationship of FCG's)

Relationship N PSIN scores mean±SD 95% confidence of the difference

Parents 33 44.87±5.06 41.71 to 46.62

Spouse 15 41.86±5.68 38.73 to 45.25

Siblings 09 43.55±5.61 39.35 to 47.13

Children 02 39.00±11.31 34.66 to29.46

Others 01 37.00

P value .05. ANCOVA test was used. N = number, PISN= Psycho Social Issues and Needs, SD= Standard Deviation

Table 3 Two way ANOVAs showing relationship of PSIN of fcgs and patient's duration of illness

The ANCOVA test was used to assess the relationship of mean PSIN scores and predictor variables (i.e. age and relationship of FCG’s). Overall the mean PSIN scores and relationship of age of FCG’s had statistically significant differences between the groups P<.05. The test indicated that the mean PSIN scores differed among the relationship and age of FCG’s.

The two-way ANOVA test was used to assess the association of different quartiles of duration of illness, relationship of FCG’s with the mean PSIN scores. Overall the mean PSIN scores and relationship of FCG’s had significant differences between the groups and were statistically significant P<.05. The test indicated that the mean PSIN scores differed among the relationship of FCG’s with the duration of illness.

Age of FCG’s Domicile mean±SD 95% Confidence interval of mean<30 years Rural 40.00 29.36 to50.6331-40 years Urban 48.50±2.12 40.98 to 56.0141-50 years Rural 43.25±2.36 37.93±48.56>51 years Urban 45.76±4.16 42.82±48.71

P= 0.05. Two way ANOVA test was used. SD= standard deviation. The FCG’s in the age groups of 31 – 40 have highest mean PSIN scores (48.50±2.12).

Duration of illness Relationship mean±SD 95%Confidence Interval of difference< 5 years Siblings 47.00 37.18 to 56.816-9 years Siblings 50.00 40.18 to 59.8110 -14 years Spouse 48.00 38.18 to 57.81>15 years Parents 48.50±2.08 43.59 to 53.41

P= .05. Two way ANOVA test was used. SD= Standard Deviation

Table Two way ANOVAs showing relationship of PSIN scores with age and domicile of FCG’s

Graph1 represents the FCG's views on causes of mental illness


More than three-fourths of the FCG’s (76.6%) viewed MI as a result of fate/karma and black magic (76.6%) and environmental/psychosocial causes (73.3%). One-fourth of the FCG’s said the causes were due to a genetic (28.30%) and neurochemical imbalance (26.60%).

Among emotional factors causing burden were feelings of shame, fear and guilt (90%), strain, tension and anger (86.60%), resulting in marital discord (88.30%). Three of four families (76%) faced extreme financial burdens and disruption of siblings/children’s education.

More than one-half of the FCG’s reported disturbing patient behaviors to be sleep disturbance, social withdrawal, poor hygiene/ADL, anger outbursts, suspiciousness and non-compliance.

Graph 2 shows the impact on family’s reaction to mental illness dynamics

Graph 3 showing disturbing patient behaviors

Graph 3 showing disturbing patient behaviors


Graph 5 showing the medical, family, community and patient needs

Discussions and findings The present study sought to exam-

ine the PSIN of the ageing population of FCG’s and their PWCMI. 55% of the sample was parents, and

63.3% were above 51 years of age and mean age of patients was 35.48 years. There was a statistically significant effect of age of FCG’s on PSIN scores, after controlling for the effect of relationship, F (3, 51) =4.26, p<.05. Hadrys T, Adamowski T, Kiejna A., (2010), found higher burden was associated with the carer's age, being a parent and the number of hours spent weekly on caring for the ill relative. India is one of the fastest growing

economies and faces a serious interna-tional challenge of that of widespread poverty, with the third of the world’s poor, residing here, (27.5%, Planning Commission of India, 2005; 42% or 456 million, World Bank, 2005). As a developing country, India, has an inadequately developed mental health care system (Somasundaram, 2002), and restricted infrastructure for satisfactory formal psychiatric and psychosocial services for the continuity of care of their 50 million, chronic mentally ill persons. One in five people in India live with mental illness. Over 90% of the mentally ill live with their families and are dependent on them, (Thara, Padmavati and Srinivasan,

2008).India is a country that is steeped in folklore and superstition, hence the lack of knowledge of causation of mental illness. These findings are in consonance with other studies. Kulhara, Avasthi, Sharma, (2000) found that relatives attributed MI to the influence of supernatural phenomena although though many denied personal conviction in magico-religious beliefs, and yet 74% had sought some kind of magico-religious treatment for their patients. However, contrary results were reported in two different studies by Srinivas and Thara (2001) only 12% reported supernatural as a cause, most commonly cited were psychosocial stressors and personality defect and heredity. As shown in graph 2, the effects of

mental illness are corroborated by other studies- strain, stress (Tull, 2008), loss, shame, anger and hopelessness, resentment and anger, (Ohareri et al 2001), and marital disruption (Mannion 1996) and divorce (Kumar and Mohanty, 2007). Disturbing patient behaviors (graph 3) were also reported by Biegel, Schulz, (1999) on family frustration in ensuring medication adherence and coping with disturbed or awkward interpersonal behavior, (WHO, 1996)

The most frequently identified responses to mental illness (graph 4) was worry about the long term future and security of the women (Thara, Kamath and Kumar, (2001), dealing with sadness and grief (Rose , Mallinson and Gerson, 2006) and fatigue from continuous supervision (Issac, Tandon, Kalra & Trivedi, (2005). A report analyzing the issues affecting caregivers of people with mental illness in Western Australia, (Worried, Tired and Alone, 2003) found that as a result of long-term care giving, the majority of caregivers surveyed experienced personal, emotional and physical strain on their lives and the loss of their personal freedom (Schulze, Beate 2005). Of the medical needs of FCG’s

(graph 5), the most important need was for information (95%), professional support (93.3%), and management of emergencies (91.6%) and exorbitant costs of treatment (85%). Regarding family needs, 93.3% FCG’s wanted respite from continuous caring; counseling (91.6%) and formation of patient trust (93.3%). The stigma (95%) surrounding MI, continuous to be a pervasive burden of FCG’s. PWCMI reported the loss of respect (93.5%) from family and friends due to the illness. An equal number of


patients expressed the need to be married and have children, just like their siblings and friends. 88.3% felt that the family did not understand or support them. These findings are supported by other studies. In two different studies on needs of persons with mental illness and their families, indicated social needs i.e. company, intimate relationship and sexual expression, as the most often unmet need of patient's (Dobrzynska E, Rymaszewska J, Kiejna A., 2008) and over 70% needed more communica-tion from mental health care staff and informal caregivers, and the integration of aging network services, (Cummings SM, Kropf NP., 2009) and obtaining medical help (Levine et al., 2005).An interesting finding in the study was that the high mean PSIN scores of siblings (43.55±5.61). Siblings share a common genetic and socio-cultural environment (Barak D, Solomon Z. 2005) and are important support providers. But they are also an underrepresented group in research focusing on the needs of carers and relatives of psychiatric patients, (Schrank B, Sibitz I, Schaffer M, Amering M., 2007). These "secondary victims,' require more professional attention, in reducing anxiety and guilt, and alleviating the sense of shame and stigma. According to the GOI income

ceiling for BPL (below poverty line) of Rs.11, 800/- in rural areas and Rs. 14,500 in urban areas, 65% had a family income of less than 12,000/- p.m. and 40% were from the suburban areas, which have poorly developed infrastructure. Three-fourths of the caregivers (75%) had not availed of Psychiatric Social Work interventions, in previous admissions. Conclusions: The ageing population of FCG’s has

significant psycho social issues and needs and has played a major role in the mental health delivery system. Community based services have been the proverbial dangling carrot. The cry of the 60’s legislating community

based services is now an emerging social problem, as the PSIN have changed at different life stages of FCG’s. The limitations of the study are the unequal distribution of age and categories of family caregivers and sample size. While this was a cross-sectional study, a prospective study would throw more light on the pattern of interaction between the factors studied. The caregivers were not screened for psychopathology. Longitudinal studies are needed to find out the pattern of emerging PSIN over time. In this scenario, psychiatric social workers need to raise awareness in the community and among health professionals and policy makers, for appropriate and improved services within the community. Disclosures The authors report no conflicts of

interest. The study was not supported by any financial grant. References Barak D, Solomon Z.2005, in the

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In India, around 13 to 14 per cent of all School Children suffer from Specific Learning Disability as per 2000-2001

censuses of India statistics. The disability is acquired during the pregnancy itself. But it will come to light only after 2 years of birth. Early detection, regular treatment and good family support play a crucial role in dealing with this problem. If it is not so, it will be prolonged throughout their life cycle. Earth-quake in Empty Vessels A shocking statistics shows that half of the School Children with any one type of Specific learning disabilities like Read-ing, Writing and Calculations (Prathibha Karanth 2009). More quite interesting information is that majority of the Male Children fall prey for these menus. Males out number females 3-to- 1 across all grades. This earth quake in empty vessels is ignored by the parents, School authorities and even to Government. Specific Learning Disability The term learning disability is not meant to be used for Children with minor or temporary difficulties in learning but with a severe discrepancy between ability achievement in educational performance and severe discrepancy described as learning disabilities with significant learning problems that cannot be explained by mental retardation, sensory impairment, emotional disturbance or lack of opportunity to learn.(Dr.S.A.Kirk 1971). Causes for Specific Learning Disability Generally, Genetic factors , poor psychological well being during the first two months of pregnancy, too much drug consumption during the pregnancy, Delivery complications like low birth weight, premature birth, Blood pressure, umbilical card around the neck, forceps used in Delivery and caesarean rises the occurrences of Specific Learning Disability. Further parents’ consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. Parents who have Specific learning Disability, Language Learning Disability influenced

MAKING SENSE OF SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITY

A.P. Senthil Kumar

Asst. professor, Department of Social Work, CMS College of Science and Commerce,

Coimbatore-641 006.Mobile:94431 09967,

Email:[email protected]

on their wards. Symptoms of Specific Learning Disability Children with learning disabilities exhibit a wide range of symptoms. These include problems with reading, mathe-matics, comprehension, writing, spoken language, or reasoning abilities. Hyperac-tivity, inattention and perceptual coordi-nation may also be associated with learning disabilities but are not learning disabilities themselves. The primary characteristic of a learning disability is a significant difference between a child's achievement in some areas and his or her overall intelligence. Learning disabilities typically affect five general areas: Spoken language: delays, disorders, and devia-tions in listening and speaking. 1.Written language: difficulties with reading, writing and spelling. 2.Arithmetic: difficulty in perform-ing arithmetic operations or in under-standing basic concepts. 3.Reasoning: difficulty in organizing and integrating thoughts. 4.Memory: difficulty in remembering information and instructions. Diagnosis of Specific learning Disability Learning disabilities are often identified by School Psychologists, c l i n i c a l p s y c h o l o g i s t s , a n d neuropsychologists through a combina-tion of intelligence testing, academic achievement testing, classroom perfor-mance, and social interaction and aptitude. Other areas of assessment may include perception, cognition, memory, attention, and language abilities. The resulting information is used to determine whether a child's academic performance is commensurate with his or her cognitive ability. If a child's cognitive ability is much higher than his or her academic performance, the student is often diagnosed with a learning disability. The DSM-IV and many school systems and government programs diagnose learning disabilities in this way. Although the discrepancy model has

dominated the school system for many years, there has been substantial criticism of this approach among researchers. Recent research has provided little evidence that a discrepancy between formally-measured IQ and achievement is a clear indicator of LD.[8] Furthermore, diagnosing on the basis of a discrepancy does not predict the effectiveness of treatment. Low academic achievers who do not have a discrepancy with IQ (i.e. their IQ scores are also low) appear to benefit from treatment just as much as low academic achievers who do have a discrepancy with IQ (i.e. their IQ scores are higher). Remedy to Specific learning disability Mostly the Specific learning disability Children are good at physical fitness personality and vocational skill related activities. India is a skills deficit nation where 12 per cent of it’s population is skilled and only two per cent of them receive any formal training in any employable trade. For rehabilitation of the Specific Learning disability Children skill based teaching curriculum along with physical fitness lessons offering in Schools is need of the day not only to the specific learning disability Children and even too normal. Academic level revolutions are needed to make the Specific learning disability Children as twinkling stars even in the dark sky. Reference 1. Bernice H. Baumer (1996). How to teach your Dyslexic child to Read. New York: Citadel Press. 2.Dean, R.S., & Rattan, A.J. (1987). Measuring the effects of failure with Learning Disabled Children, Interna-tional Journal of Neuro Science, 37, 27-30. 3.Eugene M.Halvesion. (1987). Management of Dyslexia and Related Learning Disabilities, Journal of Learning Disabilities, 20, 415-421.


Disadvantaged Rural Communities ‘Farming is becoming an unreli-

able livelihood. Failure of crops shattered my hope. Could not repay the loan; instead interest and interest-on-interest increased which came to a point where I could not at all repay it. Gone are the olden days where there was mutual support and concern in our villages. Now no one can help anybody during distress. This economic orphanhood combined with social o rphanhood pushed me to Bangalore – the only option for the survival of my family’, this is the statement of 45 year old Parasappa who has migrated to Bangalore and is now working as a construction worker here.

Parasappa – A Case or SymbolParasappa migrated from

Gulbarga district which is around 660 kms away from Bangalore. Some 25 families joined with him in his search for a means to survive in the mega city. Many of them are living on the streets of Bangalore as construction workers, and exposed to all sorts of insecurities.

Bangalore’s sky scrapers rising all around the city are the only witness to their blood and sweat and the inhuman conditions they are living in. These people get up at 4 am to perform their morning ablutions, under cover of darkness. Thus the risk faced by the women starts very early in the day. They need to depend on public taps for water for drinking, bathing, wash-ing clothes – all within short period of one hour amidst challenges of

Bangalore Callingcursing from local ‘mainstream’ people, irregular water supply, etc.

Parasappa and his group stay in a vacant site belonging to private owners. Each family has made a small hut out of waste plastic sheets and coconut leaves etc. Each family has to pay from Rs 150 to Rs200 per month to the land lord of the vacant site.

Local residents comfortably forget the fact that it is these groups that help construct their shining houses and easily brand these migrants as lumpen elements and want to get rid off them from their vicinity. The major problem the local residents face is the noise from quarrels and fights among these migrant groups. Local residents do not really care to know the cause for such fights and quarrels. Hard work, twelve hours of exposure to wet cement and dust and heavy insults at the work site by the supervisors force the men to use alcohol as a psychological and physical pain reliever! Making use of the deep alcohol induced sleep, local rowdy elements enter into the huts of these workers in order to have sex with the women there.

When women get conscious of what is going on, they get horrified and scream desperately. Then starts the messy scene which becomes a troublesome night for local resi-dents. If local elders and police enter into the scene, again the women are targeted and usually beaten mercilessly with the consen-sus of her husband.

In a year these migrants stay in the city for eight months and go

back to their villages during the monsoon season to tend to their dry land farming. Whatever they have earned is usually enough for them to repay mainly their previous debt s in the village. The remaining portion is invested in farming activity for that season.

Urban India and the way forward

According to a Report by the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, by 2017 the number of people living in urban areas will outnumber those in rural areas. In India the percentage of people living in urban areas has increased from 18 per cent in 1961 to 28.5 per cent in 2004. This is estimated to increase to 32 per cent by 2015. Traditionally, urban growth is associated with increased economic opportunities and economic growth. This is combined with push and pull-factors that make the understanding of migration com-plex and multi-faceted. The push-factors are, i.a., decreasing access to agricultural production options, water supply, and cultivable land. The pull-factors include the oppor-tunities for employment in indus-tries such as construction, manufac-turing, in special economic zones, etc. Distressed migrants normally lack the necessary documentation and identity cards for inter-state asset building. As a result, they face difficulties in accessing formal services such as health, education and insurance. Given their informal status within the system, they are particularly vulnerable.


Arati Davis - SIDA Programme Officer Delhi Primary Data

Collection – Gundappa GudadanalTranslation – Rajkumar

The Pull of Great(er) BangaloreMost of the informal sector

workers have insecure and erratic access to potable water, sanitation, and shelter. In many cases, make-shift accommodation is set up next to construction sites. According to t h e s t u d y c a r r i e d o u t b y Svaraj/Oxfam India, women workers in the informal sector can expect to earn between Rs 50-80 per day, whereas men can earn between Rs 60-120. In many cases, entire families migrate looking for work. Children have no access to educa-tion nor are there provisions for their care and safety during the workday.

Despite these difficulties many workers are happy to have found employment in a ci ty l ike Bangalore that is believed to be the best city in India.

Although urbanisation is an age old phenomenon fuelled by pros-pects of better standards of living, migration caused by distress is not a healthy indicator of any society. Migrants to urban cities are often left with small insecure incomes that allow for subsistence living. The actual prospects of a better life are seldom met. This is especially true for children of migrants, without access to education or opportunity, subsistence poverty is perpetuated.

Push FactorsIt is estimated that in 2003-04,

there were four farmer suicides per week in Karnataka. The plight of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra has been widely reported by the media both nationally and interna-tionally, culminating with a fact finding mission lead by the Prime Minister of India in June 2006. Reasons behind suicides are now well known; crop failure, high debt,

falling agricultural commodity prices and low crop insurance. Widows take on the debt burden and are left to deal with moneylenders, often resorting to desperate mea-sure to repay loans. With this backdrop, migration becomes a necessity in the battle for survival. Another problem is that the high levels of male migration lead to an increased ‘feminisation’ of agricul-ture. However, due to land owner-ship regulations and strong social norms, women cultivators have little access to assets needed for land development.

Existing Policy and Failing Practice Recommendations

Construction workers have been recognised as an especially vulnera-ble section of society. The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Working Conditions) Act, 1996 “aims to provide for regulation of employment and conditions of service of the building and other construction workers as also their safety, health and welfare measures in every establishment which employs or employed during the preceding year ten or more work-ers”. The Act is applicable nation-wide and has provisions for pension funds, maternity leave, identity cards, and accident coverage of all workers. However, in the covered during the survey, none of the individuals interviewed were aware of the Act and were not benefiting from the provisions it contains. Protests have been held by activists in Karnataka, to ensure the provi-sions of the Act are upheld.

This is not the first time in India that regulations are worth little more than the paper they are written on. However, the question really becomes how, in an urban setting,

characterised by community fragmentation, and indivualisation can you implement successful protection that requires strong local will. NGOs, CBOs and civil society need to unite around the cause of workers’ security in order to ensure existing regulations are adequately enforced.

David Satterthwaite writes about the need for the aid agenda to be reconstructed according to the new urban realities. In order to do this, donors must realise that local processes need to be boosted at a g r a s s r o o t s l e v e l . F u r t h e r , Satterthwaite makes the salient point that, in order to effectively address urban distress, we must understand rural conditions and the rural-urban connection.

Rural-Urban NexusAttention has to be paid to the

exponential rise in rural unemploy-ment. Farmers who are unable to cultivate their land in north Karnataka and have chosen to migrate for livelihood have no access to skill training or alternative rural employment. As a result, they are fit only for unskilled work and low wages in urban areas. Many real-estate ventures in Bangalore city are dominated by migrant workers who are seen as cheaper and less troublesome than local workers.

Migration is a poverty reduction activity and therefore should not necessarily be controlled or restricted. Rather, energy should be spent in understanding the best ways to enhance the productive capacities of migrant workers. n


An Introduction: Globalisation in new economy has paved way for open business and everything is measured and looked from the angle of global standard and best of best in the form of world class. This has led to lot of quality systems in technology, supply chain, banking, and finance and also in Human resource management. Talent can move anywhere and people are also mobile. To have continuous flow of business in smooth way many approv-als, certifications and compliance have become need of the hour and these are subject to various and continuous audits by internal and external agen-cies.

In few cases customer’s require-ments have to be fulfilled in legal aspects particularly in connection with employee related matters which are governed by various laws comprising both central and state legislations. Keeping this in view management of labour law plays a very important role.

1. What is compliance? When business is governed by certain regulations that too when it is global in nature, ILO conventions are followed. With the conventions, various laws like factories act, Minimum wage etc have to be followed in toto in addition to all the applicable laws depending on the nature of industry. Adherence to these laws and implementation is becoming need of the business without which further progress will be blocked. Hence such kind of law has to made known to all concerned and have to be followed. These are under scrutiny. As such compliance (adhering and following) is gaining vast importance.

2. Why compliance: It has to be understood in multiple ways. First being compliant with the laws of the land, regulatory affairs for approvals, social security and fair work, fair treatment and right of association and expression.

Further there should not be any discrimination based on caste, creed, ethnic and sex. For everything param-eters will be the applicable laws. Without this business is not recognized nor accepted. In the absence of compliance, there are chances of losing the business and in some case black listing the non compliant establish-ments. Therefore compliance is becoming a priority.

3. Coverage: For compliance wider coverage like regulatory laws, payment laws, social security laws, employment laws, Industrial relations laws, welfare laws, law of association - matters. Depending on the nature of the industries all these have to be followed in action and spirit.

4. Applicability: Every employer or an occupier has to be aware of the applicability of various laws for every establishment. Whether certain laws are applicable or not? If applicable the minimum requirement of workers and to what extent. Under the applicability what are to be followed and maintained to be known. In India most labour laws are based on the number of employees in the establishment. Hence the applicability is important.

5.Implementation: Once the coverage and applicability is known implementation becomes very easy and mandatory. When the number reaches to certain levels, it will go without saying. On an average in India normally for any establishment there are about 14 to 16 labour laws are applicable. They are;

Factories Act, Shops and Com-mercial establishment Act, Contract labour, Building and construction workers act, plantation labour act, Interstate migrant workmen act, Mines act etc.

Payment of wages, Minimum wages, Payment of Bonus, Payment of

Gratuity, Provident Fund, ESI, Maternity Benefit act, Employees Compensation Act, Labour Welfare Fund act, Indus-trial Employment Standing Orders Act, Industrial Disputes Act, Trade Union Act, Equal Remuneration Act, Appren-tice Act, National and Festival Holidays Act, Sexual Harassment Prevention Committee Provisions etc.

Above list is not exhaustive. Employer has to look into many of these acts depending on the nature and implement which is his prime responsi-bility.

6. Audit and Check: Once these are covered and applied and having implemented, sustenance of these compliances is to be monitored. There are no holidays for these laws. HR being a dynamic function in nature number and nature of compliance fluctuates. Depending on these factors, implemen-tation also matters. Hence it is the onus of the employer to ensure that the implementation of law is in place as per the framework of laws throughout the year. They are subject to inspections and scrutiny. Some authorities inspect critically and some superficially. But it is the responsibility of the employer to be compliant. Hence audit and checking play an important role from compliance point of view.

Few governments have allowed for self certification by the employer. OHS, SHE audits are inbuilt in complying laws

Overview of Labour

Law Compliance

Ram K Navaratna


like working hours, safety, health, welfare, social security etc. Regular self audit, internal audit should help the employer to upgrade the compliance level from time to time thereby reach-ing to the competitive edge. For hazardous industries audit by External agencies are mandatory to make it more objective and effective.

7. Know the subject: From this perspective knowledge and awareness about the subject, provisions of various applicable laws are important. Further superficial knowledge will not be adequate. What we call substantial law is the need of the hour. It is like human body where outside view will not determine the good health but internal system should be in order to stay healthy. In the same manner labour laws also have to be understood. Bare knowledge is not sufficient. All provisions and methods are to be adhered.

8. Reports: Based on this an employer has to generate various reports by way of MIS, compliance reports etc to know the status and also understand the gaps and lapse if any. Looking at reports he will understand the status for further needful. Some times reports by experts in the field, regulatory authorities are important and help for improvements.

9. Inspections: Under all laws and particularly labour laws, we see chapters/sections on Inspectors where their powers and duties are prescribed. Under the statutes they are empowered to exercise certain powers and also by duties. It is the duty of the employer to co operate and support the inspector while inspecting. Employer has to provide all necessary documents, information, particulars, records, registers etc to the authorities. ILO convention also prescribes this.

Inspection to be taken seriously and many a time they are eye openers. These will put a break for establish-ments also from bad/unfair practices. Hence inspections have to be taken seriously and complied religiously and meticulously. It is always advisable to attend correct and comply at the initial

stages of the inspections to prevent any further damage and serious observa-tions. Inspecting authorities to be seen as well wishers rather than as pain and nuisance. If they are convinced they extend their helping hands for employer. However for them advise and inspection cannot go together.

10. Consequence: Non compli-ance may end up in legal actions like penalty, suspension of licence, impris-onment etc and other by way of bad corporate governance. Corporate to be on the line, good governance to be ensured. Negative side may affect the reputation of the company thereby it may not attract the required talent and human resource and subject to question by many others concerned. Non compliance may lead to series of problems like prosecutions, unionism, suspicions, etc. In the long run business may get affected. Establishment has to spend their time and energy in litiga-tions and wasting their valuable productive time.

11. Benefits: Timely compliance ensures an employer to be upright, conscious, law abiding, compliant and to carry on his business without any fear or favour and all the time he will be on right track and achieve success and industrial peace. Timely compliance ensures that employees do not have any reason to crib on non compliance issues and may help to nurture good relations leading to good production and productivity.

For government and statutory authorities it becomes easy it will nurture peace contentment and prosperity everywhere.

12. Competitive advantage: Thus by following applicable laws an establishment can run business without much hurdles and stand up all the time. By this it will have a competitive edge in future to gain good reputation and revenue by the certified authorities. By being compliant an employer can gain benefits when it comes without wasting time as fire fighting. Without proper governance and compliance at each and every level establishment has to face problems and obstacles. Thus one

can see more advantage in compliance since they are integrated with all the stake holders of the industry.

13. Conclusion: To conclude non compliance will only put positions like occupier, director into problems and they have to face the music of judiciary, cases, prosecutions, imprisonment, fine, personal accountability etc and have to waste time and energy in facing these issues. In the process relation-ship may also get affected with the authorities and may be with employees and union.

Thus every prudent employer should always look at the positive side of compliance thereby making all the stake holders happy and achieve the goals of the organization and can concentrate on strategic issues as priority.

Establishment should also ensure the respective dues to the employees are paid on time and the welfare is taken care of in reasonable good manner. Added to this what an amount of mental peace and respect from all the concerned! Country needs such situations. Survey Janahaa Sukheeno Bhavantu (Let all people be happy- Upanishad) Such legislations ultimately ensure right way of happiness to stakeholders. Finally, one must keep in mind and know that Compliance cost is cheaper than Litigation cost. It is better to manage the law before it manages you. Comply and be Safe. Good luck.

This article published in 1. ARBITER-Journal of the Industrial Relations Institute of India-Mumbai in Vol.28 No11, June 2011

2. The Human Resource Journal of National Institute of Personnel Manage-ment (NIPM) Karnataka Chapter Journal Vol. 18 (1) Annual Issue-July 2011.

For HR and Labour Law compliance audit, service, training, assistance contact: HR Resonance. Email: hrresonance@gmai l .com. Vis i t: hrresonance.googlepages.com n

Ram K Navaratna, Chief ExecutiveHR Resonance, Bangalore


Rural Development Strategy Needed

That Karnataka desperately needs a rural development strategy is amply clear from

two recently released reports. The Census 2011 report on the state population highlights the enor-mous migration deluge into Bangalore and other cities. The other report ‘Injury and Violence in India: Facts and Figures’, jointly authored by NIMHANS and WHO, provides a stark picture on the increasing number of suicides in cities due to high levels of stress experienced by people, especially teenagers and women. The rapid deterioration in the standard of living in cities across Karnataka should compel the state government to map out a compre-hensive rural development strat-egy that will boost job creation and development in rural areas while ending migration into cities.

The population of Bangalore grew by a whopping 46 per cent, essentially doubling in number from the last decade. Although Bangalore`s size has increased, it is migration of job seekers from rural areas as well as from other parts of the country that has essentially contributed to the increase in numbers. With a population of more than 90 lakh and a density of 4,378 people per sq km, Bangalore is witnessing a population boom like never before creating a myriad of problems for the local government and citizens. Other cities have seen a more steady increase population.

Severe competition The two reports in tandem

highlight the need for swift action on rural development. Dilapidated infrastructure, lack of invest-ments, shoddy schools and sub-standard hospitals has forced large scale scale migration into cities. Crowded cities have thrust severe competition on parents and children forcing them to work long hours leading to high levels o f s t r e s s a n d s u i c i d e s . Municipalities, already under severe financial crunch, are unable to provide basic services to the population. The state govern-ment should delineate a policy that will invigorate the countryside and create gainful employment opportunities for the youth in their own backyards.

Government efforts to improve investments and increase incomes in rural Karnataka have mostly been half-hearted measures. The just-released integrated agribusi-ness development policy which promises jobs and higher incomes in the farm sector is old wine in a new bottle. The creation of Special Economic Zones (SEZ), while failing to meet targets on job creation, has increasingly become a land grabbing exercise for industrialists. Encouraging IT companies to invest in rural BPOs have not been successful. Hence future policy measures should focus on promoting rural areas to become growth centres by provid-ing a fillip to small and medium-

size manufacturing businesses.Bangalore`s Peenya industrial

area offers an excellent model that can be easily replicated through-out the state. Peenya, which started in the 1970`s with a job creation goal, has been a success and today is home to many small and medium-scale manufacturing industries. There are about 4,000 companies employing more than seven lakh unskilled and semi-skilled workers in a land size of little more than 500 acres. By using public procurement to spur investment and offering incen-tives like land at a reasonable cost, low cost loans along with tax benefits to local entrepreneurs, the state government can facilitate the development of new industrial townships in each district.

Moreover, such a policy will provide much needed diversifica-tion of the state economy which is overly reliant on growth in IT-BT and real estate sectors. It will also recognize that it is easy to move unskilled and semi-skilled work-ers into manufacturing than services sector. Liberalization and lack of investments in rural areas have destroyed small and medium-scale manufacturing around the state. Unless the state government takes immediate measures to address the popula-tion deluge into urban areas, living conditions will worsen over the next decade. n

(Courtesy:Deccan Herald, May 10th, 2011)

N V Krishnakumar


The first relief and rehabilitation work by the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) can be traced back to 1948 when, after Partition, a batch of students worked in the refugee camps in Kurukshetra.

Excerpts from the interview of a former student, who was part of the second batch on the Deonar campus and later went on to head the insti-tute, reveal that back then students took a “rattle truck bus”, run by a private individual, to go to Sion. “The footboard was so weak that we afraid we would fall. We had to climb in somehow and get to Sion if we couldn’t catch the institute bus,” says professor Armaity Desai as she reminiscences about her student days. Started from Nagpada Neigh-bourhood House in Byculla, the institute was later shifted to Andheri, and then to its current location in Deonar. The earliest field action project of TISS was the first child guidance clinic in India started in 1937 and now called ‘Muskaan’. Some of these rare and fun memories will be archived as TISS turns 75 this year. “From oral histories, short films and interviews tracing its journey since its incep-tion in 1936, to a multimedia exhibition, and a kind of ‘coffee table book’ that documents narra-tives of people’s experiences, the aim is to capture every detail that has helped shape the institute over the years,” said Anjali Monteiro, professor and chair, Centre for

Media and Cultural Studies, TISS. Currently, a team is in the process of interviewing some of the oldest alumni. The team also interviewed professor M S Gore, the institute’s director in its formative years, who passed away in November last year. “In his interview, Gore men-

tioned how he used to live in the institute and sleep on the library tables. Such oral histories capture the informal atmosphere and the tentativeness of the institute when it was started by Clifford Manshardt, an American missionary who felt the need to start social work educa-tion in India,” she said. F r o m a s i n g l e m a s t e r s programme in social work, TISS now runs 17 masters programmes and the team is attempting to map this growth spanned over 75 years. A series of short films will be

developed covering aspects like human service professional educa-tion, research and development and relief and rehabilitation work, field action projects and student life. “We were 80 students and a lot of interaction (went on) between first-year and second-year students. A lot of romancing going on between the students. There were quite a few couples as a result of all that. The atmosphere was such it was hard to not be romantic on the campus. It was so rustic that even our hot water was made in a boiler,” says Desai in her interview that captures a glimpse of student life on campus in the 1950s. The short films will be made available on DVDs and on the TISS website. “We are planning a porta-ble, travelling exhibition so that our campus in Tuljapur and new cam-puses at Guwahati and Hyderabad can be part of the platinum jubilee celebrations. There will also be a big exhibition of photographs which will include interesting archival documents including the first newspaper advertisement announc-ing admissions in 1936,” said Shilpi Gulati, project coordinator.

While the celebrations will start from May, they will continue for a year.

(Courtesy) URL:http://www.indianexpress.co

m/news/tiss-turns-75-to-archive-its-years-of-growing-up/752527/0

Mihika Basu

TISS turns 75, to archive its years of growing up


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Research

The present study is an attempt to understand the dynamics of family as it experiences through various develop-mental life cycle stages namely married couple, childbearing family, family with preschool children, family with school going children, family with teenagers, family as a launching centre (Adults), middle aged family and ageing family. This research is aimed to study the

developmental tasks of the family at various stages of the family life cycle and the time for transition from one stage to another as well as the existing patterns in these stages and the difficul-ties faced by the families with the following objectives:• To study the qualitative and quantitative differences between families at various stages of develop-ment.• To study the qualitative and quantitative differences in families within the same development stage and the common stresses faced by the families.• To study the similarities that exists between families within the same developmental stage and among families at various stages of develop-ment.• To determine and study the variables that influence these differ-ences or similarities and negate the perpetuation of stresses.• To study whether the time taken for transition from one stage to another has any bearing on the quality of life of the family and the stresses reported by the family.• To study the patterns that occur in the families during the transition and the major stresses faced by the families during each stage. The study was exploratory in

A study on Family Developmental Life Cycles, Developmental Tasks and Family Stress

nature and used the model for family life cycle stages proposed by Duvall and Miller (1985). The snowball sampling technique was used. 240 respondents, 30 each from the eight life cycle stages were drawn for the study. A semi-structured interview

schedule (prepared for the study) was used to collect the qualitative data. Family Interaction Patterns Scale

(FIPS) (Bhatti et al., 1986) was used to study the patterns of family function-ing. A socio-demographic schedule was also prepared for this study. These tools were administered to all the respondents. Findings were divided into V

sections. Section I and II included the socio-demographic profile and findings of the FIPS of the entire sample (N=240) and that specific to each group (Stages I – VIII) respec-tively. Section III presented findings from

the qualitative data specific to stages I –

VIII. Section IV included the retro-spective data. Period of stay in a stage, marital quality and difficulties faced were presented in section V.The following variables were used for the qualitative analysis • Preparations made for the stage• Changes that occurred during the stage• Adjustments made during the stage• Support received or given during stage• Difficulty (stress) faced during the stage• Coping with difficulty

The results indicated that most of the families were able to adequately prepare themselves for the stages, faced changes and had to make adjustments at various stages, the most being in the initial stages of the life cycle. Majority of the families had adequate support from their immediate and extended families that helped them to cope with difficulties faced during each stage. The results of this study indicate that families do go through a life cycle stage with certain changes and difficulties. These are mitigated through adequate coping and support. Hence profes-sionals working with families will be benefited immensely from under-standing the expected transitions and changes experienced by families, help families in transition or otherwise to cope with the difficulties the face. n

Dr. Sobhana HAssistant Professor,

Department of Psychiatric Social Work, LGB Regional Institute of Mental Health,

Tezpur, SonitpurAssam, Pin- 784001

Tips for Research Scholars:

1.Kindly try and include qualitative elements in your study. This can make your study richer. 2.This study can be replicated in the families in the low income group (this was one of the limita-tions of the above study). The progression of life cycle stages of these families could vary.


1) Social Case Work aims at: a)Giving Charity to client b)Controlling the client c)Solving the problems of the client d)Enabling the client

2) Match the following persons with organisations they associated:

i)Jyothibha phule 1) Bharatiya Adima Jathi Sevak Sangh ii)Thakarbappa 2) Servants of India Society iii)Gopala Krishna Gokhale 3) Harijan Sevak Sangh iv)M.K. Gandhi 4) Satya Sodhak Samaj I ii iii iV a) 1 2 3 4 b) 4 1 2 3 c) 2 4 3 1 d) 1 3 4 2

3) Empathy means: a)Showing sympathy b)Entering into the feelings and experiences c)Patronising d)Being critical of others

4) Community Chest is related to: a)Community participation b)Community problems c)Community awareness d)Community resources

5) The proponent of Need for Achievement Theory is:

a)McClelland b)Herzberg c)Maslow d)Mcgregor

6) Manifestation of repressed ideas in the form of finer things (poetry and art) is known as:

a)Sublimitation b)Catharsis c)Ambivalence d)Fixation

7) Rejection of Null Hypothesis when it is known as: a)Absolute error b)Standard error c)Non-Sampling error d)Type I error

8) The objective of Action Research is: a)To provide knowledge about what intervention or

treatment really help in resolving Social Problems b)To provide action plan c)To provide tool for statistical analysis d)To provide technique for data collection

9) Arrange the following in correct sequence: a)Forming, Norming, Storming, Performing b)Storming, Forming, Norming, Performing c)Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing d)Forming, Performing, Storming, Norming

10) Dispersion refers to the: a)Variability in the value of items b)Frequency c)Distribution d)Central tendency

MODEL NET QUESTION PAPER WITH ANSWERS

1. Large areas of political bodies2. Close connection between politics and big business3. Spoil system of democratic government4. Expanding functions of government5. Change in Moral values6. Expansion of money economy

7. Drinking habit8. Lavish living of upper class people9. Lack of adequate machinery to deal corruption

(Source: Dr.G.R.Madan, Casteism, Corruption and Social Development in India, Radha Publications, New Delhi, 2004.)

Main Causes of Corruption

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Glossary

Biofeedback: A procedure in which a person learns to control through conscious thought internal physiological processes such as blood pressure, heart and respiration rate, skin temperature, sweating, and constriction of particular muscles. Biofeedback may be used to improve health or performance, and the physiological changes often occur in conjunction with changes to thoughts, emotions and behavior. Eventually, these changes can be maintained without the use of extra equipment.

Anorgasmia: It is a type of sexual dysfunction in which a person cannot achieve orgasm, even with adequate stimulation. In males the condition is often related to delayed ejaculation. Anorgasmia can often cause sexual frustration. Anorgasmia is far more common in females than in males and is especially rare in younger men.

Helicopter parent: In early 21st-century this is the term used to denote the parent who pays extremely close attention to his or her child's or children's experiences and problems. The term was originally coined by Foster W. Cline, M.D. and Jim Fay in their 1990 book Parenting with Love and Logic: Teaching Children Responsibility, Helicopter parents are so named because, like helicopters, they hover closely overhead, rarely out of reach, whether their children need them or not. In Scandinavia, this phenomenon is known as “curling parenthood” and describes parents who attempt to sweep all obstacles out of the paths of their children. It is also called “overparenting”. Parents try to resolve their child's problems, and try to stop them coming to harm by keeping them out of dangerous situations.

Cataclysmic events: Are the strong stressors that occur suddenly, affecting many people at once. It is a violent upheaval that causes great destruction or brings about a fundamental change. Eg. Natural Calamities.

Abetting: means to approve, encourage and support an action or a plan of action which may result with something wrong or fraud. Synonyms used for this are help, aid, assist or support.

Arbitration: It is a form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), is a legal technique for the resolution of disputes outside the courts, where the parties to a dispute refer it to one or more persons (the “arbitrators”, “arbiters” or “arbitral tribunal”), by whose decision (the “award”) they agree to be bound. It is a settlement technique in which a third party reviews the case and imposes a decision that is legally binding for both sides. Arbitration can be either voluntary or mandatory and can be either binding or non-binding. Arbitration is a proceeding in which a dispute is resolved by an impartial adjudicator whose decision the parties to the dispute have agreed, or legislation has decreed, will be final and binding.

Improshare plan: It means Improved productivity through sharing. Group incentive plan aimed at reducing the cost of production. Workers share a fixed percentage of the savings resulting from production costs coming lower than a pre-established standard cost. Improshare is an alternative to traditional managing and it aims at improving the employees productivity.

Knowledge compilation: It is a family of approaches for addressing the intractability of a number of artificial intelligence problems. It means knowledge that is compiled. Here knowledge given in a general representation language is translated (compiled) into a tractable form—allowing for efficient subsequent query answering.

Delayered: It is a term in management and corpo-rate restructuring that refers to a planned reduction in the number of layers of a management hierarchy. It is the process of pruning the administrative structure of a large organization by reducing the number of tiers in its hierarchy. Delayering does not necessarily involve stripping out jobs and cutting overheads. But it does usually mean increasing the average span of control of senior managers within the organisation. This can, in effect, chop the number of layers without removing a single name from the payroll.

Ergonomics: It is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive abilities. Ergonomics is employed to fulfill the two goals of health and productivity. It is relevant in the design of such things as safe furniture and easy-to-use interfaces to machines. Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent repetitive strain injuries, which can develop over time and can lead to long-term disability


Believe it or Not

ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀÄgÀPÀëvÉAiÀÄ zÀÈ¶ÖAiÀÄ°è zÉÃ±À £Á®Ì£ÉÃ ¥ÀqÉzÀÄPÉÆArzÉ. xÁªÀÄì£ï gÁAiÀÄâgï ¥sËAqÉÃ±À£ï £ÀqÉ¹zÀ ¸À«ÄÃPÉëAiÀÄ°è F ¸ÀvÀå ºÉÆgÀ©¢ÝzÉ. ¥ÀPÀÌzÀ ¥ÁQ¸ÁÛ£À 3£ÉÃ ̧ ÁÜ£ÀzÀ°èzÉ. C¥sÁÏ¤¸ÁÛ£À ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ C¸ÀÄgÀPÀëvÉ °¸ïÖ£À mÁ¥ï ̧ ÁÜ£ÀzÀzÀ°èzÉ. EzÀPÉÌ PÁgÀt E°è £ÀqÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÀÄªÀ AiÀÄÄzÀÞUÀ¼ÀÄ, wÃgÀ ºÉZÁÑVAiÉÄÃ DZÀgÀuÉAiÀÄ°ègÀÄªÀ E°è£À PÀlÄÖ¥ÁqÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ.

DºÁgÀzsÁ£Àå PÉÆ¼ÉAiÀÄÄ«PÉªÀiÁ»w ºÀPÀÄÌ Cfð UÀÄdgÁ¬Ä¹zÁUÀ ¹PÀÌ ªÀiÁ»wAiÀÄ ¥ÀæPÁgÀ 1997jAzÀ 2007ªÀgÉV£À PÁ¯ÁªÀ¢üAiÀÄ°è 1.3 «Ä°AiÀÄ£ï l£ïUÀÆ C¢üPÀ DºÁgÀzsÁ£Àå UÉÆÃzÁªÀÄÄUÀ¼À°è ¥ÉÆÃ¯ÁV ºÉÆÃVzÉ. E£ÀÆß £ÁaPÉUÉÃr£À ¸ÀAUÀwAiÉÄAzÀgÉ

PÉÆ¼ÉvÀ DºÁgÀ zsÁ£ÀåUÀ¼À ¸ÀÜ¼ÁAvÀgÀ ºÁUÀÆ D UÉÆÃzÁªÀÄÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ±ÀÄa ªÀiÁqÀ®Ä ¸ÀPÁðgÀ ¸ÀÄªÀiÁgÀÄ 259 PÉÆÃn gÀÆ¥Á¬ÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÉZÀÑ ªÀiÁrzÉ. C®èzÉ PÀ¼ÉzÀ ªÀµÀðªÀÇ ¸ÀÄªÀiÁgÀÄ 61,000 l£ï DºÁgÀzsÁ£ÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀÆPÀÛ ¸ÀAgÀPÀëuÉAiÀÄ ªÉÊ¥sÀ®å¢AzÀ PÉÆ¼ÉvÀÄ ºÉÆÃVzÉ JAzÀÄ ̧ ÀPÁðgÀ M¦àPÉÆArzÉ. EwÛÃZÉUÉ ¥ÀAeÁ¨ï ºÁUÀÆ ºÀjAiÀiÁtzÀ°è 15.5 «Ä°AiÀÄ£ï l£ï DºÁgÀ zsÁ£ÀåUÀ¼ÀAiÀÄ PÉÆ¼ÉwªÉ. ¸ÀÄªÀiÁgÀÄ 200 «Ä°AiÀÄ£ï ¨sÁgÀwÃAiÀÄgÀÄ DºÁgÀ«®èzÉ ºÀ¹zÀ ºÉÆmÉÖAiÀÄ°è ¢£ÀUÀ¼ÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÀÄªÀ ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðzÀ°è EAxÀ ¨sÁjÃ ¥ÀæªÀiÁtzÀ DºÁgÀ ¥ÀzÁxÀðUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÉÆÃ¯ÁUÀÄwÛgÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ ¤dPÀÆÌ DWÁvÀPÁj. 2008gÀ ¸À«ÄÃPÉëAiÀÄ ¥ÀæPÁgÀ ºÀ¹ªÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀÆZÀåAPÀzÀ°è dUÀwÛ£À 88 gÁµÀÖçUÀ¼À°è ̈ sÁgÀvÀ 66£ÉÃ ̧ ÁÜ£ÀUÀ½¹zÉ.

It’s embarrassing for any country to top the list of black money holders. The money which belongs to the nation and it’s citizens, is stashed in the illegal personal accounts of corrupt politicians, IAS, IPS officers and industrialists. An amount which is 13 times larger than the nations foreign debt. Every year this amount is increasing at a rapid speed but the Indian government seem to be silent over this matter from a very long time. The total black money accounts for 40% of GDP of India, if all the money comes back to India then that could result in huge growth burst for India.

According to the data provided by the Swiss bank, India has more black money than rest of the world combined. India topping the list with almost $1500 Billion black money in Swiss Banks, followed by Russia $470 Billion, UK $390 Billion, Ukraine $100 Billion and China with $96 Billion.

Did you know?Your responsibility to the environment as an Indian citizen is outlined in the Indian constitution in Article 48A and 51G. bet you did not know that! Here are some interesting facts

related to environment that you may like to know:1.You can lower your carbon foot –print by 1 ton a

year by sticking to a vegetarian diet.2.It takes 7 times more water to manufacture a bottle

that contains 1 litre of water.3.When food travels from farms to food table, the

maximum number of miles are added when consumers drive to the store. Buy vegetables from a store you can walk down to.

4.Paper bags have higher life cycle carbon emission than plastic. This does not mean you use plastic. It means you opt for reusable bags.

5.A molecule of methane has 21 times more potential to contribute to global warming than a molecule of carbon dioxide. Methane is released from decaying organic matter etc.

It has now been scientifically proved that even the plants know who are their friends and who are their enemies. They have developed something like a cardio-gram which is attached to the tree, and if a man comes with the idea to cut a branch of the tree or to uproot the tree – he just has the idea – suddenly the graph that is being made by the cardiogram on the tree starts trem-bling. It loses the rhythm it had... now you can see how fear is felt by the tree.

Official figures estimate that 27.5% of Indians lived below the national poverty line in 2004–2005. A 2007 report by the state-run National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) found that 25% of Indians, or 236 million people, lived on less than 20

rupees per day.• Young people ages 15 to 24 represent close to half of the world's increasing number of jobless people estimated at 192 million in 2006. This number is expected to increase by 50 million by the end of 2009. In many countries, youth are more than three times as likely as adults to be seeking work. This presents an especially urgent challenge for developing countries, home to 85 percent of the world's youth. • Over one-third of all Internet users in the world live in developing countries, whose share of the world´s "Internet population" grew by nearly 50 percent between 2000 and 2003. • An estimated 20 million children worldwide have been forced to flee their homes because of conflict and human rights violations. • One in six children 5 to 14 years old about 16 percent of all children in this age group is involved in child labor in developing countries.


The Department of Psychiatric Soc ia l Work NIMHANS, Bangalore, has organized one

day workshop for Volunteers and Voluntary Organizations on Psycho Social Care for the elderly on 28th June 2011. The department has been actively involved in training personnel of Non Governmental Organizations and Schools of Social Work to incor-porate Mental Health aspects in the care taking process of elderly. Identifi-cation of Social and Mental Health needs of elderly, formulation of care taking techniques and empowering care takers with Psycho Social skills were the objectives of this one day workshop. Prof. R. Parthasarathy, Professor and Head of Psychiatric Social Work, Dr. R. Dhanasekara Pandian and Dr. Thirumoorthy, Associate Professors of Psychiatric Social Work initiated this workshop to enhance the quality of life among elderly. Prof. J.W. Sabhaney, Senior

Neuro--Psychiatrist inaugurated the workshop and Dr. Srikala Bharath, Professor of Psychiatry, NIMHANS had delivered the special address. About 40 participants participated

in the workshop representing from different Social Service Organisations i n a n d a r o u n d B a n g a l o r e . Prof.V.Venkataramaiah, Senior Consultant Psychiatrist, Bangalore, delivered the valedictory address, Prof. M. Ranganathan, Professor of Psychiatric Social Work (Rtd) and Founder President of the Family Fellowship Society for Psycho Social Rehabilitation, delivered the special address and Prof. I.A Shariff, Profes-sor and Head of Psychiatric Social Work (Rtd) distributed the certificates to the participants. The issues discussed in the

workshop are as follows-• An over view about elderly by Dr. R Parthasarathy, Professor & Head and Dr. A Thirumurthy, Associate Profes-

Workshop on Psycho Social Care for Elderly

Dr.R. Dhanasekar PandianAsst Prof, Dept. of PSW,

NIMHANS, Bengaluru-29

sor, Department of Psychiatric Social Work, NIMHANS, Bangalore.• Psychiatric aspects of the elderly by Dr. P T Shiva Kumar, Associate Professor of Psychiatry, NIMHANS.• Psychological aspect of the elderly by Dr. Ahalya Raghuram, Professor & Head and Dr. Keshava Kumar, Associ-ate Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology, NIMHANS.• Nursing intervention for the elderly by Dr. K. Lalitha, Professor of Nurs-ing, NIMHANS.• Welfare measure for the elderly by Dr. R. Dhanasekara Pandian and Mr. Sojan Antony, Ph. D. Scholar Depart-ment of Psychiatric Social Work, NIMHANS, Bangalore.• Institutionalised and Semi institu-tionalised care for the elderly by Dr. N Krishna Reddy, Additional Professor and Dr.N. Janardana, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatric Social Work, NIMHANS, Bangalore• Promotion of Mental Health for elderly by Dr. V. Indiramma, Associate Professor and Dr. Md. Ameer Hamza, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatric Social Work, NIMHANS, Bangalore.


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It has thus led to the strengthening ‘divisive forces’ instead of supporting Dr.Shivappa`s ‘inclusive concerns’; instead of streams streams of understanding, cooperation, sharing, sacrifice, generosity, altruism flowing into the river of development, the streams of corruption, nepotism, competition, selfishness, apathy and alienation, demoralization and imbalance of rights and responsibilities, and such other destabilising forces have started flowing into the river of disunity and destruction. EAxÀ ¹ÜwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß »ÃUÉAiÉÄÃ ¨É¼ÉAiÀÄPÉÆqÀ¨ÉÃPÉ? §Ä¢ÞfÃ«UÀ¼ÀÄ, ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ ¥ÀæeÉÕAiÀÄÄ¼ÀîªÀgÀÄ, ¸ÀªÀiÁd«eÁÕ¤UÀ¼ÀÄ, ¸ÀªÀiÁdPÁAiÀÄðPÀvÀðgÀÄ ¸ÀAWÀnvÀgÁV ªÀÄÆ® ¸ÀªÀÄÄzÁAiÀÄªÁzÀ UÁæªÀÄªÀ£ÀÄß C¢üPÁgÀ «PÉÃA¢æÃPÀgÀtzÀ ¸ÁwéPÀ DqÀÄA¨ÉÆ®ªÀ£ÁßV¸À¨ÉÃPÁVzÉ. qÁ.²ªÀ¥Àà£ÀªÀgÀ F UÀæAxÀªÀÅ PÀ£ÀßrÃPÀgÀtUÉÆ¼Àî¨ÉÃPÀÄ J®ègÀ PÉÊUÀÆ ¹UÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ, ¸ÀA§AzsÀ¥ÀlÖªÀgÀ PÀuÉÛgÀ¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ, F ¸ÀA±ÉÆÃzsÀPÀgÀ D±ÀAiÀÄªÁzÀ

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STREAMS IN THE RIVERDr. R. Shivappa

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¥É¯Éè ¢ PÁAPÀgÀgï(Pelle the Conqueror)

qÁå¤µï /1988/160 ¤«ÄµÀ/PÀ®gïavÀæPÀvÉ, ¤zÉÃð±À£À : ©¯Éè DUÀ¸ïÖ

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(The Best Intentions) avÀæªÀ£ÀÄß ¤zÉÃð²¹zÀgÀÄ. ©¯Éè DUÀ¸ïÖ gÀªÀgÀ avÀæUÀ¼À ¥ÀnÖ »ÃVzÉ.

1983 Zappa1984 Twist and Shout1984 Buster`s World1988 Pelle the Conqueror1992 The Best Intentions1997 Smilla`s Sense of Snow 1998 Les Miserable

UÀÄAqÀ¥Àà .fCwy G¥À£Áå¸ÀPÀgÀÄ, ¸ÀªÀiÁdPÁAiÀÄð «¨sÁUÀ,

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Opportunities

Donor Relations Officer , Mumbai Mobile Creches Location: South MumbaiLast Date: August 21, 2011

Mumbai Mobile Creches is a non-profit organisation that has supported the health, safety and education of children living on construction sites for the last four decades. Mumbai Mobile Creches is seeking an experienced

person who can efficiently pursue, manage and maintain relationships with Mumbai Mobile Creches’ corporate, institutional and individual donors. Qualifications• Should be a Graduate in any stream with 2 years mini-mum relevant work experience • Fluency in English and Hindi• Excellent verbal and written communication skills as well as professional presentation and interpersonal skills • Working knowledge of Microsoft Office and Excel

Salary is commensurate with experience.To apply, please send a cover letter and CV to

[email protected] more information, please visit:

www.mumbaimobilecreches.org

Assistant Manager - Fundraising and Communications

Help a Child to Study Project, Somaiya Vidyavihar Trust

Location: Mumbai Last Date: August 15, 2011 Email: [email protected] Title: Assistant Manager - Fundraising and Commu-nications Organisation: Help a Child to Study Project, Somaiya

Vidyavihar Trust (Mumbai) Applicants should hold the minimum qualification of a

Bachelor’s degree, preferably in the fields of Social Work or Development, postgraduate candidates with M.S.W. or M.A. in the relevant field will receive preference. Candi-dates from other educational backgrounds will be consid-ered only if they have previous work experience within the nonprofit sector. The applicant should have at least one year’s work

experience in the nonprofit sector however applications from fresh graduates are also welcome. Candidates need to send their CV and a covering

letter to [email protected]

GzÉÆåÃUÀªÀPÁ±ÀUÀ½UÉ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹zÀ ªÀiÁ»wUÀ¼À£ÀÄß D¸ÀPÀÛgÀÄ ¸ÀªÀiÁdPÁAi ÀÄðzÀ ºÉeÉ ÓU À¼ ÀÄ (¤gÁvÀAPÀ) «¼Á¸ÀP É Ì PÀ¼ÀÄ»¹PÉÆqÀ¨ÉÃPÁV «£ÀAw -¸ÀA¥ÁzÀPÀgÀÄ

Program Coordinator Dalit Sangh Location: Harda and Hoshangabad (M.P.) Last Date: August 20, 2011 Email: [email protected] Application is invited for the post of Programme

Coordinator based at Sohagpur of district Hoshangabad of Madhya Pradesh to coordinate and support to campaign focuses on strengthening the people’s organizations and hence protection of the rights and entitlements of sched-uled communities. It is imperative for the candidate to have strong ideological as well as practical skills in order to contribute to the campaign and enriching its drive.

Remuneration: Rs. 10, 000 -13000/- per month Interested candidates may mail in their CV on or before,

AUG 25 , 2011 to da l i t sangh@si fy.com or [email protected] Women / person with disability / person from minorities /

SC and ST are encouraged to apply. Only short-listed candidates will be contacted. No

enquiries will be entertained.

HR Manager Association for Promoting Social Action

Location: Bangalore, Karnataka Last Date: August 15, 2011 Email: The candidate should be flexible regarding the handling of additional administrative tasks as needed.Qualifications: Candidates should have several years’ experience in a human resources position. Must be proactive and a self-starter capable of handling work by him or herself. Must be fluent in English and Hindi.

Salary commensurate with qualifications and experience.

[email protected]

Case Worker International Justice Mission ("IJM")

Location: Bangalore, Karnataka Last Date: August 12, 2011 Email: [email protected] DescriptionInvestigators manage an active caseload of investigation based on reports of injustice. They gather information, document facts and develop strategies that will lead to the liberation of the victims. Investigators build relationships with victims and regularly provide written reports about their cases. This position is based in Bangalore, Karnataka and requires significant travel throughout South India. This position reports to the Director of Investigations.Applications will be accepted until the position is filled:By E-mail: [email protected]


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Debate And Discussion

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-J¸ï.J. ²æÃ¤ªÁ¸À ªÀÄÆwð

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Niratanka Invites MSW and BSW students for the Field Work and Block Placement

WHY NIRATANKA ???????Finding the Right people can be easy only if you look in the Right place

Choose Niratanka It makes Right sense!!!!!

Our network Institutions- SANKALPA(NGO for Adoption), Vishwas(A home for mentally retarded children), Bangalore Kidney Foundation, Project Guidance-

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Professional Social Workers’ Forum

We will help you the followings

July Monthly Meeting on 10th July 2011, Time: 2.00 p.m Venue: Central College, Senate Hall

Job Reference: Members can request for job reference through Niratanka Management Consultancy.Niratanka will try to place in the right place. So send your resume to [email protected]

Based on your skills and experience we will select you for our training programme, kindly send us your resume to: [email protected]

NET Exam

MPhil Exam

Ph.d Entrance

Field Work

Block placement

Accent Training

How to start a NGO

Research

Preparing Project Proposal

Preparing Management Information System (MIS)

Preparing Project Implementation (PIP)

Program monitoring & evaluation

Report writing

Soft Skills Training

Others

AM264. H.S.Shashikantha, Bangalore

AM265. Kotreshi T, Bangalore

AM266. Arvind K, Bangalore

AM267. Venkatesha Naik, Bangalore

AM268. Dr. Inthiyaz Ahmed, Tumkur

AM269. H.M.Shailaja, Koppala

AM270. Kotresha A.G, Raichur

AM271. K.L.E Society’s S Nijalingappa College, Bangalore

AM272. Padma .V, Bangalore

AM273. Sathyavathi Thirupal, Bangalore

AM274. Nichitha Kumari, Hassan

AM275. Maithra .K, Bangalore Rural Dist

AM276. Nagesha H.V, Kolar

AM277. Vinutha .G, Kolar

AM278. Murali .N, Kolar

AM279. Akshay R.M, Bangalore

AM280. Y.M. Uppin, Bangalore

AM281. C.B. Shivalinge Gowda, Bangalore

AM282. M. Sumithra, Bangalore

AM283. Gireesh H.M, Kolar

AM284. Dr.M.C. Prabhudeva, Koalr

AM285. Shwetha V, Kolar AM286. Dr M.B. Sanikop, Kolar

AM287. Principal , Govt First Grade College, Tumkur

AM288. Dr. Inthiaz Ahamad, Tumkur

AM289. Karnam Gangadhara Gouda, Bellary

AM290. R.P.A First Grade College, Bangalore

AM291. Mr.Jayan, Bangalore

AM292. Devraju C.E, Kanakapura

AM293. Dr.R.Partha Sarathy, Bangalore, NIMHANS

AM294. Anantha Shishu Nivasa, Bangalore

AM295. Nagaraj H, Bangalore

AM296. Vidya A Vastrad, Bangalore

AM297. Nagabhushan J., Tumkur

AM298. Swetha M.P., Kodagu

AM299. Hemavathy J.K., Kodagu

AM300. Lekha Y.V, Kodagu

AM301. Kalpitha M.N., Kodagu

AM302. Bhagyashree G.P., Kodagu

AM303. Lipi P.P., Kodagu AM304. Drishya K.L., Kodagu

AM305. Anitha K.D., Kodagu

AM306. S.S. Sagar, Madikeri

AM307. Mahammad Riyaz .N., Kodagu

AM308. Purandara M.K., Kodagu

AM309. Rajish M.R. Madikeri

AM310. Rajitha A.L., Kodagu

AM311. Gundappa G., Kolara

AM312. Narayanaswamy, Tumkur

AM313. V.K. Karanth, ISEC, Bengaluru

SAMAJA KARYADA HEJJEGALU ANNUAL SUBSCRIBERS

August Monthly Meeting on 7th August 2011, Time: 11.00 am Venue: Kanyakumari School, Mallathahalli, Bengaluru-56

social work journal skh august 201

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