social studies 30 ussr economic planning. soviet economics article 2 of soviet constitution –...
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SOCIAL STUDIES 30
USSR ECONOMIC PLANNING
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SOVIET ECONOMICS• ARTICLE 2 OF SOVIET
CONSTITUTION – ‘THE ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE USSR IS DETERMINED & DIRECTED BY THE STATE ECONOMIC PLAN’
• STATE OWNED VIRTUALLY ALL LAND
• STATE A GIGANTIC GOVERNMENT MONOPOLY
• STATE CONTROLLED – TRANSPORTATION, – FINANCE, – INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, – INTERNATIONAL TRADE– 90% OF RETAIL STORES
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ECONOMY POST 1917 REVOLUTION
• LENIN APPLY MANY OF MARX’S ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES
• WAR COMMUNISM
• NATIONALIZED PRIVATE PROPERTY, FACTORIES, NATURAL RESOURCES & LAND
• GAVE WORKERS CONTROL OVER FACTORIES
• PEASANTS GIVE UP SURPLUS FOOD TO WORKERS
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LENIN’S NEW ECONOMIC POLICY• 1921- STATE RETAINED CONTROL OVER
IMPORTANT INDUSTRIES, BUT ALLOWED SMALL-SCALE PRIVATE ENTERPRISES & PEASANTS COULD SELL CROPS TO CONSUMERS
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STALIN’S FIVE YEAR PLANS• TROTSKY VS. STALIN
• TROTSKY WANTED TO SPREAD COMMUNISM GLOBALLY & STALIN WANTED TO BUILD IT UP IN SOVIET UNION
• STALIN UNCHALLENGED LEADER BY 1928
• 25 MILLION FARMS
• ABOUT 1 MILLION KULAKS FIGHT WITH STALIN
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FIRST FIVE-YEAR PLAN• FOCUSED ON
INDUSTRIALIZATION• EXPAND HEAVY
INDUSTRY SO COULD PROVIDE – INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY,– TRANSPORTATION
FACILITIES, – MILITARY WEAPONS– ELIMINATE PRIVATELY
OWNED FIRMS– CREATE STATE &
COOPERATIVE FARMS– ELIMINATE PRIVATE
ENTERPRISE– BECOME SELF-SUFFICIENT
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IMPACTS OF FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN• USSR RANKED 4TH IN WORLD IN
INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT• INDUSTRIAL WORKERS WENT FROM
3 TO 6 MILLION• PRODUCING MORE PIG IRON THAN
GB• OIL PRODUCTION X2• ELECTRIC POWER INCREASED 550 %• MACHINERY PRODUCTION GREW BY
400%• NEW INDUSTRIES EMERGED –
SYNTHETIC RUBBER, PLASTICS & AVIATION
• CONSUMER GOODS IGNORED• POOR FACTORY & HOUSING
CONDITIONS• FACTORY MANAGERS LIED ABOUT
QUOTAS• BUSINESSMEN DEPRIVED OF CIVIL
RIGHTS• INDOCTRINATED PEOPLE
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COLLECTIVE & STATE FARMS
• COLLECTIVE FARMS- LG SCALE, GOVT MANAGED FARMS CREATED BY COMBINING SMALLER PEASANT HOLDINGS.
• PEASANTS LIVED ON FARM & WORKED TOGETHER
• STATE FARMS- GOVT OWNED MECHANIZED FARMS CREATED BY STALIN TO TEST NEW AGRICULTURAL METHODS
• (RIGHT) ‘KEEP KULAKS OUT OF COLLECTIVE FARMS’
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GOVT PRICE CONTROLS• GOVT SET LOW PRICES
ON SCHOOLBOOKS, CHILDREN’S CLOTHES
• HIGH PRICES ON UNDESIRABLE ITEMS SUCH AS VODKA
• REDUCE INCOME GAP = LOW PRICES ON FOOD & CLOTHING
• HIGH PRICES ON LUXURY GOODS = CERTAIN FOODS & CARS
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LONG TERM PLANNING• LONG RANGE PLANNING
UPTO 20 YRS• 5-7 YR PLANS SET MORE
SPECIFIC GOALS• COMMUNIST PARTY
DETERMINED GOALS• GOSPLAN – CENTRAL
PLANNING AGENCY THAT WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR INFORMING REGIONAL MINISTRIES ABOUT WHICH PRODUCTS WERE NEEDED & IN WHAT QUANTITIES
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PROS & CONS OF CENTRAL PLANNING• PRO- GOVT DETERMINED
WHICH GOODS THE COUNTRY NEEDED – ALLOWED FOR MORE EQULITY IN DISTRIBUTION
• CON- IF MADE BAD DECISION, EFFECT COULD BE DISASTEROUS
• CON-SLOW TO RESPOND TO UNFORESEEN CHANGES = SURPLUS & SHORTAGES
• INDIVIDUAL INITIATIVE & INNOVATION LIMITED
• CON-DIFFICULT DECIDING WHAT TO PRODUCE – NO PROPER SURVEYS
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kulaks• Scapegoats• 1930- ‘we must smash the Kulaks, eliminate them as a
class’-Stalin• Take the Kulak land, machinery and livestock• Food & clothing confiscated by military• Many kulaks destroyed what they had
– 1/3 of cattle gone– ½ of sheep and goats gone– ¼ of horses slaughtered– Agriculture production down
• 5 & 10 million dead
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Keep kulaks out of collective farms
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GLASNOST
• A policy of openness that allowed increased freedom of expression of political opinions within the Communist Party and the USSR under Gorbachev
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PERESTROIKA• ECONOMY• AGRICULTURE• TECHNOLOGY• CONSUMPTION• INTERNATIONAL
TRADE• DEMOCRATIZATION• CULTURE
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COUP - 1991• Gorbachev under
house arrest • Yeltsin want to
continue with capitalism but speed it up
• Helps Gorbachev
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1991 COUP• REACTIONARIES• Communist hardliners want to go back to past• Take over white house
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