Social Studies 10 Final Exam ReviewMultiple ChoiceThe United Empire Loyalists

Our Land Building the West Canada to 1815In Downloads

William Lyon Mackenzie.The Colonial Advocate & the "Types Riot", 182426

MackenzieMain article: Colonial AdvocateIn 1824, Mackenzie established his most famous newspaper, the Colonial Advocate. It was initially established to influence voters in the elections for the 9th Parliament of Upper Canada. Mackenzie supported some characteristically British institutions, notably the British Empire, primogeniture and the clergy reserves, but he also praised American institutions in the paper.The Colonial Advocate had financial difficulties, and in November 1824, Mackenzie relocated the paper to York. There, he advocated in favour of the Reform cause and became an outspoken critic of the Family Compact, an upper-class clique which dominated the government of Upper Canada. However, the newspaper continued to face financial pressures: it had only 825 subscribers by the beginning of 1825, and faced stiff competition from another Reform newspaper, the Canadian Freeman. As a result, Mackenzie had to suspend publishing the Colonial Advocate from July to December 1825. He purchased a new printing press in fall 1825 and resumed publication in 1826, now engaging in even more scurrilous attacks on leading Tory politicians such as William Allan, G. D'Arcy Boulton, Henry John Boulton, and George Gurnett. However, Mackenzie continued to amass debts, and in May 1826, he fled across the American border to Lewiston, New York to evade his creditors.

Les patriotes.The rebellion was preceded by nearly three decades of efforts at political reform in Lower Canada, led from the early 1800s by James Stuart and Louis-Joseph Papineau, who formed the Parti patriote and sought accountability from the elected General Assembly and appointed governor of the colony. The appointed Legislative Council (a type of upper house) was dominated by a small group of businessmen known as the Chteau Clique, the equivalent of the Family Compact in Upper Canada.Activists in Lower Canada began to work for reform in a period of economic disfranchisement of the French-speaking majority and working-class English-speaking citizens. The rebellion protested the injustice of colonial governing as such, in which the governor and upper house of the legislature were appointed by the Crown. Many of its leaders and participants were English-speaking citizens of Lower Canada. The French speakers felt that Anglophones were disproportionately represented in the lucrative fields of banking, the timber trade, and transportation industry.

Wolfred Nelson, Nelson was born in Montreal the son of William Nelson, an immigrant to Colonial America from Newsham, North Yorkshire, England. His mother, Jane Dies, was a teacher and daughter of an important land owner in the New York area.Along with his younger brother Robert Nelson, he was known as a member of the Patriotes and his leading role in the Lower Canada Rebellion.Nelson studied at the school of his father in William Henry (today Sorel, Quebec). He became a doctor in January 1811, and subsequently served in that capacity with the British troops on the War of 1812.He moved to Saint-Denis-sur-Richelieu where he opened a distillery. He entered politics when elected in William Henry in 1827. He supported the Parti Patriote.

1837 - 1838 Rebellions failure?

The Rebellions of 1837 began after Papineau's rights were denied by the governor to 92 resolutions of reform. Papineau had thought it was important that the people of Lower Canada should have a more suitable government, rather than the small oligarchy. After his rights were denied he led the Patriotes against the Oligarchy gov't. His attempt for reform through rebellion was unsuccessful, however, it sparked the idea ofrebellion of W. Mackenzie in Upper Canada. Mackenzie started his rebellion in a tavern/ bar fight. The upper Canada Rebellion also ended quite unsuccessful. After the rebellions, Both Papineau and Mckenzie fled to the United States, leaving their follower rebels to face their punishments. As a result, the rebels would either have a death penalty or be transported to Bermuda/ Australia for 7 years. The lower Canadian rebels would have their crops and fields burned.

Result of the 1837 and 1838 Rebellions The Durham Report Durham recommended that Upper and Lower Canada be united into one province. He also encouraged immigration to Canada from Britain, to overwhelm the existing numbers of French Canadians with the hope of assimilating them into British culture.[3] The freedoms granted to the French Canadians under the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and the Quebec Act of 1774 should also be rescinded; according to Lord Durham this would eliminate the possibility of future rebellions. The French Canadians did not necessarily have to give up their religion and language entirely, but their culture could not be protected at the expense of what Durham considered a more progressive British culture.The proposed merger would also benefit Upper Canada as the construction of canals led to a considerable debt load; while access to the former Lower Canada fiscal surplus would allow that debt to be erased. He also recommended responsible government, in which the governor general would be a figurehead and the legislative assembly would hold a great deal of power. In the responsible government, the legislative assembly would be elected by the people. The party with majority would hold power and as long as they held support, they would keep power. However, this recommendation was not accepted and the Province of Canada would not get responsible government for another decade.

The Act of Union of 1841 Act of UnionAfter the Rebellions of 1837 and 1838 in Upper and Lower Canada, the British government sent Lord Durham to study the political situation in the British North American colonies. In his report, Lord Durham recommended, in particular, that the two Canadian provinces be united to form a single province. United Canada was thus born, and consisted of Canada East (formerly Lower Canada and the precursor of modern-day Quebec) and Canada West (formerly Upper Canada and the precursor of modern-day Ontario).The Act of Union was sanctioned on July23,1840, by Queen Victoria and came into effect on February10,1841.The Act of Union was the main reason for the political instability that reigned in United Canada until 1867. Because the Union gave equal representation to both parts of the colony, some members of the political elite, both francophone and anglophone, were calling for rep by pop (representation by population). The situation eventually became intolerable, and led to the Great Coalition in 1864, and ultimately to Confederation in 1867.

The Rebellion Losses Bill of 1849 The coalition government of Baldwin and La-Fontaine introduced the Rebellion Losses Bill in 1849. This was a very controversial piece of legislation which proposed to compensate those who lost property during the 1837 rebellions. Many of those who would receive payment had been on the rebel side. Conservatives were enraged that treason was being rewarded.

Although the Governor of Canada, Lord Elgin, personally agreed with the Conservatives he had to sign the bill giving it Royal Assent because it had been presented by leaders who had the support of the majority in the Assembly. The Conservatives reacted by burning the Parliament Buildings in Montreal, throwing stones at Elgin's carriage, attacking LaFontaine's house and burning Mackenzie and Baldwin in effigy. Despite these protests, England upheld Elgin's decision. This was the first big test of responsible government.

Fenians.The Fenians With the end of the American Civil War in 1865, another kind of menace was building on the United States border. This threat to the security of British North America would also push the colonies closer to union. The Fenians were an Irish Catholic Group that hoped to free Ireland. For years they had been preparing to do battle with the British Army in North America. The Fenians' idea was to tie the enemy down, while brothers back home fought in Britain. When the American Civil War ended in April 1865, a group of former northern solders, mostly Irish Americans, formed small units intent on raiding Canada. Rumours reached New Brunswick that the Fenians intended to occupy Campobello Island, in the mouth of Passamaquoddy Bay. The invasion collapsed, but it instilled in Maritimers the fear of possible war. An election was called, and a pro-Confederation party was returned to power, partly on the threat of a Fenian invasion and partly through bribes to the electorate. The Fenians presented a more palpable threat in Upper Canada. On June 1, 1866, an estimated 1,500 Fenians crossed into Canada at the Niagara River at Buffalo. Upper Canada resident Amelia Harris wrote, "They crossed the river from Buffalo below Black Rock. It is telegraphed that there are about 1,500 of them. 1,000 Volunteers & some companies of the 16th have gone to repel them. It is to be hoped that we shall have a good account of them by tomorrow. ... The garrison had arranged for a picnic ... but on account of the Fenians no one was allowed to leave the Barracks, so the picnic was turned into a dance in the mess room. Edward, Sophia & George went..." Two days later, the news that thousands of Fenians had crossed into Upper Canada reached Harris in church, and the militia left during the Litany. The volunteers clashed with the Fenians at Ridgeway and the volunteers were routed. Ten Canadian were killed and 38 wounded. But by June 5, the fear in London, (Upper Canada) at least, had waned. "The Fenian excitement continues but not so absorbing as it was," Harris reported. "There is a great feeling against General Napier & Colonel Peacock ... It is said that Gen Napier was drunk and that Col Peacock delayed so that the volunteers at [the Battle of] Ridgeway were sacrificed." On June 18, the volunteers all returned to their homes. The next spring, the Fenians threatened again. John A. Macdonald suspended the protection of habeas corpus for anyone suspected of being involved with them. But the Fenians remained a largely ineffective group. Their main gift was instilling fear. Although the Fenians failed to mount a decisive military action, they became a compelling symbol for the need for Confederation.

The Fenians were an Irish Catholic Group that hoped to free Ireland by attacking the British colonies in North America. (Courtesy of the National Archives of Canada)

British North America Act of 1867A Three-Minute Guide to the BNA Act, 1867The British North America Act, 1867 (BNA Act, 1867) was passed by the British Parliament in 1867. It is the law that created the Canadian Confederation. Many other Acts called British North America Act were later passed, amending the 1867 Act, or adding to it. A federation usually consists of at least two main levels of government - local states or provinces, and a federal government. Canada is no different. However, these levels can't share the same powers, as that would lead to direct competition and chaos. The BNA Act was passed to set the legal ground rules for Canada, and divvy up the powers between the provinces and the federal government. Section 91 of the BNA Act lists the powers the federal Parliament can exercise. Section 92 lists the powers of the Provincial Legislatures. Unless the parties agree otherwise, the federal government must not make laws dealing with matters of provincial jurisdiction, and vice versa. If one party does pass a law that intrudes on the jurisdiction of the other, the courts will strike it down. Some of the key areas of federal and provincial responsibility are: Federal: The Public Debt and Property. The Regulation of Trade and Commerce. The Raising of Money by any Mode or System of Taxation. Postal Service. Militia, Military and Naval Service, and Defence. Navigation and Shipping. Currency and Coinage Banking, Incorporation of Banks, and the Issue of Paper Money Bankruptcy and Insolvency Indians, and Lands reserved for the Indians Naturalization and Aliens Marriage and Divorce The Criminal Law Provincial: Direct Taxation within the Province in order to the raising of a Revenue for Provincial Purposes. The Management and Sale of the Public Lands belonging to the Province and of the Timber and Wood thereon. The Establishment, Maintenance, and Management of Hospitals, Asylums, Charities, Shop, Saloon, Tavern, Auctioneer, and other Licences in order to the raising of a Revenue for Provincial, Local, or Municipal Purposes. Local Works and Undertakings The Solemnization of Marriage in the Province. Property and Civil Rights within the Province. The Administration of Justice in the Province Generally all Matters of a merely local or private Nature in the Province.

Three major conferences Three men who agreed to compromise in ConfederationSir John A. Macdonald

Province:Canada WestYear of Birth - Death:1815 - 1891Conferences:Charlottetown, Qubec, LondonAbout Sir John A. MacdonaldJohn A. Macdonald played a large role in shaping the Qubec Resolutions. The Upper Canadian politician was the only one at the conference with a background in constitutional law. Macdonald drafted 50 of the 72 resolutions and his desire for a strong central government was reflected in the document.As a leader in bringing about Confederation and his position as Canadas first prime minister, he has earned an important place in Canadian history.Footnote 1Sir George-tienne Cartier

Province:Canada EastYear of Birth - Death:1814 - 1873Conferences:Charlottetown, Qubec, LondonAbout Sir George-tienne CartierA lawyer and a politician, George-tienne Cartier was one of the strongest supporters of Confederation. He was a reformer and believed in representation proportional to the population. He was one of the most influential participants at the Charlottetown and Qubec Conferences, and is seen as one of the primary architects of Confederation.George Brown

Province:Canada WestYear of Birth - Death:1818 - 1880Conferences:Charlottetown, QubecAbout George BrownGeorge Brown was a proponent of representation by population and a strong promoter of a legislative union in the early 1860s. In 1864, he proposed the Great Coalition to John A. Macdonald and George-tienne Cartier, and went on to play a major role at the Charlottetown and Qubec Conferences. He resigned from the coalition in 1865.

First Prime Minister John A. MacDonaldMajor condition for Canadian Confederation British Columbia Joins Confederation: Introduction (3:20)When British Columbia joined Confederation it was so remote from the rest of Canada that mail going east had to carry an American stamp and go through San Francisco. The colony was large and rich in resources, but its population was small, perhaps only 11,000 Europeans and about 26,000 native people. With a British naval base in Esquimalt and a series of gold rushes in the interior, the fur trade economy had given way to coal mining, lumbering, fishing and a rising merchant class. But a large public debt, economic depression following the end of the gold rush, and political unrest pushed the colony to consider making a change. Just as in other pre-Confederation colonies, union with Canada had its opponents in B.C. A small faction sought to solve British Columbia's financial problems by annexation with the United States where a great deal of their trade orientation was aimed already. Others, like J.S. Helmcken, son-in-law of James Douglas, wanted to maintain the British connection. Helmcken felt that B.C. was geographically too distant from the rest of Canada for proper communication with the east. B.C. would have little political influence, he argued, and would be subject to policy decisions made far away. This is still a concern of westerners today. The eccentric newspaper publisher, Amor de Cosmos, who was to become an early premier of the new province in 1873, was a strong supporter of Confederation. From his point of view it was the only way British Columbia would achieve responsible government, something reformers had been arguing for without success since the 1850s. Governor Anthony Musgrave was a friend of John A. Macdonald's and shared his vision of Canada. Britain was ready to give up control of this remote, increasingly expensive colony and Musgrave's job was to overcome the opposition and smooth the way for Confederation. He sent a delegation to Ottawa, among them the skeptical Helmcken, and much to their surprise, all their terms were accepted. Canada would take over all the debt of the colony and pump money into the province annually for public works. Responsible government would be implemented in the province and B.C. would also be allowed to send six members to Parliament in Ottawa instead of the two or three it was entitled to with rep by pop. The biggest surprise was Cartier's generous offer of a transcontinental railway line that would penetrate the Rocky Mountains and join B.C. to the east within ten years. The delegates had only asked for a wagon road! The railway promise provoked a lot of opposition in the east because it was such a massive, expensive undertaking and most of the land between B.C. and Ontario was barely inhabited. Without it, however, we probably wouldn't have been able to establish a country. On July 20, 1871, British Columbia entered Confederation as our sixth province, extending the young Dominion of Canada to the Pacific Ocean.

Red River Resistance of 1869?Red River RebellionFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaRed River Rebellion

The Mtis provisional government

Date1869-1870

LocationRed River Colony, Rupert's Land, Canada

ResultMtis political victory Red River Colony enters Canadian Confederation as the Province of ManitobaCanadian military victory The Wolseley Expedition takes control of Fort Garry Louis Riel flees to the United States

Belligerents

MtisProvisional governmentCanadaCanadian Party

Commanders and leaders

Louis RielJohn BruceAmbroise-Dydime LpineJohn A. MacdonaldWilliam McDougallJohn Christian SchultzGarnet Wolseley

Casualties and losses

None1 (Thomas Scott)

The Red River Rebellion (or the Red River Resistance, Red River Uprising, or First Riel Rebellion) was the sequence of events related to the 1869 establishment of a provisional government by the Mtis leader Louis Riel and his followers at the Red River Colony, in what is now the Canadian province of Manitoba.The Rebellion was the first crisis the new government faced following Canadian Confederation in 1867. The Canadian government had bought Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869 and appointed an English-speaking governor, William McDougall. He was opposed by the French-speaking, mostly Mtis inhabitants of the settlement. Before the land was officially transferred to Canada, McDougall sent out surveyors to plot the land according to the square township system used in Ontario. The Mtis, led by Riel, prevented McDougall from entering the territory. McDougall declared that the Hudson's Bay Company was no longer in control of the territory and that Canada had asked for the transfer of sovereignty to be postponed. The Mtis created a provisional government, to which they invited an equal number of Anglophone representatives. Riel negotiated directly with the Canadian government to establish Manitoba as a province.Meanwhile, Riel's men arrested members of a pro-Canadian faction who had resisted the provisional government. They included an Orangeman named Thomas Scott. Riel's government tried and convicted Scott, and executed him for threatening to murder Louis Riel.[1] Canada and the Assiniboia provisional government soon negotiated an agreement. In 1870, the national legislature passed the Manitoba Act, allowing the Red River Colony to enter Confederation as the province of Manitoba. The Act also incorporated some of Riel's demands, such as provision of separate French schools for Mtis children and protection for the practice of Catholicism.After reaching agreement, Canada sent a military expedition to Manitoba to enforce federal authority. Now known as the Wolseley Expedition (or Red River Expedition), it consisted of Canadian militia and British regular soldiers led by Colonel Garnet Wolseley. Outrage grew in Ontario over Scott's execution, and many eastern folk demanded that Wolseley's expedition arrest Riel for murder and suppress what they considered to be rebellion.[1] Riel peacefully withdrew from Fort Garry the day the troops arrived. Warned by many that the soldiers would harm him, and denied amnesty for his political leadership of the rebellion, Riel fled to the USA. The arrival of troops marked the end of the Rebellion.

The creation of the Province of Manitoba Manitoba is CreatedBy spring 1870, Louis Riel was a wanted man in Canada. The leader of the Red River Resistance had made a strategic blunder when he executed an Ontario man named Thomas Scott during the uprising. There were calls in English Canada for Riel to be hanged.

Canadian Prime Minister John A. Macdonald was prepared to negotiate with Louis Riel if that would achieve his aims of integrating the northwest into Canada. He was also ready to use force if necessary. (Courtesy of the National Archives of Canada)

Behind the scenes, the Canadian government was quietly acceding to most of the conditions Riel had set. The Mtis would accept annexation to Canada as long as they were not stripped of their property or denied Catholic religious rights or French language rights. As the tensions escalated in Red River, a team of three negotiators traveled to Ottawa, led by a soft-spoken priest called Father Nol Ritchot. Ritchot was deeply loyal to Riel and went armed with a list of demands for a new province they wished to call Manitoba. To avoid fanning the anti-Riel flames, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald and his close ally George tienne Cartier met the delegates from Red River at a discreet distance from Parliament Hill. Macdonald was confident he could stare down the inexperienced prairie delegation and assert the government's will. But Macdonald and Cartier were stunned by the steely determination of Ritchot. The priest demanded everything be put on the table. The delegation wanted full provincial status, responsible government for the citizens, provisions for separate schools for Catholics. Ritchot also persuaded the government to grant 1.4 million acres of land to the children of the Mtis. "We have spent about seventy-five hours in discussion with Sir George... to conclude this important business... Matters are going well for our poor but brave people of Red River, " said Ritchot. In May 1870, their work was done and a new province was born. With the completion of the Rupert's Land transfer, the young Dominion of Canada had acquired a land mass 30 times the size of Britain. And tucked in the corner of the vast territory was a small province called Manitoba, with protections for French-speakers, Catholics and the Mtis. But the Canadian government would not let it be Riel's Manitoba. There was no talk of amnesty for the Mtis leader. And to appease Ontario, Macdonald dispatched a military force west.

British Columbia entered into Confederation "Father of British Columbia"

Sir James Douglas

James Douglas

Why wasn't the Cariboo an absolute chaos during the goldrush? All the ingredients were there: lots of miners from all over Europe and North America, far from families, governments, and other civilizing influences, desperate for gold. They didn't have roads or courthouses or post offices when it all started. The Cariboo should have been a dangerous, scary place. There were some fights and murders, but it wasn't "wild". Why not? Because of James Douglas (1803-1877), Governor of the colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia, known as "the father of British Columbia."

Governor Douglas was born in British Guiana into a "Scotch West Indian" family. He spent most of his career working in the fur trade in what is now British Columbia, for the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC). At Fort St. James he married Amelia Connolly, daughter of the "chief factor" of the fort and his First Nations wife. In 1851 Douglas was appointed the second Governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island. Hard-working, intelligent and well-read, confident and decisive, Douglas was in many ways an ideal governor - though some called him vain and autocratic. When gold was discovered on the Fraser River in 1857, there was no British colony in the area yet, just a few HBC forts. Douglas was worried that the Americans coming up to find gold would take over the territory. He wrote to his boss in Britain, the Colonial Secretary - but in those days when messages travelled by horse and sailing ship, it took months for a message to get to Britain and back. So Douglas went into action. He proclaimed that people could only claim mines if they took out licenses under his control, as the representative of British authority. He hired policemen, drew up mining regulations, and visited the diggings himself. Imagine Douglas appearing in a formerly lawless mining camp, with fewer than 40 men as back-up, announcing that this was British territory and that "no abuses would be tolerated, and that the Laws would protect the rights of the Indians no less than those of the white men." Douglas was certainly brave! He wrote to a friend that he had never before seen "a crowd of more ruffianly looking men." But he won those men's respect and they even obeyed his command to give three cheers for the queen. In 1858 Britain created the new crown colony of British Columbia and made Douglas the Governor - he and Chief Justice Matthew Begbie were sworn in together at Fort Langley. Douglas started appointing other government officials, such as Thomas Elwyn, to help keep law and order in the goldfields. To ensure provisions would be available for miners he encouraged trade and farming, and built the Douglas Trail and the Cariboo Wagon Road. Douglas did everything he could to ensure that commerce and travel relating to the gold rush happened mainly on British rather than American territory, and that British law ruled the Cariboo - and he succeeded. In 1864 Douglas stepped down as governor and was knighted as a reward for his services. After some travels abroad he retired to Victoria and devoted the rest of his life to his family. He is buried in Victoria's Ross Bay Cemetery. Cariboo gold rush.Gold Rush Fever in B.C. 1858-63From 1858 to 1863, gold fever invaded the interior of B.C. Two gold rushes, one after the other, brought thousands of prospectors and adventurers into what was previously native fur-trading territory. There were inevitable conflicts with the native peoples whose lives were irreversibly changed. All this activity also focussed attention on the mainland and led to increased development there. The colony of Vancouver Island was affected, too, as business boomed for its farmers, merchants, hotel owners and builders. Most miners passed through Victoria to stock up on provisions before making the treacherous journey by boat to the mainland and by foot up the Fraser canyon. The type of mining practised in these gold rushes, and also in the later Klondike Gold Rush, was known as placer mining. This is the process of washing loose sand or gravel for gold or other minerals. This is sometimes referred to as "free" gold since expensive technology and capital investment were not required to mine it. To pan for gold, a prospector needed only simple tools to sift the precious dust from the banks of the river. The first flood of miners, the Fraser River Gold Rush, brought over 30,000 people to the shores of the Fraser from Hope to Lillooet in 1858. Most of the gold seekers were Americans looking for new opportunities after the California gold rush had run its course. In order to prevent this American invasion from threatening British sovereignty in the area, the mainland district of New Caledonia was declared to be a colony in 1858. The British system of justice was brought to bear on the American free-wheelers through the unwavering hand of Judge Matthew Baillie Begbie. Begbie also curbed the spread of Indian Wars by insisting on fair application of the law to all - whites and non-whites, alike. There were more Canadian and British prospectors involved in the Cariboo Gold Rush of 1860-63. The commercial centre for the Cariboo rush was Barkerville, named after William Barker, an English seaman who found gold in nearby Williams Creek in 1862. By 1865 the surface placer gold was almost gone. Barkerville was practically wiped out by fire in 1868. In response to the Cariboo Gold Rush, governor James Douglas built, at great expense, a 650-km road from Yale into the rugged interior of the Cariboo Mountains. This provided an important transportation route for further development of the mainland colony.

The Pacific Scandal

In the late 1860s, there was an American movement to plan an economic takeover of Canada, forcing Canada to seek admission into the United States. The people involved wanted control of the railroads and the trade that rail traffic generated. Sir Hugh Allan was president of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Some of his American partners shared this view and wanted a Canadian railway to travel south from Ontario to connect with the Northern Pacific Railroad, which was nearing completion. This would leave the Canadian northwest open for American trade. Canadians, fearing any close contact with the United States, were skeptical of any deals involving US financiers. Macdonald and Cartier approached Allan, promising the lucrative contract to build the trans-Canadian railway in exchange for a financial contribution to the Conservative Party. Allan gave them close to $350,000 from American investors. Macdonald's Conservative government came to power, and Allan got the contract. But by the end of 1872, the American investors had begun to lose patience when Allan hadn't undertaken the work and they seemed to be excluded from the railroad project. Rumours of embezzlement began to circulate in Ottawa.On July 18, 1873, The Globe, a liberal newspaper from Toronto, published a telegram from Macdonald to Allan in which Macdonald begged the powerful businessman for money. The press seized the story and revealed the American funding sources that contributed to the Conservative victory. Macdonald submitted his government's resignation on November 5.

John A. Macdonalds "National Policy" The National Policy was an economic policy put in place in 1879 by JohnA.Macdonald's government. It remained the basis of Conservative economic policy for many years--Conservative Prime Minister Robert Borden would maintain the policy from 1911 to 1920, as would Prime Minister R.B.Bennett from 1930 to 1935.A nationalist policy designed to favour Canadian industries and to promote consumer confidence, the National Policy was initially seen as a protectionist measure. Over time, however, the policy took on a larger scope. The Canadian Pacific Railway, the colonization of the Prairies, the development of ports, and financial support for a sea link to Europe and Asia to support the export of Canadian goods came to be included under the heading of the National Policy.

Manitoba and ConfederationMajor event was occurring in the United States in 1864Fear of Annexation by the United StatesFrom the Canadian Government site on Canada's confederation (1867), we learn that there was a movement in the United States to annex Canada and that the Republicans made annexation one of the issues in the 1864 Presidential election. The site includes the transcript of a bill for annexation passed in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1867 and several political cartoons about annexation.The American Civil War, widely known in the United States as simply the Civil War as well as other sectional names, was a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. Among the 34 states in January 1861, seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, often simply called the South, grew to include eleven states, and although they claimed thirteen states and additional western territories, the Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by a foreign country. The states that remained loyal and did not declare secession were known as the Union or the North. The war had its origin in the fractious issue of slavery, especially the extension of slavery into the western territories.[N 1] After four years of combat, which left over 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South's infrastructure, the Confederacy collapsed and slavery was abolished. Then began the Reconstruction and the processes of restoring national unity and guaranteeing civil rights to the freed slaves.Purchase of AlaskaPurchase of Alaska, 1867The purchase of Alaska in 1867 marked the end of Russian efforts to expand trade and settlements to the Pacific coast of North America, and became an important step in the United States rise as a great power in the Asia-Pacific region. Beginning in 1725, when Russian Czar Peter the Great dispatched Vitus Bering to explore the Alaskan coast, Russia had a keen interest in this region, which was rich in natural resources and lightly inhabited. As the United States expanded westward in the early 1800s, Americans soon found themselves in competition with Russian explorers and traders. St. Petersburg, however, lacked the financial resources to support major settlements or a military presence along the Pacific coast of North America and permanent Russian settlers in Alaska never numbered more than four hundred. Defeat in the Crimean War further reduced Russian interest in this region.

Signing of the Alaska Treaty, 1867 Russia offered to sell Alaska to the United States in 1859, believing the United States would off-set the designs of Russias greatest rival in the Pacific, Great Britain. The looming U.S. Civil War delayed the sale, but after the war, Secretary of State William Seward quickly took up a renewed Russian offer and on March 30, 1867, agreed to a proposal from Russian Minister in Washington, Edouard de Stoeckl, to purchase Alaska for $7.2 million. The Senate approved the treaty of purchase on April 9; President Andrew Johnson signed the treaty on May 28, and Alaska was formally transferred to the United States on October 18, 1867. This purchase ended Russias presence in North America and ensured U.S. access to the Pacific northern rim.For three decades after its purchase the United States paid little attention to Alaska, which was governed under military, naval, or Treasury rule or, at times, no visible rule at all. Seeking a way to impose U.S. mining laws, the United States constituted a civil government in 1884. Skeptics had dubbed the purchase of Alaska Sewards Folly, but the former Secretary of State was vindicated when a major gold deposit was discovered in the Yukon in 1896, and Alaska became the gateway to the Klondike gold fields. The strategic importance of Alaska was finally recognized in World War II. Alaska became a state on January 3, 1959.

Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny is a term for the attitude prevalent during the 19th century period of American expansion that the United States not only could, but was destined to, stretch from coast to coast. This attitude helped fuel western settlement, Native American removal and war with Mexico. The phrase was first employed by John L. OSullivan in an article on the annexation of Texas published in the July-August 1845 edition of the United States Magazine and Democratic Review, which he edited.The term manifest destiny originated in the 1840s. It expressed the belief that it was Anglo-Saxon Americans providential mission to expand their civilization and institutions across the breadth of North America. This expansion would involve not merely territorial aggrandizement but the progress of liberty and individual economic opportunity as well.Canadian surveyors working in the Red River On a snowy day in October 1869, a group of nineteen unarmed Mtis riders took a major step in changing the course of Manitobas history. Confronting a survey crew that was staking out land west of the Red River for the anticipated arrival of Canadian settlers, the Mtis stepped on the surveyors chain, signalling their intention to oppose the distant Canadian Governments plan to annex the west for agricultural immigration.The Northwest Rebellion of 1885 The North-West Rebellion (or the North-West Resistance, Saskatchewan Rebellion, Northwest Uprising, or Second Riel Rebellion) of 1885 was a brief and unsuccessful uprising by the Mtis people under Louis Riel, and an associated uprising by First Nations Cree and Assiniboine, of the District of Saskatchewan against the government of Canada. During a time of great social change in Western Canada, the Mtis believed that the Canadians had failed to address the protection of their rights, their land and their survival as a distinct people. Despite some notable early victories at Duck Lake, Fish Creek and Cut Knife, the rebellion ended when the Mtis were defeated at the siege of Batoche, Saskatchewan, which led to the eventual scattering of their allied Aboriginal forces and the trial and hanging of Louis Riel and eight First Nations leaders. Tensions between French Canada and English Canada increased for some time.[7][8] Due to the role that the Canadian Pacific Railway played in transporting troops, political support for it increased and Parliament authorized funds to complete the country's first transcontinental railway.Quebec supported Louis Riel Riel made his way to Montreal and, fearing arrest or assassination, vacillated as to whether he should attempt to take up his seat in the House of CommonsEdward Blake, the Premier of Ontario, had announced a bounty of $5,000 for his arrest.[40] Famously, Riel was the only Member of Parliament who was not present for the great Pacific Scandal debate of 1873 that led to the resignation of the Macdonald government in November. Liberal leader Alexander Mackenzie became the interim prime minister, and a general election was held in January 1874. Although the Liberals under Mackenzie formed the new government, Riel easily retained his seat. Formally, Riel had to sign a register book at least once upon being elected, and he did so under disguise in late January. He was nevertheless stricken from the rolls following a motion supported by Schultz, who had become the member for the electoral district of Lisgar.[41] Undeterred, Riel prevailed again in the resulting by-election, and although again expelled, his symbolic point had been made and public opinion in Quebec was strongly tipped in his favour.

Trial of Louis Riel was biased Dispute in the Alaska Boundary Dispute The Alaska boundary dispute was a territorial dispute between the United States and the United Kingdom (Canada was then a British Dominion with its foreign affairs controlled from London). It was resolved by arbitration in 1903. The dispute had been going on between the Russian and British Empires since 1821, and was inherited by the United States as a consequence of the Alaska Purchase in 1867.[1] The final resolution favored the American position, and Canada did not get an all-Canada outlet from the Yukon gold fields to the sea. The disappointment and anger in Canada was directed less at the United States, and more at the British government for betraying Canadian interests in favour of healthier Anglo-American relations.[2]The primary source early 20 Century Canadian history?William Cornelius Van Horne President of Canadian Pacific Railway in 1888He was lured to the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) by J. J. Hill, assuming the position of General Manager on 31 December 1881. In September 1885 Van Horne became CPR Vice-President. Within four years he was elevated to the position of President. He became Chairman of the CPR Board in 1899. He resigned in 1910.Van Horne was flamboyant, outspoken and multi-talented. His appetites were legend as was his sophistication. He had a passion for art and he dabbled in architecture. Incredibly, while the CPRs contract with the government dictated completion of the road within a decade, Van Horne through sheer determination found ways to finish it in five.

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