ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF JUJUBE CULTIVATION IN MOOSA KHATIAN VIA TANDO JAM DISTRICT HYDERABAD

INTERNSHIP REPORT

On

SOCIAL SCIENCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE (SSRI)Tando Jam

SUBMITTED BYMOHSIN ALI KHATIANREG.NO. 2K8.SS.48B.SC (AGRI) HONS PART- IV

DEPARTEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL SOCIAL SCIENCES SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDO JAM

2012-13

Table of Contents

3PREFACE

1DEDICATION

2ACKNOWLEDEMENT

9SOCIAL SCIENCES

9Action Plan for Livestock Marketing Systems in Pakistan

15PARC in Retrospective

22NARC Library

22PARC Website (http://www.parc.gov.pk)

23Publications

24Documentation of Research-based Knowledge

25PARC Achievements and Future Plans (New Initiatives of PARC)

35ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF JUJUBE cultivation IN MOOSA KHATIAN VIA TANDO JAM DISTRICT HYDERABAD

35INTRODUCTION

36Objectives

37REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON JUJUBE

38Methodology

39RESULT AND DISCUSSION

39Figure 1: Age of Respondents

40Figure 2: Farming Experience

41Figure 3: Jujube Growing Experience

41Figure 4: Involvement in farming

42Figure 5: Education level of jujube growers

44Table 2: Tenancy Status

44Table 3: Power Source

45Table 4: Land Type

46Table 5: Irrigation source

46Table 6: Fixed Cost of jujube

47Table 7: Variable Cost

48Table 8: Marketing Cost

49Table 9: Cost of Production

49Table 10: Net returns by the selected jujube growers

50Table 11: Input-output ratio of growers.

50Table 12: Cost benefit ratio of growers.

51CONCLUSION

PREFACE

Internship is considered to be a compulsory practical training for the B.Sc students. Its duration is two months and has proved to be golden chance of training for the students in the concerned organization.

The main purpose of such training is to make students able to apply theoretical knowledge in practical environment. Students come to know about the knowledge like organization planning, policies, management structure, activities and objectives.

My internship was arranged in the year 2013 started from feb 01, 2013 to April 31, 2013. In to this respect, the department sends me to SSRI Social Science Research Institute of Pakistan. As I am specializing in Finance, therefore this reputable organization suited me up to the best of my satisfaction. I did my internship training there very successfully where the SSRI staff welcomed me in a very positive manner, provided me a lot of information about SSRI, its working and objectives and policies. The staff also cooperated with me in practical work.

At present I am going to present all work of RDF there in shape of this report according to instruction given by our internship incharge Prof. Sanaullah Noonari. I am hopeful of the positive outcome of such training in the upcoming days.

MOHSIN ALI KHATIAN REG.NO.2K8-SS-48DEDICATION

THIS HUMBLE IS DEDICATED TO MY RESPECTED FATHER, MOTHER AND MY OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS

WHOS AFFECTION INSPIRED TO LOVE AND RESPECT MANKIND AND THEIR ADVICED UPLIFTED ME TO THE HIGH OF AN IDEAL LIFE

I DO NOT IGNORE MY RESPECTABLE TEACHERSWHO INSPIRED ME TO WORK FOR DOWN TO DUSK LET ME REACH TO HIGHTS OF THE SKY

ACKNOWLEDEMENT

I offer my life humble thanks to Almighty Allah who enabled me to complete one of my lifes academic urges. I am grateful to almighty ALLAH who made me able to complete the work presented in this report. It is due to his unending mercy that this work moved toward success. I express my thoughts and feelings to supervisor honorable Mr. Muhammad Ibrahim Lashari ,principle Scientific officer, SSRI, Tandojam for his courteous professional advices, internship report transcript checking and its improvement, motivation, nice suggestion and encouragement during this study.

Further author wishes to extend his special thanks of Dr. Ali Muhammad Khushk Director Technology Transfer Institute Pakistan Agriculture Council Tandojam who allow me for interning in that organization and provide me house job pattern during research work up to finishing the manuscript.

Further author wishes to extend his special thanks of his respectable teacher Mr. Sanaullah Noonari Assistant professor of Department of Agriculture Economics Faculty Of Agriculture Social Sciences.

MOHSIN ALI KHATIAN

SOCIAL SCIENCES

Action Plan for Livestock Marketing Systems in Pakistan

Introduction

Livestock farming is an integral part of rural economy of Pakistan. Despite the laissez faire type of public approach for the development of this sector, it has grown at impressive rate. Presently, this sector is sharing almost 50% to the total value addition in agriculture sector and almost 11% of national GDP. Only the milk produced has value higher than the combined value of wheat and cotton. National Commission on Agriculture clearly emphasized that one of the main reasons for the lack of development in the livestock sub-sector is the exceeding defective system of marketing of livestock and livestock products. Realizing the importance of the issue, a nation wide study was carried out, with the assistance of FAO Pakistan, to investigate the marketing of live animals and their products in the country. Besides marketing of live animals, the selling system of different livestock products like milk, meat, wool, hides and skins were investigated.

Main Findings

It was found that majority of the animals brought for sale in livestock markets were low milk yielding and have poor body score. The livestock markets lack even basic facilities while local governments collect a handsome amount of revenues from these markets. Beoparies or traders are the major players in these markets while the farmers, as sellers and buyers, have relatively little information about competitive prices of the animals.

In milk marketing, dhodies or milkmen are the only dominant intermediary. Consumers, shopkeepers, veterinarians and researchers report a number of adulterations and contaminations in the milk supplied by dhodies. The competitive milk marketing in the pasteurized and UHT forms is at highly limited scale and UHT milk prices are almost double than the loose fresh milk supplied by dhodies.

In meat marketing, the abattoirs are the production points and butchers shops are the only vending points to the consumers. The abattoirs are seriously lacking basic sanitation facilities (like light, adequate water supply, space for slaughtering and animal keeping, meat refrigeration, and disposal of offal) all over the country. A large portion of the by-products such as blood, glands, intestines, and bones are either wasted or poorly processed. The hygienic conditions of the slaughterhouses and meat shops are very poor. One of the underlying reasons is that these facilities were not periodically updated because of complex administratively procedures involved. The flayers and butchers are also not professionally trained. The fixing the prices of beef and mutton by local governments are serious obstacles in buying good quality animals for slaughtering.

Due to poor flaying, lot of damages occurred to hides and skins right at the production points. The collection and disposal of these hides and skins is a lengthy process and proper care is not given to these useful products on their way from production point till it reaches the tanneries. In town or city markets, the hides and skins business is in the hands of commission agents or arthies. The price is mostly dictated by the beopari who decides the price on the basis of weight and cleanliness and they have the updated price information.

In case of wool, due to clipping with scissors, the quality is damaged right at the production point. The local wool collector mixes fleece of different flock into one consignment and in this way he adds some dirt to increase the weight. No quality control measures are practiced during wool marketing. Virtually all livestock and livestock products provide relatively a meager rate of return compared to the investment. This is true at each stage of largely traditional marketing systems.

Recommendations

Creation of a Livestock Marketing Regulatory Authority is recommended to ensure good governance in marketing of livestock and livestock products. Practicing of SPS measures in production and marketing of milk and meat marketing. Provision of milk pasteurization and chilling facilities in deep rural areas, and hides/skins processing facilities in NWFP and Balochistan.

Key Reference

Sharif, M., W. Malik, N. I. Hashmi and U. Farooq. (2003). Action Plan for Livestock Marketing Systems in Pakistan, Joint study by Social Sciences Institute NARC and FAO Office Islamabad, Pakistan.Adoption and Impact of Zero Tillage in the Rice-Wheat System

Introduction

Rice-wheat system of Pakistan spread over 2.1 Mha, consumes a large proportion of the region's water resources. Negative environmental effects related to over irrigation and poor water management lead to dropping water table in some areas and increased water logging and salinity in others. In addition, tubewell irrigation is becoming costly in view of increasing energy prices. Since mid 1980s, researchers, farmers, extensionists, machinery importers, and local machinery manufacturers have been working to adapt resource conservation technologies (RCTs) to rice-wheat cropping systems. Among RCTs, zerto tillage (ZT) planting of wheat after rice has received most attention in Pakistan Punjab. The obvious advantages of ZT drill are the reduction of energy costs due to less tractor use compared with conventional tillage methods, but also reducing the amount of time that tube wells must be operated. The use of ZT drill also allows wheat planting sooner than conventional methods leading to reduce the turnaround time. This is an important consideration for the rice-wheat belt, where late planting of wheat is one of the major causes of low yields. The overall objective of the study was to evaluate the impacts of ZT technology to productivity and profitability of rice-wheat system. The study draws data from three primary data sources: a survey of ZT drill manufacturers, a formal adoption survey of rice-wheat farmers and a village level survey of the owners of ZT drill.

Main FindingsThe study confirmed notable adoption of ZT wheat (19%) in the rice-wheat system of Pakistans Punjab, but also prominent dis-adoption (14%). Driving adoption are the significant ZT induced cost savings for wheat cultivation. ZT has non significant effect on wheat yield, reflecting similar crop establishment times. Lack of yield enhancement is a major contributor to farmer disillusionment and dis-adoption. The present study could not confirm a significant water saving effect of ZT, only that ZT saved diesel and tractor time. ZT induced effects primarily apply to wheat crop establishment and production costs, with limited implications to subsequent rice crop and the rice-wheat system as a whole.The ZT has been primarily adopted by the larger and more productive farmers. The structural differences between the adopters and non-adopters/dis-adopters in terms of resource base, crop management and performance thereby easily confound the assessment of ZT impact across adoption categories. For most indicators ZT and conventional plots of adopters do not differ significantly from each other in our sample, although they consistently suggest ZT indicators to be typically superior to conventional till. In the end, ZT is primarily a cost saving technology.Recommendations

A more objective approach to ZT is needed for its promotion as its adoption has been severely hampered by the polarization of the field in terms of ZT advocates and ZT opponents. There is a need to more emphatically stress timeliness of wheat establishment by ZT drill sowing. There is a need to enhance the accessibility of ZT drills, particularly to smallholders. There is a need to address some of the operational problems of ZT drill like raking of loose residues during drilling, clogging of pipes and breakage of tines. There is scope for improvements in both the operation and in their design and quality. ZT must be duly projected as one option of wheat planting in a campaign run through mass media by the Department of Agricultural Extension and MINFAL.Key ReferencesIqbal, M., M. A. Khan, M. Z. Anwar. (2002). Zero-tillage Technology and Farm Profits: A Case Study of Wheat Growers in the Rice Zone of Punjab. The Pakistan Development Review. 41: 665-682.

Sheikh, A. D., T. Rehman, C. M. Yates. (2003). Logit Models for Identifying the Factors That Influence the Uptake of New 'No-Tillage' Technologies by Farmers in the Rice-Wheat and the Cotton-Wheat Farming Systems of Pakistan's Punjab, Agricultural Systems. 75: 79-95.Farmers Led IPM in PakistanIntroductionThe Farmer Field School (FFS) approach evolved from the concept that optimal learning derives from experience - in the case of farmers, from observation in the field. The FFS integrates the domains of ecology and non-formal education to give farmers the opportunity to learn about their crop and to learn from each other. Learning objectives of FFS are; i) grow healthy crop, ii) conduct regular field observations, iii) conserve natural enemies of pests, iv) farmers understand ecology and become experts in their own field.The FFS based IPM approach was institutionalized in Pakistan in 2001.

Technology, Development and Demonstration The FFS approach starts with Training of Facilitators (ToF) in which initially 25 facilitators are trained over a cropping season. For first two days in each week, the ToF participants observe a selected field and do the agro-ecosystem analysis (AESA), draw their figures on charts, present results and discuss their observations of the field on the soil, the crop health, need for water, pests and their natural enemies, establish small experiments on identification and behaviours of pests and their natural enemies through insect zoo. For next two days the ToF participants break into groups of five, each group to run 2 FFS (25 farmers per FFS). There, the farmers are passed through the same experiential learning of AESA, and discussions on the above mentioned field parameters. In addition the farmers are facilitated for social organization.

By the end of 2004, a total of 425 IPM facilitators (8 women) were trained in 12 ToF courses (including 5 Farmer ToF, FToF). A total of 525 crop season long FFSs were conducted. The total numbers of beneficiaries were 12,999 farmers (including 231 women). For sustainability of knowledge and skill of the facilitators/farmers annual facilitation skills enhancement workshops, farmers congresses, workshops on community and leadership management were organized. As a result of this process, 59 associations/organizations of IPM facilitators, farmer facilitators and women facilitators have emerged and working sustainably by generating their own resources/with support of NGOs. The FFS based IPM initially experimented on cotton crop has now expanded to the cropping system (i.e. cotton-wheat) and to high value crops like fruits (apple, mango, citrus, peach, guava), vegetables (onion, tomato, cucumber, Pumpkin, okra). The FFS-IPM concept has also been upgraded to Integrated Crop Management, Best Agriculture Practices, Enterprise Development, Farm Service Centers and Livestock Management etc.

Impacts

A short-term impact assessment carried out in 2003 showed:

30% increase in cotton yield

43% reduction in use of chemical pesticides

54% reduction in use of highly toxic pesticides

23% increase uses of technical knowledge, recognition of pests/beneficial insects, decision making capacity and field experiments.

33% increase in number of farmers joining community organizations

16% reduction in poverty of the target farmers group

Key Reference

Khan, M. A., I. Ahmad, and G. Walter-Echols. (2005). Impact of an FFS-based IPM approach on farmer capacity, production practices and income: evidence from Pakistan. In: The Impact of the FAO-EU IPM Programme for Cotton in Asia (eds. Peter A.C. Ooi, S. Praneetvatakul, H. Waibel and G. Walter-Echols). Pesticide Policy Project, Hannover. Special Issue Publication Series, No. 9. pp. 45-58.

Capacity Building of Rural Women through Women Open School (WOS)

IntroductionThe rural women of Pakistan contribute in about 43% of on-farm agriculture related activities including mixing and preparation of pesticide solutions etc., which result in sickness of about 84 % of the workers. Due to social fabrics and traditions it was not possible to impart trainings to the rural women along with men in the Farmer Field School (FFS). Therefore, based on FFS concept, the National IPM Programme developed a novel mechanism WOS for experiential learning and skill development of rural women. It started with training in Pesticide Risk Reduction and later other areas like kitchen gardening, small enterprise development (goat and chicken farming, vegetable seed production) etc.

Technology, development, Demonstration and Recommendation

The programme was initiated with the training of a small team of Women Facilitators based on FFS approach. For two days in each week, the WFT (Women Facilitators Training) participants were trained in pesticide risk reduction through different pre-designed experiential learning activities/exercises. The main emphasis was on self-monitoring for possible signs and symptoms of pesticide poisoning on human body. For the whole week the participants collect data in this regard, elaborate the signs and symptoms of pesticides on human body by drawing human sketches on chart, present results and discuss. For next two days the WFT participants break into pairs, each pair to run 2 WOS (20 women per WOS) to impart practical training regarding pesticide risk reduction. In order to achieve better results, women activists from the villages and NGO workers of the area were involved to facilitate the change process and dialogue on environmental conservation and health issues, kitchen gardening, small enterprise development (goat and chicken farming, vegetable seed production). The major outcome of training was development of women facilitators organization; i) Women Agricultural Development Organization (WADO) in Khairpur, ii) Al-Noor Rural Development Organization, Khairpur, iii) women wing of Kissan Welfare Association (KWA), Bahawalpur. The project has resulted in development of a team of 37 expert women facilitators, establishment of 53 WOS and training of over 993 rural women.

PARC in Retrospective

Like many other developing countries of South East Asia, agriculture is the mainstay of rural economy of Pakistan as well. Nearly two-third of the country's population live in rural areas and an overwhelming majority of them are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Agriculture contributes 23 percent to national income (GDP), and employees about 50 percent of the labour force. It is a prime source of raw materials for Pakistan's industries, notably the textile sector. The development of science-based agriculture production technologies is of utmost importance for moving forward and keeping pace with developing economies. Major goals of agricultural research include making Pakistans agriculture: productive, profitable, competitive and sustainable.

Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) established in 1981 is the premier institution for agricultural research and development in Pakistan and has the mandate to undertake, aid, promote and coordinate agricultural research in the country. PARC also generates, acquires and disseminate agricultural information for expeditious utilization of research results. It also creates research establishments to fill in the provincial gaps, and trains high level scientific manpower. It develops its research agenda in accordance with the government policies thus keeps abreast with the requirements of national and international demands. Therefore, PARC has always been contributing towards a prosperous Pakistan.

Major areas of Councils research include: crops, horticulture and floriculture, agricultural biotechnology, farm mechanization, natural resources, animal sciences, social sciences and agricultural informatics. PARC has contributed tremendous1y through the National Agricultural Research System (NARS) of Pakistan and has assisted in developing more than 264 improved varieties of wheat, rice, pulses, maize, sorghum, millet, fodder, cotton, sugarcane, oilseeds and horticultural crops. Many other varieties are in process as well. Special attention is being given on developing high yielding pest resistant varieties. Besides developing varieties, strengthening of agricultural research programs at the provincial levels, promoting linkages between research, education and extension; and introducing cutting edge technologies are other high priority areas of PARC.

Major achievements of the Council in animal sciences' sector include livestock reproduction capacity enhancement from one to three offsprings per year through embryo transplant technology. Genetic improvement of dairy animals through artificial insemination has increased the milk production three times contributing an additional Rs. 5 billion to the national economy. Hydro pericardium vaccine production technology for poultry has been transferred to private sector with a success rate of 95%. Losses prior to the introduction of this vaccine were estimated at 75 to 80 percent. Annual financial savings during the past 10 years were approximately Rs. 30 billion, due to this vaccine. PARC has played the major role in the diagnosis, and prevention of bird flu in Pakistan. Through the introduction of balanced concentrate feeds, milk and meat production has increased and production cost reduced.

Improved varieties of wheat, cotton, rice and sugarcane crops coupled with balanced fertilizer use have resulted in yield increases from 100-170%. Use of chickpea inoculums on large scale in Bhakkar (Punjab) area increased the chickpea yield by 45 to 65%. PARC has successfully undertaken commercialization and indigenization of rain-gun sprinkler and trickle irrigation system/technology.

The Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) epidemics during 1992 94 caused serious havoc. Monetary loss only in 1992 was estimated to be Rs. 2000 millions. PARC scientists on the way to manage the crisis have diagnosed and characterized the virus and its vector. Virus-free potato seed and banana plantlets have been developed by the PARC scientists working at its various institutes. Consequently, seed potato import has reduced to almost nil as compared to thousands of tons in 1980s. Another breakthrough was the introduction of virus-free banana saplings. The Bunchy-top virus had almost eroded banana plantation in Sindh in mid 1990s. Now, this plantation is being replaced by PARC produced virus free banana plantlets in Hyderabad, Thatta and Gharo areas. Work on development of transgenic Basmati rice is also in progress at PARC.

In collaboration with Japan, PARC has established a, state-of-the-art plant genetic resources facility for conservation and exchange of germlasm including collection of seeds of all plants etc. In-vitro conservation facility of vegetatively propagated crops is also available in this institute. Screening of genetic stock for seed born diseases is undertaken along with in-vitro development of rice with bacterial blight resistant gene.

PARC has also developed a state-of-the-art grain quality laboratory to test the quality of the food grains in terms of physical, chemical, microbiological and pathological, pests and diseases, pesticides residues and heavy metals etc. The laboratory is now ISO-17025 certified. In order to minimize the indiscriminate and excessive use of harmful pesticides, PARC is promoting the concept of biological control of insect pests through Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs for fruits and vegetables. Impact of IPM on cotton crop in six districts of Sindh and five districts in Punjab proved remarkably superior to conventional crop protection techniques. PARC established bio-control laboratories in five sugar mills and provided technical assistance to another eight sugar mills to do so. 100,000 acres around these sugar mills are applied biological control against sugarcane borers.

To reduce input costs and to produce health and environment-friendly crops, PARC has given special thrusts on organic wheat and vegetable production based on only EM-compost and humic acid. This year 600 acres of wheat and 65 acres of vegetables are being grown on organic basis at NARC. Intercropping of vegetables on ridge cultivation is also being propagated. Adoption of the concept would increase farmers income. PARC has also developed technology for off-season vegetable production under different economically viable plastic structure which protects the crop from frost and cool wind. Production of early spring vegetables would enhance economic benefit and the span of availability during the year.

Very recently, PARC has initiated to establish two waste-water treatment plants for agricultural use through bio-remediation at NARC with capacity of 70,000 and 16,000 gallons/day, respectively. Feasibility study of used-water treatment facility of Jamshid Colony, Benezirabad (Nawab Shah) with a capacity of 3 3.5 million gallon/day has been conducted. Similarly, establishment of PARC/NARC sub-research station at village Neela,Chakwal for demonstration of biological treatment of used-water and solid organic matter for integrated farming is also under consideration.

A campaign has been launched to plant fruit saplings and vegetables to cover the spaces available along road sides, green belts etc. in the urban areas including households (backyards, front-yards and other empty spaces). An urban agriculture centre is being established at NARC through public-private partnership to promote, aid and provide technical backup the initiative.

Pakistan is a major tea importer. Tea import to the tune of Rs.12 to 14 billion per annum is quite disturbing and a challenge to all concerned in Pakistan. PARC has been working to enhance indigenous tea production in the country since 1980s. As a result of sustained efforts, the Council has established a big nursery with 1.5 million tea plants. Tea plantation has been established on more than 400 acres at farmers' fields. Farmers and NGOs' workers have been trained in tea cultivation technology. Green and black tea processing plants of 50 kg/day and 1 ton/day capacity, respectively have been installed and private sector is being encouraged to come forward in a big way to help increase the area under tea. MoU was signed with a local company to promote the indigenous tea production and make the country self- reliant in tea. However, more work on this project is needed to make tea cultivation a sustainable and profitable venture for the farmers.

Another remarkable achievement of PARC's research and development has been the introduction of European honeybees in Pakistan in the 1980s, which made Pakistan a leading exporter of honey in the region. Now, more than 300,000 bee colonies exist in Pakistan which increased honey production from 4 kg in 1982 to 28 kg per colony per annum in 2009. We also trained around 8000 farmers in modern beekeeping.

Farm Machinery Institute (FMI) under PARC has designed, developed and modified variety of farm mechanization technologies and transferred these to about 30 private sector engineering firms/companies for commercial production. The machines developed by PARC include reaper-windrowers, groundnut-diggers, paddy-threshers and sunflower-threshers. A rice-transplanter has been designed, developed and introduced by PARC to suit the local socio-economic and agro-ecological conditions. It has given satisfactory performance in rice fields of Punjab and Sindh. It is being manufactured by Heavy Mechanical Complex (HMC), Taxila on commercial scale. Tractor mounted reaper-windrower, wheat drill, wheat straw chopper-cum-blower and mobile seed processing units have also been recently developed and introduced. Realizing the importance of straw, FMI has developed wheat and rice clipper-cum-blower, facilitating the farmers to save the uncut and un-chopped wheat straw after combine harvesting of these crops. FMI has also introduced phosphate band placement fertilizer drill, which saves 50% fertilizer.

Covering diverse socio-economic aspects of agricultural research and a wide variety of production technology packages developed by PARC research scientists, the Social Sciences discipline takes care of agri-economics, agribusiness, socio-economics, biometrics, gender development and WTO opportunities and challenges for Pakistan's agriculture. A variety of surveys and studies are conducted every year to gauge the suitability and profitability of various agricultural technologies.

As a result, PARC has more than 100 off-the-shelf available technologies for immediate transfer to farmers through various mass media and technology transfer/extension channels. The new management has desired that the new technologies will be demonstrated at farmers' fields in more aggressive manner so that the technologies developed at PARC research stations disseminates fairly rapidly. Work on such activities is likely to start soon.

PARC has already established a network of Technology Transfer Institutes (TTIs) at Faisalabad, Tandojam, Peshawar, Quetta, Gilgit and Muzaffarabad for efficient transfer of developed technologies and generated knowledge. PARC management realizes that the process of technology transfer will be successful if it is done through closed collaboration with the provincial extension departments. The emphasis is on development and dissemination of site-specific solutions and technology transfer according to local needs of the farming community. PARC has imparted training to about 15000 people (farmers, extortionists, junior scientists, technicians) through 750 organized training courses, published booklets/brochures (300), audios (160) and videos (300) programs, held exhibitions (60), seminars/workshops (70). More than 16000 farmers benefitted by PARC helpline.

In this age of information technology where Internet and email has become a house-hold item, PARC also inaugurated its own web site in August 2000. It contains more than 500 pages with more than 160,000 hits by visitors from over 50 countries. The web site has both English and Urdu Sections to cater the information needs of a wide variety of clientele including scientists, researchers, policy makers, planners, students as well as farmers. The site contains 25 English and more than 100 Urdu commoditypapers. As mandated, PARC has maintained a National Library for Agricultural Sciences at NARC with more than 25000 books/documents and about 1100 scientific journals.

In line with the new challenges in the WTO regime PARC has established a WTO- Food and Agriculture Related Matters (WTO-FARM) Cell in 2000. The Cell has conducted more than 50 workshops and seminars in close collaboration with key stakeholders across the country to create awareness of WTO regime for food and agriculture. Ithas also conducted research in this area and published 10 policy research papers, a training manual and a bulletin for farmers. Council has recently obtained post-graduate degree awarding status by establishing National University of Agricultural Sciences (NUAS) which will teach cutting-edge knowledge to students at M.Phil and Ph.D level.

PARC has registered a company, PARC Agrotech Trading Company (PATCO), to patent and commercialize the technologies, services and produces developed and provided by the agricultural scientists. It has already started functioning although humbly.

.Scientific Information

Introduction

Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), being an apex federal research and development (R&D) organization in Pakistan has one of its mandates to cater to the scientific literature needs of its researchers as well as the national agricultural research system (NARS) of Pakistan. The Scientific Information set-up at NARC was established in 1984. It is a technical support facility providing a variety of services to the scientific community at national, regional and international levels. During 1980s, the Directorate introduced first-ever use of computers, CD-ROM and other electronic information location, collection, processing, dissemination and knowledge management technologies in Pakistani agricultural research.

Activities & Achievements

PARC is working on strengthening agricultural information system of Pakistan. In this regard twenty-one agricultural libraries were strengthened by providing financial and technical support in the year 1992 under Management of Agricultural Research and Technology (MART) PARC collaboration Program. Each library was given computer equipment along with software and copies of international databases on CDs and PARC developed databases. Librarians on-hand training in use of latest information handling techniques and organization of workshops, training courses and seminars are continuous activities of PARC.

NARC LibraryNARC Library is working as National Library of Agricultural Sciences in Pakistan. It is fully automated with on-line public access catalogue. Library services are not only used by PARC/NARC scientists but scientific community through outPakistan is also benefiting from its services. Library has established a network of 36 libraries for information resource sharing on agriculture and allied disciplines at national level.

PARC Website (http://www.parc.gov.pk)It is one of the largest website on agricultural R&D in Pakistan with more than 500 pages and five on-line databases. It contains detailed information about Pakistans agricultural research in general and PARC in particular. It is bi-lingual website with a strong Urdu section for farmers. Website is continuously updated with new information. It counted more than 200,000 hits since June 2004. In addition to achievements of PARC development projects, PARC annual report, agricultural maps, popular articles, technology reporter, etc.

On-Line Access of Full-Text PARC Publications

In order to provide access to PARC publications to national and international scientific community an agreement was signed with CAB International (CABI), Wallingford, UK to include PARC publications on-line with CABI full-text products Global Agricultural Research Archive. 810 full-text PARC publications and articles published in Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research are available on-line at http://www.cabi.org/GARAInput to AGRIS Database of FAO

PARC is working as national liaison office for FAO AGRIS database in Pakistan and regularly submitting the input with abstracts of Pakistani published agricultural research literature for the database since 1985. Annually input of about 1500 documents/articles is sent.

Pakistan Agriculture Database

To facilitate scientific community in review of Pakistani agricultural research and development literature Pakistan Agriculture Database was developed containing bibliographic information along with abstracts of articles/ documents published in Pakistan or abroad about Pakistans agriculture or by Pakistani scientists. Access of the database with about 73000 records is available under PARC website http://www.parc.gov.pkUnion Database of Journals in Agricultural Libraries of Pakistan

With the collaboration of agricultural libraries of Pakistan Union Database of Journals was developed that contains information of more than 3000 journals/magazines titles with available volumes and issues in 36 libraries of Pakistan. Database is providing access to scientists for easy and quick retrieval of required volume and issue of journal from Pakistani libraries.

Database of Pakistani Periodicals

Comprising information of journals / magazines / newsletters published from Pakistan on agriculture and allied subjects. Till now it contains 302 records. Each record has sufficient detail to facilitate scientists in accessing the relevant periodical of their subject of interest and to contact the source for more information.Literature Search Service

Under this service requests for literature search received from scientists, faculty members and students through outPakistan were processed and abstracts/references supplied from international databases on CDs and PARC indigenously developed Pakistan Agriculture databases. Service started in the year 1992 and till now about 48500 (+) requests entertained by providing approximately 2.4 million references/abstracts.

Public Information

Motivated PARC scientists for writing more than 500 popular science articles, and got published in the leading national English/Urdu newspapers.

Linkages

Linkages have been developed with AGRIS (FAO); SAIC (SAARC); PRISM- RWC (India), APAARI (Thailand) and CABI (UK) for exchange of research information with 150(+) countries by using internet, email, data bases (online and offline) and related websites.

Publications 25 scientific papers; 42 papers in proceedings/reports/bulletins and 130 popular science articles on various aspects of agricultural research and Information Communication Technologies (ICTs).

Two issues of Pakistani Bibliographies of Agriculture.

Inventory of Pakistani Periodicals on Agriculture and allied subjects.

Proceedings of National Workshop on Resource Sharing and Networking of Libraries and Documentation Centres held in April 2005, 210 pp.

Documentation of Research-based Knowledge

Scientific knowledge is a crucial landmark for assessing scientific progress of any nation. The research-based knowledge generated by the PARC scientists has been published extensively, i.e., as research papers in the HEC recognized scientific journals, conference papers, book chapters, books and technical reports. A summary of the PARC research publications is as under:

Research AreaPapers in JournalsBooksBooks ChaptersPapers in Conf. ProceedingsTechnical Reports

NationalInternational

Animal Sciences4882294282189

Biotech. & Genetic Resources3221878421159

Crop Sciences1,4445780198121316

Farm Machinery72-495095

Horticulture 1394-3018139

Natural Resources 7994010199118234

Social Science 119--610154

In addition, more than 500 extension materials have been published in local languages, i.e., Urdu, Sindhi, etc., for immediate benefit of the farmer communities. Among the books published, some are of academic value while others are extensively used laboratory manuals, and textbooks for university students, etc. Most of the research papers are being referred by the scientific community around the globe. Some of the research publications have led to formulating future research and development strategies. Comprehensive bibliographies of the published work have also been produced for various research areas.

PARC Achievements and Future Plans (New Initiatives of PARC)

Dr. Iftikhar Ahmad, Director General, NARC

Dr. Imdad H. Mirza, Dr. Javed Iqbal, PRMC, NARC

SardarGhulam Mustafa, Director PR & Protocol, PARC

Like many other developing countries of South East Asia, agriculture is the mainstay of rural economy of Pakistan as well. Nearly two-third of the country's population live in rural areas and an overwhelming majority of them are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Agriculture contributes 23 percent to national income (GDP), and employees about 50 percent of the labor force. It is a prime source of raw materials for Pakistan's industries, notably the textile sector. The development of science-based agriculture production technologies is of utmost importance for moving forward and keeping pace with developing economies. Major goals of agricultural research include making Pakistans agriculture: productive, profitable, competitive and sustainable.

Major areas of Councils research include: crops, horticulture and floriculture, agricultural biotechnology, farm mechanization, natural resources, animal sciences, social sciences and agricultural informatics. PARC has assisted in developing more than 264 improved varieties of wheat, rice, pulses, maize, sorghum, millet, fodder, cotton, sugarcane, oilseeds and horticultural crops.

Major achievements of the Council in animal sciences' sector include livestock reproduction capacity enhancement from one to three offsprings per year through embryo transplant technology. Hydro pericardium vaccine production technology for poultry has been transferred to private sector with a success rate of 95%. Losses prior to the introduction of this vaccine were estimated at 75 to 80 percent. Annual financial savings during the past 10 years were approximately Rs. 30 billion, due to this vaccine. PARC has played the major role in the diagnosis, and prevention of bird flu in Pakistan. Through the introduction of balanced concentrate feeds, milk and meat production has increased and production cost reduced.

Improved varieties of wheat, cotton, rice and sugarcane crops coupled with balanced fertilizer use have resulted in yield increases from 100-170%. Use of chickpea inoculums on large scale in Bhakkar (Punjab) area increased the chickpea yield by 45 to 65%.

The Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) epidemics during 1992 94 caused serious havoc. Monetary loss only in 1992 was estimated to be Rs. 2000 millions. PARC scientists on the way to manage the crisis have diagnosed and characterized the virus and its vector. Virus-free potato seed and banana plantlets have been developed by the PARC scientists working at its various institutes. Consequently, seed potato import has reduced to almost nil as compared to thousands of tons in 1980s. Another breakthrough was the introduction of virus-free banana saplings. The Bunchy-top virus had almost eroded banana plantation in Sindh in mid 1990s. Now, this plantation is being replaced by PARC produced virus free banana plantlets in Hyderabad, Thatta and Gharo areas. Hybrid seed production of maize, oilseeds, wheat, rice, cotton and vegetables is being researched in a big way.

In collaboration with Japan, PARC has established a, state-of-the-art plant genetic resources facility for conservation and exchange of germplasm including collection of seeds of all plants etc. In-vitro conservation facility of vegetatively propagated crops is also available in this institute.

PARC has also developed a state-of-the-art grain quality laboratory. The laboratory is ISO-17025 certified.

In order to minimize the indiscriminate and excessive use of harmful pesticides, PARC is promoting the concept of biological control of insect pests through Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs for fruits and vegetables. PARC established bio-control laboratories in five sugar mills and provided technical assistance to another eight sugar mills to do so.

To reduce input costs and to produce health and environment-friendly crops, PARC has given special thrusts on organic wheat and vegetable production based on EM-compost and humic acid. Plants for production of biofertilizers and biopesticides have started production at NARC. Intercropping of vegetables on ridge cultivation is also being propagated. PARC has indigenized technology for all-season vegetable production. Work on plants suitable for bio-fuel production like Salicornia, Jatropha, Arind, Sarkanda, Sukhchan is in progress.

Under the visionary leadership of Dr. ZafarAltaf, Chairman PARC, various innovative technologies like biotechnology, bioprospecting, dairy goats crossbreeding, mushroom development, efficient water harvesting, remote sensing, GIS, mitigation strategies for climate change, biofuel production, biodiversity conservation, dry rice farming organic certification, etc. are being researched, perfected, tested, tried and extended.

Very recently, PARC has established two waste-water treatment plants for agricultural use through bio-remediation at NARC. Feasibility study of used-water treatment facility of Jamshid Colony, Benezirabad (Nawab Shah) with a capacity of 3 3.5 million gallon/day has been conducted. Similarly, establishment of PARC/NARC sub-research station at village Neela,Chakwal for demonstration of biological treatment of used-water and solid organic matter for integrated farming is also under consideration.

A campaign has been launched to plant fruit saplings and vegetables to cover the spaces available along road sides, green belts etc. in the urban areas including households (backyards, front-yards and other empty spaces). An urban agriculture centre is being established at NARC through public-private partnership. Research work on high density fruit orchards is also in progress at NARC and at various locations of the country.

Pakistan is a major tea importer. Tea import to the tune of Rs.12 to 14 billion per annum is quite disturbing and a challenge to all concerned in Pakistan. PARC has been working to enhance indigenous tea production in the country since 1980s. As a result of sustained efforts, the Council has established a big nursery with 1.5 million tea plants. Tea plantation has been established on more than 400 acres at farmers' fields. Farmers and NGOs' workers have been trained in tea cultivation technology. Green and black tea processing plants of 50 kg/day and 1 ton/day capacity, respectively have been installed and private sector is being encouraged to come forward in a big way to help increase the area under tea. AnMoU was signed with a local company to promote the indigenous tea production and make the country self- reliant in tea. However, more work on this project is needed to make tea cultivation a sustainable and profitable venture for the farmers.

Another remarkable achievement of PARC's research and development has been the introduction of European honeybees in Pakistan in the 1980s, which made Pakistan a leading exporter of honey in the region. Now, more than 300,000 bee colonies exist in Pakistan which increased honey production from 4 kg in 1982 to 28 kg per colony per annum in 2009. We also trained around 8000 farmers in modern beekeeping.

Farm Machinery Institute (FMI) under PARC has designed, developed and modified variety of farm mechanization technologies and transferred these to about 30 private sector engineering firms/companies for commercial production. The machines developed by PARC include reaper-windrowers, groundnut-diggers, paddy-threshers and sunflower-threshers. A rice transplanter has been designed, developed and introduced by PARC to suit the local socio-economic and agro-ecological conditions. It has given satisfactory performance in rice fields of Punjab and Sindh. It is being manufactured by Heavy Mechanical Complex (HMC), Taxila on commercial scale. Tractor mounted reaper-windrower, wheat drill, wheat straw chopper-cum-blower and mobile seed processing units have also been recently developed and introduced. Realizing the importance of straw, FMI has developed wheat and rice clipper-cum-blower, facilitating the farmers to save the uncut and un-chopped wheat straw after combine harvesting of these crops. FMI has also introduced phosphate band placement fertilizer drill, which saves 50% fertilizer.

Covering diverse socio-economic aspects of agricultural research and a wide variety of production technology packages developed by PARC research scientists, the Social Sciences discipline takes care of agri-economics, agribusiness, socio-economics, biometrics, gender development and WTO opportunities and challenges for Pakistan's agriculture. A variety of surveys and studies are conducted every year to gauge the suitability and profitability of various agricultural technologies.

As a result, PARC has more than 100 off-the-shelf available technologies for immediate transfer to farmers through various mass media and technology transfer/extension channels. The new management has desired that the new technologies will be demonstrated at farmers' fields in more aggressive manner so that the technologies developed at PARC research stations disseminate fairly rapidly.

PARC has already established a network of Technology Transfer Institutes (TTIs) at Faisalabad, Tandojam, Peshawar, Quetta, Gilgit and Muzaffarabad for efficient transfer of developed technologies and generated knowledge. PARC management realizes that the process of technology transfer will be successful if it is done through closed collaboration with the provincial extension departments. The emphasis is on development and dissemination of site-specific solutions and technology transfer according to local needs of the farming community. PARC has imparted training to about 15000 people (farmers, extortionists, junior scientists, technicians) through 750 organized training courses, published booklets/brochures (300), audios (160) and videos (300) programs, held exhibitions (60), seminars/workshops (70). More than 16000 farmers benefited by PARC helpline.

In this age of information technology where Internet and email has become a house-hold item, PARC also inaugurated its own web site in August 2000. It contains more than 500 pages with more than 160,000 hits by visitors from over 50 countries. The web site has both English and Urdu Sections to cater the information needs of a wide variety of clientele including scientists, researchers, policy makers, planners, students as well as farmers. The site contains 25 English and more than 100 Urdu commoditypapers. As mandated, PARC has maintained a National Library for Agricultural Sciences at NARC with more than 25000 books/documents and about 1100 scientific journals.

In line with the new challenges in the WTO regime PARC has established a WTO- Food and Agriculture Related Matters (WTO-FARM) Cell in 2000. The Cell has conducted more than 50 workshops and seminars in close collaboration with key stakeholders across the country to create awareness of WTO regime for food and agriculture. Ithas also conducted research in this area and published 10 policy research papers, a training manual and a bulletin for farmers. Council has recently obtained post-graduate degree awarding status by establishing National University of Agricultural Sciences (NUAS) which will teach cutting-edge knowledge to students at M.Phil and Ph.D level.

PARC has registered a company, PARC Agrotech Trading Company (PATCO), to patent and commercialize the technologies, services and products developed and provided by the agricultural scientists. It has already started functioning.

ADMINISTRATIVE SET UPAdministratively, PARC is an autonomous body of the Federal Ministry of National Food Security and Research. The management of the affairs of the Council is vested in the:

- Board of Governors- Executive Committee- Chairman

Board of GovernorsThe Board of Governors (BoG) is responsible for the overall control, direction and superintendence of the affairs of PARC. It is assisted by the Research Advisory Committee. The Federal Minister for National Food Security and Research, GoP is the President of the BoG.

Official Members

i).Federal Minister for National Food Security & Research, GoPPresident

ii).Secretary, Ministry of National Food Security & Research, GoPMember

iii). Chairman, Pakistan Agricultural Research CouncilMember

iv).Secretary, Ministry of Finance, GoP or Representative not

below the rank of Additional SecretaryMember

v).Member (Agri& Food) Planning Commission, GoPMember

Whole time Members of PARC

vi).Member (Crops Sciences) Member

vii).Member (Natural Resources)Member

viii).Member (Animal Sciences)Member

ix).Member (Social Sciences)Member

x).Member (Finance)Member

Non-Official Members

xi).Dr. Amir Muhammad

Rector, FAST National University of Computer

and Emerging Sciences (NUCES), IslamabadMember

xii).Mr. Abdul MajeedNizamani

Progressive Farmer/President Sindh Abadgar Board,

16-17th Shelter Shopping Mall, Cantonment Board,

Hyderabad, Sindh Member

xiii).Mir Jaffer Khan Jamali

H.283, Gomal Road E-7, Islamabad Member

xiv).Mr. Aurangzeb Khan

Village Charpriza, Distt, Peshawar Member

xv).Mr. Mutabiat Shah Member Gilgit-Baltistan Legislative Assembly, GilgitMember

xvi).Rana Tariq Mehmood KhanMember

Executive Committee

The Executive Committee consists of the Chairman and the five whole-time Members of the Council. The EC is responsible for:

Undertaking regular review and evaluation of the accomplishments and progress of the research projects and the programmes of the research organizations

Exercising control over the research activities of the Council

Chairman

The Chairman is the Chief Scientific and Administrative Executive of the Council and is assisted by several functionaries of the level of Members and Directors in the execution of day to day work.

RESEARCH BY SCIENTIFIC DIVISIONS

Plant Sciences DivisionNatural Resources Division

Animal Sciences DivisionSocial Sciences Division

RESEARCH INSTITUTES

NARC, IslamabadSARC, Karachi

Animal SciencesArid Zone Research

Agricultural and Biological EngineeringCrop Diseases Research

Agriculture PolytechniqueCoastal Agricultural Research

Crop SciencesGrain Storage Research

Department of Plant and Environmental ProtectionLivestock & Fisheries Research

Food Science and Product DevelopmentNational Sugar Crops Research

Horticultural ResearchPesticide Research

Honeybee Research Vertebrate Pest Control

Land Resources Research Institute AZRC, Quetta

National Institute of Genomics & Advance Biotechnology (NIGAB)Arid Zone Research Institute, D.I. Khan, KPK

National Institute of Bioremediation Arid Zone Research Institute, Umerkot, Sindh

Organic Farming

Institute of Agriculture Biotechnology& Genetic ResourcesArid Zone Research Institute, Bhawalpur

Social Sciences

Rangeland Research Institute

Water Resources Research National Tea Research Institute, Mansehra

TOPPARC INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED STUDIES IN AGRICULTURE (PIASA)

Academic ProgramsCourses OfferedResearch & Allied FacilitiesLibrary FacilitiesAnnouncementsFacultyContact us

We are living in a period of major structural changes where global scenario of knowledge-based economy has posed a serious challenge to the developing world. Higher education is expected to play a major role of being the knowledge producer as well as a medium to train skilled knowledge workers to contribute effectively in the global knowledge-based economy. It is believed that in the 21st century countries with limited highly educated and trained manpower will lag behind and consequently may experience intellectual and economic marginalization and isolation. If higher education is not given due importance, the developing countries will further fall behind.

They will remain in the state of pursuing a moving target, as the high-income countries are constantly pushing the knowledge frontiers outward and are pulling away from the rest. Thus, higher education institutions in the country, as the prime creators and conveyors of knowledge, must be at the forefront of efforts to narrow the development gap between East and West.

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF JUJUBE cultivation IN MOOSA KHATIAN VIA TANDO JAM DISTRICT HYDERABADINTRODUCTION

Jujube, locally called ber, is an indigenous fruit of China and South Asia. Produced in temperate regions such as China, India, Pakistan, Syria, Malacca, Australia and Malaysia, it is also grown in parts of Afghanistan, Iran and Russia. China is perhaps the most important country for jujube cultivation, where it is known as the Chinese dates, with hundreds of varieties, some being seedless.

In northern China, it is considered one of the principal fruits. In the US this fruit has been introduced but is not grown on a large scale. In Pakistan, ber is successfully cultivated in Hyderabad, Khairpur, Multan, Sargodha and Lahore districts. The area under its cultivation has increased in Sindh during 1994-95 to 2000-2001, from 680 to 1,326 hectares, thus pushing the production from 3,451 to 4,817 metric tons 2005 3,019 area production 17288, 2006 3152 area production 1,7874 2007 area 3905 23225 production 2008 area 4470 production 25291, 2009 area 5200 production 28079. Hyderabad is famous for producing quality fruit for export to Middle East. Jujube tree is hard, drought-resistant and can thrive in poor alkaline tracts without much irrigation and care, and can also survive on soils where other fruit trees cannot. Kheerol (chambeli), sanghri and gola are varieties among which gola is most popular and is of two kinds, the green (leemai) and the golden (white). White gola is harvested earlier than other varieties. Previously, the fruit was harvest only for one month (March), but with the introduction of grafted varieties in Pakistan, now the fruit is available from mid December to early April.

The jujube is a small, deciduous tree, growing to 40 feet tall in Florida, but smaller in size in California. The naturally drooping tree is graceful, ornamental and often thorny with branches growing in a zig-zag pattern. The wood is very hard and strong. Jujube cultivars vary in size and conformation, with some being very narrow in habit and others being more widespread. One cultivar, the So, seems to be fairly dwarfing in habit. After 30years of growth in an average site, trees can be 30feet tall with a crown diameter of up to 15feet. Plants send up suckers (often with intimidating spines) from their roots, and these suckers can appear many feet from the mother plant. Currently,

To establish a jujube orchard many growers depend on service providers who conduct layout work and supply planting material. The seedlings are planted at 25ft spacing that comes to about 162 plants per hectare. Most growers buy grafted seedlings which takes the shape of a tree in two years. The trunk of this seedling is not very strong to bear the weight of the fruit, therefore seeds of the non-grafted (local varieties) is grafted with new varieties, which can bear yield of about 200 to 400kg. These trees are pruned soon after the harvest giving plenty of firewood, and foliage for livestock. Another advantage is that the farmer can grow kharif crop which is usually cash crop like cotton etc,.

Among the main constituents of this fruit, the jujube belonged to the food value of the fruit The jujube originated in China where they have been cultivated for more than 4,000years and where there are over 400cultivars. The plants traveled beyond Asia centuries ago and today are grown to some extent in Russia, northern Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East and the southwestern United States. Jujube seedlings, inferior to the Chinese cultivars, were introduced into Europe at the beginning of the Christian era and carried to the U. S. in 1837. It wasn't until 1908 that improved Chinese selections were introduced by the USDA

Objectives

To identify the socio-economic status of grower,

To determine the cost of production of jujube crop in the study,

To calculate the net profit return of Jujube growers.REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON JUJUBEIn order to trace publishing dynamics of literature on jujube, help researchers know research trend and progress, and enhance retrieval efficiency of the literatures, the literatures on jujube in the years from 1999 to 2008 in the China Academic Journals (CAJ) Full-text Database were analyzed. The results showed that there were 5 377 articles published on jujube in the 10 years, 742 articles are published on the core journals of CAJ. The articles were much more than those published in the past years. Quantity of the articles published in the 10 years was increased evidently. There were 17 kinds of journal distributed in the core zone of the journals publishing jujube articles. The 123 authors were regarded as core authors of jujube articles. In the 10 years, the articles on jujube planting were the most abundant. Quantity of articles on insects and diseases controlling and foundational researches was increased remarkably, while that on jujube germplasm was decreased. Change of quantity showed production and research trend in these years.

Marjan, and Foong (2004)

reported no correlation between total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities of

extracts from five types of vegetables, nor were any relationships between antioxidant capacities and phenolic composition found in fruit berry, fruit winesZizyphus jujuba cv. Jinsixiaozao and Zizyphus jujuba cv.

Yazao contained relatively high amounts of zinc (0.65 and 0.63 mg/100 g, respectively). Zinc is nutritionally essential for all organisms for several reasons, among them being

its role in the immune system.

Methodology

Study area

The study work was conducted through the questionnaire in Moosa Khatian village and its surrounding area orchards it is major fruit growing area in Hyderabad taulka, It is about 20 kilometers away from Hyderabad city.Data source

The data source of this study consist of both primary and secondary sources. The primary data was collected from the Jujube Growers through the well structured pre- tested questionnaire. The interview with growers was carried out personally. Data was collected during the crop 2013 year with the questionnaire of jujube growers, information was collected about ,inputs and out put cost, Jujube production by the growers.

Data collection procedure

The data was collected from, Jujube growing area of Moosa Khatian. Which was selected and identified with the help of local jujube growers, and 29 sample select through the simple random sampling techniques.

Data analysis procedure

The data is analysis with the help of (SPSS) Statistical package for social scientists software.In (SPSS) we analysis mean and frequency.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Age of Respondents

Age is one of the important characteristics of the Young community. It reflects on the productivity of the population as it has on the overall situation within the commodity. In developing countries, aged members are more prone to diseases and thus are or less productive. It has a bearing on the employment pattern, spatial mobility and quality of work done. Age plays a significant role in any kind of business, particularly in agriculture, because the use of child labor on the farms is quite high.

Figure 1: Age of Respondents

Data presented in Figure 1 majority of the respondent (69 percent) between 36 to 50 years, 13.8 percent of the respondents have 20 to 35 years and 13.8 percent of the respondents have age between 51 to 60 years, 3.4 percent of the respondents were above 60 years.Farming Experience of Respondents

It is said that experience makes the man perfect. So experience in cultivation of land is always count as an important tool. Farmers having experience of jujube production are always regarded as an asset in the farmers community. The farmers who supplement their income engaged with other petty landowner for part time jobs like poultry rising, livestock rising etc which help them to develop socio-economic conditions of family.Figure 2: Farming Experience

Jujube growing Experience

Data present in figure shows that 3.4 percent of respondents had experience of 1 to 5 years of Jujube cultivation, 41.4 percent of respondents were having experience 6to 10 years, 24.1 percent of respondents were having experience 11 to 15 years and remaining percent of respondents were having 31.0 onwards years experience ovation.

Figure 3: Jujube Growing Experience

Involvement in Farming Involvement in farming is always considered as progress; data regarding farming experience of jujube grower is given below;Figure 4: Involvement in farming

Figure shows that majority involvement 82.8% of the jujube growers had part time experience and 17.2% of the growers had full time experience.Education Level

Education is always considered as an important factor of understanding and learning skills. It is education which changes the behavior of human beings in particular and living beings in general. Education changes moral character, thinking pattern and make learn how to talk and behave with other people. It helps in making the decisions on right direction. Following data shows education level of the growers.Figure 5: Education level of jujube growers

Information regarding the education level of selected growers was analyzed and presented by in Figure 5. It was founded that majority 37.9 percent of the respondents were illiterate, followed by 27.6 percent of respondent were educated at primary level, 20.7 percent had secondary, and 13.8 percent were intermediate. Primary source of IncomeA primary source is a main source of information or situation. For example a primary source of income is where a person gets the most of their income.

Table 1: Primary Source Of IncomeFrequencyPercentage

agriculture2896.6

employment13.4

Table shows that 96.6 percent respondents have primary source of income and 3.4 percent have employment

Land Tenure System

Tenancy also has an important productivity impact. The length of the time horizon for owners and tenants is bound to differ, giving rise to differing attitude towards long term investment (especially natural resources managements investment) and corps with long gestation lags. Growers can be classified into various categories, especially with regards to land tenure. An important distinction is between landowners and tenants. The latter are either lease holder or share croppers who till the land of others in exchange to either a fixed rent or for a share in production as in the case for food crops and share of revenue generated in the case of cash crops. At one end of the scale do the large absentee landlords own thousands of acres of land, titled by tenant and managed by a Kadar. At shared in land.

The share croppers are not involved in purchase of input and marketing of crop output. This is usually left to the landlord or his Kadar. The tenants share of grain food crops is paid in kind, out of which some may be sold if they have surplus. Cash crops like cotton and sugarcane are always marketed by the landlord .The most common share cropping contract requires the tenant to bear the 50 percent costs of seed, fertilizer and pesticide. In return the tenant receives 50 percent share in the crop output. Table 2: Tenancy Status

Frequency

Percentage

Owner

6

20.7

Contract

23

79.3

The majority respondents 20.7 percent have own land and reaming 79.3 percent have contract

Table 3: Power Source

FrequencyPercentage

Tractor29100

Land Type

During the survey soil type were recorded according to the farmers own classifications and technology. For example, clay soil was described as Pace whereas clay-loam was described as Bari and sandy-loam as Hake.

Table 4: Land TypeFrequencyPercentage

Clay2069.0

clay loam517.2

Sandy413.8

Shows that 69.0 percent respondents have clay , and 17.5 percent have sandy loam soil, 13.8 percent growers have sandy soil.

Irrigation Source

Growers used different sources such as canal and Tube wells to provide irrigation. Tube well water is mostly used at the time of scarcity of canal water. But unfortunately we have no available canal water, Table 5: Irrigation source

FrequencyPercentage

Tubewell29100.0

The source of irrigation was examined and found that majority 100 percent respondents used Tub well water.Fixed Cost

Fixed costs are those costs which remain the same regardless of the volume of output actually achieved. The cost which does not vary according to the magnitude of production and remains the same, whether the output is large or small is known as fixed costs.Table 6: Fixed Cost of jujube Fixed costAverage cost (Rs/acre)

Govt. Tax400

Water charges700

Total1100

Data presented in table 9 shows that fixed cost of cauliflower production . Fixed costs including water charges and Govt: land tax of Jujube production 700-1000 Rs/acre.

Variable Cost of JujubeVariable costs are those costs which change with the volume of output over a specific time period. Variable costs are also known as running costs. These costs refer to those expenses or out lays which incurred on fertilizer, seeds, pesticides, harvest, labour wages, expenditure incurred on marketing costs etc. Variable costs are those items of expenditure that have a direct bearing on production. The variable costs differ from fixed costs in the sense that the later one is applied constantly irrespective to the quantity of the commodity produced, where as variable costs depend entirely to the flow of forth coming output. Variable costs are those costs which increase with the change in output often more or less in proportion to it.

Labour cost refers to all out lays incurred to engage labour for production process. Labour has been defined as any exertion of mind or body under gone partially or wholly with view to produce some good other than pleasure derived directly from the work.

Data presented in table 7 shows that variable cost of Jujube production. The total variable costs Rs. 30168.9 /acreTable 7: Variable Cost

Initial costAverage cost (Rs/acre)

Labor charges for layout/digging expert603.4

Labor charges for Transplanting489.7

Cost Rs/plant826.9

Transportation cost of seedling534.5

Total 2454.5

Variable CostAverage cost

FYM trucks1158.6

Urea bags1750.7

Dap bags4226.9

Labor charges for irrigation 5570

Pesticide2671.4

Lime white Washing336.8

Interculturing12000

Total30168.9

Marketing Cost of Jujube Marketing CostMarketing cost are those expenses, which are when agriculture commodities move from the producing center to final consumer. It is a term frequently used to designate expenditure in the time of commodity leaves the farm gate till it researches the consumer hands. The marketing cost includes a number of expenses like cost of grading cost, packing cost, transportation, loading, unloading, and commission charges.

Table 8: Marketing CostMarketing costAverage cost(Rs/acre)

Grading627.6

Packing5931.0

Loading/Unloading1482.8

Commission16049.5

Transportation7413.8

Total31504.7

The data presented shows that marketing cost of jujube cultivation , The total marketing cost is 31504.7 Rs/acre

Total cost of production

Total cost is the sum of the fixed cost and variable cost for any given level of production, i.e., fixed cost plus total variable cost. Agriculture cost is often divided into various categories. Some of the more commonly used cost concepts are follows.

Table 9: Cost of Production

Cost of productionAverage price (Rs/acre)

Fixed cost1100

Variable cost30168.9

Marketing cost31504.7

Total61673.6

Net returns.Net return refers to the residual which remains for the entrepreneurs after subtracting cost production from grass income net returns was determined by acre cost from average income per acre realized by the growers.Table 10: Net returns by the selected jujube growersYield priceAverage price (Rs/acre)

Sale Price/bag539.6

Yield bags/acre250.6

Total output135223.76

Total input61673.6

Net return73550.16

Input-output ratio of jujube growers

The criteria of input-output ratios, is usually used to examine the production efficiency of some specific enterprise. It indicates the rate of return as compared to cost.

In the present study, input-output ratios were determined to know the income of farm on per rupee expenses. It was calculated by dividing total value of production with the total cost of production.

Table 11: Input-output ratio of growers. Total outputTotal inputInput-output ratio

135223.7661673.61:2.19

Data presented in table shows that input-output ratio of jujube growers the input-output ratio of growers stood at 1:2.19.It means that with the investment of Rs. 1.00 in jujube crop they yielded Rs.2.19.Cost benefit ratio of jujube growersThe cost benefit ratio refers to net returns as compared to cost of production it is calculated by dividing net income with cost of production.

Table 12: Cost benefit ratio of growers.Net returnTotal inputCost benefit ratio

73550.1661673.61:2.67

Data presented in table shows that cost benefit ratio of growers the cost benefit ratio of the jujube growers stood at 1:2.67.CONCLUSION The present study is to economic analysis of jujube production Moosa Khatian via Tando Jam District Hyderabad in Sindh. The work has been carried out based on the primary data collected from Moosa Khatian. The study findings revealed that majority 69 percent age of respondents.The majority 62.1 percent of respondents were educated and 37.9 percent were illiterate. They were well experienced in farming and well aware with knowledge of new and improved technologies introduced in farming.

Majority 82.8 percrent of producers full time and 17.2 percent of respondents half time engaged in agriculture. Majority 60 percent of jajube farmers belong to medium farmer. In case of 79.3 percent farmers have contractors .

The overall cost of jujube yield was obtained by growers 250.6 bags/acre.Total output of Jujube production was received by growers Rs/ 135223.76/acre and net return received by growers Rs. 73550.16.Pakistan Agricultural Research Council

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