REFORMATIONSOCIAL SCIENCE III

OUTLINE

Reformation Background Causes Early reformers Martin Luther Henry VIII Quiz (part 1)

Reformation backgrounder

Over centuries, rulers, scholars and members of the clergy criticized church practices.

Though reforms were made and introduced publicly during the Middle Ages, problems with the Church still lingered.

CAUSES OF THE REFORMATION Problems in the Catholic Church

Corruption of Church leaders▪ Pope Pius II says “If the truth be confessed, the luxury

and pomp of our courts is too great.” Poorly educated low-ranking members of the

clergy▪ Couldn’t read nor teach people of the words of God.

Marrying, gambling, drinking, and other practices which counter the doctrines of the Church.▪ Pope Alexander VI admits to having fathered several

children.

Early Calls for Reforms

In the late 1300s and early 1400s, John Wycliffe and Jan Hus advocated church reform. POPE does NOT

have the right to worldly power.

Bible had MORE authority than Church leaders.

Girolamo Savonarola from Florence. Wanted to change

Florentine’s secular view.

Executed for heresy, eventually.

By the early 1500s, more Europeans began to question religious teachings.

MARTIN LUTHER

1517, Martin Luther opposed the actions of a friar named Johann Tetzel who was selling indulgences by raising money to rebuild the St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome.

Tetzel gave this impression that by buying indulgences, a person can have an assured place in heaven.

95 THESES

These are formal statements aimed to criticize the “pardon-merchants”.

Luther wanted a full reform of the Church. His ideas rested on three: People could win salvation

only by God’s forgiveness. All Church teachings should be

clearly based on the words of the Bible.

All people with faith were equal.

The Birth of Lutheranism

After being excommunicated, Luther and his followers became a separate religious group called Lutherans. Priests were dressed in ordinary clothes.

They would be called as ministers. Ministers were allowed to marry. They led services not in Latin but in

German.

The DARK side of Martin Luther

Luther was revolutionary in his ideas on the Church’s teachings. Many people began to apply Luther’s ideas to society. German peasants’ revolt to

end serfdom Luther’s response: SHOW

PEASANTS NO MERCY 100,000 peasants, more or

less, were massacred by German princes’ armies.

The Peace of Augsburg

The agreement that the religion of each German state was to be decided by its ruler. German princes loyal to the pope VS German

princes who supported Luther. Protestants was the term used to refer to these

protesting German princes (against an agreement between the Pope and his loyal German princes to join forces against Luther’s ideas).

Charles V, wanting to put an end to the dispute between German princes, ordered all of them to assemble in the city of Augsburg.

King Henry VIII and Protestantism in England

Was a young, strong, handsome, intelligent royal.

Loved sports, literature, music, food, and most of all, he loved his God.

Defender of the Faith

Henry VIII and his Political needs Fear of producing no heir

Believed that Catherine of Aragon could no longer bear a son (they only had one child – Mary)

First sought to have his marriage divorced, then he wanted it to be annuled

Pope’s side is with Catherine of Aragon

Henry breaks with the pope and started the Protestant Anglican Church.

Secret marriage to Anne Boleyn Parliament legalized

their marriage

The Parliament ended pope’s power in England by approving the Act of Supremacy

Act of Supremacy – English king, not the pope, is the official head of England’s Church.

Death of Henry VIII and the birth

Married 6 times. Produced 3 children, all of whom

would eventually rule England: Edward VI – king of England at the age

of 9. And ruled for only 6 years. Mary – devout Catholic who reinforced

the authority of the Pope over the English Church.

Elizabeth I – Anne Boleyn’s daughter who would restore Protestantism in England.

Quiz # 5.1

True or False1) According to John Wycliffe and Jan Hus, the

bible has more authority than the Church.2) Johann Tetzel was selling his self just so to

acquire money for the beautification of St. Peter’s Cathedral.

3) Henry VIII was known as the Defender of Faith before going against the Church.

4) Henry VIII’s reasons for going against the Church were personal and political.

5) Mary would restore Protestantism after the death of Henry VIII.

Anglicanism

QUEEN ELIZABETH I, head of the Church of England or

Anglican Church

Became Queen of England in 1558

Elizabeth I returned her kingdom to Protestantism.

Somehow, she tried to harmonize Protestantism and Catholicism.

For Protestants, priests in the Church of England were allowed to marry.

For Catholics, the Church of England maintained the rich robes and golden crucifixes. Furthermore, the Book of Common Prayer was revised to be acceptable to Catholics.

Other forms of Protestantism

JOHN CALVIN

Believed that the ideal government was theocracy, Calvin would eventually lead the Protestants in Geneva, Switzerland.

CALVINISM

Institutes of the Christian Religion

“Men and women are sinful in nature.”

Predestination explains that God has known since the beginning who will be saved.

JOHN KNOX PRESBYTERIANS

A Scottish preacher who was greatly inspired by Calvin’s ideas.

Knox, with other Scottish Protestant nobles, made Calvinism as their country’s official religion.

Huguenots, on the other hand are those Calvinists in France.

ANABAPTISM

People who had been baptized as children should be rebaptized as adults.

“to baptize again”

Church and state must be separate, they refused to fight in wars.

They shared their possessions.

Anabaptism would later influence Quakers and

Baptists who would split from Anglican Church

Catholic Reformation

CATHOLIC REFORMATION “Helping Catholics to

remain loyal to the Church”

Aka the COUNTER-REFORMATION

ST. IGNATIUS DE LOYOLA Spiritual Exercises –laid

out a day by day plan of meditation

Society of Jesus – Jesuits (members of the order) Founded superb schools

throughout Europe Convert non-Christians to

Catholicism Stop Protestantism from

spreading

Reforming Popes

PAUL III

Directed a council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling

Approved the Jesuit order

Used Inquisition to seek out and punish heresy in papal territory.

Gathered a great council of Church leaders at Trent

COUNCIL OF TRENT

1) The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was FINAL.

2) Christians need faith and good works for salvation.

3) The Bible and the Church were equally powerful authorities for guiding the Christian life.

4) Indulgences were valid expressions of faith.

PAUL IV

Index of Forbidden Books –list of books considered dangerous to Catholic Church. Most of them were

Protestant Bibles

EFFECTS OF REFORMATION Protestant religion

flourished Religion no longer

united Europe Set the stage for

modern world.

Quiz # 5.2

Yes or No