social science - clil.santillana.es · and created by the primary education department at...
TRANSCRIPT
PR
IMA
RY
Richmond
Social ScienceTEACHER’S BOOK
Social Science 4 is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Primary Education department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence Ruiz.
WRITER Kerry Powell
MANAGING EDITOR Sheila Tourle
PUBLISHER Sue Ashcraft
EDITOR Hazel Geatches
PROOFREADING James Price Vassilia Katte
ContentsIntroduction
Key competences ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� IV
Multiple intelligences ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ V
Student’s materials ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� VI
Teacher’s resources �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� VII
Student’s Book ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������VIII
Teacher’s Book ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� X
Student’s Book contents ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������XIII
Studying geography ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4
Studying history ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6
Lesson plans
TERM 1
Unit 1 ����������������������������������������������������� 8
Unit 2 ��������������������������������������������������� 18
Unit 3 ��������������������������������������������������� 28
Term revision ��������������������������������������� 40
TERM 2
Unit 4 ��������������������������������������������������� 42
Unit 5 ��������������������������������������������������� 52
Unit 6 ��������������������������������������������������� 62
Term revision ��������������������������������������� 74
TERM 3
Unit 7 ��������������������������������������������������� 76
Unit 8 ��������������������������������������������������� 88
Unit 9 ��������������������������������������������������� 98
Term revision ������������������������������������� 108
Audio transcripts ������������������������������� 110
Answer key ���������������������������������������� 113
II
Student’s Book 4 contents
nine 3
CONTENTS
Unit Reading Topics Know how to
1 Rocks and landscapes
8
White gold The Earth’s crust and rocks
Rocks and minerals
The relief of Spain
Make an index card about a rock.
2 Weather and climate
18
What’s the temperature?
The atmosphere
World climate zones
Climates of Spain
Make weather data graphs.
3 Water 28
Crystal clear water The hydrosphere
Fresh water
The rivers of Spain I
The rivers of Spain II
Make a tourist brochure about river sports.
TERM 1 REVISION
4 Landscapes 42
A beautiful landscape Types of landscapes
Landscapes in Spain I
Landscapes in Spain II
Make a National Park index card.
5Spain and the European Union
52
A place to enjoy Spain in Europe
Spain’s territorial divisions
Organization of the state
Interpret a political organization chart.
6 Population and the economy
62
Uncontacted tribes How to study population
The distribution of population
Where people work I
Where people work II
Describe a production process.
TERM 2 REVISION
7 Prehistory 76
Atapuerca and Homo antecessor
The Palaeolithic Age
The Neolithic Age
The Metal Ages
Prehistoric art
Put historical events in chronological order.
8 Ancient history of Spain
88
The story of the golden apple
The Iberians and the Celts
Early colonizers: the Greeks
Phoenicians and Carthaginians
Identify Greek gods.
9 Ancient history: the Romans
98
Pompeii: a city frozen in time
The Roman conquest
Life in Hispania
The Roman legacy
Make a timeline.
TERM 3 REVISION
three 3
XIII
Population and the economy 6
SUGGESTED TIMING FOR THE UNIT
This unit introduces the subject of different types of populations and changes in populations. It looks at the three economic sectors of Spain and the different jobs and services in each sector.
Unit outline
Know how toTalk about population
Identify the different sectors of the economy
Final taskDescribe a production
process
How to study population
The distribution of population
Population and the economy
Where people work – the primary and secondary sectors
Where people work – the tertiary sector
62 A
January February March
Unit contents
CONTENTS
• How to study population
• The density and distribution of population in Spain
• People who work in the primary sector
• People who work in the secondary sector
• People who work in the tertiary sector
VOCABULARY AND STRUCTURES
• Population: birth rate, census, death rate, emigrant, gender, immigrant, inhabitant, population, (municipal) register, senior citizen; active (population), densely (populated), inactive (population), sparsely (populated)
• Sectors of the economy: agriculture, construction, craft, factory, farming, fishing, health, industrial process, industry, mining, natural resource, production line, raw material, tourism, trade, transport; primary (sector), secondary (sector), tertiary (sector); manufactured
• Trade: export, import; domestic, foreign
KNOW HOW TO
• Read and understand a text about uncontacted tribes
• Distinguish between different groups of populations
• Identify densely and sparsely populated areas in Spain
• Distinguish between the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy
• Identify the products of the three economic sectors
WORK WITH THE PICTURE
• Interpret population data from a graph
• Identify where people live on a map of Spain and use a key to describe the population density
• Distinguish between the education sector and trade sector
SPEAKING
• Imagine living in another country and describe what life is like
• Describe making a manufactured product
• Describe a job in tourism
WRITING• Define population
• Explain why people emigrate
FINAL TASK • Describe a production process
VALUES EDUCATION
• Respecting ethnic tribes
• Showing compassion towards newcomers to a community
62 B
Uncontacted tribes
In the Amazon rainforest there are tribes who have no contact with the rest of the world. They are called uncontacted tribes. They live in the dense vegetation of the rainforest.
Uncontacted tribes are groups of native people who live in nature, isolated from civilization. They preserve their ancient traditions and speak their own languages. They know nothing about the modern world.
Drug gangs working in the rainforests are a danger to these people. Illegal wood loggers destroy the rainforest these people need to survive. Uncontacted people often don't have any immunity to common diseases. A cold or influenza can destroy a whole tribe. There are now laws to protect these people from the outside world.
6.1
Who are uncontacted people?
Where do they live?
Name some dangers to uncontacted people.
How are they protected?
SPEAKING. Imagine you go to live in another country with your family. Tell your partner what your new life is like.
Read and understand
6 Population and the economy
KNOW HOW TO
Talk about population.
Identify the different sectors of the economy.
FINAL TASK
Describe a production process.
62 sixty-two
Population and work
The people who live in a place are called inhabitants.
What do we call the total number of people who live in a place?
There are many different types of jobs. Some people work in agriculture. Some people work in factories. Other people provide services for people.
Can you name a job from each of these sectors?
WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER?
sixty-three 63
Objectives• Tointroducethemaintheme
oftheunit
• Toactivatepreviousknowledgeaboutpopulationandwork
• Tofindoutaboutuncontactedtribes
Key language• Keyvocabularyandstructures:
agriculture, civilization, danger, disease, drug gang, factory, immunity, influenza, population, rainforest, tradition, tribe; ancient, common (diseases), dense, illegal, isolated, native (people), uncontacted (tribe); destroy, preserve, protect, survive
Presentation• AskSs:What can you see in the
picture? What do you know about the tribes of the Amazon rainforest?
Playtrack 6.1.Sslistenandread.Ask:What is dense vegetation? Why do you think the tribes have been uncontacted?
Read and understand• Readthroughthequestionsasa
class.Elicitanswers.
• Ssbrainstormdifferentcountriestheycouldlivein.Theychooseonecountry.(EncouragesomeSstochoosearemotearealiketheAmazonrainforest.)Thenask:What is the same? What is different? Do you like your new life? Why? Why not?Sscompletethespeakingactivityinpairs.
Know how to• Explain:In this unit, you will find out
how populations are studied. You will learn about population density and the distribution of the population in Spain. Then you will find out about the different economic sectors where people work.
• Explainthefinaltask:In this unit, you will describe a production process.
6.1
Reinforcement• Ontheboard,writealistofthecharacteristicsofthelifestyleofsome
uncontactedtribes:thepeopleliveindensevegetation;theyspeaktheirownlanguages,etc.Ssmakemoresuggestions:theyhuntanimalsforfood,theyliveingrasshuts,theywearclothesmadefromanimalskins,etc.
Extension• Ssworkingroups.TheysearchtheInternetforinformationaboutthe
uncontactedtribesoftheAmazonrainforestinBrazilandPeru.Theyfindoutwherethetribesliveandwhatproblemstheyface.Thentheyfindoutwhatpeoplecandotohelptoprotectthesepeople’swayoflife.
62
Uncontacted tribes
In the Amazon rainforest there are tribes who have no contact with the rest of the world. They are called uncontacted tribes. They live in the dense vegetation of the rainforest.
Uncontacted tribes are groups of native people who live in nature, isolated from civilization. They preserve their ancient traditions and speak their own languages. They know nothing about the modern world.
Drug gangs working in the rainforests are a danger to these people. Illegal wood loggers destroy the rainforest these people need to survive. Uncontacted people often don't have any immunity to common diseases. A cold or influenza can destroy a whole tribe. There are now laws to protect these people from the outside world.
6.1
Who are uncontacted people?
Where do they live?
Name some dangers to uncontacted people.
How are they protected?
SPEAKING. Imagine you go to live in another country with your family. Tell your partner what your new life is like.
Read and understand
6 Population and the economy
KNOW HOW TO
Talk about population.
Identify the different sectors of the economy.
FINAL TASK
Describe a production process.
62 sixty-two
Population and work
The people who live in a place are called inhabitants.
What do we call the total number of people who live in a place?
There are many different types of jobs. Some people work in agriculture. Some people work in factories. Other people provide services for people.
Can you name a job from each of these sectors?
WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER?
sixty-three 63
UNIT 6
Reinforcement• Inpairs,Ssmakealistofdifferentjobstheycanremember.Thentheywork
withanotherpairandtaketurnstonameanddescribethedifferentjobs.
Work with the picture• Sslookatthephotoatthetopof
page63.Ask:What can you see in the photo?ExplainthattribesintheAmazonclearsmallareasoftheforesttobuildtheirhouses.Theymaketheirhousesfrombananaorpalmleaves,straw,bambooandwood.Thewomennormallycook,dothehousework,growcrops,fishandtakecareofthechildren.Themenhuntandfish.
What do you remember?• Beforereadingthetext,askSs:
Where are the people in the picture? Where do most people live and work?Elicitanswersandwritethemontheboard.
• Readthetextaloudwiththeclass.Thenaskthequestions.Elicitanswersfromthewholeclass.
63
Values education• Asaclass,discusshowpeoplefromoutsidecanaffecttheuncontacted
tribesoftheAmazon.Ask:Do we have the right to destroy their homes and way of life? How can we help and protect these people?
PopulationPopulation is the number of inhabitants that live in a place. The population of Spain is about 46.5 million people. The population of the European Union is about 507 million people.
In every autonomous community the inhabitants live in various cities, towns or villages. The municipal register and census provide information about these people.
The municipal register is a list of the inhabitants of a municipality. It includes each person’s age and address. The local council updates this register every year.
The census is a list of the inhabitants of a municipality, a province or a country. The census includes information such as education, work, type of house, etc. This list is updated every ten years. 1
How to study populationThe population of a place can be divided into different categories:
Gender. We count the number of men and the number of women.
Age. Inhabitants are divided into three different age groups: children are 0 to 15 years old; adults are 16 to 65 years old; senior citizens are over 65. 2
Activity. The population is divided into two groups. Active population: This group includes all adults who are able to work. Some people are employed and other people are unemployed. Inactive population: This group includes children under 16, and adults who are either too ill to work, or who are retired.
6.2
2 The population of Spain.
1 The census. Interviewers collect information from different homes.
How to study population
Look at the graph.
What age groups are there?
Which is the biggest age group? Which is the smallest age group?
Are there more children or senior citizens?
WORK WITH THE PICTURE6.3
jóvenes7.075.637
adultos31.718.285ancianos
8.335.861
662328_04_p52_poblacion_grupos_edad
children 7,075,637 adults
31,718,285senior citizens 8,335,861
64 sixty-four
birthrate immigration
death rate emigration
decreases
increases
Changes in populationThe population of a place changes over time. Babies are born, and some people die. Sometimes people move to another town. The changes in population are caused by the birth rate, the death rate, emigration and immigration. 3
The birth rate is the number of babies born in a place in one year.
The death rate is the number of people who die in a place in one year.
Emigrants are people who leave one place to go and live in another place.
Immigrants are people who come to live in a place.
When the number of people born in a place is greater than the number of people who die, the population increases. When the number of immigrants is greater than the number of emigrants, the population increases.
Population is the number of inhabitants that live in a place. The population of a place changes over time.
6.4
3 Changes in population.
ACTIVITIES
1 WRITING. What is population? Write a definition in your notebook.
2 Read and correct the sentences.
The municipal register is updated every month.
The census is updated every year.
The active population includes retired people.
The death rate is the number of babies born.
Immigrants are people who leave a place.
3 VALUES EDUCATION. Imagine an immigrant child has recently started in your class. How can you make the child and their family welcome in your community?
6.5
6
sixty-five 65
Objectives• Tolearnhowtostudypopulation
• Tolearnaboutfactorsthataffectthepopulation
Key language• Keyvocabularyandstructures:
activity, age, birth rate, census, death rate, emigration, gender, immigration, inhabitant, population, register; active (population), employed, inactive (population), municipal (register), retired, unemployed
Presentation• Reviewlargenumberswiththe
class.Explainthatwhenwewritelargenumbers,wegroupthedigitsinthreesandseparatethembyacomma.Giveexamples:1,000; 25,000; 210,450,etc.
Practice Play‘Population’ontrack 6.2.Ss
listenandread.Ask:What is the population of Spain? Where is this information kept?What is the difference between the municipal register and the census?Sslookatpicture1.Ask:Who is the man on the right?What questions do you think he is asking?
• Play‘Howtostudypopulation’ontrack 6.2.Sslistenandread.Ask:What categories can we divide the population into?What is the difference between and active and inactive population?
Work with the picture• Sslookatthepiechart.Ask:
What does the pie chart show?Inpairs,Ssanswerthequestions.
• Playtrack 6.3oftheClassAudio.Sslistenandcompareanswers.
6.2
6.3
Reinforcement• Asaclass,Ssdecidewhichpartofthepopulationtheybelongto.Writea
modelontheboardforSStocopyintotheirnotebook:I am a (girl). I am (ten) years old, so I belong to the inactive population.
Extension• SssearchtheInternetforinformationtakenfromthelatestcensusfortheir
townorvillage.Theyfindoutthepopulationandseehowmanycategorieshaveavailabledata(genderratio,active/inactivepopulation,etc.).
64
PopulationPopulation is the number of inhabitants that live in a place. The population of Spain is about 46.5 million people. The population of the European Union is about 507 million people.
In every autonomous community the inhabitants live in various cities, towns or villages. The municipal register and census provide information about these people.
The municipal register is a list of the inhabitants of a municipality. It includes each person’s age and address. The local council updates this register every year.
The census is a list of the inhabitants of a municipality, a province or a country. The census includes information such as education, work, type of house, etc. This list is updated every ten years. 1
How to study populationThe population of a place can be divided into different categories:
Gender. We count the number of men and the number of women.
Age. Inhabitants are divided into three different age groups: children are 0 to 15 years old; adults are 16 to 65 years old; senior citizens are over 65. 2
Activity. The population is divided into two groups. Active population: This group includes all adults who are able to work. Some people are employed and other people are unemployed. Inactive population: This group includes children under 16, and adults who are either too ill to work, or who are retired.
6.2
2 The population of Spain.
1 The census. Interviewers collect information from different homes.
How to study population
Look at the graph.
What age groups are there?
Which is the biggest age group? Which is the smallest age group?
Are there more children or senior citizens?
WORK WITH THE PICTURE6.3
jóvenes7.075.637
adultos31.718.285ancianos
8.335.861
662328_04_p52_poblacion_grupos_edad
children 7,075,637 adults
31,718,285senior citizens 8,335,861
64 sixty-four
birthrate immigration
death rate emigration
decreases
increases
Changes in populationThe population of a place changes over time. Babies are born, and some people die. Sometimes people move to another town. The changes in population are caused by the birth rate, the death rate, emigration and immigration. 3
The birth rate is the number of babies born in a place in one year.
The death rate is the number of people who die in a place in one year.
Emigrants are people who leave one place to go and live in another place.
Immigrants are people who come to live in a place.
When the number of people born in a place is greater than the number of people who die, the population increases. When the number of immigrants is greater than the number of emigrants, the population increases.
Population is the number of inhabitants that live in a place. The population of a place changes over time.
6.4
3 Changes in population.
ACTIVITIES
1 WRITING. What is population? Write a definition in your notebook.
2 Read and correct the sentences.
The municipal register is updated every month.
The census is updated every year.
The active population includes retired people.
The death rate is the number of babies born.
Immigrants are people who leave a place.
3 VALUES EDUCATION. Imagine an immigrant child has recently started in your class. How can you make the child and their family welcome in your community?
6.5
6
sixty-five 65
UNIT 6
Reinforcement• Sswritethedefinitionsforbirthrateanddeathrateintheirnotebooks.
Extension• Ssworkinpairs.TheyfindouthowmanyimmigrantstherewereinSpainlast
yearandwheretheycamefrom.Theycomparethisdatawiththepreviousyearandsaywhethertheimmigrantpopulationisincreasingordecreasing.
Practice Playtrack 6.4.Sslistenandread.
Ask:What affects the population?(Birthrate,deathrate,emigrationandimmigration.)
• Sslookatthepicturesin3.Ask:Why do populations decrease? Why do populations increase?
Activities1 Ssread‘Population’onpage64
again.Ask:What is a population?Thenwritethefollowingsentencesontheboard:Population is the number of emigrants that live in a place. The population of a place stays the same over time.AskSs:Are the sentences true or false?Sscorrectthemistakesasaclass.
2 Readthroughthesentencesasaclass.Inpairs,Sswritethecorrectedsentencesintheirnotebooks.
• Playtrack 6.5oftheClassAudio.Sslistenandcomparetheiranswers.
6.4
6.5
KEY COMPETENCES
Ssdescribethesizeofpopulationfromapiechart.
65
Values education• Talkaboutthedifficultiesofmovingtoadifferentcountry.DiscusshowSs
couldmakeanimmigrantchildfeelwelcomeintheirschool.
1 Some reasons why people emigrate.
People move to different placesPeople are born in one place, but some move to live somewhere else.
There are many different reasons for this:
People move away to study in a different place.
People find work in a different place.
People move because of drought or famine in their country.
People move because of war in their country. 1
6.6
The distribution of population
study work drought war
Population densitySome places have many inhabitants. Other places have very few inhabitants. Population density tells us if a place has a large or a small population.
If lots of people live in a small area, then the area is densely populated.
If few people live in a large area, then the area is sparsely populated. 2
This place is sparsely populated because it is a large area with few inhabitants.
This place is densely populated because it is a small area with lots of inhabitants.
5 ten people
2 Population density in two places.
66 sixty-six
Objectives• Tofindoutwhypeoplemoveto
differentplaces
• Todistinguishbetweendenselypopulatedandsparselypopulatedareas
• TofindoutwheretheinhabitantsofSpainlive
Key language• Keyvocabularyandstructures:
density, drought, famine, inhabitant, study, war, work; densely (populated), sparsely (populated); emigrate
Presentation• AskSstolookatthepicturesin1.
Explainthatthesepeoplearemovingtodifferentplaces.Ask:Why are these people moving?Elicitanswersasaclass.
• Explainthemeaningsofdroughtandfamine.Droughtoccurswhenthereisnorainforalongperiodandthereislittleornowater.Famineistheresultofadrought;thecropsfailbecausetheyneedwatertogrow.Peoplewhorelyonthecropshavenofood.
Practice Play‘Peoplemovetodifferent
places’ontrack 6.6.Sslistenandread.Ask:Why do people move to live somewhere else?
• Play‘Populationdensity’ontrack 6.6.Ask:What does population density tell us? Do few people live in a densely populated area?(No,lotsofpeopleliveinadenselypopulatedarea.)
• Sslookatdiagram2.Ask:How many people does one figure represent?(10.)Thenask:How many people are there in the first place?(100.)How many people are in the second place?(100.)Which place is bigger?(Thefirst.)Which place has the highest population density?(Thesecond.)
6.6
Reinforcement• Inpairs,Sstaketurnstodescribeoneofthescenesinpicturesin1.Givean
example:In this picture, there is a woman. She has a baby. They are in the street. There is a building on fire behind them.
Extension• Inpairsorsmallgroups,Ssfindouthowmanypeopleliveintheirregion.
Theyfindoutthepopulationofthebiggesttownorcity.Thentheyfindoutthepopulationofsomeofthesmallervillages.Theywritethetowns,citiesandvillagesonaposterandwritethepopulationofeachnexttotheplace.
66
Logical-mathematical
intelligence
Where people live in SpainSpain has a population of about 46.5 million people.
Most of the people live on the coast and in the big cities where there are many jobs. These places are densely populated.
Fewer people live inland, except in the big cities like Madrid and Zaragoza. In general, inland Spain is sparsely populated. 3
Population density tells us if a place has a large or a small population. In Spain, most of the people live on the coast and in the big cities.
6.7
F R A N C E
M O R O C C O
MADRID
A L G E R I A
RIOJA
MURCIA
CANTABRIAASTURIAS
NAVARRE
BALEARIC ISLANDS
Ceuta
Melilla
FRANCIA
PO
RT
UG
AL
ANDORRALEÓN
JAÉN
BADAJOZ
CÁCERES CUENCA
TERUEL
HUESCA
TOLEDO
SEVILLE
LLEIDA
LUGO
SORIA
BURGOS
ZARAGOZA
ALBACETECIUDAD REAL
CÓRDOBA
ÁVILA
HUELVA
CÁDIZ
GRANADA
ZAMORA
VALENCIA
ALMERÍA
SALAMANCA
PALENCIA
MÁLAGA
GUADALAJARA
OURENSE
SEGOVIA
GIRONA
A CORUÑA
BARCELONAVALLADOLID
ALICANTE
ÁLAVA
CASTELLÓN
TARRAGONA
PONTEVEDRA
VIZCAYAGUIPÚZCOA
LAS PALMASSANTA CRUZDE TENERIFE
657185_07_p67_Espana_densidad
AT
LA
NT
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O
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AN
M e d i t er
ra
ne
an
S
ea
C a n t a b r i a n S e a
A T L A N T I C O C E A N
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S
EW
0 95
kilometres
Scale
Look at the map. Do you live on the coast or inland?
Do you live in a city or in a small village?
Look at the key and say what the population density is like where you live.
WORK WITH THE PICTURE
657185_07_p67_leyenda_Espana_densidad
Sparsely populatedModerately populatedDensely populated
3 Population density map of Spain.
ACTIVITIES
1 WRITING. Write in your notebook four reasons why people migrate.
2 Copy and colour the map key in your notebook. Write the names of three provinces next to each colour.
6
sixty-seven 67
UNIT 6
Reinforcement• Inpairs,SstaketurnstosaythenameofaprovinceinSpain.Theirpartner
decidesiftheprovinceis:densely,moderately,orsparselypopulated.
Extension• Sschoosethreeprovinces:onesparselypopulatedprovince,onemoderately
populatedandonedenselypopulated.Theyfindoutwherethemaintownsandcitiesareineachprovincearelocatedandwhatthepopulationis.Thentheyfindoutwhypeoplemightcometothatprovince,forexample,toworkinthetouristindustry(Madridoronthecoast),tostudyatabiguniversity,etc.
Practice Playtrack 6.7.Sslistenandread.
Ask:What is the population of Spain? Where do most of these people live?
Work with the picture• Sslookatthemap.TellSstofind
theirregiononthemap.Thenask:Is it on the coast or inland?
• Sslookatthekey.Ask:What colour shows densely populated areas? What is the population like in the orange areas?Ssanswerthequestionsinpairs.
Activities1 Reviewthedifferentreasonswhy
peopleemigratefromtheircountries.Elicitthefourmainreasonsandwritethemontheboard.Thengiveamodelsentence:People emigrate for different reasons. Some people emigrate to study.Sswritethesentencesintheirnotebooks.
2 Sslookatthekeyonthemap.Ask:What does red represent? Which provinces are densely populated?Ssworkinpairsandcompletetheactivityintheirnotebooks.
6.7
67
KEY COMPETENCES
Ssunderstandhowandwhypopulationschange.
There are three main sectors of the economy: the primary sector, the secondary sector and the tertiary sector.
Jobs in the primary sectorIn the primary sector, workers obtain raw materials from natural resources, for example, products from plants, animals and the soil.
The primary sector includes jobs in crop farming, animal farming, fishing and mining.
In Spain, not many people work in the primary sector, only 4 out of 100 people. In the European Union, 5 out of 100 people work in this sector.
6.8
Where people work I
Crop farming
Crop farmers grow crops, vegetables and fruit.
Livestock farming
Livestock farmers keep animals to produce products like meat, eggs, milk and leather.
Fishing
Fishermen catch fish and shellfish.
Mining
Miners mine rocks, minerals and metals that are used in industry.
68 sixty-eight
Objectives• Todistinguishbetweentheprimary
andsecondarysectorsoftheeconomy
• Tolearnaboutjobsintheprimarysector
• Tolearnaboutjobsinthesecondarysector
Key language• Keyvocabularyandstructures:
activity, crop, factory, farming, fish, fishing, leather, livestock, lorry, metal, mineral, mining, process, production line, rock, sector, shellfish, shop assistant, soil, (cotton) thread, vegetable; industrial (process), manufactured (product), primary (sector), raw (material), secondary (sector)
Presentation• Sslookatthepicturesonpage68.
Ask:Can you remember from Book 3 which sector this is?(Theprimarysector.)Ask:Where do people in the primary sector work?(Injobsinnature.)
Practice Playtheintroductionand‘Jobsin
theprimarysector’ontrack 6.8.Sslistenandread.Ask:What are the three main sectors of the economy? What types of materials do people in the primary sector use?(Rawmaterials.)Where do these raw materials come from?(Naturalresources.)
• Playthesecondpartoftrack 6.8.Sslistenandread.Ask:What are the four types of jobs the speaker mentions?Elicitanswersandwritethemontheboard:crop farming,livestock farming,fishingandmining.Sscopythejobsintheirnotebooks.TellSstheyaregoingtolistentotherecordingagain.Theyhavetonotedowntherawmaterialsobtainedineachjob.Playtherecordingagain.Sslistenandwrite.Elicitanswers.
6.8
Reinforcement• Inpairs,Sstaketurnstoclosetheirbooks,andgivetruestatementsabout
therawmaterialsorjobsonpage68.Giveanexample:This raw material comes from crop farming.(Vegetables.)In this job workers obtains shellfish.(Fishing.)
Extension• Insmallgroups,Ssfindoutwhichoftheprimarysectorjobsonpage68they
canfindintheirregion.Thentheyfindoutwhatrawmaterialsareobtainedfromthesejobsintheregion.
68
Jobs in the secondary sectorThe secondary sector transforms raw materials into manufactured products. Industries in the secondary sector include factory work, the construction industry and craft industries.
In Spain, 22 out of 100 people work in this sector. In the European Union, 27 out of 100 people work in this sector.
IndustryIndustry is one of the most important activities in the secondary sector.
Many people work in factories. They use machines to transform raw materials into manufactured products. This is called the industrial process.
People work on production lines in factories. Each worker specializes in one part of the process.
In the primary sector, workers obtain raw materials from natural resources. The secondary sector transforms raw materials into manufactured products.
6.9
1 Name four activities in the primary sector. Are they jobs in big cities or in rural areas?
2 SPEAKING. Look at the photo. What are they making? Where are they making it?
ACTIVITIES
LEARN MORE
From cotton to T-shirts
1. Growing cotton
Cotton plants are grown in warm climates.
2. Making the fabric
In the factory, workers use machines to obtain cotton threads. The threads are woven into fabric by other machines.
3. Design and manufacture
Designers create the T-shirt design. Machines cut out the fabric shapes. Workers use machines to sew the fabric together.
4. Selling
The T-shirts are packed in boxes. Lorries take them to the shops. Shop assistants sell the T-shirts.
6
sixty-nine 69
UNIT 6
Reinforcement• SsreadagaintheLearn moresectiononpage69.Theydrawaflowdiagram
withpicturesandtextstoshowhowT-shirtsaremadefromcotton.
Extension• Ssinvestigatefactoriesintheirarea.Theyfindoutwhatthefactoriesmake,
howmanypeopletheyemploy,wheretherawmaterialscomefromandwhattheindustrialprocessis.Iftherearenofactoriesinthearea,theychooseawell-knownindustryinSpainandfindoutthesamefacts.
Practice Play‘Jobsinthesecondary
sector’ontrack 6.9.Sslistenandread.Ask:What happens in the secondary sector?(Rawmaterialsaretransformedintomanufacturedproducts.)What are some of the industries in this sector?
• Play‘Industry’ontrack 6.9.Sslistenandread.Ask:What happens in the industrial process?(Machinestransformrawmaterialsintomanufacturedproducts.)Where do some people work in the factories?(Onproductionlines.)
Learn more• Readthroughthetextasaclass.
Sslistenandread.Explainthatthisisanindustrialprocess.Ask:What is the raw material in 1?(Cotton.)Where are cotton plants grown?(Inwarmclimates.)Thenask:What do designers do? What happens to the T-shirts?
Activities1 Reviewtheactivitiesintheprimary
sector.Sslookbackatpage68tochecktheiranswers.Inpairs,Sscompletetheactivity.
2 AskSs:What can you see in the photo? Is it in the primary or secondary sector? How do you know?Elicitanswers.Ask:What is the car made of?(Metal.)How do you think they got the metal?(Frommining.)Writesentencepromptsontheboard:They are making a… They are making it in a…Ssdothespeakingactivityinpairs.
6.9
69
KEY COMPETENCES
Ssshowlogicalthinkingtodescribeaprocess.
Linguistic intelligence
Jobs in the tertiary sectorThe tertiary sector is also called the service sector. Workers in this sector provide us with trade, health, education and transport. 1
In Spain, 74 out of 100 people work in this sector. In the European Union, 68 out of 100 people work in this sector.
Trade Trade is the buying and selling of products, for example, when shopkeepers sell products to customers.
Trade connects products from the primary and secondary sectors with consumers.
Domestic trade means buying and selling products within a country. It includes products we buy in shops and supermarkets.
Foreign trade means buying and selling products to and from other countries. Imports are products we buy from other countries. Exports are products we sell to other countries.
6.10
Where people work II
1 Jobs in the tertiary sector. A. Teachers work in the tertiary sector. B. Supermarkets sell products to customers.
Which photo shows the education sector?
Which photo shows trade?
WORK WITH THE PICTURE
BA
70 seventy
Objectives• Tofindoutaboutthetertiarysector
• ToidentifydifferentactivitiesandjobswithintheservicesectorinSpain
Key language• Keyvocabularyandstructures:
airport, consumer, customer, export, health, import, lorry, port, tourism, trade, transport; domestic trade, foreign trade, service sector; buy, sell
Presentation• AskSs:What can you remember
about the tertiary sector from Book 3?SSsayalistofservices:health,education,etc.
Practice Play‘Jobsinthetertiarysector’
ontrack 6.10.Sslistenandread.Ask:What is another name for the tertiary sector? What are some of the services we get from this sector?(Health,education,tradeandtransport.)
• Play‘Trade’ontrack 6.10.Sslistenandread.Ask:What is trade?(Buyingandsellingproducts.)Why is trade important?(Itconnectsproductsfromtheprimaryandsecondarysectorswithconsumers.)
• Ontheboard,writedomestic tradeandforeign trade.Ask:What is the difference?(Different:domestic–buyingandsellinginacountry;foreign–buyingandsellingtoandfromothercountries.)
Work with the picture• SslookatpicturesAandB.Ask:
What can you see in picture A?(Studentsinaschool.)What can you see in picture B?(Alorryistransportinggoods.)Inpairs,Ssdescribethepicturestoeachother.Thentheyanswerthequestions.
6.10
Reinforcement• Asaclass,Ssmakealonglistofalltheservicestheycanthinkofthatare
availableinSpain.
Extension• Sscollectlabelsfromsupermarketproductsoveraperiodoftwoweeks.
TheyreadthelabelstodiscoveriftheproductsaremadeinSpainorareimportedfromabroad.Sscanmakeaclassbarchartwiththeresults:typicalimportstoSpainfromabroad.
70
Other servicesThere are other services apart from trade, such as education, health and financial services.
Transport and tourism are important services in Spain and the European Union.
6.11
Workers in the tertiary sector provide us with trade, health, education and transport.
Transport moves products and passengers, via roads, motorways, airports and ports. There are different means of transport, like planes, ships, trains and lorries.
All activities that relate to holidays are part of tourism. This includes transport, holiday companies, bars and restaurants.
1 Name three jobs that are in the service sector. Are these jobs important in Spain?
2 Look at the photos. Identify the services and jobs in each picture.
A B
3 SPEAKING. Describe a job in tourism for your partner to guess.
ACTIVITIES
6
seventy-one 71
UNIT 6
Reinforcement• Intheirnotebooks,Sswritefiveanagrams.Theychoosewordsinboldfrom
pages70and71.Thentheywriteadescriptionofeachwordintheirnotebooks,nexttotheanagram.Doanexample:proxtes:Products we sell to other countries.(Exports.)Sstaketurnstoworkouttheanagrams.
Extension• Insmallgroups,Ssfindoutaboutoneofthejobsintourism.Theyfindout
howthisjobprovidesaserviceandwhobenefitsfromtheservice.Thentheyfindoutmoreinformationabouttheworksomeoneinthisjobdoeseveryday.Sspresenttheirresearchasadiaryentry:A day in the life of…Sssharetheirdiarieswiththeclass.
Practice Playtrack 6.11.Sslistenand
read.Ask:What other important services are there in the tertiary sector?(Transportandtourism.)What means of transport are there?(Planes,ships,lorries,andtrains.)What is tourism?(Allactivitiesthatrelatetoholidays.)
Activities1 Reviewthejobsinthetertiary
sector.Thenask:Which jobs are important in Spain? Why?Sscompletetheactivityinpairs.
2 AskSs:What can you see in photos A and B? Where were the photos taken?(Insideaclassroom.Insideanaeroplane.)Elicitanswers.Sscompletetheactivityinpairs.
3 Say:This job is in the tourist industry. The person serves food to tourists when they are on holiday.(Awaiterinarestaurant).Ssdothespeakingactivityinpairs.
6.11
71
Describe a production process How does orange juice reach the consumer? Many different sectors and jobs are involved.
Analyse the photos.
1 Answer the questions.
What different jobs can you see?
What sectors of the economy can you see?
Order the process.
2 Put the pictures in order. Write sentences in your notebook to describe each stage of the process. Label each stage primary, secondary or tertiary sector.
First, the farmer grows the oranges. Then,…
Describe a production process.
3 Think of another product. Find photos or draw the production process in your notebook.
KNOW HOW TO
A B C
D E F
72 seventy-two
FINAL ACTIVITIES6
1 DIAGRAM. Copy and complete the diagram in your notebook.
emigration
the population decreases
births
are caused by
population changes
2 Draw a Venn diagram in your notebook comparing inactive population and active population. Complete it with these sectors of the population.
children adults senior citizens
3 Draw a table in your notebook. Classify these jobs into the primary, secondary or tertiary sector.
farmer teacher miner fisherman factory worker waiter engineer dentist architect
primary secondary tertiary
Show your skills
Choose and do one of these activities:
A. Draw a table in your notebook showing the number of boys and girls in your class. Then, draw a bar chart.
B. Prepare a presentation about a country you want to visit. Include information about its population, population density and its economic sectors.
C. ICT. Choose a job in the service sector. Search the Internet and write a brief description.
6.12
seventy-three 73
Objectives• Toapplyknowledgeacquiredin
theunittocarryoutatask
• Todescribeaproductionprocess
Key language• Keyvocabularyandstructures:
consumer, job, orange juice, process, sector, stage
Presentation• Sslookatthephotosofa
productionprocess.Ask:What is the product? What is the raw material?
• ExplaintoSsthattheyaregoingtodescribeaproductionprocess.Elicitwhatishappeninginthephotosasaclass:What is happening in picture A?(Someoneisbuyingsomeorangejuicefromasupermarket.)What is happening in picture B?(Someoneispickingoranges.)Etc.Continuetoaskandanswerquestionsaboutallthepictures.
• Readthetextaloud.Sslistenandfollow.Thenask:What different people and activities can you see?(Shopassistant,orangepicker,lorrydriver,consumer,puttingtheorangejuiceinbottles,checkingthelabelsontheorangejuice.)
• Ssreadinstructions1–3intheStudent’sBook.Inpairs,Ssdecidethecorrectorderoftheprocess.
• Insmallgroups,Sschooseanotherproduct.TheysearchtheInternettofindinformationandpicturesabouttheprocess.Sscompletetheactivityintheirnotebooks.
Reinforcement• Inpairs,Sswritetrueandfalsestatementsabouttheprimary,secondaryand
tertiarysectors.Giveanexample:Orange juice is a raw material.(False.Itisamanufacturedproduct.Orangesaretherawmaterials.)Ssworkwithanotherpairandtaketurnstoreadandcorrectthestatements.
Extension• Insmallgroups,Ssfindoutaboutanotherproductionprocess.Theydraw
picturesorfindphotosofthedifferentstagesoftheprocessanddescribetheprocess.Ssdisplaytheirworkonaposter.
72
Describe a production process How does orange juice reach the consumer? Many different sectors and jobs are involved.
Analyse the photos.
1 Answer the questions.
What different jobs can you see?
What sectors of the economy can you see?
Order the process.
2 Put the pictures in order. Write sentences in your notebook to describe each stage of the process. Label each stage primary, secondary or tertiary sector.
First, the farmer grows the oranges. Then,…
Describe a production process.
3 Think of another product. Find photos or draw the production process in your notebook.
KNOW HOW TO
A B C
D E F
72 seventy-two
FINAL ACTIVITIES6
1 DIAGRAM. Copy and complete the diagram in your notebook.
emigration
the population decreases
births
are caused by
population changes
2 Draw a Venn diagram in your notebook comparing inactive population and active population. Complete it with these sectors of the population.
children adults senior citizens
3 Draw a table in your notebook. Classify these jobs into the primary, secondary or tertiary sector.
farmer teacher miner fisherman factory worker waiter engineer dentist architect
primary secondary tertiary
Show your skills
Choose and do one of these activities:
A. Draw a table in your notebook showing the number of boys and girls in your class. Then, draw a bar chart.
B. Prepare a presentation about a country you want to visit. Include information about its population, population density and its economic sectors.
C. ICT. Choose a job in the service sector. Search the Internet and write a brief description.
6.12
seventy-three 73
UNIT 6
Objectives• Torevisekeyvocabularyand
conceptsfromtheunit
• TogiveSstheopportunitytoevaluatetheirownlearning
Key language• Keyvocabularyandstructures:
revisionofUnit6
Presentation• Reviewthedifferentaspectsof
populationasaclass:Ask:What is population? What are the main categories of a population?(Age,gender,activity.)What is an active population?(Adultswhoareabletowork.Thisincludesemployedandunemployedadults.)What is a sparsely populated region?(Aregionthathasfewpeople.)
Practice1 Sscopythediagramintheir
notebooks.Inpairs,theydiscusswhichwordsgointhegapsandcompletethetext.
• Playtrack 6.12oftheClassAudio.Sslistenandcomparetheiranswerswiththerecording.
2 Reviewthetermsactiveandinactivepopulationasaclass.ThendrawaVenndiagramontheboard.LabelonesideActiveandtheothersideInactive.Ssdrawthediagramintheirnotebooksandcompletetheactivity.
3 Writeprimary,secondaryandtertiaryontheboard.Elicitjobsforeachsectorandwritethemunderthecorrespondingheading.Sscopyandcompletethetableintheirnotebooks.
Show your skills• Readtheoptions.MakesureSs
understandtheactivitiesandallthevocabulary.
• PuttheSsintogroupsaccordingtotheactivitytheywishtodo.
6.12
Reinforcement• SsplayGuess the word.Sslookbackthroughtheunitandchoosefive
words.Theywritethemdownandgivethemtoyou.Dividetheclassintotwoteams.OneSfromeachteamcomestothefrontandsitswiththeirbacktotheboard.Writeoneofthekeywordsontheboard.Sscalloutclues.ThefirstSatthefronttoguesscorrectlywinsapoint.Doanexample:This is a job in the secondary sector. They create T-shirt designs.(Designer.)
Extension• Inpairs,Ssimaginetheyaregoingonholiday.Theylistthejobspeopledoat
differentstagesoftheholiday.Thentheywritewhatthejobinvolvesandwhateconomicsectoritbelongsto.Doanexample:Travel agent – helps to book a holiday – service sector; Engineer – makes part of the plane – secondary sector.
73
74 seventy-four
TEST YOURSELF
Check your vocabulary
active population all adults who are able to work.autonomous community the largest administrative division in Spain. birth rate the number of babies born in a place in one year. census the list of inhabitants in a municipality, province or country. Constitution the most important law in Spain. It was written and approved in 1978.Constitutional Court court formed by specialists in the law who review new laws.Council of the European Union institution composed of the ministers of the EU countries.Courts of Justice judges and magistrates who make sure that laws are respected.death rate the number of people who die in a place in one year.deforestation the loss of forest.emigrants people who leave one place to go and live in another place.euro currency that many EU countries share.European Commission institution formed by the commissioners. It governs the EU.European Court of Justice institution formed by one judge from each EU country.European Parliament institution that represents the citizens of the EU. It is composed of MEPs.European Union (EU) a political and economic organization which brings together twenty-eight European countries.
Government the President and the ministers. It directs the State.
Head of State the King. His main function is to represent Spain.
immigrants people who come to live in a place.
inactive population all children, adults too ill to work and retired adults.
municipality the smallest administrative division in Spain.
Parliament the Congress and the Senate. It develops and approves laws.
pollution the release of harmful substances into the air, water or land.
population the number of inhabitants in a place.
population density tells us if a place has a large or a small population.
primary sector jobs that obtain resources from nature.
province administrative division in Spain. Each autonomous community is divided into one or more province.
secondary sector jobs that turn raw materials into manufactured products.
tertiary sector jobs that provide services.
1 Name a densely populated province and a sparsely populated province.
2 Explain the major Spanish institutions.
Check your progressCopy and write the correct answers in your notebook.
1 Man-made elements include...
a. fields.b. lakes.c. rivers.
2 In Spain, inland landscapes are transformed by…
a. industry.b. farming.c. tourism.
3 The landscape of the Balearic Islands is...
a. Mediterranean.b. Atlantic.c. Inland.
4 The institution that represents the citizens of the EU is…
a. the European Parliament.b. the Council of the European Union.c. the European Commission.
5 Each autonomous community is divided into one or more…
a. state.b. municipality.c. province.
6 In Spain, the laws are approved by the…
a. Courts of Justice.b. Parliament.c. King.
7 The coastal areas of Spain are...
a. sparsely populated.b. moderately populated.c. densely populated.
8 The economic activity that produces manufactured goods is...
a. mining. b. industry.c. commerce.
9 The biggest economic sector in Spain is ...
a. the service sector. b. farming.c. construction.
Check your answers
Correct the wrong answers.
Write in your notebook the lessons that you need to practise again.
Geographers use bar graphs to compare information.
Look at the bar graph and answer the questions in your notebook.
What does the vertical axis represent?
What does the horizontal axis represent?
Which are the three most populated countries in the European Union?
Think like a geographer100
80
60
40
10
20
30
50
70
90
0
Ge
rma
ny
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Fra
nce
Italy Sp
ain
Millionpeople
662328_ponte_prueba_p91_poblacion_GEODOS
opción A
TERM 2
seventy-five 75
Objectives• Torevisethekeyconceptsof
Units4–6
• Toprovidedefinitionsofkeyvocabularyinordertoreviselanguageandthematicconcepts
• TogiveSstheopportunitytocompleteaself-assessmenttest
Key language• Keyvocabularyandstructuresfrom
Units4-6
Presentation• ExplaintoSsthattheyaregoingto
revisevocabularyaboutlandscapes,SpainandtheEuropeanUnionandpopulationandtheeconomythattheyhavelearntinTerm2.
• Finally,theywilldoaself-assessmenttesttochecktheirprogress.
Check your vocabulary• Inpairs,Sstaketurnstoreadout
thewordsandtheirdefinitions.Theycanchoosetwoorthreewordsandtrytosaythedefinitionstoeachotherwithoutlooking.
• Thentheytesteachother:oneSreadsoutadefinitionandtheirpartnersaystheword.Thentheyswaproles.
Key competencesLinguistic competence
• TheCheck your vocabularysectionencouragespracticeofcommunicationskillsbyaskingSstoreadandsaydefinitionsinEnglish.
Learning to learn
• TheCheck your vocabularysectionhelpsstudentstothinkupwaystomemorizeorrecallgeographicaldefinitions.TheCheck your progresssectionallowsSstoassesstheirownlearningandtotrytoimprovetheirperformance.
Competences in Mathematics, Science and Technology
• Inordertothinklikeageographer,itisnecessarytobeabletouselogicalreasoningtointerpretdataaboutpopulationsbeable.
74
74 seventy-four
TEST YOURSELF
Check your vocabulary
active population all adults who are able to work.autonomous community the largest administrative division in Spain. birth rate the number of babies born in a place in one year. census the list of inhabitants in a municipality, province or country. Constitution the most important law in Spain. It was written and approved in 1978.Constitutional Court court formed by specialists in the law who review new laws.Council of the European Union institution composed of the ministers of the EU countries.Courts of Justice judges and magistrates who make sure that laws are respected.death rate the number of people who die in a place in one year.deforestation the loss of forest.emigrants people who leave one place to go and live in another place.euro currency that many EU countries share.European Commission institution formed by the commissioners. It governs the EU.European Court of Justice institution formed by one judge from each EU country.European Parliament institution that represents the citizens of the EU. It is composed of MEPs.European Union (EU) a political and economic organization which brings together twenty-eight European countries.
Government the President and the ministers. It directs the State.
Head of State the King. His main function is to represent Spain.
immigrants people who come to live in a place.
inactive population all children, adults too ill to work and retired adults.
municipality the smallest administrative division in Spain.
Parliament the Congress and the Senate. It develops and approves laws.
pollution the release of harmful substances into the air, water or land.
population the number of inhabitants in a place.
population density tells us if a place has a large or a small population.
primary sector jobs that obtain resources from nature.
province administrative division in Spain. Each autonomous community is divided into one or more province.
secondary sector jobs that turn raw materials into manufactured products.
tertiary sector jobs that provide services.
1 Name a densely populated province and a sparsely populated province.
2 Explain the major Spanish institutions.
Check your progressCopy and write the correct answers in your notebook.
1 Man-made elements include...
a. fields.b. lakes.c. rivers.
2 In Spain, inland landscapes are transformed by…
a. industry.b. farming.c. tourism.
3 The landscape of the Balearic Islands is...
a. Mediterranean.b. Atlantic.c. Inland.
4 The institution that represents the citizens of the EU is…
a. the European Parliament.b. the Council of the European Union.c. the European Commission.
5 Each autonomous community is divided into one or more…
a. state.b. municipality.c. province.
6 In Spain, the laws are approved by the…
a. Courts of Justice.b. Parliament.c. King.
7 The coastal areas of Spain are...
a. sparsely populated.b. moderately populated.c. densely populated.
8 The economic activity that produces manufactured goods is...
a. mining. b. industry.c. commerce.
9 The biggest economic sector in Spain is ...
a. the service sector. b. farming.c. construction.
Check your answers
Correct the wrong answers.
Write in your notebook the lessons that you need to practise again.
Geographers use bar graphs to compare information.
Look at the bar graph and answer the questions in your notebook.
What does the vertical axis represent?
What does the horizontal axis represent?
Which are the three most populated countries in the European Union?
Think like a geographer100
80
60
40
10
20
30
50
70
90
0
Ge
rma
ny
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Fra
nce
Italy Sp
ain
Millionpeople
662328_ponte_prueba_p91_poblacion_GEODOS
opción A
TERM 2
seventy-five 75
Check your progress• ReviseUnits4–6inafunway.
DescribeoneoftheconceptstheSshavelearntduringTerm2.SeehowquicklytheycanfindthecorrespondingpageoftheStudent’sBook.
• Readallthequestionsinthetestandcheckunderstanding.
• Ssanswerthequestionsindividually,intheirnotebooks.
• Ssturntopage112oftheirStudent’sBooktochecktheiranswers.
• OnceSshavecorrectedtheirtest,theyshouldgobackthroughtheunitstounderstandanywronganswers.
Think like a geographer• Sslookatthegraph.Ask:What
does the graph show? Which EU country has the biggest population?(Germany.)How many people live there?(80millionpeople.)Which country is the least populated?(Spain.)Ssanswerasaclass.Sscompletetheactivityinpairs.
• Modelanswers:The vertical axis represents the number of people living in the country. Each 10 on the scale represents 10 million people. The horizontal axis represents five countries in the European Union. The three most populated countries in the European Union are Germany, the United Kingdom and France.
Answer keyPage 74
1 M.A.AdenselypopulatedprovinceisBarcelona.AsparselypopulatedprovinceisCuenca.
2 ThemajorSpanishinstitutionsare:
TheHeadofState–theKing.HerepresentsSpain.
TheParliament–CongressandtheSenate.Itmakesandapproveslaws.
TheGovernment–thePresidentandtheministers.ItdirectstheState.
TheCourtsofJustice–judgesandmagistrates.Theymakesurelawsarerespected.
Page 75
1 a., 2 b., 3 a., 4 a., 5 c., 6 b., 7 c., 8 b., 9 a.
75