social perspectives on food security in the uplands of northern laos john b. raintree socioeconomics...
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Social Perspectives on Social Perspectives on Food Security in the UplandsFood Security in the Uplands
of Northern Laosof Northern Laos
John B. Raintree Socioeconomics Unit LSUAFRP, NAFRI
• Poverty Alleviation
• Livelihood Improvement
• Sustainable Management of Natural Resources
• Farming Systems Research/Extension
NAFRI-LSUAFRP Research focuses on:
NAFRI-LSUAFRP Map Gallery Project Area North
PHONSAY Ethnic Groups Households
Source of Population
IncreaseDistinctive Characteristics
Huayman Khmu, Hmong
51 Relocation Longest period of rice shortage, least farmland, most forest plantation land, most socially stratified (10 landless families & 1 landlord)
Nambo Hmong, Khmu, Lao Loum
55 Spontaneousmigration
Most padi land/capita, greatest variety of cash crops, most innovative farmers, 10 Day Market
Thapho Lao Loum 118 Relocation Largest village, 2nd most padi land/capita,
Huaymaha Khmu, Hmong
92 Relocation Most hai/capita, largest relocated population, land disputes
NAMO
Namo Nua Tai Dam 82 Pop. growth Most livestock/capita, 2nd most paid land/capita, not a relocation village, old village, most developed income alternatives
Mixay Hmong 14 Relocation Smallest village, sells hed daeng to China, needs community forestry
Phousang Phousang 25 Spontaneous migration
Rare ethnic group, refused relocation, most swidden, longest fallows
Pangdou Khmu, Hmong
31 Relocation Longest period of rice shortage
Pangthong Hmong 49 Relocation Most padi land/capita, most innovative farmers
What you see depends on how you look
Methods used in LSUARFP:
• Interdisciplinary social science methods based on concepts of Human Ecology
• Interdisciplinary diagnostic Analysis of Household & Village Livelihood Systems
HOUSEHOLD LIVELIHOOD SYSTEM
HOUSEHOLD LIVELIHOOD SYSTEM
BASIC NEEDSSUPPLY SYSTEMS
PRODUCTION SUBSYSTEMS(Components of Basic Needs Subsystems)
HOUSEHOLD LIVELIHOOD SYSTEM
BASIC NEEDSSUPPLY SYSTEMS
PRODUCTION SUBSYSTEMS(Components of Basic Needs Subsystems)
Direct Needs (outputs consumed directly by the household)
FOOD
ENERGY
SHELTER
MEDICINE
CASH
SAVINGS/INVESTMENT
Indirect Needs (major inputs for producing outputs that are consumed by the household)
FEED FOR LIVESTOCK
RAW MATERIAL FOR COTTAGE INDUSTRY
HOUSEHOLD LIVELIHOOD SYSTEM
BASIC NEEDSSUPPLY SYSTEMS
PRODUCTION SUBSYSTEMS(Components of Basic Needs Subsystems)
Direct Needs (outputs consumed directly by the household)
FOOD Crops, livestock, fish, NTFPs, purchased foods
ENERGY Firewood from forests & fallows, crop residues, etc.
SHELTER Timber, NTFPs, purchased
MEDICINE Medicinal plants, purchased medicines
CASH Short term cash crops, livestock, NTFPs, cottage industries +
SAVINGS/INVESTMENT Long term savings/investments in livestock, trees, banks, farm improvements +
Indirect Needs (major inputs for producing outputs that are consumed by the household)
FEED FOR LIVESTOCK Grasses, forage, crop residues, feed crops
RAW MATERIAL FOR COTTAGE INDUSTRY
NTFPs, timber, crops, purchased materials
Diagnostic ResultsHOUSEHOLD LIVELIHOOD SYSTEM
BASIC NEEDSSUPPLY SYSTEMS
PRODUCTION SUBSYSTEMS(Components of Basic Needs Subsystems)
Direct Needs (outputs consumed directly by the household)
FOOD Crops, livestock, fish, NTFPs, purchased foods
ENERGY Firewood from forests & fallows, crop residues, etc.
SHELTER Timber, NTFPs, purchased
MEDICINE Medicinal plants, purchased medicines
CASH Short term cash crops, livestock, NTFPs, cottage industries +
SAVINGS/INVESTMENT Long term savings/investments in livestock, trees, banks, farm improvements +
Indirect Needs (major inputs for producing outputs that are consumed by the household)
FEED FOR LIVESTOCK Grasses, forage, crop residues, feed crops
RAW MATERIAL FOR COTTAGE INDUSTRY
NTFPs, timber, crops, purchased materials
How serious is the food security problem in Namo and Phonsay?
Months of Rice Shortage
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Namo Nua Mixay Phousang Pangdou Pangthong
Namo Average = 4.9 months
Months of Rice Shortage
0
2
4
6
8
10
Huayman Nambo Thapho Huaymaha
Phonsay Average = 6.4 months
Household Strategies for Food SecurityHousehold Strategies for Food Security
HH Objective: To have enough rice to eat every dayHH Objective: To have enough rice to eat every day
Strategy 1 – To grow own riceStrategy 1 – To grow own rice• Grow rice in padiGrow rice in padi• Grow rice in haiGrow rice in hai
Strategy 2 – To get money to buy riceStrategy 2 – To get money to buy rice• Collect NTFPs to sell for money to buy riceCollect NTFPs to sell for money to buy rice• Grow cash crops to sell for money to buy riceGrow cash crops to sell for money to buy rice• Engage in trade to get money to buy riceEngage in trade to get money to buy rice• Sell family labor for money to buy riceSell family labor for money to buy rice
Strategy 3 – To substitute other staple foodsStrategy 3 – To substitute other staple foods• Collect wild foods to eatCollect wild foods to eat• Grow other foods to eat (e.g. root crops, makdeuay, etc)Grow other foods to eat (e.g. root crops, makdeuay, etc)• Get money to buy other foods to eatGet money to buy other foods to eat
HOUSEHOLD LIVELIHOOD SYSTEM
BASIC NEEDSSUPPLY SYSTEMS
PRODUCTION SUBSYSTEMS(Components of Basic Needs Subsystems)
Direct Needs (outputs consumed directly by the household)
FOOD Crops, livestock, fish, NTFPs, purchased foods
ENERGY Firewood from forests & fallows, crop residues, etc.
SHELTER Timber, NTFPs, purchased
MEDICINE Medicinal plants, purchased medicines
CASH Short term cash crops, livestock, NTFPs, cottage industries +
SAVINGS/INVESTMENT Long term savings/investments in livestock, trees, banks, farm improvements +
Indirect Needs (major inputs for producing outputs that are consumed by the household)
FEED FOR LIVESTOCK Grasses, forage, crop residues, feed crops
RAW MATERIAL FOR COTTAGE INDUSTRY
NTFPs, timber, crops, purchased materials
HOUSEHOLD LIVELIHOOD SYSTEM
BASIC NEEDSSUPPLY SYSTEMS
PRODUCTION SUBSYSTEMS(Components of Basic Needs Subsystems)
Direct Needs (outputs consumed directly by the household)
FOOD Crops, livestock, fish, NTFPs, purchased foods
ENERGY Firewood from forests & fallows, crop residues, etc.
SHELTER Timber, NTFPs, purchased
MEDICINE Medicinal plants, purchased medicines
CASH Short term cash crops, livestock, NTFPs, cottage industries +
SAVINGS/INVESTMENT Long term savings/investments in livestock, trees, banks, farm improvements +
Indirect Needs (major inputs for producing outputs that are consumed by the household)
FEED FOR LIVESTOCK Grasses, forage, crop residues, feed crops
RAW MATERIAL FOR COTTAGE INDUSTRY
NTFPs, timber, crops, purchased materials
INSUFFICIENT RICE FOR
HOUSESHOLDCONSUMPTION
Basic Problem
LOW RICE PRODUCTION
INSUFFICIENT RICE FOR
HOUSESHOLDCONSUMPTION
Production related problems & causes
LOW RICE PRODUCTION
INSUFFICIENT RICE FOR
HOUSESHOLDCONSUMPTION
REDUCED ACCESS TO
LAND
Land problems
LOW RICE PRODUCTION
INSUFFICIENT RICE FOR
HOUSESHOLDCONSUMPTION
REDUCED ACCESS TO
LAND
RELOCATION& SPONTANEOUS
MIGRATION
INCREASEDPOPULATION
PRESSURE
POPULATION GROWTH
Population pressure -- a major driving force
LOW RICE PRODUCTION
INSUFFICIENT RICE FOR
HOUSESHOLDCONSUMPTION
REDUCED ACCESS TO
LAND
RELOCATION& SPONTANEOUS
MIGRATION
INCREASEDPOPULATION
PRESSURE
POPULATION GROWTH
LUP-LA ISSUES
Administrative complications
LOW RICE PRODUCTION
LOW & DECLINING SOIL
FERTILITY
INSUFFICIENT RICE FOR
HOUSESHOLDCONSUMPTION
INCREASED WEED & PEST
PROBLEMS
REDUCED ACCESS TO
LAND
RELOCATION& SPONTANEOUS
MIGRATION
INCREASEDPOPULATION
PRESSURE
POPULATION GROWTH
LUP-LA ISSUES
SHORTENED FALLOWS
Agroecological problems
LOW RICE PRODUCTION
LOW & DECLINING SOIL
FERTILITY
INSUFFICIENT RICE FOR
HOUSESHOLDCONSUMPTION
INSUFFICIENT HOUSEHOLD
LABORINCREASED
WEED & PEST PROBLEMS
NEED TOSELL LABOR
LACK OF DRAFT ANIMALS
REDUCED ACCESS TO
LAND
RELOCATION& SPONTANEOUS
MIGRATION
INCREASEDPOPULATION
PRESSURE
SHORTENED FALLOWS
POPULATION GROWTH
LUP-LA ISSUES
GENDER IMBALANCE IN
WORK
Labor problems
INSUFFICIENT RICE FOR
HOUSESHOLDCONSUMPTION
LOW CASH INCOME
Cash related problems & causes
INSUFFICIENT RICE FOR
HOUSESHOLDCONSUMPTION
DECLINING AVAILABILITY
OF NTFPs
LOW CASH INCOME
POORLY DEVELOPED CASH CROP
ALTERNATIVES
LOW PRICES
Cash related problems & causes
INSUFFICIENT RICE FOR
HOUSESHOLDCONSUMPTION
DECLINING AVAILABILITY
OF NTFPs
RELOCATION& SPONTANEOUS
MIGRATION
INCREASEDPOPULATION
PRESSURE
LOW CASH INCOME
POORLY DEVELOPED CASH CROP
ALTERNATIVES
LOW PRICES
POPULATION GROWTH
Population pressure on natural resources
INSUFFICIENT RICE FOR
HOUSESHOLDCONSUMPTION
DECLINING AVAILABILITY
OF NTFPs
RELOCATION& SPONTANEOUS
MIGRATION
INCREASEDPOPULATION
PRESSURE
LOW CASH INCOME
POOR ACCESS TO MARKETS
POORLY DEVELOPED CASH CROP
ALTERNATIVES
LOW PRICESLACK OF ROADS
POPULATION GROWTH
Market related problems
INSUFFICIENT RICE FOR
HOUSESHOLDCONSUMPTION
DECLINING AVAILABILITY
OF NTFPs
RELOCATION& SPONTANEOUS
MIGRATION
INCREASEDPOPULATION
PRESSURE
LOW CASH INCOME
POOR ACCESS TO MARKETS
LOW LIVESTOCK NUMBERS
POORLY DEVELOPED CASH CROP
ALTERNATIVES
LOW PRICES
DISEASE
POOR FEED QUALITY
POPULATION GROWTH
Livestock problems
LACK OF ROADS
INSUFFICIENT RICE FOR
HOUSESHOLDCONSUMPTION
DECLINING AVAILABILITY
OF NTFPs
RELOCATION& SPONTANEOUS
MIGRATION
INCREASEDPOPULATION
PRESSURE
INSUFFICIENT SAVINGS &
INVESTMENTFUNDS
LOW CASH INCOME
POOR ACCESS TO MARKETS
LOW LIVESTOCK NUMBERS
POORLY DEVELOPED CASH CROP
ALTERNATIVES
LOW PRICES
DISEASE
POOR FEED QUALITY
POPULATION GROWTH
Savings-investment problems
LACK OF ROADS
INSUFFICIENT RICE FOR
HOUSESHOLDCONSUMPTION
DECLINING AVAILABILITY
OF NTFPs
RELOCATION& SPONTANEOUS
MIGRATION
INCREASEDPOPULATION
PRESSURE
INSUFFICIENT SAVINGS &
INVESTMENTFUNDS
LOW CASH INCOME
POOR ACCESS TO MARKETS
LOW LIVESTOCK NUMBERS
POORLY DEVELOPED CASH CROP
ALTERNATIVES
LOW PRICES
DISEASE
LACK OF INVESTMENT IN NEW INCOME
SOURCES
POOR FEED QUALITY
POPULATION GROWTH
Savings-investment problems
LACK OF ROADS
INSUFFICIENT RICE FOR
HOUSESHOLDCONSUMPTION
DECLINING AVAILABILITY
OF NTFPs
RELOCATION& SPONTANEOUS
MIGRATION
INCREASEDPOPULATION
PRESSURE
INSUFFICIENT SAVINGS &
INVESTMENTFUNDS
LOW CASH INCOME
POOR ACCESS TO MARKETS
LOW LIVESTOCK NUMBERS
POORLY DEVELOPED CASH CROP
ALTERNATIVES
LOW PRICES
DISEASE
LACK OF INVESTMENT IN NEW INCOME
SOURCES
POOR FEED QUALITY LACK OF
EXTENSION SUPPORT
POPULATION GROWTH
Extension support gap
LACK OF ROADS
INSUFFICIENT RICE FOR
HOUSESHOLDCONSUMPTION
DECLINING AVAILABILITY
OF NTFPs
RELOCATION& SPONTANEOUS
MIGRATION
INCREASEDPOPULATION
PRESSURE
INSUFFICIENT SAVINGS &
INVESTMENTFUNDS
LOW CASH INCOME
POOR ACCESS TO MARKETS
LOW LIVESTOCK NUMBERS
POORLY DEVELOPED CASH CROP
ALTERNATIVES
LOW PRICES
DISEASE
LACK OF INVESTMENT IN NEW INCOME
SOURCES
POOR FEED QUALITY
LACK OF RESEARCH SUPPORT
LACK OF EXTENSION
SUPPORT
POPULATION GROWTH
Research support gap
LACK OF ROADS
INSUFFICIENT RICE FOR
HOUSESHOLDCONSUMPTION
DECLINING AVAILABILITY
OF NTFPs
RELOCATION& SPONTANEOUS
MIGRATION
INCREASEDPOPULATION
PRESSURE
INSUFFICIENT SAVINGS &
INVESTMENTFUNDS
LOW CASH INCOME
POOR ACCESS TO MARKETS
LOW LIVESTOCK NUMBERS
POORLY DEVELOPED CASH CROP
ALTERNATIVES
LOW PRICES
DISEASE
LACK OF INVESTMENT IN NEW INCOME
SOURCES
LACK OF AFFORDABLE
CREDIT
POOR FEED QUALITY
LACK OF RESEARCH SUPPORT
LACK OF EXTENSION
SUPPORT
POPULATION GROWTH
Institutional problems
LACK OF ROADS
INSUFFICIENT RICE FOR
HOUSESHOLDCONSUMPTION
DECLINING AVAILABILITY
OF NTFPs
RELOCATION& SPONTANEOUS
MIGRATION
INCREASEDPOPULATION
PRESSURE
INSUFFICIENT SAVINGS &
INVESTMENTFUNDS
LOW CASH INCOME
POOR ACCESS TO MARKETS
LOW LIVESTOCK NUMBERS
POORLY DEVELOPED CASH CROP
ALTERNATIVES
LOW PRICES
DISEASE
LACK OF INVESTMENT IN NEW INCOME
SOURCES
PERSISTENCEOF USURIAL AND
RENT SEEKING INSTITUTIONS
LACK OF AFFORDABLE
CREDIT
POOR FEED QUALITY
LACK OF RESEARCH SUPPORT
LACK OF EXTENSION
SUPPORT
POPULATION GROWTH
Institutional problems
LACK OF ROADS
INSUFFICIENT RICE FOR
HOUSESHOLDCONSUMPTION
DECLINING AVAILABILITY
OF NTFPs
RELOCATION& SPONTANEOUS
MIGRATION
INCREASEDPOPULATION
PRESSURE
INSUFFICIENT SAVINGS &
INVESTMENTFUNDS
LOW CASH INCOME
POOR ACCESS TO MARKETS
LOW LIVESTOCK NUMBERS
POORLY DEVELOPED CASH CROP
ALTERNATIVES
LOW PRICES
DISEASE
LACK OF INVESTMENT IN NEW INCOME
SOURCES
SLOW PACE OF MARKET REFORM &
INVESTMENT
PERSISTENCEOF USURIAL AND
RENT SEEKING INSTITUTIONS
LACK OF AFFORDABLE
CREDIT
POOR FEED QUALITY
LACK OF RESEARCH SUPPORT
LACK OF EXTENSION
SUPPORT
POPULATION GROWTH
Institutional problems
LACK OF ROADS
LOW RICE PRODUCTION
POOR HEALTH
SHORTENED FALLOWS
REDUCED ACCESS TO
LAND
LOW & DECLINING SOIL
FERTILITY
INSUFFICIENT RICE FOR
HOUSESHOLDCONSUMPTION
DECLINING AVAILABILITY
OF NTFPs
INSUFFICIENT HOUSEHOLD
LABORINCREASED
WEED & PEST PROBLEMS
RELOCATION& SPONTANEOUS
MIGRATION
INCREASEDPOPULATION
PRESSURE
INSUFFICIENT SAVINGS &
INVESTMENTFUNDS
LOW CASH INCOME
GENDER IMBALANCE IN
WORK
POOR ACCESS TO MARKETS
LOW LIVESTOCK NUMBERS
POORLY DEVELOPED CASH CROP
ALTERNATIVES
LOW PRICES
DISEASE
LACK OF INVESTMENT IN NEW INCOME
SOURCES
NEED TOSELL LABOR
SLOW PACE OF MARKET REFORM &
INVESTMENT
PERSISTENCEOF USURIAL AND
RENT SEEKING INSTITUTIONS
LACK OF AFFORDABLE
CREDIT
POOR FEED QUALITY
LACK OF RESEARCH SUPPORT
LACK OF EXTENSION
SUPPORT
LACK OF DRAFT ANIMALS
POPULATION GROWTH
LUP-LA ISSUES
A complex of interrelated problems & syndromes
LACK OF ROADS
LOW RICE PRODUCTION
POOR HEALTH
SHORTENED FALLOWS
REDUCED ACCESS TO
LAND
LOW & DECLINING SOIL
FERTILITY
INSUFFICIENT RICE FOR
HOUSESHOLDCONSUMPTION
DECLINING AVAILABILITY
OF NTFPs
INSUFFICIENT HOUSEHOLD
LABORINCREASED
WEED & PEST PROBLEMS
RELOCATION& SPONTANEOUS
MIGRATION
INCREASEDPOPULATION
PRESSURE
INSUFFICIENT SAVINGS &
INVESTMENTFUNDS
LOW CASH INCOME
GENDER IMBALANCE IN
WORK
POOR ACCESS TO MARKETS
LOW LIVESTOCK NUMBERS
POORLY DEVELOPED CASH CROP
ALTERNATIVES
LACK OF ROADS
LOW PRICES
DISEASE
LACK OF INVESTMENT IN NEW INCOME
SOURCES
NEED TOSELL LABOR
SLOW PACE OF MARKET REFORM &
INVESTMENT
PERSISTENCEOF USURIAL AND
RENT SEEKING INSTITUTIONS
LACK OF AFFORDABLE
CREDIT
POOR FEED QUALITY
LACK OF RESEARCH SUPPORT
LACK OF EXTENSION
SUPPORT
LACK OF DRAFT ANIMALS
POPULATION GROWTH
LUP-LA ISSUESConclusion for Donors and
Policy Makers
Interrelated problems of food security, require integrated solutions.
Policy Dialogue
Research Support
Extension Support
LOW RICE PRODUCTION
POOR HEALTH
SHORTENED FALLOWS
REDUCED ACCESS TO
LAND
LOW & DECLINING SOIL
FERTILITY
INSUFFICIENT RICE FOR
HOUSESHOLDCONSUMPTION
DECLINING AVAILABILITY
OF NTFPs
INSUFFICIENT HOUSEHOLD
LABORINCREASED
WEED & PEST PROBLEMS
RELOCATION& SPONTANEOUS
MIGRATION
INCREASEDPOPULATION
PRESSURE
INSUFFICIENT SAVINGS &
INVESTMENTFUNDS
LOW CASH INCOME
GENDER IMBALANCE IN
WORK
POOR ACCESS TO MARKETS
LOW LIVESTOCK NUMBERS
POORLY DEVELOPED CASH CROP
ALTERNATIVES
LACK OF ROADS
LOW PRICES
DISEASE
LACK OF INVESTMENT IN NEW INCOME
SOURCES
NEED TOSELL LABOR
SLOW PACE OF MARKET REFORM &
INVESTMENT
PERSISTENCEOF USURIAL AND
RENT SEEKING INSTITUTIONS
LACK OF AFFORDABLE
CREDIT
POOR FEED QUALITY
LACK OF RESEARCH SUPPORT
LACK OF EXTENSION
SUPPORT
LACK OF DRAFT ANIMALS
POPULATION GROWTH
LUP-LA ISSUES
Extension Support
Policy Research
Market Research
Institutional Research
Farming Systems R&E
Conclusion for Researchers, Extensionists
& Planners
Interrelated problems of food security, require integrated solutions.
SOCIOECONOMICS
System Subsystem Problems/causes Research Activity
Capital Village Finance
Lack of finance (capital) for investment in livestock, forestry, cropping
Review of experience inLPDR (SE)
Labor Labor saving Tools
Lack of labor & low productivity of existing production systems (especially for women)
Land use planningLand use planning
Insufficient land for production & livelihoods Land use planning study(LM, SE)
Land disputes and problems in merging old and newly relocated villages
Marketing Marketing
Insufficient market access for export of goods Marketing research (SE)
Lack of confidence in markets
Low and unstable prices of products
Poorly developed distribution system (lack of choice of middlemen)
Current research on social aspects of food insecurity and other livelihood problems
Future Research Indications
• Continuation of existing research-and-development lines
• In-depth diagnostic research to understand the nature and severity of food security problems (purposive sampling)
• In-depth household livelihood studies to understand how households are coping with food insecurity (nutritional adaptations?) and other problems (wealth-stratified sampling)
• Area-based studies at district level to understand the processes behind increased population pressure on resources (spontaneous migration, relocation, land use planning issues)
• Policy studies to understand how policy makers might better assist the Districts to achieve national goals in rural development, poverty alleviation and sustainable use of natural resources