social judgment and empathy
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Social Judgment and Empathy. Class 16. Emotions Diary Exercise. Emotions Diary Exercise. Create packet of 7 diaries, including today's Complete diary at start of class, from today to April 23 (NOT April 25) On April 23 I will provide materials for analyzing your diaries. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Social Judgment and Empathy
Class 16
Emotions Diary Exercise
Daily Mood Diary
Date:_________________
Mood None Very Little
Moder-ate
Amount
A Lot
A Great
Degree Happy Mood Sad Mood Anxious Mood Angry / Irritable Mood Relationship Stress Work/school/financial Stress Very Sick
(Flu, severe cold)
Sick (mild cold)
Fair (sympts, but not very sick)
Good (few sympts, mainly well)
Excellent (no
symptoms) How would you rate your current health, compared to normal?
Notes and observations about significant events or experiences going on in your life. Write only the facts of what is happening to you, do not write about your feelings or opinions. YOU ARE NOT REQUIRED TO SHARE THIS INFORMATION, BUT MAY DRAW ON IT IF YOU WISH TO DO SO. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________
Emotions Diary Exercise
Create packet of 7 diaries, including today's
Complete diary at start of class, from today to April 23 (NOT April 25)
On April 23 I will provide materials for analyzing your diaries.
NOTE: I will not see your individual diaries--that is yours. What you write on them is for your eyes only!
Subliminally Priming MoodsBargh & Chartrand, 1996
Ss told: Interested in how fast people can react to visual stimuli.
Procedure
1. Four stimulus words, all of which are:
a. Very Pos: music, friends
b. Mildly pos: clown, parade
c. Very neg: war, cancer
d. Mildly neg: worm, Monday
2. Backward mask: XBMEMENGYRYRBHXM
3. Mood measure
Effect of Subliminal Prime on Mood
-10-8-6-4-202468
10
Mild Prime Strong Prime
Moo
d sc
ore
Positive PrimeNegative Prime
Subliminal Moods and StereotypingBargh & Chartrand, Study 2
Who are more likely to apply stereotypes?People in good moods?
People in bad moods?Wait and see.
Procedure:
1. Ss subliminally primed with strong pos, strong neg, or neutral words.
2. Ss complete stereotyping task:
John/Jane fed the baby because __________
Sally/Steve changed the motor oil because ______
Effort to "explain away" gender-inconsistent action = stereotyping.
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Negative Prime Neutral Prime Positive Prime
Ster
eoty
ping
Effect of Mood on Stereotyping
Why do positive moods --> stereotyping?
Stereotypes are mental short-cuts.
People take short cuts in positive moods.
Do Subliminally Primed Emotions Affect Liking for Things You Consume? Winkielman, Berridge, & Wilbarger, 2005
Class 17
Empathy and Altruism
Jacob Riis and Urban Poverty: The Progressive Era (1880s-
1910s)
Dorothea Lange and FSA New Deal Photos of the Great Depression (1932-1942)
FSA to Steinbeck to Hollywood: New Deal Imagery
Acts of Selfless (?) Heroism
The “fifth man” in Air Florida crash
Polish Concentration Camp Guard
Question: What motivates this behavior?
Why Do People Help Others?
Altruistic explanation -- Caring
Egoistic explanations
Negative state relief: Stop personal discomfort
Avoid social/self punishments: Shame, guilt
Seek social/self rewards: Honor, pride
A “Selfishness Bias” in Psychology?
Freud: Behavior based on pleasure principleSkinner: Behavior based on pleasure principle Modern Self Theorists in Social Psychology:
1. Totalitarian ego: false uniqueness, false representativeness
2. Self affirmation3. Self esteem4. Self monitoring5. Self efficacy6. Downward social comparison
The “Selfish Gene” Theory
Fundamental goal of life-forms – pass on genes
Who will pass on genes? Those who survive
Therefore behaviors that promote survival are “adaptive” and are “selected in”
Behaviors that jeopardize survival are maladaptive and are “selected out”
Who is more likely to survive, the selfless helper or the selfish non-helper?
Challenges to “Selfish Gene”
Inclusive Fitness:
Share genes with others
Risk taking for others promotes their survival
People more apt to sacrifice for those closest to them
in terms of shared genes
Reciprocal Altruism:
I help you today, you help me tomorrow, and typically
with interest.
Prosocial Behavior vs. Altruistic Behavior
1. Prosocial: Helping others, for any reason
2. Altruistic: Helping others because you care about them.
Emotions Consistent with
Egoistic (Selfish) Behavior
Envy Pride
Jealousy Spite
Greed
Lust
Gluttony
Covetousness
Scheudenfreude
Empathy
Emotions Consistent with
Altruistic Behavior
"Enjoyment obtained from the troubles of others"
“Circumstantial” Evidence of Empathy Altruism Link 1. Evolutionary Biology 2. Neurology/Physiology 3. Empathy evident at a very early age, perhaps across species.
a. Sympathetic crying b. Help kid who lost his marblesc. Walruses risk lives to help harpooned fellows
4. Empathy evident in individualistic societies 5. Empathy helping has immediate quality
a. Experiments on helping: physio reaction helpingb. Accounts of helpers: “didn’t think, just did it” “it felt right”
Daniel Batson: Empathy and Altruism
Batson conducts classic research on “bystander intervention”, showing how situations can prevent people from helping.
Jerusalem to Jericho study, for example
However, he becomes interested why some people help, others do not, regardless of the situation.
Asks: Are we capable of caring?
Empathy vs. Avoiding Shame: The “Elayne” Study
1. Subs. told: study about learning and shocks2. Sub. is “observer”, confed. (“Elayne”) is “learner”3. Sub. sees Elayne struggle showing distress, upset4. Exptr. calls a break, asks Elayne if OK, “yes, but water please.” Elayne is clearly distressed.5. During break, Sub completes mood check-list.
Purpose: ID people high/low on empathy6. Elayne confides to Expt. childhood trauma w’ shocks.7. Expt. asks Subs: “willing to switch places w’ Elayne?”8. Subs. must qualify to help by performing well at test
a. For ½ Subs. “easy test, most can do well”b. For ½ Subs. “hard test, most can’t do well”
“Social Censure” vs. “Empathy and Altruism” Predictions
Justification for not helping
Low Empathy Condition
High Empathy Condition
“Social Censure” Predictions
Weak Justif. Helps Helps
Strong Justif. No Help No Help
Justification for not helping
Low Empathy Condition
High Empathy Condition
“Empathy and Altruism” Predictions
Weak Justif. Helps Helps
Strong Justif. No Help Helps
Rates of Volunteering to Help Distressed “Elaine” as a Function of Felt Empathy and
Opportunity to Avoid Social CensureBatson et al., 1988
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
1
Distress Empathy
Easy TestHard Test
Note: Easy test = Low Justification to avoid helping
Hard test = High justification to avoid helping
Effort Made to Qualify to Help “Elaine” as a Function of
Felt Empathy and Opportunity for Face-Saving Out
Batson, et al., 1988
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Distress Empathy
Nm
ber C
orre
ct A
nsw
ers
Easy TestHard Test
Note: Easy Test = Low justification to avoid trying on test
Hard Test = High justification of avoid trying on test
Solution to Selfishness vs. Altruism Debate – “The Shared Self”
Problem: Do we ever intentionally act outside of self-interest?
Solution: Reconsider what we mean by “self” and “other”
Batson’s implicit definition – these are distinct entities
S O
Solution to Selfishness vs. Altruism, Contin.What do people say when someone they love has died? What phases do they use to express this kind of loss?
“Part of me is missing”, “It’s as if I lost a limb”
What does this suggest about the self/other divide?
In other words, can self/other be represented as overlapping, rather than separate? S O
In this case “me” is not limited to my biological self, but to a shared self.
Empathy Altruism my require this “shared self”
MID TERMAve. Score = 80.21
Correl: Multi : Short = .72
Added 4 pts "Extra Credit"
Midterm = 35% of grade
Mid.pts = Final.grade.pts
60 2170 2580 2890 32100 35 104 36