Social Social interaction & interaction &

Social Social ProcessesProcesses

Nature & Approaches to Social Nature & Approaches to Social InteractionInteraction

When 2 or more persons, When 2 or more persons, group meet, there will be group meet, there will be a mutual awareness & a mutual awareness & response between them, response between them, both verbal & non-verbal.both verbal & non-verbal.

Exchange of messages is Exchange of messages is carried on through the carried on through the medium of language. medium of language.

LanguageLanguage is a is a system of verbal system of verbal and non-verbal and non-verbal written symbols written symbols

with with standardized standardized

meaningmeaning..

Non-verbal Non-verbal language language involves the use involves the use of written of written symbolssymbols. .

Verbal languageVerbal language - -involves the use involves the use of words or of words or sound symbols sound symbols for things, for things, objects, or objects, or ideas.ideas.

Social interactionSocial interaction refers to refers to the mutual inter the mutual inter stimulation & response stimulation & response between 2 or more between 2 or more persons and groups persons and groups through symbols, through symbols, language, gestures, & language, gestures, & expression of ideas, expression of ideas, (PANOPIO, 1997)(PANOPIO, 1997)

3 situations for social 3 situations for social interactioninteraction

PersoPersontonto

persopersonn

PersoPersonn

to-to-groupgroup

Group-to-groupGroup-to-group

2 Approaches to 2 Approaches to Social Social

InteractionInteraction

a.a. Symbolic Symbolic interactioninteraction

b.b. Functionalist Functionalist viewview

Symbolic interactionSymbolic interaction refers to refers to the communication of thoughts the communication of thoughts & feelings between individuals & feelings between individuals

that occurs by means of symbol.that occurs by means of symbol.

Specific Approaches under Specific Approaches under Symbolic InteractionSymbolic Interaction

1.1. Definition of the Situation Definition of the Situation (W.I Thomas)(W.I Thomas)

-refers to the sociological -refers to the sociological perspective that views the perspective that views the meaning people attribute to meaning people attribute to a social setting. This process a social setting. This process is called “negotiated is called “negotiated interaction”interaction”

2. 2. Dramaturgy (Erving Goffman)Dramaturgy (Erving Goffman)

-views social interaction as a -views social interaction as a resembling a theatrical resembling a theatrical performance in which people performance in which people “stage” their behavior in such a “stage” their behavior in such a way as to elicit the responses way as to elicit the responses they desire from other people. they desire from other people.

3. 3. Ethno Methodology Ethno Methodology (Harold Garfinkel)(Harold Garfinkel)

-studies the procedures -studies the procedures people use to make sense people use to make sense of their everyday lives & of their everyday lives &

experiencesexperiences

4. 4. Social Exchange (Blau & Social Exchange (Blau & Homans)Homans)

-portrays interaction as a -portrays interaction as a more or less straightforward more or less straightforward & rationally calculated series & rationally calculated series

of mutually beneficial of mutually beneficial transactions. transactions.

bb. . Functionalist viewFunctionalist view

-human interactions -human interactions involves little more involves little more than people acting out than people acting out roles (parent, child, roles (parent, child, worker) based on social worker) based on social script, much as script, much as theatrical actors take theatrical actors take their lines from a play.their lines from a play.

THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF SOCIAL PROCESSESSOCIAL PROCESSES

1.1. THE NATURE OF SOCIAL THE NATURE OF SOCIAL PROCESSPROCESS

Social ProcessSocial Process – refers to the – refers to the recurrent and patterned interactions recurrent and patterned interactions

or responses of individuals to one or responses of individuals to one another which have attained another which have attained

stability. stability.

2.2. CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIAL CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIAL PROCESSPROCESS

a.a. Based on FormationBased on Formation1. Universal or basic 1. Universal or basic

processesprocesses2. Derived social processes2. Derived social processes

b.b. Based on unity or oppositionBased on unity or opposition1. Conjunctive social 1. Conjunctive social

processesprocesses2. Disjunctive social 2. Disjunctive social

processesprocesses

BASED ON FORMATIONBASED ON FORMATION

1.1. Basic or universal Basic or universal social processessocial processes

– – refers to refers to patterned and patterned and

recurrent recurrent responses responses

observable in all observable in all human societies.human societies.

Three Universal Social Processes

a.Cooperation- involves two or

more persons joining their intelligence, efforts, talents and

resources together to attain a goal which can

be shared. (e.g. business partnership).

Type of Cooperation

1. Informal cooperation

- characterized as spontaneous and involves mutual give and take.

22.Formal .Formal cooperation cooperation

characterizecharacterized as a d as a deliberate deliberate contractual contractual nature and nature and prescribes prescribes the the reciprocal reciprocal rights and rights and obligations obligations of members.of members.

3.Symbolic cooperation

– a situationwhere two ormore person

livetogether

harmoniously

andare

supportive and

interdependent

resulting in mutual interest.

Functions of Cooperation

- It makes for social cohesion and integration among the members of a group.

- It contributes to social stability and order

- It fosters consensus and compromise in various social issues.

b.b. CompetitionCompetition- it is a form of - it is a form of

impersonalized struggle or impersonalized struggle or opposition to secure a opposition to secure a reward or goal which reward or goal which cannot be shared. It is a cannot be shared. It is a form of disjoint action form of disjoint action between opposing between opposing individuals or group aimed individuals or group aimed to excel, surpass or outdo to excel, surpass or outdo the opponent in order to the opponent in order to achieve the goal. (e.g. achieve the goal. (e.g. sportsfest; rivalry)sportsfest; rivalry)

Type of Competition

1. Personal

competition

involves direct face-

to-face contact

between opposing

parties.

1.Impersonal

competition –

involves a struggle

between persons or

groups not directly

aware of each

other.

Functions of

Competition

- Competing

individuals or

groups try to outdo

each other and

thereby innovate

ways to do so.

* Competition can be a driving * Competition can be a driving force to persons to develop force to persons to develop

their potentials to the their potentials to the fullest and attain maximum fullest and attain maximum efficiency and effectiveness.efficiency and effectiveness.* Competition can develop * Competition can develop productivity, creativity and productivity, creativity and

ingenuity.ingenuity.*Competition of members of a *Competition of members of a

society for certain goals and society for certain goals and the competition for scarce the competition for scarce resources lead to variation resources lead to variation

or differentiation.or differentiation.

c.Conflict- is a form of highly

personalized and emotionalized struggle or opposition between individuals or groups to attain scarce goals or values.( e.g. group riots, violent strikes, war or revolution)

- it may involve physical violence or non-violence.

Functions of Conflict- Conflict may help

establish unity and cohesion. Within a group which has been threatened by hostile and antagonistic feelings among the members.

- Internal conflict becomes Internal conflict becomes a stabilizing and a stabilizing and integrating mechanism in integrating mechanism in certain instances.certain instances.

- Conflict provides an Conflict provides an outlet for the expression outlet for the expression of suppressed emotions of suppressed emotions and frustrations.and frustrations.

- Competition and conflict Competition and conflict promote social change.promote social change.

2. Derived social processes- refers to secondary

social processes that arise out of the basic social processes.

a. Acculturation – it is a social process

where group blends in and takes on some characteristics of another culture. Also called cultural borrowing/ imitation. (e.g. Christianization of Filipinos)

c. Amalgamation– refers to some kind of biological fusion through intermarriage of persons coming from different ethnic groups .(e.g. intermarriage of Filipino and Chinese)

b. Assimilation – it involves some kind of interpenetration or fusion of cultural elements whereby persons or groups accept the cultural traits, attitudes, beliefs and sentiments of another through direct, friendly and continuous contacts. (e.g. Filipino immigrants to American way of life)

d. Differentiation – refers to the creation of

interest resulting in individuals or groups needing or wanting different things or services rather than the same thing. It refers to specialization or division of labor. (e.g. adjacent stores selling different goods)

e. Accommodation – refers to the social

process whereby competing or conflicting individuals or groups trash out difficulties in order to minimize or stop the conflict.

2.2. Truce or Pact Truce or Pact

– – is an agreement to cease is an agreement to cease hostilities or fighting for a certain hostilities or fighting for a certain period of time. (e.g. peace period of time. (e.g. peace negotiations)negotiations)

3.3. Compromise Compromise – – is a process of settling differences where opposing parties is a process of settling differences where opposing parties withdraw their demands to adjust their relationship. It involves withdraw their demands to adjust their relationship. It involves a give-and-take relationship, the mutual giving of concessions.a give-and-take relationship, the mutual giving of concessions.

Types of Accommodation

1. Domination – a process that involves a dominant- subordinate

relationship where the stronger party imposes its will upon the weaker party. It involves power relations. (e.g. hold-upper and a hold-up victim)

4. Mediation – is a form of settling disputes where a neutral third party intervenes and gives suggestions or recommendations to warning nations or parties to stop their hostilities.

5. Conciliation – is an accommodative processes where the third or neutral party can be anybody to settle disputes and who may or may not give recommendations to settle the conflict.

6. Arbitration – it is an accommodative

social process where the neutral third party has legal authority to decide on the conflict. The decision is followed by opposing parties. (e.g. judge or labor arbiter)

7. Toleration – is a form of accommodation

without formal agreement. It is a result of the “live and let live ”policy where conflicting individuals or groups put up with others without trying to modify the behavior of the others.

BASED ON UNITY OR OPPOSITIONBASED ON UNITY OR OPPOSITION

1.1. Conjunctive Social ProcessesConjunctive Social Processes

- they refer to patterned forms of social - they refer to patterned forms of social interactions which lead to unity, organization, interactions which lead to unity, organization, cooperation and harmony. These include cooperation and harmony. These include cooperation, acculturation, assimilation, cooperation, acculturation, assimilation, differentiation, amalgamation and differentiation, amalgamation and accommodation.accommodation.

2.2. Disjunctive Social ProcessesDisjunctive Social Processes

- they refer to patterned forms of social - they refer to patterned forms of social interactions which lead to disunity, interactions which lead to disunity, disorganization, division, and disharmony. These disorganization, division, and disharmony. These include competition and conflict. include competition and conflict.