social inclusiveness in asia’s middle income countries (paper)

8/4/2019 Social Inclusiveness in Asias Middle Income Countries (Paper)

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]GMNJC NBMC[]N_KBK]] NBJ]NJ] HNLLCK(NBMGHK MG[B\PNK]

Pkygp| Ypkyjpkl ogp |fkJ}njb Lkvkcgyhkb| @jbe jbl |fk Nb|kpbj|ngbjc Cj`g{p Goonmk

0< Gm|g`kp 09::

Yklpg Hjp|nb}Pk}kjpmf Okccgt

Gvkp}kj} Lkvkcgyhkb| Nb}|n|{|k\kpp~ HmEnbck~

Lnpkm|gpMkb|pk ogp Lkvkcgyhkb| Ygcnm~ jbl

Pk}kjpmf

Mgb|kb|}:" Nb|pgl{m|ngb""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""00" Opgh Ypg(Yggp Dpgt|f |g Nbmc{}nvk Dpgt|f"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""==" Dpgt|f# Khycg~hkb| jbl Ygvkp|~"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""";


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:" Nb|pgl{m|ngb

Gvkp |fk yj}| 09 ~kjp}# J}nj} pjynl kmgbghnm dpgt|f fj} mgb|pn`{|kl |g j}{`}|jb|njc nbmpkj}k nb jvkpjdk ykp mjyn|j nbmghk}" J} j mgb}kz{kbmk# tk fjvktn|bk}}kl |fk khkpdkbmk jbl kyjb}ngb go J}nj} hnllck mcj}} `pgjlc~ lkonbklj} |fg}k kjpbnbd `k|tkkb ,0 jbl ,09 ykp lj~ tfnmf tncc ycj~ jb nhygp|jb| pgck nb|fk pk`jcjbmnbd go |fk tgpcl kmgbgh~ jbl tncc `k j vn|jc }g{pmk go lghk}|nm dpgt|f"

Bgbk|fkck}}# j fg}| go nhygp|jb| mfjcckbdk} pkhjnb" \fk `kbkon|} opgh kmgbghnmdpgt|f fjvk bg| `kkb kz{n|j`c~ ln}|pn`{|kl# |fkpkogpk kjmkp`j|nbd kn}|nbd

nbkz{jcn|nk} jbl yg}}n`c~ akgyjpln}nbd }gmnjc mgfk}ngb jbl ygcn|nmjc }|j`ncn|~" \fkpn}nbd mfjcckbdk} go ygy{cj|ngb dpgt|f# pjynl {p`jbn}j|ngb jbl mcnhj|k mfjbdk jpkjc}g cnekc~ |g mgb|pn`{|k |g kmgbghnm# }gmnjc jbl kbvnpgbhkb|jc |kb}ngb}" J hgpk}gmnjcc~ nbmc{}nvk dpgt|f yj||kpb n} pkz{npkl nb gplkp |g }nh{c|jbkg{}c~ jmfnkvko{bljhkb|jc kmgbghnm jbl }gmnjc lkvkcgyhkb| dgjc}"

Jb nbmc{}nvk dpgt|f jdkblj tncc pkz{npk j lkcn`kpj|k jbl lnpkm| ogm{} gb dkbkpj|nbdtnlk}ypkjl ypgl{m|nvk khycg~hkb|# pj|fkp |fjb j}}{hnbd |fj| kmgbghnm dpgt|ftncc j{|ghj|nmjcc~ lkcnvkp hgpk jbl `k||kp ag`}" Ag`(pnmf dpgt|f n} j o{bljhkb|jcypkmgbln|ngb |g pkl{mnbd nbkz{jcn|~ jbl ygvkp|~" Nb dkbkpjc# tk jpd{k |fj|hjmpgkmgbghnm jbl }|p{m|{pjc ygcnmnk} ycj~ jb k}}kb|njc pgck nb ypghg|nbd jbnbmc{}nvk dpgt|f yj||kpb# tfnck }gmnjc ygcnmnk} jbl }gmnjc ypg|km|ngb ycj~ j vn|jc

}{yygp|nvk pgck" Bgbk|fkck}}# |fk mcj}}nm }|p{m|{pjc |pjb}ogphj|ngb go lkvkcgynbd(mg{b|p~ kmgbghnk} jyykjp} |g fjvk h{|j|kl nb|g bkt jbl ck}} khycg~hkb|(nb|kb}nvk ogph}# yjp|c~ l{k |g nbmpkj}kl dcg`jcn}j|ngb jbl |kmfbgcgdnmjc mfjbdk"

\fkpk n} jc}g lnhnbn}fkl lghk}|nm ygcnm~ }yjmk ogp dgvkpbhkb|} jbl# nb yjp|nm{cjp#j cjme go on}mjc }yjmk |g y{p}{k jyypgypnj|k khycg~hkb|(opnkblc~ kmgbghnmygcnmnk}" Nlkb|no~nbd ek~ g`}|jmck} |g nbmc{}nvkbk}} jbl lkonbnbd ypngpn|~ jpkj} gonb|kpvkb|ngb tncc |fkpkogpk `k mpn|nmjc"

Nb |fn} yjykp# tk nbvk}|ndj|k }ghk go |fk mfjcckbdk} nb hgvnbd |fk ygcnm~ jdkbljopgh jb kmc{}nvk ygvkp|~ ogm{} |g jb nbmc{}nvk dpgt|f }|pj|kd~" Fkbmk# g{p ogm{}tncc `k gb |fk yggp jbl |fk v{cbkpj`ck }|pj|j go |fk hnllck mcj}}# tfnck jc}g yj~nbdj||kb|ngb |g |fk }ykmnonm bkkl} go g|fkp ln}jlvjb|jdkl dpg{y} go }gmnk|~ &bjhkc~#

|fk p{pjc ygy{cj|ngb}# tghkb jbl ~g{bd ykgyck." @kjpnbd nb hnbl |fn} `pgjlkbnbdogm{}# tk mgb}nlkp |fpkk ek~ jpkj} |g nhypgvk }gmnjc nbmc{}nvkbk}} nb J}njb hnllck(nbmghk mg{b|pnk} &HNM}.1 &n. }gmnjc jbl h{bnmnyjc }kpvnmk}5 &nn. }gmnjc ypg|km|ngb&}gmnjc nb}{pjbmk nb yjp|nm{cjp.5 jbl &nnn. cj`g{p hjpek| ygcnmnk}" Tk jpd{k |fj|dgvkpbhkb|} tncc bkkl |g }mjck {y o{blnbd nb |fk}k jpkj} nb gplkp |g ypgvnlk hgpkkz{jc jmmk}} |g kmgbghnm gyygp|{bn|nk} jbl |f{} jmfnkvk j hgpk }{}|jnbj`ck jbl}gmnjcc~ nbmc{}nvk dpgt|f yj||kpb"

0

\fk vnkt} kypk}}kl nb |fn} yjykp'ypk}kb|j|ngb jpk |fk vnkt} go |fk j{|fgp&}. jbl lg bg| bkmk}}jpnc~ pkockm| |fkvnkt} gp ygcnmnk} go |fk J}njb Lkvkcgyhkb| @jbe &JL@.# gp n|} @gjpl go Lnpkm|gp}# gp |fk dgvkpbhkb|} |fk~pkypk}kb|" JL@ lgk} bg| d{jpjb|kk |fk }g{pmk# gpndnbjcn|~# jmm{pjm~# mghyck|kbk}} gp pkcnj`ncn|~ go jb~ }|j|khkb|#nbogphj|ngb# lj|j# onblnbd# nb|kpypk|j|ngb# jlvnmk# gynbngb# gp vnkt ypk}kb|kl# bgp lgk} n| hjek jb~ pkypk}kb|j|ngbmgbmkpbnbd |fk }jhk"


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Ogp |fk y{pyg}k go |fn} yjykp# tk tncc ogm{} gb |fk ogccgtnbd kndf| J}njb hnllck(nbmghk mg{b|pnk}1 Mfnbj YP# Nblnj# Nblgbk}nj# Hjcj~}nj# |fk Yfncnyynbk}# ]pn Cjbej#

\fjncjbl jbl _nk| Bjh"

\fk bk| }km|ngb ypk}kb|} |fk `jmedpg{bl go |fn} }|{l~" ]km|ngb = ypgvnlk} j `pnkogvkpvnkt go kmgbghnm dpgt|f# khycg~hkb| jbl ygvkp|~" Nb n| tk onp}| nbvk}|ndj|k

dpgt|f yj||kpb} }nbmk |fk :>>9}# hjnbc~ |fpg{df jb jbjc~}n} go }km|gp(ckvkc DLYykpogphjbmk" Tk |fkb cgge j| ek~ |pkbl} nb khycg~hkb|# tn|f j yjp|nm{cjp ogm{} gb|fk |~yk go khycg~hkb| jbl }km|gpjc l~bjhnm}" Onbjcc~# tk }mp{|nbn}k ygvkp|~ jblnbkz{jcn|~ nblnmj|gp}" Nb ]km|ngb < tk ogm{} gb |fk |fpkk ek~ jpkj} fndfcndf|klj`gvk" Ogp kjmf go |fk}k jpkj}# tk ypgvnlk j }bjy}fg| go |fk m{ppkb| }n|{j|ngb jbl#tfkbkvkp yg}}n`ck# ypgvnlk kykbln|{pk lj|j" Tk jc}g `pnkoc~ ln}m{}} ygcnm~lnookpkbmk} jhgbd mg{b|pnk}" Nb ]km|ngb ;# tk kvjc{j|k |fk }ykmnonm mfjcckbdk} goMfnbj# Nblnj jbl |fk Yfncnyynbk}# ln}m{}}nbd fgt |fk~ mjb hjek |fk dpgt|f ypgmk}}hgpk nbmc{}nvk" \fk yjykp mgbmc{lk} tn|f j `pnko }{hhjp~ go ek~ ygcnm~pkmghhkblj|ngb}"

0" Opgh Ypg(Yggp Dpgt|f |g Nbmc{}nvk Dpgt|f

J}njb HNM} jpk kb|kpnbd j bkt }|jdk go }gmnjc# ygcn|nmjc# jbl kmgbghnm lkvkcgyhkb|&Jcn jbl Qf{jbd# 0994." Tfnck pn}nbd nbmghk} nb J}njb HNM} fjvk mgb|pn`{|kl |g jbnhypk}}nvk pkl{m|ngb nb k|pkhk ygvkp|~ pj|k}# |fk~ fjvk jc}g `kkb j}}gmnj|kl tn|fpn}nbd &vkp|nmjc jbl fgpnqgb|jc. nbkz{jcn|nk}" Ogp nb}|jbmk# }yj|njc nbmghk ln}yjpn|nk}fjvk nbmpkj}kl `k|tkkb p{pjc jbl {p`jb jpkj}# j} tkcc j} jhgbd pkdngb}" Hgpkgvkp#ypgdpk}} fj} `kkb {bkvkb nb mfncl jbl hj|kpbjc fkjc|f &tn|f cjpdk vjpnj|ngb} jmpg}}nbmghk z{nb|nck}.# jbl nb |kph} go dkblkp yjpn|~ nb }kmgbljp~ jbl |kp|njp~kl{mj|ngb" J }{`}|jb|njc b{h`kp go ykgyck }|ncc cjme pkcnj`ck jbl joogplj`ck jmmk}} |gmckjb tj|kp jbl jlkz{j|k }jbn|j|ngb" [p`jb }c{h} mgb|nb{k |g dpgt j} nb|kpbjchndpj|ngb `pnbd} |fk p{pjc yggp |g {p`jb jpkj} |fj| }{ookp opgh kbvnpgbhkb|jclkdpjlj|ngb" [bkz{jc jmmk}} |g kmgbghnm gyygp|{bn|nk} go|kb kjmkp`j|k} nbmghk

nbkz{jcn|nk}" No |fk}k ln}yjpn|nk} pkhjnb gvkpcggekl# |fk~ mg{cl |fpkj|kb |fk opjdnckygcn|nmjc mgb}kb}{} ogp kmgbghnm pkogph} gp kvkb ygcn|nmjc }|j`ncn|~ &JL@# 0994."

\fkpkogpk# tfnck n| n} k}}kb|njc |g ypghg|k fndf jbl }{}|jnbj`ck dpgt|f |g mpkj|kkmgbghnm gyygp|{bn|nk}# n| n} jc}g bkmk}}jp~ |g ypghg|k }gmnjc nbmc{}ngb |g kb}{pkkz{jc jmmk}} |g kmgbghnm gyygp|{bn|nk} ogp jcc yjp|nm{cjpc~ ogp |fk yggp jblln}jlvjb|jdkl dpg{y} go }gmnk|~ &Jcn jbl Qf{jbd# 0994." \fn} pkz{npk} j ygcnm~pkjcndbhkb| opgh ygvkp|~ pkl{m|ngb &n"k"# ypg(yggp dpgt|f. |g nbmc{}nvk dpgt|f"

Ecj}}kb &09:9. jpd{k} |fj| kmgbghnm dpgt|f n} nbmc{}nvk tfkb1 &n. n| jccgt}yjp|nmnyj|ngb jbl mgb|pn`{|ngb `~ jcc hkh`kp} go }gmnk|~# tn|f j yjp|nm{cjp ogm{} gbln}jlvjb|jdkl dpg{y}:5 jbl &nn. n| ckjl} |g lkmcnbk} nb &bgb(nbmghk. nbkz{jcn|~# }{mfj} nb jmmk}} |g fkjc|f# kl{mj|ngb# jbl }gmnjc nb|kdpj|ngb" \fk}k jpk cj`kcckl j} |fkbgb(ln}mpnhnbj|gp~ jbl ln}jlvjb|jdk pkl{mnbd j}ykm|} go dpgt|f# pk}ykm|nvkc~" Nbypjm|nmk# |fn} pkz{npk}1 &n. yg}n|nvk ykp mjyn|j nbmghk dpgt|f5 &nn. nbmghk dpgt|f ogp|fk hgpk ln}jlvjb|jdkl dpg{y} |fj| n} j| ckj}| j} fndf j} jvkpjdk ykp mjyn|jnbmghk dpgt|f pj|k} &}{ddk}|nbd |fj| |fk}k dpg{y} jpk j`ck |g yjp|nmnyj|k nb |fkdpgt|f ypgmk}} bg ck}} |fjb ypgygp|ngbj|kc~.5 jbl &nnn. nhypgvkhkb|} nb bgb(nbmghk

: ]{mf j} |fk yggp# tghkb# |fk ~g{|f# ln}j`ckl ykp}gb}# k|fbnm hnbgpn|nk}# p{pjc ygy{cj|ngb}# k|m"

=


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lnhkb}ngb} go tkcc(`knbd"0 \fn} mgbmky| fj} }|pgbd nhycnmj|ngb} ogp ygcnm~(hjenbd# nb|fk }kb}k |fj| n| pkz{npk} j lkyjp|{pk opgh ogm{}nbd gb |fk yggp j} |fk `kbkonmnjpnk}go dpgt|f &k"d"# |fpg{df nbmghk }{yygp|. |gtjpl} kb}{pnbd |fj| |fk~ &jbl |fkv{cbkpj`ck hnllck }|pj|j. `kmghk jm|nvk yjp|nmnyjb|} jbl mgb|pn`{|gp} |g |fk dpgt|fypgmk}} &k"d"# |fpg{df |fknp cj`g{p." Fkbmk# khycg~hkb| ygcnmnk} hgvk |g mkb|pk}|jdk nb jb~ nbmc{}nvk dpgt|f }|pj|kd~"

\fn} kyjblkl lkvkcgyhkb| jdkblj nbmc{lk} bg| gbc~ |fk kpjlnmj|ngb go k|pkhkygvkp|~# `{| jc}g |fk nhypgvkhkb| go cnvnbd }|jbljpl} go j h{mf cjpdkp }kdhkb| go}gmnk|~ |fg}k tfg go|kb okkc ln}kbopjbmfn}kl `~ |fk ln}jlvjb|jdk} j}}gmnj|kl tn|fpn}nbd nbkz{jcn|nk} nb gyygp|{bn|nk} &Jcn jbl Qf{jbd# 0994."= Fkbmk# ypghg|nbd }gmnjcnbmc{}ngb tncc pkz{npk nbmpkj}kl y{`cnm }ykblnbd nb kl{mj|ngb# fkjc|f jbl g|fkp }gmnjcjbl h{bnmnyjc }kpvnmk} |g kyjbl f{hjb mjyjmn|nk} jbl cnvnbd mgbln|ngb}# mpkj|nbdgp kyjblnbd }gmnjc ypg|km|ngb |g ypkvkb| k|pkhk lkypnvj|ngb jbl ypg|km| |fkv{cbkpj`ck bgb(yggp# jbl cj`g{p hjpek| ygcnmnk} |g }{yygp| |fk mpkj|ngb go lkmkb|khycg~hkb| jbl kb}{pk |fj| ln}jlvjb|jdkl dpg{y} go }gmnk|~ fjvk kz{jc jmmk}} |gkmgbghnm gyygp|{bn|nk}"." Ogp

nb}|jbmk# y{`cnm nbvk}|hkb| nb kmgbghnm jbl }gmnjc nbopj}|p{m|{pk tncc }|nh{cj|kypnvj|k nbvk}|hkb| jbl |f{} kmgbghnm dpgt|f" Hgbk|jp~ ygcnmnk} mjb jmmghhglj|kkyjb}ngbjp~ on}mjc ygcnmnk} `~ kb}{pnbd cgt pkjc nb|kpk}| pj|k}# tfnmf nb |{pb mjb}|nh{cj|k lghk}|nm mpkln| mpkj|ngb ogp |fk ypnvj|k }km|gp jbl jcckvnj|k |fk lghk}|nmy{`cnm lk`| `{plkb" Kmfjbdk pj|k hjbjdkhkb| kb}{pk} m{ppkbm~ }|j`ncn|~ jbljccgt} mg{b|pnk} |g hjbjdk |fknp kyg}{pk |g k|kpbjc pn}e}# tfnc}| hjnb|jnbnbd jmghyk|n|nvk kmfjbdk pj|k |g ypghg|k kygp|}" Onbjcc~# onbjbmnjc ygcnmnk} hg`ncn}klghk}|nm }jvnbd} jbl jccgmj|k mpkln| ogp ypgl{m|nvk nbvk}|hkb| &k"d" ypgl{m|nvn|~(kbfjbmnbd nbbgvj|ngb. jbl khycg~hkb| dkbkpj|ngb"

Tfnck |fk}k hjmpgkmgbghnm ygcnmnk} jpk k}}kb|njc |g }|nh{cj|k `pgjl(`j}klnbvk}|hkb| jbl kmgbghnm dpgt|f# }|p{m|{pjc ygcnmnk} mjb `k lkycg~kl |g nboc{kbmk|fk nb|kb}n|~ go dpgt|f tn|f pk}ykm| |g ypgl{m|nvk khycg~hkb| &HmEnbck~# 0996." Nb

0 \fn} tg{cl nbmc{lk nhypgvkhkb|} nb fkjc|f g{|mghk} &k"d" }{pvnvjc pj|k}.# kl{mj|ngb jmfnkvkhkb|}#b{|pn|ngbjc }|j|{}# jbl jmmk}} |g }gmnjc jbl h{bnmnyjc }kpvnmk} &k"d" mckjb tj|kp jbl jyypgypnj|k}jbn|j|ngb ojmncn|nk}."

= HmEnbck~ &09:9. mgb}|p{m|} j mghyg}n|k nbmc{}nvk dpgt|f nblk tn|f nblnmj|gp} mgvkpnbd |fk ogccgtnbdjpkj}1 &n. dpgt|f# ypgl{m|nvk khycg~hkb| jbl kmgbghnm nbopj}|p{m|{pk5 &nn. nbmghk ygvkp|~ jbl kz{n|~5&nnn. f{hjb mjyj`ncn|nk}5 jbl &nv. }gmnjc ypg|km|ngb"

< Tfnck cj`g{p hjpek| ygcnmnk} lg bg| ycj~ j ckjlnbd pgck nb dkbkpj|nbd kmgbghnm dpgt|f# |fk~ lgnbmpkj}k ykgyck} jmmk}} |g |fk kbkon|} go dpgt|f"


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ojm|# }|p{m|{pjc ygcnmnk} jpk lk}ndbkl |g ypghg|k }|p{m|{pjc mfjbdk |fpg{df |fknpnhyjm| gb |fk jccgmj|ngb go kmgbghnm pk}g{pmk}" \fn} {}{jcc~ kb|jnc} j pkjccgmj|ngb gocj`g{p opgh cgt(ypgl{m|nvn|~ |g hgpk l~bjhnm }km|gp} &gp jm|nvn|nk}.# jbl n} go|kbykpmknvkl j} j ypk(pkz{n}n|k ogp kmgbghnm lkvkcgyhkb|" ]|p{m|{pjc mfjbdk tg{cl|f{} pkz{npk j hgvkhkb| go cj`g{p opgh }{`}n}|kbmk jdpnm{c|{pk |g ogphjc tjdkkhycg~hkb| |~ynmjcc~ nb hjb{ojm|{pnbd# hglkpb }kpvnmk} jbl nbbgvj|nvk

jdpnm{c|{pjc jm|nvn|nk} &[BM\JL# 09:9."

Yjp|nm{cjp ogph} go hjmpgkmgbghnm ygcnmnk} mjb `k |jncgpkl |g jccgmj|k pk}g{pmk} |g}ykmnonm }km|gp} jbl jm|nvn|nk}" Ogp nb}|jbmk# |jpdk|kl on}mjc lkmn}ngb} &gb |jnbd jbl}ykblnbd. mjb mfjbdk kmgbghnm nbmkb|nvk} jbl |f{} ypghg|k }|p{m|{pjc mfjbdk"Onbjbmnjc ygcnmnk} mjb nboc{kbmk ag` mpkj|ngb `~ ojvg{pnbd |fk jccgmj|ngb go mpkln| |gkhycg~hkb|(nb|kb}nvk }km|gp} go |fk kmgbgh~" Onbjcc~# mjyn|jc mgb|pgc} mjb jc}gjookm| |fk |~yk} go ogpkndb nbvk}|hkb| &k"d"# ypgl{m|nvk OLN vkp}{} }fgp|(|kph fg|mjyn|jc ocgt}."

Tfnck nbmpkj}kl cj`g{p ypgl{m|nvn|~ n} go|kb }kkb j} |fk ek~ ojm|gp kbj`cnbdkmgbghnm lkvkcgyhkb|# tk jpd{k |fj| |fn} }fg{cl bg| `k |fk mkb|pjc ygcnm~

g`akm|nvk `~ n|}kco" \fn} n} `kmj{}k pkjc tjdk} lg bg| bkmk}}jpnc~ pn}k tn|f cj`g{pypgl{m|nvn|~# yjp|c~ l{k |g |fk ypk}}{pk} go nb|kpbj|ngbjc mghyk|n|ngb gb cj`g{pmg}|}"; Fkbmk# nb jlln|ngb |g pjn}nbd ypgl{m|nvn|~# n| n} nhygp|jb| |g mpkj|khkmfjbn}h} |fj| kbmg{pjdk jb jyypgypnj|k ln}|pn`{|ngb go ypgl{m|nvn|~ djnb}" \fn}#nb |{pb# tncc ypghg|k j }{}|jnbj ck jbl }gmnjcc~ nbmc{}nvk vnp|{g{} m~mck `j}kl gbfndfkp lghk}|nm lkhjbl &|fpg{df fndfkp pkjc tjdk}.# tfnmf tncc ckjl |g |fkmpkj|ngb go hgpk jbl `k||kp ag`}" \fn} mjb `k jmfnkvkl |fpg{df y{`cnm nbmkb|nvk} |gnbl{mk onbjbmnjc nb}|n|{|ngb} |g lnpkm| mpkln| |g mkp|jnb y{pyg}k} &nbbgvj|ngb. gpmkp|jnb }km|gp} &|fg}k yg|kb|njcc~ mghyk|n|nvk.# j} tkcc j} |fpg{df g|fkp }{mf hkjb}j} `k||kp pkypk}kb|j|ngb go |fk nb|kpk}|} go tgpekp}"

N| n} }ghk|nhk} jpd{kl |fj| dgvkpbhkb|} bkkl |g ypghg|k ygcnmnk} |g {bcgme |fk

khycg~hkb| dkbkpj|ngb yg|kb|njc go }hjcc jbl hkln{h kb|kpypn}k} &]HK}." ]HK}#yjp|nm{cjpc~ }hjcc jbl hnmpg kb|kpypn}k}# go|kb gykpj|k nb |fk nbogphjc kmgbgh~ jblkhycg~ j cjpdk }fjpk go j mg{b|p~} tgpeogpmk# tfnmf hjek} |fkh jb nhygp|jb|vkfnmck |g pkl{mk ygvkp|~ jbl nbkz{jcn|~" Bgbk|fkck}}# pkmkb| kvnlkbmk }{ddk}|}|fj| tfnck ]HK} khycg~ |fk cjpdk}| }fjpk go tgpekp} jbl mpkj|k hg}| ag`}# |fk~fjvk cgtkp ypgl{m|nvn|~ dpgt|f jbl vjc{k(jllkl |fjb cjpdk onph} &J~~jdjpn k| jc"#09::." Fkbmk# ]HK} yg|kb|njc j} j }{}|jnbj`ck }g{pmk go lkmkb| ag`} mjb `k cnhn|kl#{bck}} }|p{m|{pjc ygcnmnk} |jpdk|nbd }km|gp} jbl jm|nvn|nk} tn|f }|pgbd ypgl{m|nvn|~dpgt|f yg|kb|njc jpk nhyckhkb|kl"

Bkvkp|fkck}}# n| }fg{cl `k bg|kl |fj| tfnck hjmpgkmgbghnm jbl }|p{m|{pjc ygcnmnk}jpk k}}kb|njc |g dkbkpj|k khycg~hkb| nb ypgl{m|nvk }km|gp} go |fk kmgbgh~# kz{n|~(`j}kl ygcnmnk} tg{cl kbj`ck |fk yggp jbl v{cbkpj`ck dpg{y} go }gmnk|~ |g jmmk}}|fk}k `k||kp khycg~hkb| gyygp|{bn|nk}" \fn} cj||kp }k| go ygcnmnk} nbmc{lk}nb|kpvkb|ngb} pkcj|kl |g }gmnjc jbl h{bnmnyjc }kpvnmk}# }gmnjc ypg|km|ngb# jbl cj`g{phjpek|}" ]{mf ygcnmnk} mjb kbfjbmk |fk }gmnjc nbmc{}nvkbk}} go kmgbghnm dpgt|f"

; Nb ojm|# hgpk lkvkcgykl mg{b|pnk} }{mf j} |fk [] fjvk kykpnkbmkl jb {bypkmklkb|kl tnlkbnbd djy`k|tkkb ypgl{m|nvn|~ dpgt|f jbl jvkpjdk tgpekp mghykb}j|ngb'tjdk}# tfnmf fj} o{p|fkp kb|pkbmfklnbmghk nbkz{jcn|~"

;


6/58

=" Dpgt|f# Khycg~hkb| jbl Ygvkp|~

Kmgbghnm Dpgt|f

\fk pkmkb| kmgbghnm ykpogphjbmk go J}njb kmgbghnk} fj} `kkb z{n|k nhypk}}nvk&\j`ck :." Lk}yn|k |fk J}njb onbjbmnjc mpn}n} go :>>4(>6 jbl |fk dcg`jc kmgbghnm

mpn}n} go 0996(9># hg}| mg{b|pnk} fjvk `kkb j`ck |g jmfnkvk }|pgbd kmgbghnm dpgt|fjbl }ndbnonmjb|c~ pjn}k ykp mjyn|j nbmghk}" Nb a{}| 09 ~kjp}# DLY ykp mjyn|j dpkt `~j ojm|gp go }n nb Mfnbj# |pk`ckl nb _nk| Bjh# jbl hgpk |fjb lg{`ckl nb Nblnj#Hjcj~}nj jbl ]pn Cjbej tn|f \fjncjbl jbl Nblgbk}nj ogccgtnbd mcg}kc~ `kfnbl" Nbojm|# hjb~ go |fk}k mg{b|pnk} tkpk mcj}}nonkl j} cgt(nbmghk mg{b|pnk} bg| }g cgbdjdg1 Mfnbj dpjl{j|kl |g &cgtkp. hnllck(nbmghk }|j|{} nb :>>># Nblgbk}nj nb 099=#Nblnj nb 0994# jbl _nk| Bjh nb 099>"? Fgtkvkp# |fk Yfncnyynbk} fj} pkhjnbkl jcgtkp hnllck(nbmghk mg{b|p~ ogp |fk yj}| 09 ~kjp}# tn|f ykp mjyn|j nbmghk} `jpkc~dpgtnbd nb |fk :>>9}" \fk nhyjm| go |fk J}njb onbjbmnjc mpn}n} n} z{n|k bg|nmkj`ck nbNblgbk}nj jbl \fjncjbl# j} ncc{}|pj|kl `~ |fk bkdj|nvk jvkpjdk ykp mjyn|j dpgt|f nb|fk cj|k :>>9}" Nblnj} ykp mjyn|j dpgt|f fj} dpjl{jcc~ jmmkckpj|kl |g j fkjc|f~ 4ykp mkb|# tfnck Mfnbj yg}|kl j pkhjpej`ck :9 ykp mkb| jvkpjdk nb |fk 0999}"

\j`ck :1 DLY Ykp Mjyn|j jbl DLY Ykp Mjyn|j Dpgt|fDLY ykp mjyn|j &YYY# mgb}|jb| 099; nb|"

,.DLY ykp mjyn|j dpgt|f &jvkpjdk

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Mfnbj# YP :#:9: :#6 0#??4 ": :9"?Nblnj :#0


7/58

:>>; 0999 099; 099> :>>; 0999 099; 099> :>>; 0999 099;Mfnbj# YP >"? 0"9 ="> 6"0 ;"; ?";Yfncnyynb

k} :"; 0"= ="4 ="9 0"0 ="6 0"? >9 |g # tfnck Nblgbk}nj kykpnkbmkl jb nbmpkj}k opgh => |g ykp mkb| nb |fk }jhk ykpngl" Bgbk|fkck}}# }kpvnmk} jyykjp |g fjvk `kkb |fk hjnblpnvkp go |fk mfjbdnbd }|p{m|{pk go ypgl{m|ngb# tn|f }{`}|jb|njc nbmpkj}k} nb Nblnj&opgh


8/58

Mfnbj jbl \fjncjbl `~ bkjpc~ :9 ~kjp} nb gbc~ |tg lkmjlk}" Onbjcc~# tk bg|k |fj|Nblnj# Nblgbk}nj# Hjcj~}nj# |fk Yfncnyynbk} jbl _nk|bjh }|ncc fjvk fndf cj`g{p ogpmkdpgt|f pj|k}# jpg{bl gp j`gvk 0 ykp mkb| ykp ~kjp" \fk}k |pkbl} fjvk nhygp|jb|}gmnjc jbl kmgbghnm nhycnmj|ngb}# tfnmf pkz{npk jyypgypnj|k ygcnmnk} |g kbj`ck |fkkookm|nvk j`}gpy|ngb go bkt kb|pjb|} nb|g |fk cj`g{p hjpek| tfnck jc}g ypg|km|nbd |fkjdknbd ygy{cj|ngb"

\j`ck =1 Lkhgdpjyfnm \pkbl}Jdk Lkykblkbm~ Pj|ng &+ Tgpenbd(Jdk

Ygy". Hklnjb JdkCj`g{p Ogpmk# dpgt|f &+.

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099?(099>:>>9 0999 099> :>>9 0999 099> :>>9 0999 09:9

Mfnbj# YP 6"= :9": ::"= "4 = 9"4Nblnj ?"? 4"9 4"? ?


9/58

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10/58

|fpg{df |nhk# ykpfjy} tn|f |fk kmky|ngb go \fjncjbl" \fn} }{ddk}|} |fj| |fk oj}|kmgbghnm dpgt|f pj|k} g`}kpvkl nb hjb~ J}njb HNM} fjvk ojnckl |g |pjb}cj|k nb|g`k||kp &jbl {}{jcc~ hgpk ypgl{m|nvk. |~yk} go khycg~hkb|"

\j`ck ?1 ]|j|{} nb Khycg~hkb|Mgb|pn`{|nbd Ojhnc~ Tgpekp}

&+ |g|jc khycg~kl.

]kco(Khycg~kl

&+ |g|jc khycg~kl.

Tjdk jbl ]jcjpnkl Tgpekp}

&+ |g|jc khycg~kl.:>>:(:>>;

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Mfnbj# YP "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" ""Nblnj "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" ""Nblgbk}nj "" :>": :6"6 :4": "" "4 :9"< "" =9"4 =:"4 =="? "" ;4"0 ;6"? ;?":\fjncjbl =;": 06"? 0="4 0:"; =:"; =="< = "" "" .

\j`ck 4 kjhnbk} {bkhycg~hkb| jbl v{cbkpj`ck tgpe" Nb |kph} go |fk `pgjl |pkbl}go {bkhycg~hkb| pj|k}# tk bg|k j }{`}|jb|njc pkl{m|ngb nb ]pn Cjbej jbl jmgb}nlkpj`ck nbmpkj}k nb Nblgbk}nj" [bkhycg~hkb| jc}g jyykjp} |g fjvk nbmpkj}klnb Mfnbj jbl Nblnj" Bgbk|fkck}}# tk g{df| |g nb|kpypk| |fk}k |pkbl} tn|f }ghkmj{|ngb" \fk }|jbljpl &nb|kpbj|ngbjc. lkonbn|ngb go {bkhycg~hkb| n} {blkpynbbkl ~|fk kn}|kbmk go }jok|~ bk|}# }nbmk hg}| yggp ykgyck mjbbg| joogpl |g `k g{| go tgpenb |fk j`}kbmk go nbmghk }{yygp|" \fn} {}{jcc~ ckjl} |g cgt pj|k} go {bkhycg~hkb|jbl j cjpdk ypgygp|ngb go cgt(nbmghk }kco(khycg~kl tgpekp} nb lkvkcgynbdmg{b|pnk}" Nb |fk mgb|k| go |fk J}njb HNM}# jb nbmpkj}k nb {bkhycg~hkb| pj|k} hj~jm|{jcc~ pkockm| |fk nb|pgl{m|ngb gp kyjb}ngb go nbmghk }{yygp|# tfnmf mg{cl `k

nb|kpypk|kl j} j yg}n|nvk lkvkcgyhkb|"

:9

Ykpfjy} hgpk ln}|{p`nbd n} |fk pn}nbd }fjpk go {bkhycg~kl tn|f |kp|njp~ kl{mj|ngb"Fndf(}encckl {bkhycg~hkb| nb HNM} }{mf j} Hjcj~}nj jbl |fk Yfncnyynbk} &j} tkcc j}#ogp nb}|jbmk# nb fndf(nbmghk J}njb mg{b|pnk}. fndfcndf|} |fk bkt mfjcckbdk} ogpkhycg~hkb| mpkj|ngb nb J}nj" \fkpk n} }mjpmk lj|j gb v{cbkpj`ck khycg~hkb| {}{jcc~ hkj}{pkl j} |fk }{h go &cgt(yjnl. gtb(jmmg{b| tgpekp} jbl &{byjnl. ojhnc~tgpekp} `{| |fk lj|j |fj| jpk jvjncj`ck ygnb| |g j vkp~ ln}jyygnb|nbd ykpogphjbmk#k}ykmnjcc~ tfkb tk `kjp nb hnbl |fk }|pgbd kmgbghnm dpgt|f go |fk cj}| 09 ~kjp}"

\fn} }{ddk}|} |fj| |fk pkmkb| dpgt|f yj||kpb fj} bg| dkbkpjcc~ `kkb nbmc{}nvk# tn|fnbmpkj}k} nb jvkpjdk ykp mjyn|j nbmghk} hj}enbd pn}nbd &nbmghk jbl bgb(nbmghk.nbkz{jcn|nk}"

\j`ck 41 [bkhycg~hkb| jbl _{cbkpj`ck Khycg~hkb|

[bkhycg~hkb| Pj|k&+ |g|jc cj`g{p ogpmk.

[bkhycg~kl tn|f \kp|njp~Kl{m"

&+ |g|jc {bkhycg~hkb|.

_{cbkpj`ck Khycg~hkb|&+ |g|jc khycg~hkb|.

:>>:(:>>;

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Mfnbj# YP 0"? =":


11/58

Nblnj 0"> =": "6 =:"4 "" "" "" "" ""Nblgbk}nj 0"6 ;"< >"? 6"> ::": 6"6 ;"4 4"> "" ? :0"? :>"= 0 0="< 0:"9 00":Yfncnyynbk} 6"4 >": :9"4 4"; "" =:"< =;"< "? :?"? 9"0 9"= ?.# ?0 ykp mkb| nb ]pn Cjbej &099>.# jbl. }{ddk}| |fj||fk}k vjc{k} mg{cl `k mgb}nlkpj`c~ fndfkp# tn|f jb jvkpjdk go j`g{| 46 ykp mkb| ogpJ}njb mg{b|pnk}":0 \fk}k k}|nhj|k} pkvkjc j vkp~ cjpdk nbogphjc }km|gp# k}ykmnjcc~ nb|fk mgb|k| go hnllck(nbmghk mg{b|pnk}" No |p{k# }{mf mgbln|ngb} fjvk nhygp|jb|nhycnmj|ngb} ogp kmgbghnm ygcnm~ }nbmk hg}| }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk jbl cj`g{p hjpek|nb}|p{hkb|} ypklghnbjb|c~ mgvkp ogphjc tjdk khycg~hkb|"

Onbjcc~# Ond{pk 0 }fgt} |pkbl} nb khycg~hkb| kcj}|nmn|nk}# tfnmf hkj}{pk |fkykpmkb|jdk mfjbdk nb khycg~hkb| j}}gmnj|kl tn|f |fk ykpmkb|jdk mfjbdk nb DLY"Jyjp| opgh |fk vgcj|ncn|~ g`}kpvkl nb |fk }kmgbl ykpngl l{k |g |fk J}njb onbjbmnjcmpn}n} |fk hg}| }jcnkb| |pkbl n} |fj| |fk hjagpn|~ go kcj}|nmn|nk} jpk mgbmkb|pj|kl nb|fk nb|kpvjc `k|tkkb 9"0 jbl 9"


12/58

Ond{pk 01 Jpm Kcj}|nmn|~ go Khycg~hkb|

]g{pmk1 Mghynckl opgh ENCH &099>.

Ejy}g} &099;. mjcm{cj|k} }km|gpjc khycg~hkb| kcj}|nmn|nk} j} tkcc j} ~g{|f# okhjck

jbl hjck khycg~hkb| kcj}|nmn|nk} mgvkpnbd |fk ykpngl opgh :>>: |g 099= ogp |fkJ}nj jbl Yjmnonm pkdngb" Gvkpjcc# ~g{|f khycg~hkb| kcj}|nmn|nk} fjvk `kkb vkp~ cgt#gp kvkb bkdj|nvk" \fn} n} ykpfjy} |fk pk}{c| go ~g{bd ykgyck ckjvnbd |fk cj`g{p ogpmkogp mgb|nb{kl kl{mj|ngb jbl |pjnbnbd# `{| n| hj~ jc}g pkvkjc {blkpc~nbd }|p{m|{pjcn}}{k} go ~g{|f khycg~j`ncn|~":; Nb ojm|# |fk lj|j }{ddk}| |fj| |fk ~g{|f nb ]g{|f(Kj}| J}nj tkpk ln}ypgygp|ngbj|kc~ jookm|kl `~ |fk onbjbmnjc mpn}n}" \fk dkblkp djy nb|kph} go |fk khycg~hkb| nb|kb}n|~ go dpgt|f n} bg| yjp|nm{cjpc~ }ndbnonmjb| nb Kj}|J}nj# `{| n| n} nb ]g{|f J}nj yg}}n`c~ l{k |g |fk cjpdkp nbn|njc dkblkp djy nb cj`g{pogpmk yjp|nmnyj|ngb jbl |fk }{`}kz{kb| mj|mfnbd({y `~ tghkb nb |fk cj`g{p hjpek|"Hgpkgvkp# ]g{|f J}nj tncc pkz{npk j fndfkp pkcj|nvk khycg~hkb| kcj}|nmn|~ |g ypgvnlkkhycg~hkb| gyygp|{bn|nk} ogp j oj}|kp dpgtnbd cj`g{p ogpmk tfnck hjnb|jnbnbd }|j`ck{bkhycg~hkb|"

Nb kvjc{j|nbd khycg~hkb| kcj}|nmn|nk}# n| n} {}ko{c |g {blkp}|jbl |fk pgck go cj`g{pypgl{m|nvn|~ hkj}{pkl `~ |fk pj|ng go DLY |g khycg~hkb| tfnmf ypgvnlk} jypg~ ogp |fk g{|y{| ypgl{mkl ykp tgpekp" J}njb mg{b|pnk} fjvk kykpnkbmkl }|pgbdypgl{m|nvn|~ dpgt|f nb |fk cj}| lkmjlk# tn|f jb jbb{jc jvkpjdk go jpg{bl :< ykpmkb| nb Mfnbj# ? ykp mkb| nb _nk|bjh# jbl ; ykp mkb| nb Nblnj &JL@# 09::." \fkpkhjnbnbd mg{b|pnk} nb g{p }jhyck kykpnkbmkl nbmpkj}k} `k|tkkb 0 jbl < ykp mkb|ykp ~kjp" Fgtkvkp# n| }fg{cl `k pkmjcckl |fj| cj`g{p ypgl{m|nvn|~ dpgt|f fj} j l{jcmfjpjm|kp1 tfnck n| n} jb nhygp|jb| }g{pmk go kmgbghnm dpgt|f# n| mjb jc}g fjvk jcj`g{p(}jvnbd kookm|# |f{} yg|kb|njcc~ pkl{mnbd khycg~hkb| lkhjbl" No |fk nbmghkdjnb} go ypgl{m|nvn|~ jpk kz{n|j`c~ ln}|pn`{|kl `k|tkkb tjdk} jbl ypgon|}# |fkb |fknbmpkj}nbd lkhjbl ogp dggl} jbl }kpvnmk} &pk}{c|nbd opgh fndfkp tjdk}. mg{cl

gvkpmghk |fk lnpkm| bkdj|nvk kookm| gb cj`g{p lkhjbl &[BM\JL# 09:9."Bgbk|fkck}}# pkjc tjdk} lg bg| bkmk}}jpnc~ pn}k tn|f cj`g{p ypgl{m|nvn|~# yjp|c~`kmj{}k go |fk ypk}}{pk} go nb|kpbj|ngbjc mghyk|n|ngb gb {bn| cj`g{p mg}|} jbl{bkvkb `jpdjnbnbd ygtkp `k|tkkb khycg~kp} jbl khycg~kk}" Ogp nb}|jbmk# nb Nblnjjbl |fk Yfncnyynbk}# tjdk dpgt|f fj} cjddkl }ndbnonmjb|c~ kfnbl ypgl{m|nvn|~dpgt|f gvkp |fk cj}| lkmjlk &JL@# 09::."

:; Jc|fg{df |fk Kj}| J}njb ~g{|f `{cdk n} }|jp|nbd |g lkmcnbk &jbl |f{} |fk }mgyk ogp j lkhgdpjyfnmlnvnlkbl.# n| n} vn|jc |g ypgvnlk ~g{bd ykgyck tn|f |fk }encc }k|} |fj| jpk pkz{npkl ~ |fknp pjynlc~hglkpbn}nbd kmgbghnk}" ]{mf }encc} tncc ypgvnlk cgbd(cj}|nbd kbkon|}"

:0


13/58

Ygvkp|~

\j`ck 6 ypgvnlk} nbogphj|ngb gb |fk ln}|pn`{|ngb go ygy{cj|ngb `~ nbmghk dpg{y#tfnmf n} `j}kl gb lj|j gb mgb}{hy|ngb kykbln|{pk hkjb} lkpnvkl opgh fg{}kfgcl}{pvk~}" Tk bg|k |fj| tfnck |fk ygvkp|~ pkl{m|ngb koogp| fj} `kkb pkhjpej`ck nb

hg}| mg{b|pnk}# |fk vj}| hjagpn|~ go |fk J}njb ygy{cj|ngb }|ncc kjpb} ck}} |fj| ,< ykplj~# jbl n} |fkpkogpk }{}mky|n`ck |g ojccnbd `jme nb|g k|pkhk ygvkp|~ nb |fk kvkb| gojb kmgbghnm }fgme" Ogp nb}|jbmk# gbc~ Hjcj~}nj jbl \fjncjbl fjvk ck}} |fjb 49 ykpmkb| go |fknp ygy{cj|ngb kjpbnbd `kcgt |fk ,


14/58

\j`ck > pkygp|} gb |fk nbmghk }fjpk fkcl `~ lnookpkb| z{nb|nck} go |fk ygy{cj|ngb jbl|fk Dnbn nblk" N| jyykjp} |fj| nbmghk nbkz{jcn|~ n} nbmpkj}nbd nb |fk hjagpn|~ gomg{b|pnk} nb |fk }jhyck |fk kmky|ngb} `knbd Nblgbk}nj jbl Hjcj~}nj" \fk |pkbl}ogp ]pn Cjbej jbl \fjncjbl jpk yjp|nm{cjpc~ tgpp~nbd# tn|f |fk nbmghk }fjpk fkcl `~|fk yggpk}| ?9 ykp mkb| ojccnbd opgh =4 jbl 04 ykp mkb| |g =0 jbl 00 ykp mkb|#pk}ykm|nvkc~" Nb ojm|# gbc~ |fk |gy 09 ykp mkb| go |fk ygy{cj|ngb &n"k"# |fk pnmfk}|

z{nb|nck. fjvk }kkb |fknp }fjpk nb |g|jc nbmghk nbmpkj}k tn|f |fk `{ce go nbmghkdjnb} mgbmkb|pj|kl nb |fk pnmfk}| :9 ykp mkb| go |fk ygy{cj|ngb" \fn} }{ddk}|} |fj|tfnck |fk yggp fjvk `kbkon|kl opgh |fk nbmghk mpkj|kl nb |fk yj}| |tg lkmjlk}#cjpdkp }kdhkb|} go |fk ygy{cj|ngb tg{cl fjvk `kbkon|kl hgpk fjl |fk djnb} opghkmgbghnm dpgt|f `kkb hgpk kz{n|j`c~ ln}|pn`{|kl jmpg}} |fk kb|npk ygy{cj|ngb#yjp|nm{cjpc~ jmpg}} |fk hnllck }|pj|j"

\j`ck >1 Nbmghk ]fjpk `~ Ygy{cj|ngb Z{nb|nck jbl Dnbn Nblk

Mg{b|p~]{pvk~Ykpngl

Kjpcnk}| ]{pvk~ Cj|k}| ]{pvk~Z: Z0 Z= Z< Z; Dnbn Z: Z0 Z= Z< Z; Dnbn

Mfnbj# YP 099; "" "" "" "" "" "" ;"4 >"6 :


15/58

ogm{} gb {p`jb jpkj} n} pkz{npkl# `{| bg| a{}| gb }c{h}# }nbmk |fkpk n} j dpgtnbddkbkpjc ypg`ckh go nbjlkz{j|k gp kykb}nvk {p`jb fg{}nbd" Tk jc}g bkkl |g ogm{}hgpk gb |fk v{cbkpj`ck bgb(yggp j} tkcc j} |fk yggp |fk cgtkp(hnllck jblhnllck(hnllck }|pj|j ojmnbd nbmpkj}nbd pkcj|nvk lkypnvj|ngb tn|f pkdjpl |g }{mf}kpvnmk}"

Hg}| go |fk }|jbljpl nblnmj|gp} ogp fkjc|f jbl kl{mj|ngb |kbl |g `k ygvkp|~(ogm{}kl k"d"# {blkp(onvk hgp|jcn|~# hjcb{|pn|ngb# cn|kpjm~" Tk |f{} bkkl |g {|ncn}k gp lkvkcgynblnmj|gp}# }{mf j} cnok kykm|jbm~# |fj| |pjme ypgdpk}} jmpg}} j `pgjlkp }kdhkb| go|fk ygy{cj|ngb" Tk tncc jc}g bkkl |g ogm{} hgpk gb jmmk}} |g kmgbghnmnbopj}|p{m|{pk jbl }kpvnmk} &k"d"# kckm|pnmn|~# pgjl}# |pjb}ygp|j|ngb jbl NM\.# tfnmfjpk vn|jc |g kmgbghnm dpgt|f jbl khycg~hkb| dkbkpj|ngb" Ogp kl{mj|ngb# tk bkkl|g }fno| g{p j||kb|ngb |g }kmgbljp~ kl{mj|ngb jbl j`gvk# j} |fk}k ckvkc} tncc ypgvnlk|fk kl{mj|ngb jbl }encc} |fj| }{yygp| jbl ypghg|k fndfkp(z{jcn|~ khycg~hkb|" Ogp`g|f fkjc|fmjpk jbl kl{mj|ngb# fg{}kfgcl} jyykjp |g `k }fg{clkpnbd jb nbmpkj}nbd}fjpk go |fk mg}|}# kn|fkp gy|nbd ogp ypnvj|k }mfggc} gp yj~nbd hgpk g{|(go(ygmek| ogpy{`cnm }kpvnmk}" \f{}# gvkp |nhk |fk {yykp(hnllck jbl {yykp(mcj}} fg{}kfgcl} tncccnekc~ djnb }{ykpngp jmmk}} |g }kpvnmk}" ]{mf |pkbl} tncc kjmkp`j|k nbkz{jcn|nk} nb

jmmk}} |fj| tncc |kbl |g pknbogpmk tnlkbnbd nbkz{jcn|nk} nb jmmk}} |g ypgl{m|nvkkhycg~hkb|" ]|pkbd|fkbnbd `pgjl kookm|nvk jmmk}} |g j| ckj}| }kmgbljp~ kl{mj|ngb&jbl vgmj|ngbjc kl{mj|ngb. jyykjp} |g `k j ek~ }gmnjc ygcnm~ |fj| mjb fkcy ypghg|kjb khycg~hkb|(nb|kb}nvk |pjakm|gp~ go kmgbghnm lkvkcgyhkb|"

Fkjc|f

J}njb mg{b|pnk} fjvk hjlk mgb}nlkpj`ck ypgdpk}} nb nhypgvnbd fkjc|f g{|mghk}" Nbj`g{| 09 ~kjp}# {blkp(onvk hgp|jcn|~ pj|k} fjvk `kkb pg{dfc~ fjcvkl nb jcc mg{b|pnk}&\j`ck :9." Ypgdpk}} fj} `kkb yjp|nm{cjpc~ nhypk}}nvk nb Nblnj jbl Nblgbk}nj# tfkpkhgp|jcn|~ pj|k} okcc opgh ::6 jbl 6? ykp :#999 nb :>>9 |g j`g{| ?? jbl => nb 099>#pk}ykm|nvkc~" Bgbk|fkck}}# |fk}k pj|k} jpk }|ncc z{n|k fndf# k}ykmnjcc~ tfkb

mghyjpkl |g jb jvkpjdk go 0? nb Bgp|fkpb Jopnmj# 0= nb |fk Cj|nb Jhkpnmj /Mjpn``kjb pkdngb# jbl 4 nb lkvkcgykl mg{b|pnk} &[B# 09::."\fk k}|nhj|k} gohj|kpbjc hgp|jcn|~ }{ddk}| cjpdk nhypgvkhkb|} nb Mfnbj jbl _nk| Bjh# tn|fpkl{m|ngb} go j`g{| |tg(|fnpl} go |fk :>>9 vjc{k}" \fjncjbl# fgtkvkp# fj} jmfnkvklcn||ck ypgdpk}}# tfnck |fk hj|kpbjc hgp|jcn|~ pj|ng} nb Nblnj jbl Nblgbk}nj pkhjnb}|{``gpbc~ fndf" \fk}k }|j|n}|nm} mghyjpk bkdj|nvkc~ tn|f jb jvkpjdk go 69hj|kpbjc lkj|f} ykp :99#999 cnvk `np|f} nb Cj|nb Jhkpnmj / Mjpn``kjb jbl :4 nblkvkcgykl pkdngb}" Nhypgvkl b{|pn|ngb jbl j fndfkp ypgygp|ngb go lkcnvkpnk}j||kblkl `~ }encckl fkjc|f ykp}gbbkc jpk cnekc~ |g kycjnb |fk yg}n|nvk |pkbl}#jc|fg{df |fkpk n} }|ncc mgb}nlkpj`ck pggh ogp nhypgvkhkb|" Ogp kjhyck# |fkypgygp|ngb go {blkptkndf| mfnclpkb nb ]g{|fkpb J}nj n} |fk fndfk}| nb |fk tgpcl j|


16/58

`np|f}.:>>9 099> :>>9 0996 :>>9 0996 :>>9 099>

Mfnbj# YP ? ?6": 4="=Nblnj ::6"0 ?;"? ;49 0=9 :?6 :?6 ;6"0 ?":_nk| Bjh ;;"= 0="? :49 ;? 09< 099 ?;"; 4 ;"> 6"< :9">\fjncjbl ;6"< =9"? 04"> =;"0 ?"> 4":_nk| Bjh ??": 0 =";]g{pmk1 FBY] &09::.

\j`ck :0 ypk}kb|} ek~ }|j|n}|nm} gb fkjc|f kykbln|{pk}" \g|jc kykbln|{pk gb fkjc|f opgh `g|f y{`cnm jbl ypnvj|k }g{pmk} fj} nbmpkj}kl nb hg}| mg{b|pnk}" Fgtkvkp#|fk jvkpjdk nbmpkj}k opgh :>>; |g 099> tj} z{n|k cgt &ck}} |fjb gbk ykpmkb|jdkygnb| go DLY.# tn|f Nblnj jm|{jcc~ g`}kpvnbd j pkl{m|ngb `k|tkkb |fg}k |tg ykpngl}"Hgpkgvkp# |fk ckvkc go kykbln|{pk n} k|pkhkc~ cgt tfkb mghyjpkl |g pkdngbjc

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17/58

jvkpjdk} go ?"? ykp mkb| nb }{`(]jfjpjb Jopnmj# 4"4 ykp mkb| nb Cj|nb Jhkpnmj /Mjpn``kjb jbl ::"> ykp mkb| nb GKML hkh`kp}":? Nblgbk}nj fkjc|f kykbln|{pkpkhjnb} j| jb jyyjccnbd 0"< ykp mkb| go DLY" Nb mgb|pj}|# _nk| Bjh fj} `kkb j`ck |g`gg}| n|} }ykblnbd |g j`gvk 4 ykp mkb| go DLY" Jc}g# |fk ]g{|f J}nj jbl Kj}| J}nj /Yjmnonm pkdngb} fjvk cgt ykp mjyn|j ckvkc} go kykbln|{pk ,::< jbl ,0?4 ykpykp}gb nb YYY |kph}# pk}ykm|nvkc~ tfkb mghyjpkl tn|f }{`(]jfjpjb Jopnmj &,:# |fk vjc{k} pjbdkl opgh :"0 ykp mkb| goDLY nb Nblgbk}nj |g ="= ykp mkb| nb \fjncjbl" Bgbk|fkck}}# |fk y{`cnm }ykblnbd&pkdngbjc. jvkpjdk} ogp ]g{|f J}nj jbl Kj}| J}nj / Yjmnonm &:"0 jbl :"> ykp mkb| goDLY# pk}ykm|nvkc~. mghyjpk vkp~ yggpc~ tn|f }{`(]jfjpjb Jopnmj &0"? ykp mkb|.# Cj|nbJhkpnmj / Mjpn``kjb &="< ykp mkb|.# jbl GKML hkh`kp} &?"? ykp mkb|."

J} |g |fk pkcj|nvk on}mjc koogp|# |fk }fjpk go y{`cnm kykbln|{pk gb fkjc|f nb |fk |g|jc`{ldk| fj} nbmpkj}kl nb }kvkpjc mg{b|pnk}# }{mf j} Nblgbk}nj jbl \fjncjbl# `{| n|

pkhjnb} ojnpc~ cgt" Nb ojm|# Nblnj }ykbl} gbc~ j`g{| < ykp mkb| go n|} dgvkpbhkb|`{ldk| gb fkjc|f" \fkpk n} cnhn|kl jddpkdj|k pkdngbjc lj|j ogp mghyjpn}gb# `{| |fkjvkpjdk ogp GKML hkh`kp n} :?"< ykp mkb|"

\j`ck :01 Kykbln|{pk gb Fkjc|f

\g|jc Fkjc|f Kykbln|{pk&+ DLY.

Dkbkpjc Dgv" Ky" gb Fkjc|f&+ DLY.

Dkbkpjc Dgv" Ky" gb Fkjc|f&+ Dkbkpjc Dgv"

Kykbln|{pk.

:>>; 0999 099; 099> :>>; 0999 099; 099> :>>; 0999 099; 099>Mfnbj# YP ="; :9"=Nblnj 0"= ="= >"4 >"> ::"? :


18/58

pkhjnb} cgt" Onbjcc~# k|kpbjc pk}g{pmk} fjvk nbmpkj}kl nb pkcj|nvk nhygp|jbmk nb |fkYfncnyynbk}# j} tkcc j} nb ]pn Cjbej jbl Nblgbk}nj"

\j`ck :=1 Y{`cnm jbl Ypnvj|k Kykbln|{pk gb Fkjc|f &@~ ]g{pmk.Y{`cnm Kykbln|{pk &+ \FK. Ypnvj|k Kykbln|{pk &+ \FK.

]gmnjc

]km{pn|~ \j:

K|kpbjc G{|(go(

Ygmek|

Ypnv"

Nb}{pjbmk

G|fkp

:>>; 099> :>>; 099> :>>; 099> :>>; 099> :>>; 099> :>>; 099>Mfnbj# YP =0"< =="= :4"> :?"> 9"0 9":


19/58

Nb |kph} go dkblkp yjpn|~ nb ypnhjp~ kl{mj|ngb# Nblnj fj} hjlk }ndbnonmjb| ypgdpk}}`~ nbmpkj}nbd |fk pj|ng go okhjck |g hjck kbpgchkb| opgh 9"4< nb :>>9 |g 9">4 nb0994" \fk pkhjnbnbd mg{b|pnk} jcpkjl~ fjl pj|ng} j`gvk 9">9 nb :>>9" Nblnj# Mfnbjjbl Nblgbk}nj fjvk hjlk }{`}|jb|njc ypgdpk}} nb |kph} go dkblkp yjpn|~ nb}kmgbljp~ kl{mj|ngb1 opgh 9"?=# 9"4< jbl 9"6< nb |fk kjpc~ :>>9} |g 9"66# :"9; jbl9">> nb 0996# pk}ykm|nvkc~" Bgbk|fkck}}# dkblkp yjpn|~ nb |kp|njp~ kl{mj|ngb pkhjnb}

jb n}}{k nb Nblnj# ]pn Cjbej jbl _nk| Bjh# tn|f m{ppkb| pj|ng} `kcgt 9"4;"

Onbjcc~# tk g`}kpvk |fj| j }ndbnonmjb| }fjpk go }kmgbljp~ kbpgchkb| n} nb ypnvj|kkl{mj|ngb nb}|n|{|ngb}" Tfnck y{`cnm }mfggc} jpk |fk gvkptfkchnbd }{yycnkp} goypnhjp~ kl{mj|ngb# |fk nhygp|jbmk go ypnvj|k }mfggc} |kbl} |g nbmpkj}k nb }kmgbljp~kl{mj|ngb":4 Ogp nb}|jbmk# ypnvj|k kbpgchkb| nb ypnhjp~ kl{mj|ngb n} j`g{| :4 ykpmkb| go |fk |g|jc nb `g|f Nblnj jbl Nblgbk}nj# `{| |fn} ykpmkb|jdk }fgg|} {y |g j`gvk> 9"?4 9">0 4": >;"> :"9? :"94 :"94 :"=9 ="; :":4 :"00 ::"= :6"9_nk| Bjh 6>"9 6;"< 9">9 9">0 9"?? 9"4= :9"> ::"


20/58

\j`ck :;1 Kl{mj|ngb Nblnmj|gp} NN]mfggc Kbpgchkb|#

]kmgbljp~Ypgdpk}}ngb |g

]kmgbljp~]mfggc &+.

DkbkpjcY{ync}

&hnccngb}.

_gmj|ngbjcY{ync} &hnccngb}.

Dpg}} &+. Bk| &+.:>>9

0996

:>>9

0996

:>>9 0994 0999 0996 0999 0996

Mfnbj# YP =6 4? "" "" ?"0 60"; :0"= :6">Nblnj ??k ?6 >>"9 o >>"; 0": 0"< 9": 9"0Yfncnyynbk} 4: 60

"; >6"6 ;"4"6 0"0">o >0"4n 4"4 6"> 9"0 9"?Bg|k}1 j :>>=# ` 099>:# k :>>6# o:>>># d :>>4# f 099?# n 099;]g{pmk1 TLN &09::.

\j`ck :? ypk}kb|} lj|j gb |fk ckvkc go y{`cnm }ykblnbd gb kl{mj|ngb" \fk lj|j n}jvkpjdkl gvkp jbl ="= ykp mkb|# pk}ykm|nvkc~" Hgpkgvkp# hg}| mg{b|pnk} fjvk g`}kpvkl jlkmcnbnbd |pkbl |fpg{dfg{| |fk 0999}" Ogp nb}|jbmk# Nblnj# |fk Yfncnyynbk} jbl

\fjncjbl fjvk kykpnkbmkl jb jvkpjdk pkl{m|ngb go j`g{| gbk ykpmkb|jdk ygnb| goDLY" Hjcj~}nj pkdn}|kpkl j lpj}|nm ojcc nb |fk cj}| okt ~kjp}# opgh j`g{| 4 ykp mkb| |g< ykp mkb| go DLY" Nblgbk}nj jyykjp} |g `k |fk gbc~ mg{b|p~ tn|f j ln}mkpbn`ckyg}n|nvk |pkbl# jc|fg{df n| }|jp|kl opgh j vkp~ cgt `j}k"

Jvjncj`ck lj|j gb |fk ckvkc go ypnvj|k kykbln|{pk gb kl{mj|ngb }{ddk}| |fj|fg{}kfgcl} jbl mghh{bn|nk} mgb|pn`{|k |g j }ndbnonmjb| }fjpk go kl{mj|ngb mg}|}":6Ogp nb}|jbmk# ypnvj|k kykbln|{pk gb jcc ckvkc} go kl{mj|ngb pkypk}kb|kl 6"9 ykp mkb|go Nblgbk}nj} DLY nb 0996# 0"9 ykp mkb| go |fk Yfncnyynbk} nb 099=# :"> ykp mkb| go

\fjncjbl} nb 099 ykp mkb| nb }{`(]jfjpjb Jopnmj nb 099>" Nb \fjncjbl# tfnck kl{mj|ngb}ykblnbd okcc opgh 0> |g 00 ykp mkb| go |g|jc dgvkpbhkb| kykbln|{pk# n| n} }|ncc |fkfndfk}| nb g{p }jhyck go mg{b|pnk}"

:6 \fk}k go|kb nbmc{lk kykb}k} }{mf j} |{n|ngb okk}# |k|`gge}# {bnogph} jbl |kjmfkp} }jcjpnk}"

09


21/58

Onbjcc~# tk mjb cgge j| |fk ln}|pn`{|ngb go }ykblnbd jmpg}} lnookpkb| kl{mj|ngbjcckvkc}" Tfnck Nblgbk}nj# |fk Yfncnyynbk} jbl \fjncjbl jccgmj|k j`g{| fjco go |fknpkl{mj|ngb `{ldk| |g ypnhjp~ kl{mj|ngb# |fk pkhjnbnbd mg{b|pnk} }ykbl j`g{| j |fnplgo |fknp |g|jc }km|gp `{ldk|" Tn|f |fk kmky|ngb go \fjncjbl# jcc mg{b|pnk} }ykbl j|ckj}| j z{jp|kp go |g|jc g{|cj~} gb }kmgbljp~ kl{mj|ngb# tn|f Nblnj }ykblnbd j}h{mf j} >6(9: 0990(9; 099?(9> :>>6(9: 0990(9; 099?(9>Ypnhjp~ ]kmgblj

p~\kp|njp~

Mfnbj# YP :"> "" "" :="9 "" "" =0"? =4"< 0"< =;"6 00"0: Lj|j mgppk}ygbl} |g 0996# kmky| ogp Mfnbj &:>>>. jbl Nblnj &099?." \fk |g|jc} lg bg| }{h |g :99#}nbmk |fkpk n} j }ndbnonmjb| }fjpk go {bjccgmj|kl &bg| jccgmj|kl ~ ckvkc. kykbln|{pk}"]g{pmk1 [BK]MG &09::.

J} kmgbghnm dpgt|f jbl }|p{m|{pjc |pjb}ogphj|ngb nb J}njb HNM} mpkj|k bktkhycg~hkb| ypg}ykm|}# |fknp ygy{cj|ngb} tncc pkz{npk j lnookpkb| }k| go ag` }encc} no|fk~ jpk |g |jek jlvjb|jdk go |fk}k khkpdnbd gyygp|{bn|nk}" Hgpkgvkp# ~g{bdykgyck fjvk jh`n|ngb} jbl kykm|j|ngb |fj| lnookp opgh |fg}k go ypkvng{}dkbkpj|ngb}" Bgbk|fkck}}# |fk kvnlkbmk }{ddk}|} |fj| y{`cnm kl{mj|ngbjc }~}|kh}jpk bg| pk}ygblnbd |g |fk mfjbdnbd bkkl} go hglkpbn}nbd kmgbghnk}" Ykpfjy} jbnblnmj|ngb go |fn} ojncnbd n} |fk }|pgbd pgck |fj| |fk ypnvj|k }km|gp n} ycj~nbd nb}kmgbljp~ kl{mj|ngb nb mg{b|pnk} }{mf j} Nblnj jbl Nblgbk}nj yg}}n`c~ |g hkk| jbnbmpkj}nbd lkhjbl ogp fndfkp }encc} opgh `g|f khycg~kp} jbl o{|{pk khycg~kk}"Tfnck |fkpk n} mkp|jnbc~ j pgck |g `k ycj~kl `~ |fk ypnvj|k }km|gp# n}}{k} go kz{jcgyygp|{bn|~ fjvk |g `k jllpk}}kl" \fkpk tg{cl fjvk |g `k j }|pgbdkp dgvkpbhkb|pgck# }{mf j} ogp hgbn|gpnbd jbl pkd{cj|nbd onbjbmk}# nb |fk ypgvn}ngb go |fk}k mp{mnjcy{`cnm dggl}" Hgpkgvkp# |fk yg|kb|njc ogp y{`cnm(ypnvj|k yjp|bkp}fny} mg{cl `kkycgpkl &k"d"# agnb|(onbjbmnbd ogp gb(|fk(ag` |pjnbnbd }mfkhk}.# tn|f j vnkt |gypghg|nbd }encc} lkvkcgyhkb| nb jb kookm|nvk jbl kz{n|j`ck oj}fngb" \fk}kyjp|bkp}fny} mg{cl `k yjp|nm{cjpc~ {}ko{c tn|f pkdjpl |g vgmj|ngbjc kl{mj|ngb jbl|pjnbnbd# tn|f |fk g`akm|nvk go ypgvnlnbd j }encc }k| |fj| n} jlkz{j|k ogp |fk bkt |~ykgo ag`} `knbd dkbkpj|kl nb pjynlc~ hglkpbn}nbd J}njb kmgbghnk}"

Tj|kp# ]jbn|j|ngb jbl Kckm|pnmn|~

\fk kmgbghnm l~bjhn}h go J}njb {p`jb mkb|pk} ycj~} j mp{mnjc pgck nb |fk bj|ngbjclkvkcgyhkb| ypgmk}}# }nbmk hg}| go |fk ypgl{m|ngb jbl ypgl{m|nvn|~ dpgt|f |jek}

0:


22/58

ycjmk nb mn|nk}" Hgpkgvkp# n| n} go|kb tfkpk `k||kp ag` gyygp|{bn|nk} jpk cgmj|kl# |f{}j||pjm|nbd j cjpdk b{h`kp go hndpjb|} gpndnbj|nbd opgh p{pjc jpkj} jbl kvkb opghj`pgjl" M{ppkb| ypgakm|ngb} }{ddk}| |fj| |fk J}njb {p`jb ygy{cj|ngb tncc lg{`ckopgh 09:9 |g 09;9 &[B# 099>." Fgtkvkp# pjynl {p`jbn}j|ngb tncc jc}g fjvk j}ndbnonmjb| nhyjm| gb }gmnjc# kmgbghnm# ygcn|nmjc jbl kbvnpgbhkb|jc lnhkb}ngb}# }{mfj} |fk |~yk go khycg~hkb|# ogph} go fg{}nbd# mgb}{hy|ngb yj||kpb} jbl }gmnjc

nb|kpjm|ngb &Pg`kp|} jbl Ejbjck~# 099?."

Ogp nb}|jbmk# Dpjb| &0996. }{ddk}|} |fj| {p`jbn}j|ngb n} go|kb j}}gmnj|kl tn|f1 &n.dpkj|kp kmgbghnm gyygp|{bn|nk} jbl |f{} dpkj|kp yg|kb|njc ogp ag` mpkj|ngb5 &nn. cgtkpykp mjyn|j mg}|} ogp `j}nm }kpvnmk}# l{k |g fndfkp ygy{cj|ngb lkb}n|~5 &nnn. `k||kpjmmk}} |g nbogphj|ngb# }{mf j} |fk hj}} hklnj5 &nv. dpkj|kp hg`ncn}j|ngb go mn|nqkb}jpg{bl }fjpkl ypg`ckh}# yg|kb|njcc~ ckjlnbd |g nbmpkj}kl dgvkpbhkb|jmmg{b|j`ncn|~5 &v. dpkj|kp yggcnbd go pk}g{pmk}# nlkj}# mpkj|nvn|~ jbl nbbgvj|ngb5jbl &vn. cn`kpjc j||n|{lk}# jccgtnbd dpkj|kp yjp|nmnyj|ngb go tghkb nb |fk cj`g{phjpek|" Fgtkvkp# |fkpk jpk jc}g }ghk nhygp|jb| mjvkj|} |g |fk}k kbvn}jdkl`kbkon|} &Dpjb|# 0996." Bkt gyygp|{bn|nk} mjb `k cnhn|kl |g }encckl tgpekp} gp |g}ykmnonm &ypnvnckdkl. }kdhkb|} go }gmnk|~# |f{} kjmkp`j|nbd nbkz{jcn|nk}" Jc}g#

hndpj|ngb go|kb nhyjm|} gb ojhnc~ mgfk}ngb jbl |f{} |fk j`ncn|~ |g lpjt }{yygp| nb|nhk} go bkkl# tfnck `j}nm }kpvnmk} hndf| gvkpcgge |fg}k tfg jpk {bpkdn}|kpkl gpncckdjc" Hgpkgvkp# oj}| {p`jbn}j|ngb hndf| ckjl |g gvkpmpgtlnbd# |fk }ypkjl goln}kj}k}# jbl ygcc{|ngb" Jlln|ngbjcc~# mn|nk} jpk go|kb j okp|nck dpg{bl ogp mpnhnbjcjm|nvn|nk}" Onbjcc~# cnvnbd mg}|} jpk {}{jcc~ fndfkp nb mn|nk}# jbl kmgbghnm }fgme} go|kbfjvk j ln}ypgygp|ngbjc nhyjm| gb v{cbkpj`ck dpg{y} cnvnbd nb {p`jb jpkj}" Fkbmk#mkb|pjc jbl h{bnmnyjc dgvkpbhkb|} bkkl |g kb}{pk j }{}|jnbj`ck dpgt|f go {p`jbmkb|pk}# k}ykmnjcc~ |fpg{df fndfkp nbvk}|hkb|} nb nbopj}|p{m|{pk# k||kphjbjdkhkb| go h{bnmnyjc }kpvnmk}# jbl nhypgvkl khycg~hkb| ygcnmnk}"

Nb pkcj|ngb |g |fn} |gynm#\j`ck :4 gookp} }ghk lj|j gb jmmk}} |g tj|kp jbl}jbn|j|ngb" Mfnbj# Nblnj# ]pn Cjbej jbl _nk| Bjh fjvk hjlk }ndbnonmjb| ypgdpk}} nb

nbmpkj}nbd jmmk}} |g nhypgvkl tj|kp }g{pmk}# k}ykmnjcc~ nb p{pjc jpkj}" Jmmk}}vjpnkl `k|tkkb ;: jbl ?? ykp mkb| nb :>>9# `{| nbmpkj}kl |g `k|tkkb 60 jbl >0ykp mkb| `~ 0996":> Fgtkvkp# ypgdpk}} nb Nblgbk}nj fj} kkb cjpdkc~ ln}jyygnb|nbd"

\fk m{ppkb| }fjpk go |fk ygy{cj|ngb {}nbd nhypgvkl lpnbenbd(tj|kp }g{pmk} nb p{pjcjbl {p`jb jpkj} n} |fk cgtk}| nb |fk }jhyck 4: jbl 6> ykp mkb|# pk}ykm|nvkc~" Nb|kph} go nhypgvkl }jbn|j|ngb# Nblnj jbl Nblgbk}nj fjvk hjlk cn||ck ypgdpk}} nb |fkcj}| |tg lkmjlk}" Nb |fk}k |tg mg{b|pnk}# j`g{| |tg(|fnpl} &gp hgpk. go |fk p{pjcygy{cj|ngb lg bg| fjvk jmmk}} |g }{mf ojmncn|nk}" _nk| Bjh tj} j`ck |g }ndbnonmjb|c~nhypgvk jmmk}} nb `g|f p{pjc jbl {p`jb mgb|k|}# j} tkcc j} Mfnbj jbl |fkYfncnyynbk} &|g j mkp|jnb k|kb|." @{| j cjpdk }fjpk go |fk ygy{cj|ngb pkhjnb} {bj`ck|g jmmk}} jyypgypnj|k }jbn|j|ngb ojmncn|nk}" Hgpkgvkp# m{ppkb| pj|k} go ygy{cj|ngb jbl{p`jbn}j|ngb dpgt|f jpk ycjmnbd }|pkb{g{} ypk}}{pk} gb h{bnmnyjc }kpvnmk}# tfnmftncc |fkpkogpk pkz{npk o{p|fkp nbvk}|hkb|} nb gplkp |g kvkb hjnb|jnb jbl |fkbnhypgvk kn}|nbd mgvkpjdk jbl }kpvnmk z{jcn|~"

\j`ck :41 ]|j|n}|nm} gb Tj|kp jbl ]jbn|j|ngbYgy{cj|ngb [}nbd NhypgvklLpnbenbd(Tj|kp ]g{pmk} &+.

Ygy{cj|ngb [}nbd Nhypgvkl]jbn|j|ngb Ojmncn|nk} &+.

:> Lk}yn|k |fk pkcj|nvkc~ fndf pj|k}# gbc~ j hnbgpn|~ jm|{jcc~ pkcj|k} |g ynykl tj|kp gb ypkhn}k} k}ykmnjcc~ nb p{pjc jpkj} jbl ogp yggp {p`jb fg{}kfgcl}" [B &09::. ypgvnlk} ln}jddpkdj|kl lj|j ~}g{pmk"

00


23/58

:>>9 :>>; 0999 099; 0996 :>>9 :>>; 0999 099; 0996

Mfnbj# YP\g|jc ?4 4< 69 6? 6> 4 >6 >6 >6 4= 4?[p`jb >= >= >= >= >= 49 4= 4? 46 69P{pjc 4? 4> 60 6; 64

]pn Cjbej\g|jc ?4 4= 69 6? >9 49 4? 60 66 >:[p`jb >: >= >; >4 >6 6; 6? 64 64 66P{pjc ?0 ?> 44 6< 66 ?4 4< 6: 66 >0

\fjncjbl\g|jc >: >< >? >6 >6 69 6? >= >? >?[p`jb >4 >6 >6 >> >> >= >< >< >; >;P{pjc 6> >0 >; >4 >6 4< 6= >0 >? >?

_nk| Bjh\g|jc ;6 ?6 4> 66 >< =; : >< >4 >> ?: 49 4> 66 >0 0> 0996 0996

Mfnbj# YP >6"? >>"< >>"< :99"9 >>"9Nblnj >"< :99"9 >6"9Yfncnyynbk} 64"< 69"; 6>"4 >4"9 ?;"9]pn Cjbej ?0"9 ??"9 4?"? 6;"6 4;"9

0=


24/58

\fjncjbl 60": >>"9 >>"= :99"9 >>"9_nk| Bjh 4;"6 6>"? 6;"9]g{pmk1 JL@ &09::.

\j`ck :> ypgvnlk} nbogphj|ngb gb {p`jbn}j|ngb jbl |fk z{jcn|~ go {p`jb ltkccnbd}"]c{h} jpk |pjln|ngbjcc~ lkonbkl j} cjmenbd1 jmmk}} |g nhypgvkl tj|kp# jmmk}} |g

nhypgvkl }jbn|j|ngb# j }{oonmnkb| cnvnbd jpkj# l{pj`ncn|~ go fg{}nbd# gp }km{pn|~ go|kb{pk" Tfnck |fk }fjpk go {p`jb ygy{cj|ngb cnvnbd nb }c{h} fj} lkmpkj}kl nb hg}|mg{b|pnk} tn|f |fk kmky|ngb go \fjncjbl |fk |g|jc b{h`kp go ykgyck cnvnbd nb&{blndbnonkl. ltkccnbd} pkhjnb} vkp~ fndf# jbl n} jm|{jcc~ nbmpkj}nbd nb Mfnbj# |fkYfncnyynbk} jbl _nk| Bjh" \fk}k |pkbl} }{ddk}| |fj| h{mf }|pgbdkp koogp|} bkkl |g`k ycjmkl gb jllpk}}nbd n}}{k} go jmmk}} |g tj|kp jbl }jbn|j|ngb# z{jcn|~ go fg{}nbdjbl }km{pn|~ go |kb{pk"

\j`ck :>1 Ypgygp|ngb go [p`jb Ygy{cj|ngb Cnvnbd nb ]c{h}Ygy{cj|ngb nb [p`jb Jpkj}

&+ \g|jc Ygy{cj|ngb.Ygy{cj|ngb Cnvnbd nb

]c{h}&+ [p`jb Ygy{cj|ngb.

Ygy{cj|ngb Cnvnbd nb]c{h} &hnccngb}.

:>>9 0999 099; 099> :>>9 0999 099; :>>9 0999 099;

Mfnbj# YP 04"< =;"6 "; "" 0?"9 ="0 "" ;";_nk| Bjh 09"= 0


25/58

mfjcckbdk} ojmnbd {p`jb jpkj} jbl ygy{cj|ngb}# k}ykmnjcc~ nb |kph} go ypgvnlnbdjlkz{j|k jbl jmmk}}n`ck }gmnjc jbl h{bnmnyjc }kpvnmk}" Go yjp|nm{cjp nhygp|jb| jpklkmkb| fg{}nbd# tj|kp jbl }jbn|j|ngb# j} tkcc j} `j}nm kmgbghnm nbopj}|p{m|{pk ogp}hjcc `{}nbk}}k} &}{mf j} pkcnj`ck kckm|pnmn|~# |pjb}ygp| jbl NM\."


26/58

\fk j`gvk mfjpjm|kpn}|nm tg{cl {}{jcc~ nhyc~ |fj| }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk n} }kpvnbd |fknb|kpk}|} go j hnbgpn|~ go |fk cj`g{p ogpmk nb hg}| hnllck(nbmghk mg{b|pnk}" \fn}hnbgpn|~ n} cnekc~ |g `k pkcj|nvkc~ }hjcc nb bkt cgtkp hnllck(nbmghk mg{b|pnk} jbl}hjcckp }|ncc nb cgt(nbmghk mg{b|pnk}" Nb g|fkp tgpl}# }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk n} cnekc~# nbhg}| mnpm{h}|jbmk}# |g `k mgb|pn`{|nbd gbc~ hglk}|c~ |g kbfjbmnbd |fk `pgjl dgjc}go }gmnjc nbmc{}nvkbk}}" N| hndf| kvkb `k |fk mj}k |fj| }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk ypgdpjhhk}

jpk bg| kvkb }kpvnbd |fknp bjppgt mgb}|n|{kbmnk} vkp~ tkcc" Ogp kjhyck# j} cnokkykm|jbm~ ckbd|fkb} nb hnllck(nbmghk mg{b|pnk} nb J}nj# jmmp{kl ykb}ngb kbkon|}hndf| ypgvk |g `k nbjlkz{j|k ogp j ckbd|f~ ykpngl go pk|npkhkb|" No |fk ]|j|k fj}g`cndj|kl n|}kco |g yj~ j }nqkj`ck ygp|ngb go }{mf `kbkon|}# n| mg{cl ojmk jb{b}{}|jnbj`ck o{|{pk onbjbmnjc cnj`ncn|~"

]g# }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk ypgdpjhhk} hndf| ojnc |g jllpk}} |fk v{cbkpj`ncn|nk} kvkb go n|}pkcj|nvkc~ bjppgt `j}k go ogphjc(}km|gp tgpekp}" N| n} nhygp|jb| |g khyfj}nqk |fj|}{mf j ojncnbd tg{cl mghypghn}k |fk }|j|k} j`ncn|~ |g kyjbl nb}{pjbmk mgvkpjdk |gj `pgjlkp }kdhkb| go |fk mg{b|p~} cj`g{p ogpmk" ]nbmk tgpekp} nb |fk pk}| go |fkkmgbgh~ &nbmc{lnbd tgpekp} nb hnmpg(kb|kpypn}k}# |fk }kco(khycg~kl jbl |fg}ktgpenbd nb |fk nbogphjc }km|gp. jpk cnekc~ |g `k kjpbnbd cgtkp nbmghk}# |fk~ tncc

fjvk dpkj|kp lnoonm{c|nk} nb mgb|pn`{|nbd |g }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk }mfkhk}" Nbmghykb}j|ngb# |fk ]|j|k tg{cl fjvk |g hjp}fjc }ndbnonmjb|c~ hgpk on}mjc pk}g{pmk}|g ypgvnlk `kbkon|} |g |fk}k tgpekp}"

\j`ck 09 fkcy} |g ncc{}|pj|k |fk ypg`ckh} |fj| hjb~ hnllck(nbmghk mg{b|pnk} nb J}nj}|ncc mgbopgb| nb nhyckhkb|nbd }{mmk}}o{c }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk ypgdpjhhk}# yjp|nm{cjpc~ykb}ngb}" Jvkpjdk cnok kykm|jbm~ fj} `kkb nbmpkj}nbd }ndbnonmjb|c~ nb hjb~ go|fk}k mg{b|pnk}" \fn} jdknbd |pkbl nhycnk} |fj| ykb}ngbkp} tncc `k lpjtnbd gb |fknp`kbkon|} ogp j }{`}|jb|njcc~ cgbdkp ykpngl |fjb gpndnbjcc~ kbvn}jdkl" Ogp kjhyck# noy{`cnm(}km|gp tgpekp} nb Hjcj~}nj pk|npk j| ;6 ~kjp} go jdk# |fk~ mg{cl }|ncc kykm| |glpjt gb |fknp ykb}ngb}# gb jvkpjdk# ogp jchg}| :4 ~kjp}" Fgtkvkp# |fk pkvkb{k`j}k go hjb~ dgvkpbhkb|} &tfnmf tncc `k mjcckl {ygb |g onbjbmk |fk ykb}ngb} go

y{`cnm(}km|gp tgpekp}. pkhjnb} cgt kvkb ogp hjb~ go |fk hnllck(nbmghk mg{b|pnk} nbJ}nj" Ogp kjhyck# |fk pkvkb{k'DLY pj|ng ogp ]pn Cjbej n} }|ncc gbc~ j`g{| :; ykp mkb|jbl ogp |fk Yfncnyynbk} gbc~ j`g{| :?+" Hgpkgvkp# gvkp |fk cj}| |tg lkmjlk}# |fkpkvkb{k'DLY pj|ng fj} `kkb }|jdbj|nbd gp ojccnbd nb hjb~ go |fk}k mg{b|pnk}"

\j`ck 091 DLY ykp mjyn|j# Cnok Kykm|jbm~ jbl Dgvkpbhkb| Pkvkb{kDLY ykp mjyn|j

&YYY#mgb}|jb| 099; nb|"

,.

Cnok kykm|jbm~j| `np|f# |g|jc

&~kjp}.

\j Pkvkb{k&+ DLY.

Pkvkb{k#kmc{lnbd

Dpjb|} &+ DLY.

:>>9 09:9 :>>9 099> :>>9 0996 :>>9 0996Mfnbj# YP :#:9: ?#6:9 ?6": 4="= ="> :9"= ?"= ::":Nblnj :#0"; 4": :;";m :?"; :>";m 09":_nk| Bjh >90 0#606 ?;"; 4


27/58

\fk Hn}}nbd Hnllck

N| n} bg|ktgp|f~ |fj| |fk J}njb Lkvkcgyhkb| @jbe jbl g|fkp lkvkcgyhkb|nb}|n|{|ngb} jpk }fgtnbd hgpk mgbmkpb ogp |fk hnllck }|pj|j nb lkvkcgynbd mg{b|pnk} jbl yjp|nm{cjpc~ nb hnllck(nbmghk mg{b|pnk}" No tk jyyc~ jb kz{n|~ ckb} |g |fk}khnllck }|pj|j# tk jpk cnekc~ |g onbl |fj| hg}| go |fkh fjvk bg| `kkb }kpvkl tkcc `~

kn|fkp }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk gp }gmnjc j}}n}|jbmk"

]gmnjc nb}{pjbmk fj} `kkb lnpkm|kl hg}|c~ |gtjpl} j }hjcc hnbgpn|~ go ogphjc(}km|gptgpekp}# j }ndbnonmjb| b{h`kp go tfgh &|fg{df bg| bkmk}}jpnc~ jcc. jpk cnekc~ |gkbag~ j`gvk(jvkpjdk tjdk} jbl `kbkon|}" J| |fk }jhk |nhk# }gmnjc(j}}n}|jbmkypgdpjhhk} fjvk `kkb lnpkm|kl gvkptfkchnbdc~ |gtjpl} |fk yggp" \fk}k koogp|}fjvk go|kb kkb mfjbbkcckl pkmkb|c~ |fpg{df bj|ngbjc ygvkp|~(jcckvnj|ngbypgdpjhhk}"

Fkbmk# |fkpk fj} `kkb j }nqkj`ck hn}}nbd hnllck go |fk ygy{cj|ngb |fj| fj} `kkbndbgpkl `~ `g|f }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk jbl }gmnjc j}}n}|jbmk" J cjpdk ypgygp|ngb go |fn}hn}}nbd hnllck pkhjnb} v{cbkpj`ck |g j tnlk jppj~ go pn}e} |fj| nhykpnc |fknp

cnvkcnfggl} jbl tkcc(`knbd" \fk cgtkp }|pj|j go |fn} dpg{ynbd &k"d"# |fk }kdhkb|cnvnbd j| mgb}{hy|ngb ckvkc} `k|tkkb ,0 jbl ,< ykp lj~ nb YYY |kph}. pkhjnb}fndfc~ v{cbkpj`ck |g }{mm{h`nbd |g k|pkhk ygvkp|~" ^k| |fkpk n} j mpn|nmjc }fgp|jdkgo ypgdpjhhk} pk}ygblnbd |g |fknp ypk}}nbd bkkl}" \fn} n} |fk dpg{y |fj| |fk JL@lkonbk} j} |fk cgtkp(hnllck mcj}} &JL@# 09:9."

N| tg{cl `k {}ko{c |g nlkb|no~ |fk }|pj|j go |fk hnllck mcj}} tn|fnb tfnmf pkmnynkb|}go }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk &tfg jpk hg}|c~ ogphjc(}km|gp tgpekp}. |kbl |g ypklghnbj|k"

\fg{df lnpkm| nbogphj|ngb n} }yjp}k# g{p tgpenbd j}}{hy|ngb n} |fj| hg}| go |fkhmg{cl cnekc~ `k mj|kdgpnqkl j} yjp| go |fk hnllck(hnllck mcj}}# j} lkonbkl `~ |fkJL@" Nb g|fkp tgpl}# |fknp mgb}{hy|ngb cnekc~ ojcc} `k|tkkb ,< jbl ,:9 ykp lj~ ykpykp}gb" \f{}# lkykblnbd gb mg{b|p~ mgbln|ngb}# |fk ogphjc(}km|gp tgpekp} tfg

pkmknvk }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk kbkon|} mg{cl# nblkkl# `k ojmnbd lnoonm{c|nk}" ]{mflnoonm{c|nk} mg{cl k kjmkp`j|kl# ogp nb}|jbmk# nb mg{b|pnk} nb tfnmf y{`cnm(}km|gptgpekp} fjvk `gpbk |fk `p{b| go on}mjc mgb}gcnlj|ngb hjblj|kl `~ }|p{m|{pjcjla{}|hkb| ypgdpjhhk}"

]nbmk g{p gvkppnlnbd mgbmkpb n} |g ypghg|k }gmnjc nbmc{}nvkbk}}# tk cjpdkc~ ndbgpk|fk mgbln|ngb go |fk JL@(nlkb|nonkl {yykp(hnllck mcj}} &|fg}k mgb}{hnbd ,:9(,09ykp lj~." \fk~ jpk cnekc~ |g ojcc tn|fnb |fk og{p|f(fndfk}| z{nb|nck go |fk ygy{cj|ngb gpfndfkp" \fk og{p|f(fndfk}| z{nb|nck dkbkpjcc~ pkmknvk} j fndfkp }fjpk go bj|ngbjcnbmghk |fjb n|} ygy{cj|ngb }fjpk" ]g# gb dkbkpjc kz{n|~ dpg{bl}# |fk fg{}kfgcl} nb|fn} z{nb|nck jpk cnekc~ |g `k lgnbd pkcj|nvkc~ tkcc"

Tk bgt hgvk `k~gbl g{p nb|pgl{m|gp~ pkhjpe} |g kjhnbk }gmnjc nb}{pjbmkypgdpjhhk} nb og{p go |fk hnllck(nbmghk mg{b|pnk} nb g{p }jhyck" Nb lgnbd }g# tkjpk }kkenbd |g ncc{}|pj|k }ghk go |fk dkbkpjc mgbln|ngb} jhgbd hnllck(nbmghkmg{b|pnk} nb J}nj jbl lpjt g{| j okt ek~ ygcnm~ pkmghhkblj|ngb}"

\fk Jccgmj|ngb go Pk}g{pmk}

04


28/58

Onp}|# tk |p~ |g nlkb|no~ |fk nhygp|jbmk go }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk pkcj|nvk |g `g|f }gmnjcj}}n}|jbmk jbl cj`g{p hjpek| ygcnmnk}" Lpjtnbd gb pk}kjpmf gb JL@} ]gmnjcYpg|km|ngb Nblk &]YN.#\j`ck 0: ypgvnlk} ykpmkb|jdk} ogp kjmf go |fk}k |fpkk hjnb|~yk} go ypgdpjhhk"00 N| jc}g }{yycnk} nbogphj|ngb# tfkpk yg}}n`ck# gb ykb}ngb} jblfkjc|f nb}{pjbmk# |fk |tg hjagp mghygbkb|} go }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk"

\j`ck 0:1 ]gmnjc Ypg|km|ngb Kykbln|{pk `~ Mj|kdgp~ &+ \g|jc ]Y Kykbln|{pk.# 099;

Mg{b|p~

]gmnjc Nb}{pjbmk &N.]gmnjc

J}}n}|jbmk

&NN.

Cj`g{pHjpek|

&NNN.

]gmnjcYpg|km|ngbKykbln|{p

k&+ DLY.

go tfnmfYkb}ngb

}

go tfnmfFkjc|f

Nb}{pjbmk

\g|jc

Mfnbj# YP ?= :6 6< 4 4 Yfncnyynbk} ?< := 4> < 9 0"0]pn Cjbej


29/58

Onbjcc~# tk bg|k |fj| }gmnjc }km{pn|~ }ykblnbd nb J}nj n} mgb}nlkpj`c~ cgtkp |fjb nbg|fkp dkgdpjyfnm pkdngb}" Ogp nb}|jbmk# jvkpjdk kykbln|{pk gb }gmnjc }km{pn|~ gvkp|fk ykpngl 0999(099; tj} kz{nvjckb| |g ; ykp mkb| go DLY nb `g|f Cj|nb Jhkpnmjjbl |fk Hnllck Kj}|# jbl j`g{| : ykp mkb| nb Jopnmj" \fk ond{pk ogp J}nj tj} cgtkp|fjb : ykp mkb| go DLY &Ypj}jl jbl Dkpkmek# 09:9." J} j ykpmkb|jdk go |g|jcdgvkpbhkb| kykbln|{pk# J}nj} jccgmj|ngb tj} }cndf|c~ j`gvk |fk = ykp mkb|

jccgmj|kl `~ Jopnmjb mg{b|pnk}# `{| mgb}nlkpj`c~ `kcgt |fk 0; ykp mkb| jccgmj|kl `~Cj|nb Jhkpnmj# jbl |fk :4 ykp mkb| `~ |fk Hnllck Kj}|"

Pkvnktnbd Mg{b|p~ Ypgdpjhhk}

Tk bgt pkvnkt |fk }gmnjc(nb}{pjbmk ypgdpjhhk} go og{p go |fk hnllck(nbmghkmg{b|pnk} nb J}nj nb g{p }jhyck"0= G{p hjnb mgbmkpb} jpk |tg1 &n. Jpk kn}|nbdypgdpjhhk} kookm|nvk jbl }{}|jnbj`ck ogp |fknp m{ppkb| `kbkonmnjpnk}7 jbl &nn. Tfj|ypgdpjhhk} fjvk `kkb kyjblkl gp mg{cl `k kyjblkl |g |fk hn}}nbd hnllck gov{cbkpj`ck fg{}kfgcl}7

Nb |fn} pkvnkt# tk jpk bg| lnpkm|c~ mgbmkpbkl j`g{| |fk ypg(yggpbk}} go }gmnjc(

nb}{pjbmk ypgdpjhhk}" Tk jpk mgbmkpbkl j`g{| nlkb|no~nbd kn}|nbd }gmnjc(nb}{pjbmk ypgdpjhhk} |fj| mg{cl `k k|kblkl |g mgvkp v{cbkpj`ck cgtkp(hnllckmcj}} fg{}kfgcl}" Mgbmknvj`c~# |fk}k mg{cl `k ypgdpjhhk} |fj| m{ppkb|c~ mj|kpypnhjpnc~ |g hnllck(hnllck mcj}} fg{}kfgcl} `{| mg{cl `k k|kblkl |g cgtkp(hnllck mcj}} fg{}kfgcl} gp |fk~ mg{cl `k m{ppkb| ygvkp|~(ogm{}kl ypgdpjhhk} |fj|mg{cl `k }mjckl {y |g `kbkon| |fk }jhk dpg{ynbd"

Hg}| }gmnjc(nb}{pjbmk ypgdpjhhk} nb g{p }jhyck go mg{b|pnk} ogccgt j ojnpc~mghhgb yj||kpb" \fk~ ypgvnlk ykb}ngb} |g y{`cnm(}km|gp tgpekp} jbl j cnhn|kldpg{y go ypnvj|k(}km|gp tgpekp}" ]ghk ypgdpjhhk} ypgvnlk jlln|ngbjc }jvnbd}jmmg{b|} &n"k"# Ypgvnlkb| O{bl}. |g kbj`ck yjp|nmnyjb|} |g }jvk ogp pk|npkhkb|"

\fkpk jpk {}{jcc~ jc}g ypgdpjhhk} |fj| kbj`ck `kbkonmnjpnk} |g lkjc tn|f j mghhgb}k| go pn}e}# }{mf j} }nmebk}}# ln}j`ncn|~ jbl lkj|f" Hj|kpbn|~ `kbkon|} jpk jc}g{}{jcc~ gookpkl" @{| ypgvn}ngb} ogp {bkhycg~hkb| jpk tkje gp bgbkn}|kb|" ]nbmk{bkhycg~hkb| n} pkdjplkl j} j yj}}nvk cj`g{p hjpek| ygcnm~# tk lg bg| lkjc tn|f n|nb |fn} }km|ngb" Pkokp |g }km|ngb |fmkb|{p~# pkcnko ogp |fk yggp &gp tfj| n} bgt mjcckl }gmnjc j}}n}|jbmk. tj} |fk hjnbogph go }gmnjc ypg|km|ngb" [b|nc :669 |fkpk tj} vnp|{jcc~ bg }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk" @{|`k|tkkb :669 jbl :>=9# ypgdpjhhk} }{mf j} jmmnlkb| nb}{pjbmk ogp tgpe jbl gcl(

0= G{p nbogphj|ngb mghk} hjnbc~ opgh bj|ngbjc pkygp|} ypgl{mkl ogp |fk JL@ ]gmnjc Ypg|km|ngb Nblk"Onbjcnqkl nb 0996# |fk}k pkygp|} mgvkp |fk ykpngl {y |g 099


30/58

jdk ykb}ngb} jpg}k nb K{pgyk" Fgtkvkp# {bkhycg~hkb| nb}{pjbmk khkpdkl gbc~h{mf cj|kp# nb |fk hnllck go |fk 09|f mkb|{p~ &Cnblkp|# 099=."

Hjcj~}nj} ]gmnjc Nb}{pjbmk

]gmnjc nb}{pjbmk nb Hjcj~}nj n} dkjpkl |g gookp ykb}ngb mgvkpjdk ogp `g|f y{`cnm(

}km|gp khycg~kk} jbl ypnvj|k(}km|gp khycg~kk}" \fk ogphkp dpg{y pkmknvk}ykb}ngb} j{|ghj|nmjcc~ {ygb pk|npkhkb| &`j}kl gb j bgb(mgb|pn`{|gp~# lkonbkl(`kbkon| }mfkhk. tfnck |fk cj||kp pkmknvk |fk ykb}ngb `kbkon|} |fj| fjvk jmmp{klopgh }jvnbd} |fj| |fk~ fjvk lkyg}n|kl nb jb Khycg~kk} Ypgvnlkb| O{bl"

J} go 0994# |fk pk|npkhkb| jdk ogp y{`cnm(}km|gp tgpekp} fjl `kkb y{}fkl {y |g ;6~kjp}" Ykb}ngb} jpk }k| j| j ;9 ykp mkb| pkycjmkhkb| pj|k go |fk tgpekp} onbjc}jcjp~# yj~j`ck ogp cnok jbl# nb |fk kvkb| go lkj|f# |g |fk }yg{}k" Jcc ykb}ngb jblg|fkp }gmnjc(nb}{pjbmk `kbkon|} ogp y{`cnm }km|gp tgpekp} jpk yjnl opgh DkbkpjcDgvkpbhkb| pkvkb{k}# bg| opgh jb nb}{pjbmk o{bl" J} go 099." Nb 099


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Jcgbd tn|f ykb}ngb}# |fk g|fkp hjagp ogph go }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk nb Hjcj~}nj n} y{`cnmfkjc|f(mjpk nb}{pjbmk" N| ypgvnlk} fkjc|f mjpk nb y{`cnm ojmncn|nk} j| cgt okk} |g |fkdkbkpjc ygy{cj|ngb" \fk Dgvkpbhkb| fj} jc}g }k| {y j Hklnmjc J}}n}|jbmk O{bl#tfnmf mjb o{cc~ gp yjp|njcc~ onbjbmk |pkj|hkb| nb ypnvj|k ojmncn|nk} tfkb |fk pkckvjb||pkj|hkb| n} bg| jvjncj`ck nb y{`cnm ojmncn|nk}"

Jcgbd}nlk y{`cnm fkjc|f mjpk# ypnvj|k(}km|gp fkjc|f mjpk fj} dpgtb# mj|kpnbd hjnbc~|g pnmfkp Hjcj~}njb}" Nb dkbkpjc# |fk dkbkpjc hn go y{`cnm(}km|gp jbl ypnvj|k(}km|gpfkjc|f mjpk nb Hjcj~}nj yc{} |fk |j onbjbmnbd go y{`cnm }kpvnmk} fj} jyyjpkb|c~ ckl|g j hglkpj|kc~ kz{n|j`ck }~}|kh# nb tfnmf y{`cnm fkjc|f mjpk fj} pkhjnbkljmmk}}n`ck |g |fk yggp jbl v{cbkpj`ck }kdhkb|} go |fk ygy{cj|ngb &^{ k| jc" 0996."

]pn Cjbej} ]gmnjc Nb}{pjbmk

]pn Cjbej n} dkbkpjcc~ pkdjplkl j} fjvnbd |fk hg}| k|kb}nvk }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk}~}|kh nb ]g{|f J}nj" \fg{df ogphjc(}km|gp tgpekp} ypklghnbj|k j} `kbkonmnjpnk}#|fk mg{b|p~ fj} j||khy|kl |g k|kbl mgvkpjdk |g nbogphjc(}km|gp tgpekp}}{mf j}ojphkp}# on}fkphkb jbl |fk }kco(khycg~kl" _jpng{} ogph} go }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk# hg}|c~

ypgvnlkb| o{bl} gp pk|npkhkb| }jvnbd} }mfkhk}# fjvk `kkb pkygp|kl |g mgvkp j`g{|=": hnccngb tgpekp}# gp 00 ykp mkb| go |fk tgpenbd ygy{cj|ngb :; ~kjp} gp gclkp &NCG#0996`."

Nb ]pn Cjbej# ykb}ngb }mfkhk} jpk |fk lghnbjb| ogph go }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk &}kk |fk|j`ck j`gvk." \fk mg{b|p~ lgk} bg| fjvk j fkjc|f nb}{pjbmk }~}|kh |fg{df n|}y{`cnm fkjc|f }~}|kh n} jmmk}}n`ck |g |fk kb|npk ygy{cj|ngb"

]pn Cjbej }{yygp|} j mghy{c}gp~ Y{`cnm ]kpvjb|} Ykb}ngb ]mfkhk &Y]Y].# tfnmfgpndnbjcc~ gookpkl lkonbkl `kbkon|} yj~j`ck {ygb pk|npkhkb| j| jdk ;; ~kjp} ogp hkbjbl ;9 ~kjp} ogp tghkb" @kbkon|} jpk |nkl |g |fk mnvnc }kpvjb|} }jcjp~ ckvkc" @{|}nbmk 099=# bkt hkh`kp} fjvk agnbkl |fn} }mfkhk gb |fk `j}n} go lkonbkl

mgb|pn`{|ngb} opgh `g|f khycg~kk jbl khycg~kp" Jc}g jooncnj|kl |g |fk Y]Y] n} jhjblj|gp~ mgb|pn`{|gp~ }mfkhk |fj| ypgvnlk} `kbkon|} ogp |g|jc ln}j`ncn|~# tgpenba{p~ jbl ogp ojhnc~ hkh`kp} go khycg~kk} tfg lnk"

\fk Y]Y] mgvkpkl j`g{| 699#999 mnvnc }kpvjb|} jbl :09#999 pk|npkl ykb}ngbkp} nb099? tfnck n|} kykbln|{pk} jmmg{b|kl ogp jchg}| 0 ykp mkb| go DLY" \fn} pkypk}kb|}j pkcj|nvkc~ fndf ckvkc go kykbln|{pk} nb mghyjpn}gb |g |fk ckvkc} go ypgdpjhhk} nbg|fkp lkvkcgynbd mg{b|pnk}" \fk onbjbmnjc cnj`ncn|~ nbm{ppkl `~ |fk Y]Y] fj} `kkbk}|nhj|kl |g `k j`g{| ?9 ykp mkb| go DLY }nbmk |fkpk jpk bg dgvkpbhkb| o{bl}kycnmn|c~ jmenbd ykb}ngb kbkon|}"

Nb jlln|ngb# |fkpk jpk }kvkpjc Ypgvnlkb| O{bl}# tfnmf mgvkpkl jb k}|nhj|kl 0"0hnccngb tgpekp} nb 099?# gp j`g{| =9 ykp mkb| go |fk cj`g{p ogpmk" \fk cjpdk}| fj}`kkb |fk Khycg~kk} Ypgvnlkb| O{bl &KYO.# tfnmf ypgvnlk} `kbkon|} ogp gcl jdk#ln}j`ncn|~ jbl }{pvnvnbd }yg{}k} |g j`g{| |tg hnccngb ypnvj|k(}km|gp tgpekp}" N| n} jmghy{c}gp~ lkonbkl mgb|pn`{|ngb }mfkhk lnm|j|kl `~ |fk pkdn}|pj|ngb go onph} tn|f|fk }mfkhk# bg| |fk pkdn}|pj|ngb go tgpekp} |fkh}kcvk}" J} n} |fk mj}k tn|f g|fkp}{mf o{bl}# yjp|nmnyjb|} mjb tn|flpjt o{bl} kjpc~ ogp g|fkp y{pyg}k}# }{mf j} ogphjppnjdk gp d{jpjb|kknbd j fg{}nbd cgjb"

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Gbk go |fk hg}| nb|kpk}|nbd j}ykm|} go ]pn Cjbej} }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk }~}|kh fj} `kkbn|} j||khy| |g nbmgpygpj|k tgpekp} nb |fk nbogphjc kmgbgh~" \fn} n} bg }hjcc |j}e}nbmk |fk nbogphjc kmgbgh~ n} k}|nhj|kl |g jmmg{b| ogp j`g{| ?9 ykp mkb| go |g|jckhycg~hkb|# |fk dpkj| hjagpn|~ go n| nb jdpnm{c|{pk"

]pn Cjbej fj} cj{bmfkl |fpkk vgc{b|jp~}gmnjc(nb}{pjbmk ypgdpjhhk} ogp ojphkp}#

on}fkphkb jbl |fk }kco(khycg~kl# pk}ykm|nvkc~" Hkh`kp} jpk g`cndkl |g hjekmgb|pn`{|ngb} |g j o{bl |fj| tncc hjnbc~ ypgvnlk pk|npkhkb| `kbkon|}" Nb 099=# |fk}k|fpkk }mfkhk}# |jekb |gdk|fkp# tkpk k}|nhj|kl |g mgvkp j`g{| 6;9#999 tgpekp}"

]|jp|kl nb :>64# |fk Ojphkp} Ykb}ngb jbl ]gmnjc ]km{pn|~ @kbkon| }mfkhk n}|jpdk|kl j| |fk |tg hnccngb ykp}gb} k}|nhj|kl |g `k nbvgcvkl nb jdpnm{c|{pjcjm|nvn|nk} nb ]pn Cjbej" \fk ypgdpjhhk gookp} j hgb|fc~ gcl(jdk ykb}ngb }|jp|nbd j|jdk ?9 ~kjp}# j lkj|f dpj|{n|~ jbl j ln}j`ncn|~ `kbkon|" Kcndn`ncn|~ pkz{npkhkb|} ogp|fn} }mfkhk nbmc{lk |fk jhg{b| go cjbl gtbkl `~ |fk ojphkp jbl |fk |~yk go mpgy|fj| fk dpgt}" J| |fk kbl go 099; |fn} }mfkhk fjl jchg}| 699#999 hkh`kp}"

]{yyg}klc~ o{cc~ o{blkl `~ hkh`kp} mgb|pn`{|ngb}# |fn} o{bl n} `j}kl gb |fk

gykpj|nbd j}}{hy|ngb |fj| |fk dgvkpbhkb| tncc ypgvnlk n| tn|f yjp|njc o{blnbd nb |fko{|{pk" Fkbmk# no |fn} }mfkhk n} }ndbnonmjb|c~ kyjblkl# |fk dgvkpbhkb| mg{cl ojmk jyg|kb|njcc~ cjpdk o{|{pk onbjbmnjc cnj`ncn|~"

\fk On}fkphkb} Ykb}ngb jbl ]gmnjc ]km{pn|~ @kbkon| ]mfkhk n} }nhncjp |g |fj| ogpojphkp}" J| |fk kbl go 099;# n| fjl ;4#999 hkh`kp}" ]nhncjp nb }|p{m|{pk |g |fkg|fkp |tg }mfkhk}# |fk Ykb}ngb jbl ]gmnjc ]km{pn|~ ]mfkhk ogp |fk ]kco(Khycg~klgookp} `g|f ykb}ngb jbl ln}j`ckhkb| `kbkon|}" Nb 099; n| nbmc{lkl j`g{| ==#999hkh`kp}# tfg fjvk |g hkk| mkp|jnb mpn|kpnj# }{mf j} `knbd nb }ykmnonkl gmm{yj|ngbjcmj|kdgpnk} jbl bg| `knbd nb j yg}n|ngb |g yj~ nbmghk |jk}"

Nb jlln|ngb |g |fk j`gvk ypgdpjhhk}# |fkpk n} jc}g j ]jh{plfn ]gmnjc ]km{pn|~ \p{}|

O{bl" ]jh{plfn n} j bj|ngbjc ygvkp|~ jcckvnj|ngb ypgdpjhhk |fj| ypgvnlk} nbmghk|pjb}okp} |g |fk yggp" N|} \p{}| O{bl n} lk}ndbkl |g lkl{m| j ygp|ngb go |fk}k|pjb}okp} j} j mgb|pn`{|ngb |g jb nb}{pjbmk o{bl |fj| mjb ypgvnlk `kbkon|} ogp lkj|f#}nmebk}} jbl |fk hjppnjdk go j mfncl"

\fg{df ]pn Cjbej fj} jb nhypk}}nvk jppj~ go }gmnjc(nb}{pjbmk ypgdpjhhk}#z{k}|ngb} fjvk `kkb pjn}kl j`g{| |fk jlkz{jm~ go |fknp `kbkon|} jbl |fknp}{}|jnbj`ncn|~ &Tgpcl @jbe# 099?." N| n} jcckdkl# ogp kjhyck# |fj| pk|npkhkb| `kbkon|}gookpkl |g y{`cnm(}km|gp tgpekp} jpk fndf pkcj|nvk |g |fknp ypk(pk|npkhkb| nbmghk}#jbl jpk gookpkl |gg kjpc~# bjhkc~# j| ;; ~kjp} go jdk" Hgpkgvkp# |fk ypnvj|k}mfkhk}# }{mf j} |fk Khycg~kk Ypgvnlkb| O{bl# jpk pkygp|kl |g gookp `kbkon|} |fj|jpk nbjlkz{j|k ogp cgbdkvn|~ nb}{pjbmk" Nb jlln|ngb# |fk }mfkhk} ogp tgpekp} nb |fknbogphjc kmgbgh~ gookp o{|{pk `kbkon|} |fj| jpk bg| nblkkl |g nbocj|ngb"

Hgpkgvkp# nb |g|jc# jcc go |fk j`gvk ypgdpjhhk} }|ncc mgvkp gbc~ j`g{| gbk |fnpl go|fk cj`g{p ogpmk" Onbjbmnbd }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk nb ]pn Cjbej# kvkb ogp |fk m{ppkb|yg|kb|njc `kbkonmnjpnk}# jyykjp} |g `k ypg`ckhj|nm" @kogpk ypgdpjhhk} ogp ogphjc(}km|gp tgpekp}# `g|f y{`cnm jbl ypnvj|k# mg{cl `k }ndbnonmjb|c~ kyjblkl |g tgpekp}nb |fk cjpdk nbogphjc kmgbgh~# |fknp gtb cgbd(|kph onbjbmnbd tg{cl jyyjpkb|c~ fjvk|g `k }|pkbd|fkbkl"

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\fk m{ppkb| koogp|} go ]pn Cjbej |g kyjbl |fk kn}|nbd }mfkhk} ogp nbogphjc(}km|gptgpekp} ojmk }ndbnonmjb| mgb}|pjnb|} ogp |tg nb|kp(pkcj|kl pkj}gb}" Onp}|# |fk~ fjvk |gpkc~ gb mgb|pn`{|ngb} opgh tgpekp} tfg fjvk cgt# jbl go|kb vjpnj`ck# nbmghk}" \f{}#|fk}k ypgdpjhhk} fjvk fjl |g `{ncl nb ypgvn}ngb} ogp o{|{pk dgvkpbhkb| }{`}nlnk}"@{|# }kmgbl# no |fk Dgvkpbhkb| n} jcpkjl~ }|pjnbnbd |g onbjbmk ypgdpjhhk} ogp

ogphjc(}km|gp tgpekp}# }{mf j} ykb}ngb `kbkon|} ogp mnvnc }kpvjb|}# n| tncc fjvklnoonm{c|nk} nb |jenbd gb bkt pk}ygb}n`ncn|nk} ogp j h{mf cjpdkp dpg{ynbd go tgpekp}"

\fk Yfncnyynbk} ]gmnjc Nb}{pjbmk

Dgvkpbhkb| jdkbmnk} nb |fk Yfncnyynbk} ypgvnlk }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk ypgdpjhhk} ogp`g|f y{`cnm(}km|gp jbl ypnvj|k(}km|gp tgpekp}" Ogp |fk ogphkp# |fk ypgdpjhhk n} |fkDgvkpbhkb| ]kpvnmk Nb}{pjbmk ]~}|kh &D]N]. jbl ogp |fk cj||kp# |fk ]gmnjc ]km{pn|~]~}|kh &]]]."

Hkh`kp}fny n} mghy{c}gp~ ogp `g|f ypgdpjhhk} ogp pkdn}|kpkl khycg~kp} jbl |fknpkhycg~kk}" @kbkon|} jpk `j}kl gb hgb|fc~ mgb|pn`{|ngb} `~ `g|f khycg~kk} jbl

khycg~kp}" \fk ]]] n} |fk cjpdkp go |fk |tg ypgdpjh}" Nb 099;# ogp nb}|jbmk# n|mgvkpkl j`g{| 0: hnccngb ypnvj|k(}km|gp khycg~kk}" Nb |fk }jhk ~kjp# |fkDgvkpbhkb| ]kpvnmk Nb}{pjbmk ]~}|kh mgvkpkl gbc~ j`g{| :"? hnccngb y{`cnm(}km|gptgpekp}"

@g|f ]]] jbl D]N] gookp j pjbdk go }gmnjc(nb}{pjbmk `kbkon|}1 pk|npkhkb| nbmghk j}tkcc j} mghykb}j|ngb ogp hj|kpbn|~# }nmebk}}# ln}j`ncn|~# khycg~hkb| nba{p~ jbllkj|f"

Nb|kpk}|nbdc~# |fk ]gmnjc ]km{pn|~ ]~}|kh fj} }g{df| |g kyjbl n|} mgvkpjdk |gnbmc{lk |fk }kco(khycg~kl jbl tgpekp} nb |fk nbogphjc }km|gp" \fk }kco(khycg~klnbmc{lk |fg}k tfg gykpj|k `{}nbk}}k}# ojphkp}# on}fkphkb jbl gvkp}kj} mgb|pjm|

tgpekp}" Nb 099;# ]]] mgvkpkl gvkp onvk hnccngb go }{mf tgpekp}"

Nbogphjc(}km|gp tgpekp} jpk lkonbkl j} |fg}k tfg pkmknvk nppkd{cjp nbmghk# |fk{blkpkhycg~kl# }hjcc vkblgp} jbl }hjcc(}mjck |pjb}ygp|j|ngb gykpj|gp}" \g z{jcno~ogp |fk ypgdpjhhk# nbogphjc(}km|gp tgpekp} bkkl |g `k hkh`kp} go jb j}}gmnj|ngbgp gpdjbnqj|ngb jbl yj~ j hgb|fc~ ypkhn{h |fpg{df ]]J(jmmpkln|kl `jbe}" J} go099?# gvkp >; cjt# jcc Oncnynbg} jpk g`cndkl |g kbpgc nb |fk Mgpygpj|ngb} Bj|ngbjc Fkjc|fNb}{pjbmk Ypgdpjh" J} go 099># 60 ykp mkb| go |fk |g|jc ygy{cj|ngb tj} mgvkpkljmmgplnbd |g dgvkpbhkb| y{`cnmj|ngb}" Fgtkvkp# g|fkp k}|nhj|k} &`j}kl gb 0994lj|j. }{ddk}| |fj| gbc~ ?6 ykp mkb| go dgvkpbhkb| tgpekp} jbl


34/58

099;# |fk ypgdpjhhk mcjnhkl |g fjvk kbpgcckl j`g{| ; hnccngb nb 099;# =9 hnccngb tkpk k}|nhj|kl |g`k nb |fk ogphjc }km|gp jbl ?; hnccngb nb |fk nbogphjc }km|gp" \fk}k }|j|n}|nm}fndfcndf| |fk lj{b|nbd mfjcckbdk |fj| Nblgbk}nj tncc mgbopgb| nb nhyckhkb|nbd n|}099< cjt" Fgt tncc nbogphjc(}km|gp tgpekp}# tfg mghypn}k gvkp |tg(|fnpl} go jcctgpekp}# `k mgvkpkl7

Gbc~ j`g{| :0 ykp mkb| go |fk tgpeogpmk tj} mgvkpkl `~ ykb}ngb} jbl gcl(jdk`kbkon|} nb 099;" Mnvnc }kpvjb|} jmmg{b|kl ogp gvkp og{p ykpmkb|jdk ygnb|} go |fn}|g|jc tfnck tgpekp} nb |fk ypnvj|k ogphjc }km|gp jmmg{b|kl ogp gvkp }kvkbykpmkb|jdk ygnb|}" Nb mgb|pj}|# Nblgbk}nj} fkjc|f nb}{pjbmk }~}|kh mgvkpkl j`g{|


35/58

jyyjpkb|c~ mgb|pn`{|k |fk cngb} }fjpk go o{blnbd ogp |fk vjpng{} }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk`kbkon|} |fj| lg kn}| ogp ypnvj|k(}km|gp tgpekp}"

\fkpk jpk vkp~ okt }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk ypgdpjhhk} jvjncj`ck |g nbogphjc }km|gptgpekp}" \fn} ypg`ckh n} kjmkp`j|kl ogp |fk hjb~ v{cbkpj`ck bgb(yggp tgpekp} nb|fk cjpdk nbogphjc }km|gp &@kblkp jbl Ebg}}# 0996." \fn} n} j bg|j`ck ojncnbd go |fk

}~}|kh `{| |fn} n} j ypg`ckh mghhgb jhgbd hjb~ hnllck(nbmghk mg{b|pnk}" Tfnckogphjc(}km|gp tgpekp} mjb `k mgvkpkl `~ mgb|pn`{|gp~ }mfkhk} jbl |fk yggp `~ |j(onbjbmkl }gmnjc j}}n}|jbmk# |fk v{cbkpj`ck hnllck }|pj|j go |fk tgpeogpmk jpkkmc{lkl opgh `g|f }k|} go ypgdpjhhk}"

Nb Nblgbk}nj# |fk hjagp kmky|ngb |g |fn} dkbkpjc p{ck n} |fk J}ek}enb fkjc|fnb}{pjbmk ypgdpjhhk# tfnmf |jpdk|} |j(onbjbmkl `kbkon|} |g ?9 hnccngb yggpNblgbk}njb}# hjb~ go tfgh jpk nb |fk nbogphjc }km|gp" \fn} ypgdpjh gookp}}{`}nlnqkl hjbjdkl mjpk nb y{`cnm fkjc|f mcnbnm} jbl nbyj|nkb| mjpk nb fg}yn|jc}" Jpkmkb| j}}k}}hkb| go |fk ypgdpjhhk nblnmj|k} |fj| n| lgk} nblkkl kookm|nvkc~ |jpdk||fk yggp jbl hg}| v{cbkpj`ck }kdhkb|} go |fk ygy{cj|ngb &]yjppgt k| jc"# 09:9."

Nblgbk}nj ojmk} j b{h`kp go hjagp f{plck} nb k|kblnbd }gmnjc(nb}{pjbmk mgvkpjdk|g |fk kb|npk ygy{cj|ngb" Ogp kjhyck# |fk Ajh}g}|ke ypgdpjhhk ogp tgpekp} nb |fkogphjc ypnvj|k }km|gp fj} cnhn|kl mgvkpjdk" G{| go jb k}|nhj|kl 0; hnccngb tgpekp}nb |fn} }km|gp nb 099;# |fk ypgdpjhhk mgvkpkl gbc~ j`g{| }kvkb hnccngb# gp j`g{| 06ykp mkb|" Hgpkgvkp# |fk pkjc pj|k} go pk|{pb gb tgpekp} }jvnbd} jmmg{b|} fjvk bg|`kkb fndf" \fknp `kbkon|} j| pk|npkhkb| jdk jpk bg| cnekc~ |g `k jlkz{j|k ogp }kvkpjcpkj}gb}# bjhkc~# jb kjpc~ pk|npkhkb| jdk &;; ~kjp} gcl.# kjpc~ tn|flpjtjc} go o{bl}ogp g|fkp y{pyg}k} jbl cgt mgb|pn`{|ngb pj|k}# nb jlln|ngb |g nbjlkz{j|k nbvk}|hkb|pk|{pb} gb |fk o{bl"

\fk ykb}ngb jbl }jvnbd} ypgdpjhhk} ogp mnvnc }kpvjb|} jpk `j}kl gb lkonbkl`kbkon|}# bg| mgb|pn`{|ngb}# jbl 6; ykp mkb| go |fk `kbkon|} jpk onbjbmkl opgh |fk

]|j|k `{ldk|" \fk `kbkon|} nb |fk}k ypgdpjhhk} jpk h{mf `k||kp |fjb |fg}k ogpypnvj|k(}km|gp tgpekp}" Fgtkvkp# j hjagp ypg`ckh ojmnbd onbjbmnbd n} |fj| |fkb{h`kp go mnvnc(}kpvjb| ykb}ngbkp} jbl |fknp |g|jc ~kjp} go pk|npkhkb| jpk cnekc~ |gpn}k }ndbnonmjb|c~ nb |fk o{|{pk j} |fknp jvkpjdk cnok kykm|jbm~ mgb|nb{k} |gnbmpkj}k" \fn} tncc ycjmk jb nbmpkj}nbd }|pjnb gb |fk dgvkpbhkb| `{ldk|" \f{}# |fkpkjpk {bpk}gcvkl z{k}|ngb} j`g{| |fk cgbd(|kph }{}|jnbj`ncn|~ go |fk}k ypgdpjhhk}"

J fkjc|f(nb}{pjbmk ypgdpjhhk |fj| n} j`ck |g mgvkp |fk kb|npk Nblgbk}njbygy{cj|ngb hndf| `k okj}n`ck nb |fk o{|{pk ypgvnlkl |fj| n|} ypgvn}ngb} jpk yfj}kl nbgvkp |nhk" Ogp kjhyck# j dgvkpbhkb| ypngpn|~ mg{cl `k |g yfj}k nb mgvkpjdk go |fkhn}}nbd hnllck go |fk v{cbkpj`ck bgb(yggp gvkp j b{h`kp gp ~kjp}" \fn} tg{clypgvnlk fkjc|f mjpk |g hnllck mcj}} }kdhkb|} go |fk ygy{cj|ngb |fj| jpk {pdkb|c~ nbbkkl go }{mf mgvkpjdk"

]{hhnbd [y

G{p }fgp| pkvnkt go |fk fndfcndf|} go }gmnjc(nb}{pjbmk ypgdpjh} nb Hjcj~}nj# ]pnCjbej# |fk Yfncnyynbk} jbl Nblgbk}nj pjn}k} j b{h`kp go nhygp|jb| n}}{k} ogp o{p|fkppkockm|ngb jbl pk}kjpmf" \fk}k n}}{k} jc}g ygnb| |gtjpl} }ghk ygcnm~ nhycnmj|ngb}"

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]ghk go |fk ykb}ngb ypgdpjhhk} ogp mnvnc }kpvjb|} fjvk mghk {blkp mcg}k }mp{|nb~`kmj{}k go mgbmkpb} |fj| |fk~ jpk bg| onbjbmnjcc~ }{}|jnbj`ck" Lkonbkl(`kbkon|ykb}ngb ypgdpjhhk} ogp y{`cnm(}km|gp tgpekp} jyykjp ypg`ckhj|nm nb ojmk golkhgdpjyfnm mfjbdk} |fj| jpk cnekc~ |g nbmpkj}k |fk yggc go `kbkonmnjpnk} jbl |fkykpngl gvkp tfnmf |fk~ tncc pkmknvk `kbkon|}" \fn} jyykjp} |g `k |fk mj}k nb `g|fHjcj~}nj jbl ]pn Cjbej# tfkpk ykb}ngb ypgdpjhhk} ogp mnvnc }kpvjb|} fjvk

jyykjpkl |g `k ojnpc~ dkbkpg{} |fg{df hgb|fc~ `kbkon|} gvkp jb k|kblkl ykpngl gopk|npkhkb| hndf| ypgvk |g `k nbjlkz{j|k"

Ykb}ngb `kbkon|} ogp tgpekp} nb |fk ypnvj|k ogphjc }km|gp |kbl |g `k ck}} dkbkpg{}|fjb ogp tgpekp} nb |fk y{`cnm }km|gp" Nb |fk ypnvj|k }km|gp# ykb}ngb ypgdpjhhk}|kbl |g `k `j}kl gb lkonbkl mgb|pn`{|ngb} nb}|kjl go lkonbkl `kbkon|}" @{|# hgpknhygp|jb|c~# |fk~ dkbkpjcc~ pkjmf j hnbgpn|~ go kcndn`ck tgpekp}" Nb }ghk mj}k}# ck}}dkbkpg{} gcl(jdk }jvnbd} o{bl} |jek |fk ycjmk go ykb}ngb ypgdpjhhk}"

Nb }ghk mg{b|pnk}# }{mf j} ]pn Cjbej jbl |fk Yfncnyynbk}# |fkpk fjvk `kkb cj{lj`ckkoogp|} |g k|kbl ykb}ngb mgvkpjdk |g tgpekp} nb |fk nbogphjc }km|gp &n"k"# |fkhjagpn|~ go |fk tgpeogpmk." Fgtkvkp# |fk}k koogp|} fjvk kbag~kl gbc~ hglk}|

}{mmk}}# kn|fkp nb |kph} go kyjblnbd mgvkpjdk gp gookpnbd jlkz{j|k `kbkon|}" \fkmkb|pjc mgb|pjlnm|ngb ogp }{mf ypgdpjhhk} n} |fj| |fk ]|j|k fj} |g }|ky nb |g ypgvnlk|j(onbjbmkl `kbkon|} |g tgpekp} tfg jpk ck}} j`ck |g hjek mgb|pn`{|ngb} |g |fknpgtb pk|npkhkb| |fjb ogphjc(}km|gp tgpekp}"

Mgppk}ygblnbdc~# no |fk ]|j|k tncc {c|nhj|kc~ fjvk |g {}k |j pkvkb{k |g onbjbmk }{mf}mfkhk}# |fkb nbogphjc(}km|gp tgpekp} tncc fjvk |g mgb|pn`{|k }ndbnonmjb|c~ hgpk|jk} |fjb |fk~ m{ppkb|c~ lg" Gbk gy|ngb n} |g nb}|n|{|k hgpk mghypkfkb}nvk nblnpkm||jj|ngb kycnmn|c~ kjphjpekl ogp }{mf j y{pyg}k" ]nbmk }{mf |jj|ngb &}{mf j} j}jck} |j gp j _J\. |kbl} |g `k hgpk pkdpk}}nvk |fjb lnpkm| |jj|ngb &}{mf j} gbnbmghk}.# tgpekp} nb |fk nbogphjc }km|gp tg{cl `k nhycnmn|c~ onbjbmnbd |fknp gtbpk|npkhkb| o{bl"

Fkjc|f nb}{pjbmk ypgdpjhhk} jpk jbg|fkp nhygp|jb| vkfnmck go }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk nbJ}nj jbl |fk Yjmnonm" Mg{b|pnk} }{mf j} Hjcj~}nj# |fk Yfncnyynbk} jbl Nblgbk}nj fjvk}g{df| |g ypgvnlk tnlk}ypkjl mgvkpjdk ogp }{mf nb}{pjbmk" ]ghk go |fk mg{b|pnk}#}{mf j} Nblgbk}nj# fjvk ogm{}kl gb ypgvnlnbd `j}nm fkjc|f mjpk |g |fk yggp jblv{cbkpj`ck" Ogp fkjc|f nb}{pjbmk ypgdpjhhk} nb dkbkpjc# |j onbjbmnbd n} cnekc~ |gfjvk |g `k mgh`nbkl tn|f }ghk ogph go ypnvj|k onbjbmnbd# }{mf j} g{|(go(ygmek|kykb}k} nbm{ppkl ~ fg{}kfgcl}"

Bkvkp|fkck}}# `j}nm fkjc|f nb}{pjbmk jyykjp} |g `k j vkfnmck |fj| fj} }ndbnonmjb|yg|kb|njc |g pkjmf jbl `kbkon| |fk v{cbkpj`ck bgb(yggp j} tkcc j} |fk yggp" \fk bkkl|g lkjc kookm|nvkc~ tn|f fkjc|f pn}e} n} j fndf ypngpn|~ ogp j cjpdk b{h`kp gov{cbkpj`ck cgtkp(hnllck mcj}} fg{}kfgcl} nb J}nj jbl |fk Yjmnonm j} tkcc j} ogp |fkyggp" \f{}# nb |fk mghnbd ykpngl nb}|n|{|nbd }{mf j ogph go }gmnjc nb}{pjbmk hndf||jek ypkmklkbmk nb hjb~ hnllck(nbmghk mg{b|pnk} gvkp j||khy|nbd |g k|kblykb}ngb `kbkon|} |g |fk v{cbkpj`ck cgtkp(hnllck mcj}} gp |fk yggp"


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Kmgbghnm dpgt|f jbl }|p{m|{pjc |pjb}ogphj|ngb nb J}njb HNM} fjvk mpkj|kl bktkhycg~hkb| gyygp|{bn|nk} nb vjpng{} }km|gp} go |fk kmgbgh~ k"d"# nb hjb{ojm|{pkjbl |pjlj`ck }kpvnmk}" Bgbk|fkck}}# {blkpkhycg~hkb| jbl nbogphjc khycg~hkb|pkhjnb }|{``gpbc~ fndf nb hjb~ go |fk}k mg{b|pnk}" Hgpkgvkp# |fk bj|{pk go cj`g{ppkcj|ngb} jbl |fk z{jcn|~ go ag`} jpk ek~ ygcnm~ mgbmkpb} no dpgt|f jbl ypgl{m|nvn|~djnb} jpk |g `k kz{n|j`c~ }fjpkl jhgbd khycg~kp} jbl tgpekp}" Ogp nb}|jbmk# JL@

&099>. jpd{k} |fj| kmgbghnm dpgt|f nb J}nj fj} bg| `kkb nbmc{}nvk }nbmk n| fj} bg|mpkj|kl }{oonmnkb| ypgl{m|nvk ag`}" Efjb &0994. jc}g jpd{k} |fj| |fk j}|gbn}fnbdkmgbghnm dpgt|f go hjb~ J}njb mg{b|pnk} fj} ojnckl |g mpkj|k kbg{df ag`}# yjp|c~l{k |g j lkmcnbnbd khycg~hkb| nb|kb}n|~ go dpgt|f"0< J| |fk }jhk |nhk# kmgbghnmdcg`jcn}j|ngb jbl lkkykp pkdngbjc nb|kdpj|ngb fjvk mgb|pn`{|kl |g jb nbmpkj}klockn`ncn|~ jbl nbogphjcn|~ go ag`} &k"d"# |khygpjp~ mgb|pjm|}."

\fk JL@ &09::. fj} pkmkb|c~ fndfcndf|kl |fk nbjlkz{j|k z{jcn|~ go ag`} nb J}nj" Nbyjp|nm{cjp# |fkpk fj} bg| `kkb j }ndbnonmjb| pn}k nb |fk ypgygp|ngb go ag`} |fj| ypgvnlkj }|j`ck nbmghk jbl ag` }km{pn|~ j} ypkvng{}c~ bg|kl nb |fn} yjykp jbl ypgnkl `~|fk }fjpk go tjdk jbl }jcjpnkl tgpekp} nb |g|jc khycg~hkb|" \fkpkogpk# j }|pgbdogm{} bkkl} |g `k ycjmkl gb nhypgvnbd ag` z{jcn|~# jbl kb}{pnbd |fj| |fk yggp jbl

v{cbkpj`ck }kdhkb|} go }gmnk|~ jpk j`ck |g jmmk}} |fk}k nhypgvkl gyygp|{bn|nk}"\fk JL@} &09::. ygcnm~ pkmghhkblj|ngb} jpk `pgjlc~ nb cnbk tn|f |fg}k }{ddk}|klnb |fn} yjykp# k}ykmnjcc~ nb |kph} go |fk bkkl ogp jm|nvk y{`cnm nb|kpvkb|ngb k"d"#ypghg|nbd nbl{}|pnk} tn|f fndfkp vjc{k jllkl# lkvkcgynbd }encc} jbl f{hjb mjyn|jc#jbl kbfjbmnbd }gmnjc ypg|km|ngb"

Bgbk|fkck}}# ygcnmnk} |g nbmpkj}k ypgl{m|nvn|~ tncc bg| `k }{oonmnkb| |g nhypgvk |fkz{jcn|~ go ag`}# k}ykmnjcc~ nb |kph} go fndfkp pkjc tjdk} jbl `k||kp tgpenbdmgbln|ngb}" Pkjc tjdk nbmpkj}k} go|kb cjd `kfnbl ypgl{m|nvn|~ dpgt|f# yjp|c~ l{k |gypk}}{pk} go nb|kpbj|ngbjc mghyk|n|ngb gb cj`g{p mg}|} jbl tkje mgcckm|nvk`jpdjnbnbd" Fkbmk# |fk ek~ mfjcckbdk n} |g pjn}k cj`g{p ypgl{m|nvn|~ jcgbd tn|f`pgjlkbnbd ogphjc }km|gp khycg~hkb|"

Dgvkpbhkb|} tncc |fkpkogpk bkkl |g ycjmk khycg~hkb| j| |fk |gy go |fknp kmgbghnmygcnm~ g`akm|nvk}" Nb dkbkpjc# |fn} tncc pkz{npk jm|nvk hjmpgkmgbghnm ygcnmnk} |g}|nh{cj|k nbvk}|hkb| jbl kmgbghnm dpgt|f# }|p{m|{pjc ygcnmnk} |g nboc{kbmk |fknb|kb}n|~ go dpgt|f jmpg}} lnookpkb| }km|gp} go |fk kmgbgh~# jbl kz{n|~(ogm{}klygcnmnk} |g nhypgvk jmmk}} |g khycg~hkb| gyygp|{bn|nk} &HmEnbck~# 0996."0; ]{mf jbjyypgjmf |fkpkogpk tjppjb|} jb jm|nvk pgck ogp |fk jccgmj|ngb go y{`cnm nbvk}|hkb|#yjp|nm{cjpc~ nb kmgbghnm jbl }gmnjc nbopj}|p{m|{pk# nb gplkp |g }|nh{cj|k ypnvj|knbvk}|hkb|" N| jc}g nhycnk} |fk {}k go y{`cnm nbmkb|nvk} |g nbl{mk onbjbmnjcnb}|n|{|ngb} |g lnpkm| mpkln| |g mkp|jnb y{pyg}k} &}{mf j} nbbgvj|ngb. gp }km|gp} &k"d"#|fg}k yg|kb|njcc~ mghyk|n|nvk." \fk}k ygcnmnk} mgh`nbk lkhjbl(}nlk }|nh{c{} tn|fcgbdkp(|kph }{yyc~(}nlk nhyjm|} gb kyjblnbd |fk kmgbgh~} ypgl{m|nvk yg|kb|njc"

0< \fn} nb |{pb fj} tkjekbkl |fk nhyjm| go kmgbghnm dpgt|f gb |fk nbmghk} go |fk yggp" \fk j{|fgpjpd{k} |fj| |fk }fjpy ojcc nb |fk khycg~hkb| nb|kb}n|~ go dpgt|f tj} |fk ek~ ypg`ckh nb Mfnbj jblNblnj# tfnck nb Nblgbk}nj jbl \fjncjbl n| tj} mghyg{blkl `~ j lkmcnbk nb kmgbghnm dpgt|f" Nb |fkYfncnyynbk} jbl ]pn Cjbej# yggp khycg~hkb| ykpogphjbmk tj} hg}|c~ l{k |g nbjlkz{j|k dpgt|f gpdpgt|f ~yj}}nbd |fk kmgbghnm }km|gp} tfkpk yggp tgpekp} tkpk mgbmkb|pj|kl"

0; Nb |fn} yjykp# tk lg bg| ogm{} gb ygcnmnk} jnhkl j| jmmkckpj|nbd kmgbghnm dpgt|f# `{| pj|fkpypgyg}k kz{n|~(ogm{}kl ygcnmnk} |fj|# jc|fg{df ycj~nbd j }{`gplnbj|k pgck# jpk mp{mnjc |g kb}{pk jbkz{n|j`ck jmmk}} |g |fk gyygp|{bn|nk} mpkj|kl ~ kmgbghnm dpgt|f"

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Nb gplkp |g kbfjbmk khycg~hkb| dpgt|f jbl cj`g{p ypgl{m|nvn|~# |fk}k ygcnmnk} tnccbkkl |g jllpk}} }ykmnonm cj`g{p hjpek| mfjpjm|kpn}|nm}" \fk}k tkpk fndfcndf|kl nb]km|ngb 0 jbl nbmc{lk1 &n. j pjynlc~ dpgtnbd cj`g{p ogpmk# hg}|c~ l{k |g m{ppkb|yj||kpb} go lkhgdpjyfnm |pjb}n|ngb5 &nn. fndf ckvkc} go {blkpkhycg~hkb| jcgbd tn|fpkcj|nvkc~ cgt {bkhycg~hkb| pj|k}5 &nnn. cjpdk nbogphjc {p`jb jbl p{pjc cj`g{phjpek|} &cjmenbd z{jcn|~ khycg~hkb| jbl }gmnjc ypg|km|ngb. jbl j }hjcc ogphjc

kmgbgh~5 &nv. tnlk}ypkjl cgt ypgl{m|nvn|~ jbl tjdk ckvkc}# |f{} ckjlnbd |g j cjpdkb{h`kp go tgpenbd yggp5 &v. }ndbnonmjb| dkblkp ln}yjpn|nk}# tn|f okhjck {blkp(pkypk}kb|j|ngb nb |fk ogphjc kmgbgh~ `{| gvkp(pkypk}kb|j|ngb nb |fk nbogphjc}km|gp5 jbl &vn. j fndf ypgygp|ngb go ~g{|f nb |fk cj`g{p ogpmk# jc|fg{df hgpk cnekc~|g `k {bkhycg~kl gp {blkpkhycg~kl &Mjqk} jbl _kpnme# 09:9." Nb jllpk}}nbd |fk}kn}}{k}# tk tncc ekky j `pgjl ogm{} gb |fk yggp jbl |fk v{cbkpj`ck }|pj|j go |fkhnllck mcj}}"

J}njb HNM} ojmk |fk mgb}nlkpj`ck |j}e go mpkj|nbd ypgl{m|nvk jbl lkmkb| ag`} nb|fknp pjynlc~ mfjbdnbd kmgbghnk}" Okcnyk jbl Fj}jb &099?. fndfcndf| og{p hjnbjpkj} go mgbmkpb nb J}njb cj`g{p hjpek|}" Onp}|# khycg~hkb| dpgt|f pj|k} fjvk bg|eky| yjmk tn|f g{|y{| jbl ypgl{m|nvn|~ dpgt|f" Nb ojm|# kvnlkbmk }{ddk}|} |fj| |fk

khycg~hkb| kcj}|nmn|~ go dpgt|f fj} lkmcnbkl gvkp |nhk" \fn} |pkbl }{ddk}|} |fj|ogp jb~ dnvkb ckvkc go DLY dpgt|f |fk b{h`kp go ag`} `knbd mpkj|kl n} lkmcnbnbd"]kmgbl# lk}yn|k mgb}nlkpj`ck pkl{m|ngb} nb ygvkp|~ pj|k}# }yj|njc jbl pkdngbjc&nbmc{lnbd nbmghk jbl bgb(nbmghk. nbkz{jcn|nk} jpk nbmpkj}nbd" \fn} n} nb|pnb}nmjcc~cnbekl |g |fk ckvkc jbl ln}|pn`{|ngb go cj`g{p kjpbnbd}" Ogp nb}|jbmk# |fk nbmghk djy`k|tkkb {p`jb jbl p{pjc jpkj} n} nbmpkj}nbd nb hjb~ mg{b|pnk}# j} tkcc j} tn|fnbnbmpkj}nbdc~ }kdhkb|kl {p`jb jpkj}" Kvnlkbmk }{ddk}|} |fj| |fk nbmghk} go |fkpkcj|nvkc~ ln}jlvjb|jdkl &}j~# |fk `g||gh ?9 ykp mkb| go |fk nbmghk ln}|pn`{|ngb.dpkt j| j }ndbnonmjb|c~ }cgtkp yjmk |fjb jvkpjdk nbmghk}" \fnpl# nbogphjckhycg~hkb| pkhjnb} fndf jbl nb }ghk mj}k} n} nbmpkj}nbd" \fn} n} yjp|c~ l{k |g |fk}cgt lkmcnbk go jdpnm{c|{pjc khycg~hkb| &tfnmf |kbl} |g `k nbogphjc. jbl |fk ojm||fj| hjb~ go |fk bkt ag`} mpkj|kl g{|}nlk jdpnm{c|{pk jpk nb |fk nbogphjc }km|gp

k}ykmnjcc~ nb cgt(ypgl{m|nvn|~ }kpvnmk}" Og{p|f# ogphjc khycg~hkb| n} nbmpkj}nbdc~mfjpjm|kpn}kl `~ ag` nb}km{pn|~# l{k |g j hjpekl nbmpkj}k nb bgb(pkd{cjp mgb|pjm|}"

Tn|f pkdjpl |g |fk ygcnm~ mfjcckbdk}# Mjqk} jbl _kpnme &09:9. jpd{k |fj| |fk cjme goon}mjc }yjmk nb hjb~ lkvkcgynbd mg{b|pnk} yjp|njcc~ l{k |g nbjlkz{j|k |j `j}k} jbl cnhn|kl jlhnbn}|pj|nvk jbl nb}|n|{|ngbjc mjyjmn|~ jpk ek~ mgb}|pjnb|} |g |fkkookm|nvk nhyckhkb|j|ngb go khycg~hkb| jbl }gmnjc ypg|km|ngb ygcnmnk}# j} tkcc j}kbogpmnbd kn}|nbd cj`g{p ckdn}cj|ngb" Nb jlln|ngb# }gmnjc lnjcgd{k jbl mgcckm|nvk`jpdjnbnbd hkmfjbn}h} jpk go|kb tkje# yjp|c~ `kmj{}k tgpekp} gpdjbn}j|ngb} jpktkje gp }nhyc~ bgb(kn}|kb|" Yj}}nvk cj`g{p hjpek| ygcnmnk}# }{mf j} {bkhycg~hkb|nb}{pjbmk# jpk go|kb nbjlkz{j|k gp bgb(kn}|kb|" Onbjcc~# jm|nvk cj`g{p hjpek|ygcnmnk}# }{mf j} |pjnbnbd }mfkhk}# jpk pjpk jbl }ghk|nhk} nbjyypgypnj|k ogppkckvjb| }encc lkvkcgyhkb|" Fgtkvkp# khycg~hkb| d{jpjb|kk }mfkhk} jblmgbln|ngbjc mj}f |pjb}okp ypgdpjhhk} fjvk lkhgb}|pj|kl }ghk yg|kb|njc ogpnhypgvnbd cj`g{p(hjpek| g{|mghk}"

\fk ypkvng{} }km|ngb bg|kl |fj| dgvkpbhkb| }ykblnbd gb cj`g{p hjpek| ygcnmnk} n}vkp~ hglk}| &\j`ck 0:." Kvkb nb Mfnbj# Nblnj jbl _nk| Bjh# tfkpk y{`cnmkykbln|{pk gb cj`g{p hjpek| ypgdpjhhk} n} pkcj|nvkc~ fndf# }ykblnbd n} kz{nvjckb||g ck}} |fjb 9"; ykp mkb| go DLY" \fn} mj|kdgp~ nbmc{lk} lnpkm| khycg~hkb|

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dkbkpj|ngb &}{mf j} hnmpgkb|kpypn}k lkvkcgyhkb| jbl y{`cnm tgpe} ypgdpjhhk}.#khycg~hkb| }kpvnmk}# jbl }encc} lkvkcgyhkb| jbl |pjnbnbd"0? Fgtkvkp# h{mf go |fn}}ykblnbd n} dkjpkl |g }kpvnbd |fk bkkl} go pkd{cjp tgpekp} nb k}|j`cn}fkl &ogphjcc~pkdn}|kpkl. ypnvj|k(}km|gp kb|kpypn}k} jbl mnvnc }kpvjb|} nb |fk y{`cnm }km|gp" Fkbmk#bg| gbc~ jpk |fk }ykblnbd jhg{b|} hglk}|# `{| jc}g |fk mgvkpjdk go |fj| }ykblnbd|kbl} |g `k cnhn|kl" Fkbmk# |fk ek~ mfjcckbdk n} |g `gg}| }ykblnbd gb hkj}{pk} |fj|

k|kbl `k~gbl ogphjc }km|gp khycg~hkb|"

_jblkb`kpd &0996. ypgvnlk} jb kvjc{j|ngb go khycg~hkb| ygcnmnk} nb }n J}njbmg{b|pnk} &\j`ck 00." Jc|fg{df |fn} }jhyck lgk} bg| kjm|c~ mgppk}ygbl |g g{pgpndnbjc }kckm|ngb go mg{b|pnk}# n| bgbk|fkck}} mgvkp} |fk hjnb okj|{pk} kfn`n|kl `~g{p }jhyck" Khycg~hkb| }km{pn|~ n} lkonbkl j} |fk }km{pn|~ go pkhjnbnbd tn|f jbkhycg~kp# tfnck cj`g{p hjpek| }km{pn|~ pkokp} |g }{yygp| ogp khycg~hkb| |pjb}n|ngb}&nb jlln|ngb |g j hglkpj|k ckvkc go khycg~hkb| }km{pn|~." \fk j{|fgp jpd{k} |fj|]g{|f J}njb mg{b|pnk} &Nblnj jbl ]pn Cjbej. fjvk bg| hjlk |fk |pjb}n|ngb opgh}~}|kh} go khycg~hkb| }km{pn|~ |g `pgjlkp }~}|kh} go cj`g{p hjpek| }km{pn|~"

\fk |j`ck jc}g fndfcndf|} |fk |fpkk ek~ mghygbkb|} go khycg~hkb| ygcnmnk}1 &n.

khycg~hkb| ypg|km|ngb ckdn}cj|ngb5 &nn. yj}}nvk cj`g{p hjpek| ygcnmnk}5 jbl &nnn.jm|nvk cj`g{p hjpek| ygcnmnk}" Khycg~hkb| ypg|km|ngb ckdn}cj|ngb &KYC. {}{jcc~nbmc{lk} ckdn}cj|ngb gb pk|pkbmfhkb| &k"d"# |fk bg|nmk ykpngl jbl |fk bkkl ogpdgvkpbhkb| j{|fgpn}j|ngb.# ypg|km|ngb jdjnb}| tpgbdo{c ln}hn}}jc# jblhj|kpbjc'yjpkb|jc ckjvk"04 Yj}}nvk cj`g{p hjpek| ygcnmnk} &YCHY. |pjln|ngbjcc~ gookp|khygpjp~ nbmghk }km{pn|~" Kjhyck} jpk {bkhycg~hkb| nb}{pjbmk# }kvkpjbmk yj~#jbl kjpc~ pk|npkhkb|" Onbjcc~# jm|nvk cj`g{p hjpek| ygcnmnk} &JCHY. jpk jnhkl j|fkcynbd |fk {bkhycg~kl nb hjenbd |pjb}n|ngb} |g bkt ag`}" \fk}k nbmc{lk ag` }kjpmfj}}n}|jbmk# }encc} lkvkcgyhkb| &|pjnbnbd jbl pk(|pjnbnbd.# lnpkm| khycg~hkb|dkbkpj|ngb &k"d"# y{`cnm tgpe} ypgdpjhhk}.# ypghg|ngb go }kco(khycg~hkb| jbltjdk }{`}nlnk}"

\j`ck 001 Mcj}}nonmj|ngb go Khycg~hkb| Ygcnmnk}

Gvkpjcc \~yk go]km{pn|~

Khycg~hkb|Ypg|km|ngb

Ckdn}cj|ngb &KYC.

Yj}}nvk Cj`g{pHjpek|

Ygcnmnk} &YCHY.

Jm|nvk Cj`g{pHjpek|

Ygcnmnk} &JCHY.Khycg~

h"Cj`g{pHjpek|

Fndf Hkl" Cgt Fndf Hkl" Cgt Fndf Hkl" Cgt

Mfnbj# YP V V V VNblnj V V V VEgpkj# P V V V VHjcj~}nj V V V V]nbdjygpk V V V V]pn Cjbej V V V V]g{pmk1 _jblkb`kpd &0996.

Nb |kph} go cj`g{p hjpek| pkd{cj|ngb# Nblnj jbl ]pn Cjbej jyykjp |g fjvk }|pgbdkhycg~hkb| ypg|km|ngb ckdn}cj|ngb &KYC." Fgtkvkp# n| }fg{cl `k bg|kl |fj| |fk ckvkcgo mghycnjbmk jbl cjt kbogpmkhkb| n} {}{jcc~ cgt" \fkpkogpk# tfnck KYC hj~ `k}|pgbd lk a{pk# n| n} go|kb tkje lk ojm|g" \fn} hj~ kycjnb tf~ |fkpk n} }{mf cnhn|klkvnlkbmk |fj| cj`g{p ckdn}cj|ngb jm|} j} j mgb}|pjnb| |g khycg~hkb| mpkj|ngb j}

0? Kykbln|{pk gb }encc} lkvkcgyhkb| jbl |pjnbnbd gbc~ z{jcno~ &j} }gmnjc ypg|km|ngb. no |jpdk|kl |gyjp|nm{cjp v{cbkpj`ck dpg{y}# }{mf j} |fk {bkhycg~kl gp ln}jlvjb|jdkl mfnclpkb"

04 KYC n} }ghk|nhk} mcj}}nonkl j} yj}}nvk cj`g{p hjpek| ygcnmnk}"

=>


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{}{jcc~ jlvgmj|kl `~ |fg}k }{yygp|nbd dpkj|kp cj`g{p ockn`ncn|~"06 Hgpkgvkp# cj`g{phjpek| nb}|n|{|ngb} jbl ygcnmnk} fjvk go|kb `kkb j}}k}}kl opgh j y{pk mg}|}ykp}ykm|nvk# pj|fkp |fjb gb |fk `j}n} go j `jcjbmkl jbjc~}n} go |fk bk| kookm|}&Mjqk} jbl _kpnme# 09:9." Ogp nb}|jbmk# kvkb no cj`g{p pkd{cj|ngb} lg pkl{mk ogphjckhycg~hkb|# |fk bk| tkcojpk kookm| mjb }|ncc `k yg}n|nvk gbmk |fk yg|kb|njc `kbkon|}|g `g|f nblnvnl{jc} jbl onph} jpk |jekb nb|g mgb}nlkpj|ngb"0> Onbjcc~# n| }fg{cl `k

bg|kl |fj| KYC |~ynmjcc~ mgvkp} ogphjc khycg~hkb| jbl |fkpkogpk fj} cnhn|kl nhyjm|gb |fk tnlkp cj`g{p hjpek|" Ogp kjhyck# |fk {}{jcc~ cjpdk nbogphjc }km|gp n}`k~gbl |fk }mgyk go KYC# tfnck fndf ckvkc} go }kco(khycg~hkb| jc}g pkblkp hjb~ go|fk}k hkj}{pk} nbkookm|nvk &}nbmk |fkpk n} bg khycg~kp(khycg~kk pkcj|ngb}fny."=9

\fk NCG &0996. }{ddk}|} |fj| hnbnh{h tjdk} fjvk djnbkl }ghk nhygp|jbmk nbJ}nj# jc|fg{df |fn} hndf| yjp|c~ pkockm| |fk pkcj|nvk tkjebk}} go mgcckm|nvk`jpdjnbnbd" Hgpkgvkp# |fk nhyjm| go mgcckm|nvk `jpdjnbnbd gb tjdk} |kbl} |g `kcnhn|kl }nbmk |fk mgvkpjdk pj|k n} {}{jcc~ `kcgt :; ykp mkb|" \fn} mg{cl kycjnb |fktkje pkcj|ngb}fny `k|tkkb tjdk nbmpkj}k} jbl kmgbghnm dpgt|f &n"k"# cgt tjdkkcj}|nmn|~. jbl nbmpkj}nbd tjdk nbkz{jcn|~" Nb ojm|# hnbnh{h tjdk} hndf| fjvk `kkb{}kl j} j }{`}|n|{|k ogp mgcckm|nvk `jpdjnbnbd" Jc|fg{df |fk kvnlkbmk }{ddk}|} |fj|

|fk jlvkp}k kookm|} go hnbnh{h tjdk} gb khycg~hkb| fjvk `kkb kjddkpj|kl#|fknp kookm|nvkbk}} mg{cl `k }ndbnonmjb|c~ nhypgvkl nb gplkp |g hgpk kookm|nvkc~ypg|km| cgt(yjnl tgpekp}"

\fk nhygp|jbmk go yj}}nvk cj`g{p hjpek| ygcnmnk} &YCHY}. jyykjp} |g `k nbmpkj}nbd#j} |fkpk n} j dpgtnbd |kblkbm~ go pkycjmnbd khycg~hkb| ypg|km|ngb ckdn}cj|ngb tn|fbkt gp }|pgbdkp nbmghk }km{pn|~ }mfkhk} &k"d"# {bkhycg~hkb| nb}{pjbmk." Fkbmk#nb}|kjl go hjenbd tgpekp pk|pkbmfhkb| lnoonm{c| ogp khycg~kp}# dgvkpbhkb|} jpkogm{}nbd pk}g{pmk} gb kb}{pnbd |fj| {bkhycg~kl tgpekp} jpk dnvkb nbmghk }{yygp|l{pnbd |fk |pjb}n|ngb |g j bkt ag`" Nbmghk ypg|km|ngb n} yjp|nm{cjpc~ mp{mnjc nb {p`jb}k||nbd}# j} |pjln|ngbjc }{yygp| hkmfjbn}h} &}{mf j} ojhnc~ jbl mghh{bn|nk}. jpk{}{jcc~ cjmenbd ogp hg}| p{pjc(|g({p`jb hndpjb|}" Bgbk|fkck}}# |fk mgvkpjdk go

{bkhycg~hkb| nb}{pjbmk n} {}{jcc~ cnhn|kl `~ |fk kn}|kbmk go j cjpdk nbogphjc}km|gp" Ogp nb}|jbmk# Nblnj} {bkhycg~hkb| jccgtjbmk gbc~ mgvkp} 0 ykp mkb| go |fk|g|jc cj`g{p ogpmk" ]kvkpjbmk yj~ jc}g ypgvnlk} }ghk ckvkc go &|khygpjp~. nbmghk}km{pn|~ |g pk|pkbmfkl tgpekp}" ]pn Cjbej fj} fndf }kvkpjbmk yj~# yg}}n`c~ |gmghykb}j|k ogp |fk cjme go khycg~hkb| nb}{pjbmk# jbl }g lgk} Mfnbj" Nblnj jbl ]pnCjbej jc}g fjvk }ghk ckvkc go dpj|{n|~ yj~ &_jblkb`kpd# 0996."

Nb |kph} go jm|nvk cj`g{p hjpek| ygcnmnk} &JCHY}.# }kvkpjc mg{b|pnk} fjvk mpkj|klkhycg~hkb| |fpg{df y{`cnm tgpe} ypgdpjhhk} &YTY}." \fk}k fjvk }ghk|nhk}`kkb |jpdk|kl |g p{pjc jpkj} &k"d" nb Mfnbj jbl Nblnj. gp {|ncn}kl j} |khygpjp~hkj}{pk} |g jllpk}} |fk kookm|} go bj|{pjc jbl kmgbghnm }fgme} &k"d" nb ]pn Cjbejjbl Egpkj." Nblnj} kykpnkbmk tn|f |fk Hjfj|hj Djblfn Bj|ngbjc P{pjc

06 Nb ojm|# ockn`ncn|~ n} go|kb }kkb opgh |fk cj`g{p lkhjbl }nlk# nb yjp|nm{cjp# |fk kj}k tn|f tfnmfkhycg~kp} mjb onpk'fnpk khycg~kk} jbl jla{}| tgpenbd fg{p}" Fgtkvkp# n| tg{cl k h{mf hgpk {}ko{cno# nb jlln|ngb |g jllpk}}nbd mpkln| mgb}|pjnb|} jbl yggp nbopj}|p{m|{pk# |fk mgbmky| nbmc{lkl cj`g{p}{yyc~ mgbmkpb} }{mf j} |fk j`ncn|~ go tgpekp} |g |jek {y `k||kp tgpe gyygp|{bn|nk}" \fn} }fg{cl ckjl#ogp kjhyck# |g jyypgypnj|k }encc lkvkcgyhkb|# k||kp nbogphj|ngb ocgt} jbl fkjc|f g{|mghk}"

0> \fk}k kbkon|} hndf| nbmc{lk g|f }gmnjc jbl kmgbghnm j}ykm|}# }{mf j} nbmpkj}kl cg~jc|~ jbl|p{}|# j} tkcc j} nbl{mnbd onph} |g nbvk}| nb }ykmnonm }encc} jbl |kmfbgcgdnk}# |f{} ypghg|nbd l~bjhnmkoonmnkbmnk} &pj|fkp |fjb mghyk|nbd gb yggp tgpenbd mgbln|ngb}."

=9 JL@ &099;. ypgvnlk} }mgpk} gb tgpekp ypg|km|ngb ogp nblnvnl{jc J}njb mg{b|pnk}"


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Khycg~hkb| D{jpjb|kk Jm| &HDBPKDJ. n} ykpfjy} |fk `k}| ebgtb kjhyck go jbkhycg~hkb| d{jpjb|kk }mfkhk nb J}nj" Mfnbj fj} jc}g {}kl YTY} |g dkbkpj|k p{pjckhycg~hkb|" Tfnck Nblnj} HDBPKDJ kb|jnc} tjdk yj~hkb|}# Mfnbj} p{pjc tgpe}jpk {}{jcc~ pkh{bkpj|kl `~ yj~hkb|} nb(enbl opgh cgmjc dgvkpbhkb|} &k"d" oggl gpmgb}{hkp dggl}." ]pn Cjbej ypgvnlk} nbmghk |pjb}okp} &|fpg{df oggl }|jhy}. |fj|mjb `k cnbekl |g tgpe nb mghh{bn|~ hjnb|kbjbmk ypgakm|}"

]encc} |pjnbnbd ypgdpjhhk} mjb jc}g fjvk jb nhygp|jb| nhyjm| gb khycg~j`ncn|~"\fk}k ypgdpjhhk} mjb `k |jpdk|kl j| vjpng{} ygy{cj|ngb dpg{y}1 &n. |fk khycg~kl#tn|f |fk g`akm|nvk go ypgvnlnbd gb(|fk(ag` }encc}5 &nn. |fk {bkhycg~kl# ogpmgb}gcnlj|nbd }encc} gp pk|pjnbnbd nb gplkp |g nbmpkj}k khycg~j`ncn|~5 &nnn. |fk ~g{|fjbl tghkb# nb gplkp |g pkl{mk cj`g{p hjpek| nbkz{n|nk}5 jbl &nv. nbogphjc jbl p{pjc}km|gp tgpekp}# nb gplkp |g nbmpkj}k cj`g{p ypgl{m|nvn|~ jbl ojmncn|j|k khycg~hkb||pjb}n|ngb} &_jblkb`kpd# 0996." Ogp nb}|jbmk# Nblnj# Mfnbj jbl ]pn Cjbej fjvkypgdpjhhk} pkcj|kl |g &nv.# tfkpkj} fndfkp(nbmghk mg{b|pnk} |kbl |g ogm{} gb &n.jbl &nn." Jcc go |fk }n mg{b|pnk} mgvkpkl fkpk fjvk jb khycg~hkb| }kpvnmk |g j}}n}|nb hj|mfnbd ag`}kkekp} jbl khycg~kp}" Fgtkvkp# |fknp dkgdpjyfnmjc mgvkpjdk n}{}{jcc~ cnhn|kl" \fk}k }kpvnmk} jpk m{}|ghjpnc~ o{blkl `~ y{`cnm }g{pmk}# jc|fg{df

]pn Cjbej fj} gy|kl ogp j y{`cnm(ypnvj|k yjp|bkp}fny" Onbjcc~# }ghk mg{b|pnk}# }{mf j}Mfnbj# ypgvnlk khycg~hkb| }{`}nlnk} |g ypghg|k fnpnbd nb onph}"

_jblkb`kpd &0996. jpd{k} |fj| |fkpk n} j }|pgbd }{`(pkdngbjc yj||kpb nb |kph} gocj`g{p hjpek| ygcnmnk} ogp |fk }n mg{b|pnk} nb |fk }jhyck" Fk |fkpkogpk gookp} jdkgdpjyfnmjc |~ygcgd~# pj|fkp |fjb gbk `j}kl gb nbmghk# ygy{cj|ngb }nqk gp ckvkc go

social inclusiveness in asia’s middle income countries (paper)

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