1. Characteristics and distribution of settlements

2. An urban planet First Cities 5500 years ago TODAY: 50% of population lives in a city. Most urban development occurred in the last 150 years because of: ACTIVITY 1 complete before continuing CHECK: Population increase and the need for more living space Industrial growth and the expansion and concentration of the workforce Economic growth and consumer demands for goods and services Government requirements to make living space more cost- efficient

3. Communities and settlements A community is a system of interacting and interdependent social groups occupying a particular area. A community is characterised by patterns of demography, ethnicity, income, family structure, religion and culture. Community groups reside in settlements that vary in size from small hamlets to giant megacities. Their location, size and structure depend on the geographical features of an area and its historical, economic and political development SETTLEMENT IS THE RESIDENTIAL INFRASTRUCTURE where people live and work together to carry out a range of activities.

4. Types of communities Mono-functional ( single purpose e.g. mining town) Multifunctional Multicultural Indigenous Ecologically sustainable Activity 2 Check: Mono-functional: rely on a single function: Mt Isa ( mining) Thredbo( Tourism) Port Kemble ( heavy industry) Richmond (airforce base). Multi-functional: mix or range of productive functions such as manufacturing, administration, govern, special purpose. ( Brisbane) Multicultural: a community has specifically moved to welcome and include people with a range of backgrounds ( Toowoomba) Indigenous: preservation of cultural heritage an identity ( Arakun, Cherbourg) sustainable: adopt green practices to improve Ecologically environmental sustainability

5. Features of Settlements - FUNCTIONS Settlements provide a variety of Commercial functions and services to Residential residents. Therefore their design and future planning feature a Industrial broad range of land uses. Administrative Some of these land uses, however are not always Utilities compatible while some need the Transport advantage of agglomeration. Education For example: Heavy industry is Cultural not compatible with residential areas, while light industry might Special purposes be. Commercial and financial open spaces/future development institutions tend to agglomerate in city centres where they can have ACTIVITY 3 mutual access and locational benefits. They can also the afford CHEC the higher rent bids of the inner K city. Today, advantages of

6. Hierarchy of Settlements Their location, size and structure depend on the geographical features of an area and its historical, economic and political development . Hierarchy a ranking according to size and importance Low-order functions: dominate small settlements High-order functions: dominate large cities Categories: High order Conurbation functions Metropolis Number of functions City Duplication of functions Large town Diversity of functions Small town Number of residents Village Low order hamlet functions ACTIVITY 4 ACTIVITY 5

7. Megacity - agglomerations Global cities Response to global markets and communication advances Largest; Tokyo ( Yokahama and Kawasaki) 34 million people) Most rapid growth of megacities South America, Africa and Asia Lack infrastructural development ACTIVITY 6

8. Where are most people living? Influencing factors: The distribution of population and settlements is uneven. People tend to live in certain areas due to: Climate Fertile soils Availability of water Forests or grasslands Terrain that does not inhibit transport Cultural and religious backgrounds Level of technology and industry Political history Key global distribution points ( e.g. Hong Kong) Global trade intersections ( e.g. Singapore) ACTIVITY 7

9. Population density - global

10. Global population clusters Eastern Asia Southern Asia Western Europe NE North America Sub-tropical E coast South America

11. Activity 1 While human settlements are not a new phenomenon, their size, complexity and rate of growth are. What factors have contributed to the rapid growth in the size, complexity and population of human settlements since the Industrial Revolution? List these and be able to explain how they have contributed. Where possible provide specific examples to Back support or highlight them.

12. Activity 2 Communities come in all shapes and sizes, and may be found in a variety of settings depending on their geographical, socio-economic, political and environmental situations For each of the community types listed, provide an explanatory sentence. Provide at least one example to demonstrate that you understand the differences between them. Back

13. Activity 3 What FUNCTIONS are evident in this photo? What ones are missing? Why would they be missing from this photo? Where might you find

14. ACTIVITY 4 1 2 Order and name the type of Back settlement 4 4

15. .Do you understand the terminology? Complete the table to show that you understand the relationship between range, threshold of a good and service and the size of the settlement Goods of Range Threshold Settlement size How many of these function Service LOW/MED LOW/MED Large city/ would you find in a settlement /HIGH /HIGH town/ village like Toowoomba MANY/FEW/NOT MANY Milk and paper furniture GP Oncology specialist Car dealer Business bank Upmarket , designer fashions

16. ACTIVITY 5 Settlements of different sizes have different types and numbers of functions. The settlement provided goods and services to its residents. What goods and services are provided depends on: The RANGE of the good or service Range (of a good or service) Usually used in the context of the "outer range" of a good. This range refers to the maximum distance over which a product can be sold at a given price. And The THRESHOLD of the good or service Threshold: Minimum demand necessary to support the production and sale of a product, the delivery of a Back service or the pursuit of a business NEX T

17. Transform the data from the map into a detailed table. Convert the table into a ACTIVITY 6 bar graph showing the number of settlements in each of the three map categories. Back Comment on the patterns of distribution using the 3 data presentations you now have? Are there any anomalies?

18. ACTIVITY 7 Toowoomba lies at the gateway to the Darling Downs. The settlement began at Drayton., after the Leslie Brothers established pastoral runs in the late 1820s Read the abridged test of Toowoombas history taken from the Toowoomba Regional Council website. Identify the factors which determined the location and future growth of this regional centre. List these. CHECK: 1. Drayton: Transport node for early bullock wagons 2. Toowoomba swamp: point of entry up the Range, watering hole. 3. Railway line (1849) transport of produce from Darling Downs. Toowoomba become main transport hub. 4. 1960 designated as municipality 5. Town was incorporated in 1904 recognised as regional centre for Downs. 6. Agricultural based industries develop because of rail access to Brisbane. 7. Car transport spread of Toowoomba. 8. Today: regional educational, cultural, commercial, and service centre of the Darling Downs region. Key reasons for establishment and early growth: Site and situation. Climate Soils and productive agricultural area Water available fresh water from springs Transport Old Toll Bar Range entrance, Rail link to Brisbane and into Darling Downs Development of industries Political History ( break up of squatter runs into agricultural lots for onto Social Move farming Environments

19. Short history of Toowoomba - the settlement Bullock wagons, the early means of transport to Toowoomba and the Darling Downs, carried wool from the great pioneering stations to the port at Moreton Bay, and brought supplies from the coast to the stations. The earliest township in this area was Drayton, a small trading and service settlement, at a gully where the tracks of the early bullock teamsters met. Land at a nearby swamp was surveyed in 1849 as the Drayton Agricultural Reserve. Town blocks between the east and west swamps were surveyed in 1853 and became Toowoomba. Early urban development of Toowoomba was in James Street which carried the traffic from the Toll Bar on the range en route to Drayton and beyond. The opening of the railway line from Ipswich to Toowoomba in 1867 and extension of the line to the south and west moved the focus of the town from James Street to Russell Street, near the railway station. Industries such as flour milling and foundries and later dairy processing developed near the railway. Toowoomba became a municipality in 1860 and was incorporated as a city in 1904. Drayton became a suburb of Toowoomba in 1949. Development of the city business centre grew within the triangle between the two swamps with Ruthven Street taking over from James and Russell Street as the main business and shopping centre up to the 1960-70s. The development of "drive in shopping centres" from that time has led to fragmentation of the central shopping centre to suburban areas of this rapidly growing city. From an estimated population of 1,000 in 1860, Toowoomba now has an estimated Back to Activity 7 population of more than 90,000. With the University of Southern Queensland, the TAFE and numerous boarding and day schools, Toowoomba is the regional educational,