Social & Emotional Development

Social & Emotional Development

Chapter 10

Processes in Social Behavior -Social Behavior

as Operant Interactions

Processes in Social Behavior -Social Behavior

as Operant Interactions : Bert's Contingency: Sees Ernie → "Hi Ernie" → E. smiles

Sd → R → S+r ( Setting Event = Walking along) Ernie's Contingency: "Hi Ernie“ → E smiles→ Bert Smiles Sd → R → S+r (Setting Event = In a good mood)

The Function of Social Behavior

The Function of Social Behavior

Phylogenic Contributions to Social Development

Phylogenic Contributions to Social Development

Physical CharacteristicsSocial Reflexes– Facial Expressions– Reflexive Crying

Neonatal Imitation

Ontogenic ContributionsOntogenic Contributions

Social BehaviorsReinforcementProximityAttentionAffectionObservational Learning

Social ReinforcementSocial Reinforcement

Secondary ReinforcersPaired with Primary Reinforcers

ProximityProximity

Reinforcer - The nearness of you

AttentionAttention

Mand for Mom– Verbal behavior reinforced by mom doing

somethingWays of Reducing Mands for Attention

Ways of Reducing Mands for Attention

Ways of Reducing Mands for Attention

DRO – Differential Reinforcement of Other behavior– Incompatible response technique– Strengthens more desirable behavior– Doesn’t produced deprivation of reinforcer

Positive (Presentation) Punishment – Not recommended– Ethical? Escape

Negative Punishment (By Loss) (Weak if delayed)– Loss of privileges– Time-out

AffectionAffection

Usually reinforces desirable behavior

Observational LearningTraditional ApproachedObservational LearningTraditional Approached

Distinction between– Learning– Performance

Direct reinforcement affects performance

Vicarious consequences affect learning– Vicarious reinforcement– Vicarious punishment

An Operant Approach to Observational LearningAn Operant Approach to Observational Learning Generalized imitation– Imitation (matching form of response) a response

class– Class assembled because some (not all) matching

behaviors are reinforced– Counterimitation – reinforced for different behavior

than model– So called “vicarious reinforcement” is actually an

Sd cuing operant matching behavior

Observational Learning of Respondents - Emotional

Behavior

Observational Learning of Respondents - Emotional

BehaviorOther’s emotional response serves as

UCS for emotional response (UCR)Stimulus (NS) paired with other’s

emotional response (UCS) becomes CS producing emotional response (CR)

Prosocial Transactions - Intuitive Parenting

Prosocial Transactions - Intuitive Parenting

1. Creating and maintaining an awake state. 2. Presenting a simple structure of stimuli and

learning trials. 3. Providing a large number of repetitions of

trials. 4. Gradually ordering of tasks so that there is

increasing complexity. 5. Using adequate reinforcers. 6. Being sensitive to feedback signals

indicating the child's limits of tolerance.

Social Behaviors in InfancySocial Behaviors in Infancy

Attachment Separation Protests Touch Fear Social Referencing Sibling Rivaly Empathy Morality

AttachmentAttachment

Organized pattern of behavior directed toward one or more individuals.

Result of phyologenic & ontogenic factors

Ontogenic – reinforcement of proximity, imitation, and identification behaviors16

Reinforcement of Separation Protests

Reinforcement of Separation Protests

Loss of primary caregiver results in loss of reinforcers– extinction burst

Study by Gewirtz & Pelaez-Nogueras Baseline- noncontingent reinforcement—

protests were low Contingent reinforcement by mothers of

protests – protests increase Noncontingent (reversal) – Protest decrease

Social ReferencingSocial Referencing

Separation ProtestsGewirtz & Pelaez-Nogureras

(1996)

Separation ProtestsGewirtz & Pelaez-Nogureras

(1996)

The Power of TouchThe Power of Touch

Touch-No Touch: (N=(8) Syncrhronized Reinforcement

Touch-No Touch: (N=(8) Syncrhronized Reinforcement

Fear of DarkFear of Dark

Fear of StrangersFear of Strangers

Infant Carrying PositionsInfant Carrying Positions

Facing Inward Facing Outward

MoralityMorality

Direct Contingency-shaped behavior Rule-governed behavior Learns difference between – Immediate direct consequences– Remote, delayed, indirect consequences

Tracking – tracking or following actual contingencies rather than just follow rules

Pliance – complying with the rules in spite of discrepancies with actual contingencies.

MoralityBehavior-Analytic Approach

MoralityBehavior-Analytic Approach

An increasingly sophisticated repertoire of behaviors to further one’s long-term interests based on predicted outcomes.

An organized system of rule governed behavior that controls behavior patterns that society considers “moral”.

Develops from the interaction of the child and environment in active interaction.

Context is crucial

A Cognitive View of MoralityKohlberg’s Theory

A Cognitive View of MoralityKohlberg’s Theory

Moral Reasoning (Not necessarily behavior) Level I – Preconventional Morality– Stage 1) Tangible consequences– Stage 2) Hedonistic get rewards/avoid pun

Level II - Conventional Morality– Stage 3) Follows rules to get social approval– Stage 4) Follow conventional rules to support

social order Level III – Postconventional Morality– Stage 5) Have a social contract to do what is right– Stage 6) Universal principles of justice,

democracy, etc.

Taxonomy of Moral Rules(Pelaez & Moreno)

Taxonomy of Moral Rules(Pelaez & Moreno)

Explicit vs. ImplicitAccurate vs. Inaccurate (false or

inconsistent)Complex (multiple contingencies) vs.

Simple (single contingency)Other vs. Self-Derived source 16 possible combinations.

Development of Rule Compliance & Self-Instruction

Development of Rule Compliance & Self-Instruction

1. Early – Parents prompt & reinforce compliance to simple rules.

2. Generalized compliance (rule following becomes response class).

3. Others (e.g., teachers, grandparents) add rules. Child learns to discriminate which rules will have consequences.

4. Adults prompt child to give own rules (self-instruction).

5. Self-instruction generalizes to novel situations – Generalized self-instruction.

Morality- KohlbergMorality- Kohlberg

Morality – A TaxonomyMorality – A Taxonomy