Social DrugsSocial Drugs

Drug ExperimentationDrug Experimentation Usually starts in adolescent yearsUsually starts in adolescent years Different reasons why teenagers start using Different reasons why teenagers start using

drugs:drugs: Peer pressurePeer pressure Low self esteemLow self esteem CuriosityCuriosity Non-intact families (one parent missing)Non-intact families (one parent missing) Homes with no religious affiliation or activityHomes with no religious affiliation or activity

Most commonly abused drugs are alcohol, Most commonly abused drugs are alcohol, tobacco, and marijuanatobacco, and marijuana

Indicators of Drug UseIndicators of Drug Use

Rebelliousness/non-conformityRebelliousness/non-conformity Accepts deviant behavior in othersAccepts deviant behavior in others Lack of ambitionLack of ambition Lack of commitment to schoolLack of commitment to school ImpulsiveImpulsive Preoccupied by pleasure seekingPreoccupied by pleasure seeking Minimal concern for riskMinimal concern for risk Poor problem solving & coping skillsPoor problem solving & coping skills Low self-esteemLow self-esteem Hx of physical & psychological illnessHx of physical & psychological illness

How to Detect Addiction?How to Detect Addiction?

Watch for addictive behaviorWatch for addictive behavior

Look for signs of withdrawal:Look for signs of withdrawal: Irritability, sweating, insomnia, tachycardiaIrritability, sweating, insomnia, tachycardia

If an individual is truly experiencing pain, the If an individual is truly experiencing pain, the effect of addiction is diminishedeffect of addiction is diminished

Social Drug UseSocial Drug Use Street drugs do not enhance Street drugs do not enhance

performance, so athletes who use street performance, so athletes who use street drugs use them for recreational purposesdrugs use them for recreational purposes

Male high school athletes have a higher Male high school athletes have a higher incidence of marijuana use than non-incidence of marijuana use than non-athletesathletes

Female athletes, have a lower incidence Female athletes, have a lower incidence of marijuana use compared to non-of marijuana use compared to non-athletesathletes

Illegal Drug SafetyIllegal Drug Safety

No quality controlNo quality control

““Fillers”: toxins, pesticides, fungi, bacteria, Fillers”: toxins, pesticides, fungi, bacteria, etcetc

Manufactured in van, garage, kitchen (not Manufactured in van, garage, kitchen (not generally clean)generally clean)

Overdoses & deaths possibleOverdoses & deaths possible

AlcoholAlcohol

Ethanol alcohol is a depressantEthanol alcohol is a depressant Interferes with transmission of nerve impulsesInterferes with transmission of nerve impulses

Absorption varies depending on:Absorption varies depending on: Weight, proof of alcohol, & stomach contentsWeight, proof of alcohol, & stomach contents

Takes avg person ~1hr to metabolize Takes avg person ~1hr to metabolize 1 standard drink1 standard drink 12oz of regular beer 12oz of regular beer 5oz wine 5oz wine 1.5oz of 80 proof distilled 1.5oz of 80 proof distilled

spiritsspirits

Alcohol MetabolismAlcohol Metabolism

The liver is able to metabolize about .5oz of The liver is able to metabolize about .5oz of ethanol/hr (~1 drink)ethanol/hr (~1 drink)

If more alcohol arrives in the liver than the If more alcohol arrives in the liver than the enzymes can handle:enzymes can handle: Excess alcohol circulates in the body, until liver Excess alcohol circulates in the body, until liver

enzymes are able to process itenzymes are able to process it

Good rule: Don’t consume > 1 drink/hr! Good rule: Don’t consume > 1 drink/hr!

AlcoholAlcohol

Proof refers to the amount of alcohol in the Proof refers to the amount of alcohol in the liquorliquor 100 proof liquor contains 50% alcohol100 proof liquor contains 50% alcohol 40 proof liquor contains 20% alcohol40 proof liquor contains 20% alcohol

Wine has approximately 8-14% alcoholWine has approximately 8-14% alcohol Regular beer has 4-6% alcoholRegular beer has 4-6% alcohol

Alcohol & AthletesAlcohol & Athletes ACSM:ACSM:

Surveyed college athletes & non-athletesSurveyed college athletes & non-athletes Athletes were more likely to binge drinkAthletes were more likely to binge drink 10,605 athletes vs 2,172 non-athletes10,605 athletes vs 2,172 non-athletes Binge drinking is generally defined as Binge drinking is generally defined as

consumption of 5+ drinks in 1 occasion consumption of 5+ drinks in 1 occasion

Banned by NCAA in rifle events: Banned by NCAA in rifle events: Sm amount can decr hand tremors & Sm amount can decr hand tremors &

improve balance & throwing accuracy improve balance & throwing accuracy

Alcohol StatsAlcohol Stats #1 killer of teenagers in vehicle related #1 killer of teenagers in vehicle related

deaths in U.S.deaths in U.S. Thousands of people die every year Thousands of people die every year

after chocking on their own vomit while after chocking on their own vomit while they sleepthey sleep

More than 1,700 college students in More than 1,700 college students in the U.S. are killed each year as a the U.S. are killed each year as a result of alcohol-related injuries result of alcohol-related injuries

Adverse Effects of AlcoholAdverse Effects of Alcohol

Decrease reaction times & muscle coordinationDecrease reaction times & muscle coordination Increased speed times in short & long distance Increased speed times in short & long distance

activitiesactivities Liver damageLiver damage Heart diseaseHeart disease DiabetesDiabetes Mental disordersMental disorders Hormonal imbalancesHormonal imbalances Decreased visual acuityDecreased visual acuity DehydrationDehydration

TobaccoTobacco

>4,000 chemicals inhaled in >4,000 chemicals inhaled in cigarette smokecigarette smoke Nicotine is one of those chemicalsNicotine is one of those chemicals

Reaches the brain within secondsReaches the brain within seconds Causes pleasurable sensations, calming Causes pleasurable sensations, calming

effect, decreased appetiteeffect, decreased appetite AddictiveAddictive

Adverse effects:Adverse effects: Cancer, emphysema, Cancer, emphysema, irregular HR, incr clotting, incr risk of heart irregular HR, incr clotting, incr risk of heart attackattack

Never Too Late to Stop SmokingNever Too Late to Stop Smoking

Men who quit smoking by 30 add 10 yrs to their lifeMen who quit smoking by 30 add 10 yrs to their life People who quit at 60 add 3 yrs to their life People who quit at 60 add 3 yrs to their life

After 20 min BP & pulse return to normalAfter 20 min BP & pulse return to normal After 24 hrs lungs start to clearAfter 24 hrs lungs start to clear After 2 days sense of taste & smell improveAfter 2 days sense of taste & smell improve After 3 days energy increasesAfter 3 days energy increases After 2-12 wks circulation improvesAfter 2-12 wks circulation improves After 3-9 months breathing improvesAfter 3-9 months breathing improves After 1 yr heart attack risk is 1/2 that of a smokerAfter 1 yr heart attack risk is 1/2 that of a smoker After 10 yrs lung cancer risk is 1/2 that of a smoker After 10 yrs lung cancer risk is 1/2 that of a smoker

MarijuanaMarijuana Active ingredient: tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)Active ingredient: tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Contains >400 other chemicalsContains >400 other chemicals Minor psychedelicMinor psychedelic Produces lethargic effectProduces lethargic effect

Not ideal for an athleteNot ideal for an athlete Chinese records dating from 28 B.C.Chinese records dating from 28 B.C. A nearly 3,000-year-old Egyptian mummy A nearly 3,000-year-old Egyptian mummy

found w/ traces of THCfound w/ traces of THC Used for centuries to Tx: Sedative, Used for centuries to Tx: Sedative,

constipation, obesity, loss of appetiteconstipation, obesity, loss of appetite

Marijuana - How does it Marijuana - How does it work???work???

Foreign chemicals, like THC, can mimic or Foreign chemicals, like THC, can mimic or block actions of neurotransmitters & block actions of neurotransmitters & interfere with normal functionsinterfere with normal functions

Cannabinoid receptors are activated by a Cannabinoid receptors are activated by a neurotransmitter called neurotransmitter called anandamideanandamide

Anandamide is a cannabinoid your body Anandamide is a cannabinoid your body makes. makes. THC binds with THC binds with cannabinoid receptorscannabinoid receptors and and

activates neurons, which causes adverse activates neurons, which causes adverse effects on the mind and bodyeffects on the mind and body

Marijuana - EffectsMarijuana - Effects High concentrations of High concentrations of

cannabinoid receptors in:cannabinoid receptors in: Hippocampus: Hippocampus: can can

interfere with the interfere with the recollection of recent recollection of recent events (events (short term short term memorymemory), learning, ), learning, problem solvingproblem solving

Cerebellum: Cerebellum: can affect can affect coordinationcoordination

Basal gangliaBasal ganglia: can affect : can affect motor coordinationmotor coordination

Marijuana - Other Effects…Marijuana - Other Effects…

Problems with memory and learningProblems with memory and learning Distorted perceptionDistorted perception Difficulty with thinking and problem solvingDifficulty with thinking and problem solving Loss of coordinationLoss of coordination Increased heart rateIncreased heart rate Anxiety, paranoia and panic attacksAnxiety, paranoia and panic attacks

The initial effects wear off in 1-2hrs but The initial effects wear off in 1-2hrs but chemicals stay in your body much longerchemicals stay in your body much longer Hair follicles can store THC for yearsHair follicles can store THC for years

T1/2: T1/2: 20 hrs to 10 days20 hrs to 10 days

Marijuana - “Benefits”Marijuana - “Benefits” Suppress nauseaSuppress nausea Relieve eye pressureRelieve eye pressure Decrease muscle spasmsDecrease muscle spasms Stimulate appetiteStimulate appetite Stop convulsions Stop convulsions Eliminate menstrual painEliminate menstrual pain

Used to Tx Following Medical Conditions:Used to Tx Following Medical Conditions: Cancer & AIDS Cancer & AIDS (to suppress nausea and (to suppress nausea and

stimulate appetite)stimulate appetite) GlaucomaGlaucoma (to alleviate eye pressure) (to alleviate eye pressure) EpilepsyEpilepsy (to stop convulsions) (to stop convulsions) Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (to decrease muscle spasms)(to decrease muscle spasms)

Marijuana - Federal LawMarijuana - Federal Law

As of As of February 2014February 2014, in contrast to moves by , in contrast to moves by several states toward medical marijuana several states toward medical marijuana statutes, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency statutes, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency listed marijuana as listed marijuana as Schedule 1 substanceSchedule 1 substance. .

Schedule 1 is reserved for "the most Schedule 1 is reserved for "the most dangerous drugs," substances with "no dangerous drugs," substances with "no currently accepted medical use and a high currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse... [and] potentially severe potential for abuse... [and] potentially severe psychological or physical dependence," psychological or physical dependence," including heroin, LSD and Ecstasy.including heroin, LSD and Ecstasy.

Marijuana - Abuse in TeensMarijuana - Abuse in Teens Marijuana use is highest among younger peopleMarijuana use is highest among younger people

Use in teenagers doubled from 1992 to 1999Use in teenagers doubled from 1992 to 1999 1:13 kids aged 12-17 was current user 1:13 kids aged 12-17 was current user

50% of all 13-year-olds said they find & purchase it50% of all 13-year-olds said they find & purchase it 49% said they first tried it at 13 y/o or younger (1998)49% said they first tried it at 13 y/o or younger (1998) Since 1998, ER visits involving marijuana among 12 to Since 1998, ER visits involving marijuana among 12 to

17 y/o jumped 48%17 y/o jumped 48%

Children & teens: Children & teens: "3x’s likelier to be in treatment for marijuana than for "3x’s likelier to be in treatment for marijuana than for

alcoholalcohol 6x’s likelier to be in treatment for marijuana than for all 6x’s likelier to be in treatment for marijuana than for all

other illegal drugs combined“ (2004)other illegal drugs combined“ (2004)

EcstasyEcstasy

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Pill/Tablet or PowderPill/Tablet or Powder Hallucinogenic & StimulantHallucinogenic & Stimulant ““Club Drug”Club Drug” Stimulates serotonin & dopamine releaseStimulates serotonin & dopamine release

Causing feelings of exhilaration & “friendliness”Causing feelings of exhilaration & “friendliness” Increases feelings much more intense (good or Increases feelings much more intense (good or

bad)bad) Drugs effects last up to 6 hoursDrugs effects last up to 6 hours

Ecstasy - EffectsEcstasy - Effects Permanent damage to Permanent damage to

serotonin receptors serotonin receptors with chronic usewith chronic use

ConfusionConfusion ParanoidParanoid AnxiousAnxious HallucinationsHallucinations Sleep disorders (stay Sleep disorders (stay

awake for days)awake for days) DepressionDepression Hyperthermia Hyperthermia

Can overheat & cause Can overheat & cause organ failure/deathorgan failure/death

Increased HRIncreased HR Blurred visionBlurred vision ChillsChills SweatingSweating NauseaNausea Damage cells involved Damage cells involved

w/ thinking & memoryw/ thinking & memory SeizuresSeizures Brain swellingBrain swelling Permanent brain Permanent brain

damagedamage

Methamphetamine (Meth)Methamphetamine (Meth)

Other Names:Other Names: Crystal, chalk, and iceCrystal, chalk, and ice

Extremely addictive stimulantExtremely addictive stimulant Produces immediate, intense euphoriaProduces immediate, intense euphoria Pleasure fades quicklyPleasure fades quickly White, odorless, bitter-tasting crystalline White, odorless, bitter-tasting crystalline

powderpowder Administration: Administration:

Orally, smoked, snorted, or dissolved in water or Orally, smoked, snorted, or dissolved in water or alcohol and injectedalcohol and injected

Meth – How does it work? Meth – How does it work?

Increases levels of dopamine in brainIncreases levels of dopamine in brain

Dopamine is involved in reward, Dopamine is involved in reward, motivation, the experience of pleasure, motivation, the experience of pleasure, and motor functionand motor function

Meth’s ability to release dopamine rapidly Meth’s ability to release dopamine rapidly in reward regions of the brain produces in reward regions of the brain produces the euphoric “rush”the euphoric “rush”

Effects - MethEffects - Meth

Long Term: Long Term: AnxietyAnxiety ConfusionConfusion InsomniaInsomnia Mood disturbances Mood disturbances Violent behaviorViolent behavior ParanoiaParanoia HallucinationsHallucinations Delusions (Exp: the Delusions (Exp: the

sensation of insects sensation of insects crawling under the skin)crawling under the skin)

Chronic Use:Chronic Use: Chemical & molecular Chemical & molecular

changes in the brain changes in the brain Reduced motor skillsReduced motor skills Impaired verbal learning Impaired verbal learning Severe structural and Severe structural and

functional changes in functional changes in areas of the brain areas of the brain associated with emotion associated with emotion & memory& memory

Additional Effects - MethAdditional Effects - Meth

Increased wakefulnessIncreased wakefulness Increased physical activityIncreased physical activity Decreased appetiteDecreased appetite Increased RRIncreased RR Rapid HRRapid HR Irregular heart beatIrregular heart beat Increased BPIncreased BP Increased body tempIncreased body temp Extreme weight lossExtreme weight loss

Especially in faceEspecially in face Severe dental problems (“meth mouth”)Severe dental problems (“meth mouth”) Skin sores caused by scratching.Skin sores caused by scratching. Increased risk of contracting HIV & Hep B & CIncreased risk of contracting HIV & Hep B & C

HeroinHeroin Highly addictive Made from the resin of poppy plants (like

opium and morphine) Opium is refined to make morphine, then

further refined into different forms of heroin Injected, smoked, or sniffed

Heroin – How does it work?Heroin – How does it work? When it enters the brain, heroin is converted back into When it enters the brain, heroin is converted back into

morphinemorphine

Then it binds to opioid receptors located in areas Then it binds to opioid receptors located in areas responsible for the perception of pain & reward; BP, responsible for the perception of pain & reward; BP, arousal, & respirationarousal, & respiration Heroin overdoses frequently involve a suppression of Heroin overdoses frequently involve a suppression of

breathingbreathing

Users report feeling a surge of euphoria (“rush”) Users report feeling a surge of euphoria (“rush”) accompanied by dry mouth, a warm flushing of the accompanied by dry mouth, a warm flushing of the skin, heaviness of the extremities, and clouded mental skin, heaviness of the extremities, and clouded mental functioningfunctioning

Following this initial euphoria, the user goes “on the Following this initial euphoria, the user goes “on the nod,” an alternately wakeful and drowsy state. nod,” an alternately wakeful and drowsy state.

Effects - HeroinEffects - Heroin “Rush” Slowed breathing Clouded mental

functioning Nausea and vomiting Sedation; drowsiness Hypothermia

Body temperature lower than normal

Coma or death Due to overdose

Bad teeth/Inflammation of gums

Itching Weakening of the

immune system Partial paralysis Impotence in men Loss of memory Depression Pustules on the face Loss of appetite Insomnia

LSDLSD

Powerful hallucinogenPowerful hallucinogen Manufactured from fungus that grows on Manufactured from fungus that grows on

rye & other grainsrye & other grains Tablets, pills, liquid, & absorbent paperTablets, pills, liquid, & absorbent paper Disrupts flow of serotonin between nervesDisrupts flow of serotonin between nerves The serotonin system is involved in:The serotonin system is involved in:

Controlling mood, hunger, body temp, sexual Controlling mood, hunger, body temp, sexual behavior, muscle control & sensory behavior, muscle control & sensory perceptionperception

Effects - LSDEffects - LSD

Mood swingsMood swings DelusionsDelusions HallucinationsHallucinations Altered sense of time & Altered sense of time &

selfself Mix up senses (‘hear Mix up senses (‘hear

colors’ & ‘see sounds’)colors’ & ‘see sounds’) Panic/Fear (terrifying Panic/Fear (terrifying

thoughts)thoughts) Feelings of despairFeelings of despair Fear of losing controlFear of losing control Fear of insanity & deathFear of insanity & death

Dilated pupilsDilated pupils Increased body temp, Increased body temp, Increased HRIncreased HR Increased BP Increased BP Loss of appetiteLoss of appetite SleeplessnessSleeplessness TremorsTremors

Cocaine/CrackCocaine/Crack

A powdered drug from the leaves of the A powdered drug from the leaves of the coca coca plantplant Snorted, injected, or smokedSnorted, injected, or smoked

Generations of So. American Indians have Generations of So. American Indians have chewed its leaves for incr. strength & energychewed its leaves for incr. strength & energy

1800’s: used as an 1800’s: used as an anestheticanesthetic & to & to prevent prevent excess bleedingexcess bleeding during surgery during surgery

Early 1900’s: people realized it was highly Early 1900’s: people realized it was highly addictive, & non-medical use of the drug was addictive, & non-medical use of the drug was banned in banned in 19141914

Cocaine - How does it work?Cocaine - How does it work? Prevents dopamine reabsorption by Prevents dopamine reabsorption by

attaching to the dopamine transporterattaching to the dopamine transporter

Dopamine builds up in the synapse and Dopamine builds up in the synapse and continues to stimulate continues to stimulate

the receptor, creating the receptor, creating

lingering feelings of lingering feelings of

exhilaration/euphoria exhilaration/euphoria

Cocaine -Cocaine -How Addiction HappensHow Addiction Happens

When effects wear off, leaves person feeling let-When effects wear off, leaves person feeling let-down & depressed, resulting in a desire to smoke down & depressed, resulting in a desire to smoke more crack in order to feel good againmore crack in order to feel good again

The brain responds to the dopamine overload by The brain responds to the dopamine overload by either destroying some of it, making less of it or either destroying some of it, making less of it or shutting down its receptorsshutting down its receptors

After a while, crack users become less sensitive to After a while, crack users become less sensitive to it and they must take more and more of it to it and they must take more and more of it to achieve the desired effectachieve the desired effect

Eventually, they cannot stop taking the drug Eventually, they cannot stop taking the drug because their brains have been "rewired" -- they because their brains have been "rewired" -- they actually need it in order to functionactually need it in order to function

Cocaine – EffectsCocaine – Effects Feeling energizedFeeling energized More alertMore alert More sensitive to More sensitive to

sight, sound, & touchsight, sound, & touch Restless/AnxiousRestless/Anxious ParanoiaParanoia Delusional behaviorDelusional behavior NauseaNausea Loss of appetiteLoss of appetite

Heart attack Heart attack StrokeStroke Increased HR, BP & Increased HR, BP &

TempTemp SeizuresSeizures Respiratory failure Respiratory failure Severe mental Severe mental

disordersdisorders Extreme aggressionExtreme aggression

Combined w/ alcohol = potentially lethal toxic Combined w/ alcohol = potentially lethal toxic chemical in liverchemical in liver