social development behavioral science. social development major theories of social development...
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Social DevelopmentBehavioral Science
Social Development Major Theories of Social Development
Psychoanalytic Theories Freud Erikson
Stage Theories- each stage major conflict, developmental
task Social Learning Theory
Emphasis on learning from observation, imitation
Freud’s contribution One of the first life span theories of
development Introduced important concepts
Psychodynamic perspective Behavior motivated by combination of:
inner forces memories conflicts
Unconscious processes
Erickson’s Stages Trust vs Mistrust
Infancy (0 to 1 year) Trust stems from:
Feeling of physical comfort Minimal amount of fear about future Needs being met by responsive, sensitive
caregiver
Erickson’s Stages Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
Late infancy, Toddlerhood (1 to 3 years) Autonomy
Discovery of own will Assertion of autonomy, independence
Shame & Doubt Due to:
Too much parental restraint (over-control) Punishment
Erickson’s Stages Initiative vs Guilt
Early Childhood (3 to 5 years) Widening social world, greater challenges
Initiative Needs to develop purposeful behavior Needs to assume greater responsibility
Guilt Due to:
Irresponsible behavior (and parental response to it)
Erickson’s Stages Industry vs Inferiority
Middle to Late Childhood (6 years to puberty) Industry stems from:
Mastery of knowledge & intellectual skills Inferiority stems from
Feelings of incompetence Feelings of being unproductive
Erickson’s Stages Identity vs Identity Diffusion
Adolescence (10 to 20 years) Identity stems from:
Finding out who you are Requires exploration of alternative paths, roles, careers
Diffusion stems from Failure to find out who one is Failure to explore options
Erickson’s Stages Intimacy vs Isolation
Early Adulthood (20 to 30 years) Intimacy stems from:
Successfully forming intimate relations Erickson’s view
Must find oneself but lose oneself in another
Erickson’s Stages Generativity vs Stagnation
Middle Adulthood (40 to 50 years) Generativity stems from:
Assisting the next generation in developing and leading useful lives
Erickson’s Stages Integrity vs Despair
Late Adulthood (60 + years) Evaluation of life
Integrity - positive view of one’s life Despair - negative view of one’s life
Social Development Other Approaches
Temperament- Stable individual differences in children’s general
behavior and response to the environment
Individual differences in children contribute to their social development
Thomas, Chess & Birch- NYLS 1st major study longitudinal of temperament
Social Development Temperament Types
Easy Positive mood regular adaptable mild to moderate intensity
Social Development Temperament Types
Difficult Negative mood active irregular unadaptable withdrawal in new situations high intensity
Social Development Temperament Types
Slow-to-warm-up withdrawal in new situations slow to adapt low activity low to moderate intensity
Shy vs Extroverted Children Inhibited Child
In infancy shows high levels of agitation and irritability in response to the unfamiliar
In unfamiliar situations remains quiet, maintains proximity to mother
Heart rate and muscle tension increase with novel events or psychological stress
Higher levels of cortisol, more prone to allergies
Uninhibited Child In infancy shows low
levels of agitation and irritability in response to the unfamiliar, smiles a lot
Small rise in heart rate or muscle tension to novelty or psychological stress
Shy vs Extroverted Children as Adolescents or Adults
Inhibited Child Not likely to be
delinquents Likely to take jobs with
minimal uncertainty At risk for panic
disorders and agoraphobia in adulthood
Uninhibited Child Likely to take higher risk
jobs
Social Development Temperament in infancy predicts later social &
behavioral problems, but “goodness of fit” best predictor
Goodness of Fit = match between child’s temperament and characteristics of the environment
Stranger Anxiety A general fear of strangers is found in most
infants Typically starts around 7 months, peaks around
15 months, and typically starts declining around 18 to 20 months of age
Viewed as adaptive Wariness of strangers leads to using familiar
caregiver as a secure base
Stranger Anxiety
Seen across cultures Varies as a function of:
Culture Stranger behavior
Social Development
Attachment- social-emotional tie to another person All infants become attached to the people who
care for them attachments develop gradually over 1st year
of life manifestations: separation distress, stranger
anxiety
Evaluation of AttachmentSecurity
Social Development Individual differences in the quality of attachment
relationships: Secure
~65% of infants Ambivalent / Resistant
~10-15% of infants Avoidant
~20% of infants Disorganized
~5 to 10 % of infants
Secure Infants Use caregiver as a base for exploration May or may not cry at separation Show a strong preference to caregiver over
stranger Actively seek contact on reunion with
caregiver
Ambivalent / Resistant Attachment Prior to separation infant seeks closeness
with caregiver Little exploration
Upon return exhibit angry / resistive behavior Pushing away / hitting
May continue to cry after being picked up and aare not comforted easily
Avoidant Attachment Unresponsive to caregiver when caregiver
is present Not usually distressed by separation React to stranger and caregiver in similar
manner Avoid or are slow to greet caregiver upon
return
Disorganized Attachment Greatest insecurity At reunion show a variety of confused and
contradictory behaviors Looking away while being held Look dazed or flat emotionally May cry out unexpectedly Display odd frozen postures
Social Development Importance of Attachment
provides basis for exploration, learning “working model” of relationships related to later self-esteem, peer competence
and general social-emotional adjustment
Social Development Origins of Secure
attachment Sensitive caregiver
behavior e.g., emotional
responsivity contact comfort
known from animal & human studies
importance of touch premature infants who
receive “touch therapy’ gain weight faster & are discharged from hospital sooner
Social Development Institutionalized infants
Absence of attachment figure infants in Romanian orphanages may suffer severe effects from social/tactile
deprivation Loss of weight Difficulty sleeping Withdrawal from environment
Infants often develop multiple attachments
But requires stability of caregivingNOT good to have caregiver change often!
Attachment Patterns vary across Cultures
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Germany Japan USA
AvoidantSecureResistant
%
Social Development Distinction between Attachment & Bonding
Bonding-immediate skin-to-skin contact between mother & infant right after birth
No long term effects of this
Attachment- relationship that develops gradually over 1st year of life
quality of these relationships do have long term correlates
Social Development Socialization-
Process by which child’s standards, skills, attitudes and behaviors are shaped to conform to those regarded as desirable and appropriate in the society/culture in which s/he lives.
Social Development How to parents socialize their children?
As role models Via Parenting practices
Major Dimensions of Difference in Parenting Practices Autonomy vs. Control
Undemanding / Demanding Hostility vs. Warmth Responsiveness
Low vs. High
Parenting Styles: Authoritative-
High on control High on warmth
Permissive- Low on control High on warmth
Authoritarian- High on control Low on warmth
Neglecting- Low on Control Low on warmth
Social Development In most studies conducted in this country
authoritative parenting associated with most optimal child outcomes:
self-reliant, greater initiative higher achieving better peer relationships
Types of Discipline Induction-
Reasoning Pointing out effects of misbehavior
Power assertion- Use of threats, commands, physical force, withdrawal of
privileges Love withdrawal-
Not speaking to child, threats to abandon the child
Induction associated with higher levels of moral reasoning, greater empathy to others