social darwinism theory developed by philosopher herbert spencer from charles darwin’s theory of...
TRANSCRIPT
Social Darwinism
• theory developed by philosopher Herbert Spencer from Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution
• argued that society progresses through competition, with the fitting rising to positions of wealth and power
Social Darwinism II• the “fittest” individuals, businesses, or nations
should and would rise to positions of wealth and power
• the “unfit” would fail• social Darwinists believed that any attempts to
help the poor or less capable actually slowed social progress
• some religious leaders believed being one of the “fittest” was a sign of Christian virtue
Visual
Connection• social Darwinism and social class both have
the word “social” • in society it is “better” to be richer or fitter
than poorer or less fit
Vertical Integration
When firms bought up everything from the production process. Anything from raw materials to transportation and distribution.
Definition:
Abby Blank
Concept
• Vertical Integration is still used to this day because it is more efficient and is cheap.
• Andrew Carnegie’s true success came from vertical integration because he realized that if he purchased supplies in bulk and producing goods in large quantities he could lower production costs and increase his profits.
• For example he purchased iron and coal mines, which were the raw materials necessary to run his steam mills. He also bought steamship lines and railroads to transport these materials.
• Because he controlled businesses at each stage of production he could sell steal at a much lower price then his competitors.
Connection
A distributing meat company had discovered that the leftover meat from the cows could make glue. So the owner opened up a glue company and this saved money, and made production more efficient.
EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC CONTROL OF AN INDUSTRY
Arrangement grouping several companies under a single board of directors to eliminate competition
and to regulate production
TRUST
MONOPOLY
Taking control of a large industry and running it as a business to make money
Trying to buy as much properties as you can such as land, buildings and even industry's to make a profit
TRUST
Taking many different companies under one principal
Placing the companies under one director would sometimes make more money because the competition decresed
VISUAL
CONNECTION
In the loved bored game Monopoly, the object is to take control of all the properties and earn the most money
A monopoly in real life is economic control of an industry
CONNECTION
The popular brand NIKE owns the popular company JORDAN
Trust is the act of one principal (NIKE) taking other companies (JORDAN) under their wing
THOMAS ALVA EDISON
A pioneer of communications technology; made telegraph that had the ability to send four messages at the same time
EXPLANATION
Edison was a very innovative man, especially with communication technology. He developed a newer telegraph model that had the ability to send four simultaneous messages. Later on, he even invented and patented a telegraphic stock ticker. Overall, Thomas Alva Edison made a crucial contribution to the Industrial Revolution.
CONNECTION
Thomas Alva Edison invented a telegraph.Both started with the letter t.
TelegraphOne of the most
significant advances in communication in the
1800’s developed Samuel F.B Morse.
Telegraph
This device made an impact on the way people communicated with others. Morse’s dot-and-dash code could send an operator a business order to go to a close destination in minutes. The telegraph would send information for businesses, the government, newspapers, and to private citizens. The leading telegraph company was Western Union, which had more than 2,000 telegraph offices. The railroad had increased along with the telegraph, a main reason was because telegraph companies were put in every train stations.
Connections
This connects to talking on a phone. You “tele” person with a telegraph.
Transcontinental Railroad
A project to connect the east and west by railroads. The union pacific and central
pacific met in the middle to complete this.
After the Bessemer process, there was a significant growth in railroad expansion. Railroads used to be used only for local transportation. Over a short period of time there was a great expansion and it made life easier. The first transcontinental railroad was finished in 1869. the union and central pacific railroads joined to make a single line from Nebraska to the Pacific Ocean.
Trans means to go across and you are going across the USA from one end to the other.
Patents- Exclusive right to manufacture or sell inventions
Patents-
A patent gives you the excusive right to use, make, or sell an invention. Elijah McCoy received a patent for his invention to protect his rights. Today most inventors and business owners get patents so that others cannot take their ideas.
Patent
Patents
On Shark Tank many inventors patent their inventions so that
their ideas aren’t stolen.
Bessemer Process: Efficient method of making steal developed by British inventor Henry Bessemer and American inventor William Kelly
In my mind the Bessemer process is a process of steelmaking that burned of the impurities in iron with hot air. The Bessemer process also could produce as much steel in a day than old ways used to produce in a week. This process definitely effected the steel industry and the industrial revolution.
The Bessemer process is the “besser” way to make steal.
Communism- political theory that proposes that all people should collectively own property and the means of production and that individual ownership should not be allowed
Communism is a political way of thinking in which everyone is equal in every possible way. There’s no ‘private property’ and this concept would be called ‘common ownership’. In addition to this, there wouldn’t be any classes or states, resulting in a completely equal (or utopian, which was meant to be another result of communism) society.
Communism is common ground
Homestead Riot
In 1892 at Andrew Carnegie’s Homestead Steel Works in Homestead Pa, workers went on a strike to protest wage cuts. The managers responded by a lock out and hired 300 guards to protect the plant. A crash between the strikers and guards led to 16 deaths.
Homestead Riot
The workers were mad about wage cuts, so they went on a strike. The managers of the steel works had made a lock out and hired 300 guards to protect the steel works. Between the workers and guards there was violence, which happened to kill 16 people. This all happened in Homestead, Pennsylvania at Andrew Carnegie’s Homestead Steel Works. This is also called the Homestead Strike.
Homestead Riot
A way to remember this is that is happened at a steel works in Pennsylvania and the Pittsburgh football team is called the Steelers.
The Great Upheaval
A year of intense strikes and violent labor confrontations.
The Great Upheaval
• Workers wanted higher pay and better working conditions
• Pay was cut because of economic depression• More than 1,500 strikes across the nation
occurred• Knights of Labor was involved in most of the
strikes• Many of these turned violent• The worst was the Haymarket Riot
Connection
• The Great Upheaval can be remembered by thinking of upheaval as violently turning something over, like the riots.
GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE
*made a compressed-air brake increased railroad safety by enabling the
locomotive and all its cars to stop at the same time
GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE
*also developed a transformer that could transmit a high voltage alternating current
allowed continued expansion of the use of electricity in urban
households and industry
Compressed-air brake
Transformer
CONNECTION
OTHER PEOPLE INVENT TRAIN
PARTS TODAY, TO IMPROVE THEM!
Department Stores- a large store stocking many varieties of goods in different departments.
• Carried a wide variety of products.
• Were the special domain of women, for shopping and working.
• Bought products in bulk therefore offered low prices to their consumers
John Wanamaker in Philadelphia
R.H. Macy in New York City
Marshall Field in Chicago
First Department Stores
• Department store are still relevant today.• Macys, Sears, and Bloomingdales are
examples of department stores.• People still go to department stores today.
Connection
Haymarket Riot
Incident in which a bomb exploded during a labor protest held in Haymarket Square in Chicago, killing several police
officers
ExplanationThe riot was a misunderstanding between the workers, and their employer Haymarket. Haymarket cut everyone’s wage down so much that they went on strike. The strikers were having a rally and police officers came to remove them, a bomb went off and killed seven officers. In retaliation the police arrested eight anarchists that could have conspired to do this. Only one of them was present at the time of the bombing.
Connection
This riot can be connected to today’s strikes. Big corporations of workers that refuse to work. Locally we had a strike in Neshaminy school district. The teachers refused to work until they got what they wanted. This is very similar to the Haymarket Riot, but without the violence.
American Federation of Labor
Definition- The American Federation of Labor was a union that worked too advance the interests of skilled workers.
Explain
After the Great Upheaval many skilled workers joined this union founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886. The American Federation of Labor organized independent craft unions into a group that worked to advance the interests of skilled workers.
Connection
A connection for the American Federation of labor could be to remember that like today, we are trying to improve the interests of workers like they were in the AFL.
Sherman Antitrust Act-outlawed all monopolies and trusts that restrained trade
Passed by the US government to ban abusive monopolies
Avoided monopolies that would destroy the government Made it illegal for companies to seek a monopoly on a
product Prevented huge monopolies from gaining too much
control Did not allow forming trusts to get rid of all competition
Sherman Antitrust Act
Anti means against Anti is in the word Antitrust The Sherman Antitrust Act was against
abusive monopolies
Remember the Sherman Antitrust Act
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Pioneer of the railroad industry and was the third richest man in America’s history.
Vanderbilt dominated the railroad industry and his money is equal to 185 billion dollars today. He also controlled lines connecting Chicago, Cleveland, New York, and Toledo.
He owned New York Central Railroad, which was later merged with Pennsylvania railroad and created the Penn Central Transportation Company, was a railroad that transported out of Philadelphia.
Term:Horizontal Integration
Definition:Taking control of other
companies producing the same productBy: Griffin Smith
per. 6/8
This term means to me to buy out all of your competitors.
Rockefeller did this to the oil business and he told the men whose companies he was buying that they would get a share of his stock Standard Oil if they gave them the rights to their companies.
Some major companies today that are horizontally integrated are Pepsi, Oracle, and Amazon
Explanation
When ever you think about Horizontal Integration think about Rockefeller because his company began from buying out others.
Connection
Horizontal Integratio
n
Andrew Carnegie
• Scottish-American industrialist• Real success was reducing production costs
Explanation
Carnegie was a master at utilizing new business strategies
Organized all his companies into the Carnegie Steel Company
Donated more than $350 million to charities which was later established into institutions
Connection
Think of Carnegie Hall. Andrew Carnegie built this concert venue for really skilled musicians.
JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER
• Was an American industrialist and philanthropist.
• One of the founders of the Standard Oil Company.
EXPLANATION
John D. Rockefeller was one of the founders of the
Standard Oil Company and was one of the richest
men in the country. When he was 56 years old he
retired and became a philanthropist.
VISUAL
CONNECTION
Rockefeller was the rock of the
American Oil Company.
Patent A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by the government to an inventor for a limited period of time, in exchange for the public acknowledgement of the invention.
Patent
A right given to you by the government that allows you to sell, use, or make your invention
This right is protected and you're only allowed to possess it for a period of time
Patent
A way to remember patent is to remember the word protect because your invention is protected with a patent.
They both start with P, end with T and have 2 syllables
Pa-tent Pro-tect
Transcontinental RailroadFormed by the Central Pacific railroad and the Union Pacific railroad from Omaha, Nebraska to the Pacific. The Pacific railroad act allowed the building of the railroad.
Transcontinental Railroad
A continuous network of railroads that cross over a large mass of land and ends at an ocean or land border.
It was North America’s link for trade, commerce and travel and connected the western side to the eastern side
Helped make settlement in the west quicker and less expensive and helped grow the economy
Transcontinental Railroad
“Trans” in transcontinental looks like trains, and trains go across the transcontinental railroad
Transcontinental and travel both start with “t” and the transcontinental railroad was a type of travel across the continent
TELEGRAPH
By: Jack Geiger
Machine patented by Samuel Morse in 1837
Developed in the 1830s and 1840s this invention
revolutionized long distance communication
Transmitted electrical signals by wire
PICTURES!
MORE PICTURES!
CONNECTION
You can get the root word tele from the word
telegraph... WHICH IS ALSO USED IN THE WORD
TELEPHONE!
Thomas Alva EdisonBy: Kelsey Gallagher
Thomas Edison
Pioneer of communication and technology. Edison and fellow researchers made
significant discoveries and advances in electricity, light bulbs, phonographs, and
early motion-picture cameras.
First major invention was the telegraph of up to 4 messages over the same wire at the same time.
Inventions had a significant influence on telegraphic communications
Patented an electronic an electronic vote recorder and a telegraphic stock ticket
Opened first electric power plant in new york When he died he had over 1,000 patents
Connection:
Thomas Edison made many advances with electricity involving the telegraph and the light bulb. Edison and Electricity both begin with E
Laissez-Faire Capitalism
• Definition: Theory that opposes government regulation of economic matters
• Laissez-faire means “to let people do as they choose.”
Laissez-Faire Capitalism
The picture represents citizens opposing the government and wanting to shut them down for regulation matters
Connection
Free Enterprise
Belief that the economy will prosper if businesses are left free from government regulation and
allowed to compete in a free market.
No government control over businessesEconomy benefitsBusinesses can compete
You freely enter the prize of competition and no government
Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism• Proposed by Herbert Spencer • Ideas adapted from Charles Darwin’s
theory• Survival of the fittest
• “Fittest” rise to positions of wealth and power• “Unfit” failed
• Society progressed through competition• Believed that attempts to help poor
slowed down social progresses
Charles Darwin Herbert Spencer
Only the “fittest” rise to power.
Remembering Social Darwinism
To remember Social Darwinism remember the two S’s
• Social Darwinism• Survival of the fittest
DEFINE TERMSBy: Shaun Boggs
Trust – Arrangement grouping several companied under a single board of directors to eliminate competition and to regulate production.
Monopoly – Exclusive economic control of an industry.
EXPLAIN TERM
•Trust – A group of companies that join together to defeat rival companies.
•Monopoly – The possession of most or all supply of an industry.
VISUAL
CONNECTION
•The game monopoly shows a monopoly. It shows this because the objective is to own everything so that the other companies (people) go bankrupt.
Bessemer process
Efficient method of making steel; developed by British inventor Henry
Bessemer and American inventor William Kelly in the 1850s
Bessemer process
A way of making steel by putting the molten iron in a container and blasting air through the container to get rid of the impure materials.
Picture
Way to remember
Bessemer iron: because Henry Bessemer created this process and they make the steel in a pig iron