social capital and growth in european regions

8/3/2019 Social Capital and Growth in European Regions

1/24

Qlajgc agpjtgc ghm erlwtb jh Iurlpigh riejlhs;

gh ifpjrjagc tist

Qklirm Diueicsmjk`*, ]lh vgh Qabgj`

AihtIT, ]jcdure Yhjvirsjty, Ugrghmicggh 4, ^.L. Dlx :>791, 9>>> CI ]jcdure, ]bi Hitbircghms

Tiaijvim 7: Qiptifdir 4>>40 riaijvim jh rivjsim olrf 4= Kuhi 4>>=0 gaaiptim 7: Kucy 4>>=

Gvgjcgdci lhcjhi 47 Hlvifdir 4>>=

Gdstrgat

Ui stumy g arlss siatjlh lo 9= Iurlpigh riejlhs. ]bi aihtrgc quistjlh js wbitbir riejlhgc

mjooirihais jh ialhlfja erlwtb gri ricgtim tl slajgc agpjtgc, jh tbi olrf lo eihirgcjzim trust ghm

gsslajgtjlhgc gatjvjty. Qudstghtjgtim dy ixtihsjvi rldusthiss tists, wi prisiht ivjmihai tbgt erlwtb

mjooirihtjgcs jh Iurlpigh riejlhs gri plsjtjvicy ricgtim tl slajgc agpjtgc figsurim gs gsslajgtjlhgc

gatjvjty. Bihai, lur risucts sueeist tbgt tbi tbisjs lo ^uthgf it gc. (7::1) tbisjs lh slajgc agpjtgc jh

Jtgcjgh riejlhs agh di eihirgcjzim. Lur ghgcysjs gcsl sueeists tbgt jt js hlt tbi firi ixjstihai lo

hitwlr` ricgtjlhsbjps tbgt stjfucgtis riejlhgc ialhlfja erlwtb, dut gatjvi jhvlcvifiht jh tbisi

ricgtjlhsbjps.

M 4>>= Icsivjir D._. Gcc rjebts risirvim.

KIC acgssjojagtjlh;[710 T77

@iywlrms;Qlajgc agpjtgc0 ]rust0 Tiejlhgc ialhlfja erlwtb0 Iurlpi

7. Jhtrlmuatjlh

Ialhlfjsts sblw gh jharigsim jhtirist jh tbi rlci lo slajgc agpjtgc jh ricgtjlh tl

ialhlfja miviclpfiht. Dujcmjhe lh tbi pjlhiirjhe wlr` lo @lrfihmj ghm Fieujri

(7:29), Dguflc (7:2?), Erjir ghm ]uccla` (7:2:), Dgrrl (7::7) ghm Fgh`jw it gc.

>75?-4?2>/$ - sii orlht fgttirM 4>>= Icsivjir D._. Gcc rjebts risirvim.

mlj;7>.7>7?/k.ikplcial.4>>=.>5.>>=

* Alrrisplhmjhe gutblr. ]ic.; +17 71=??4=?10 ogx; +17 71=??219=.

I-fgjc gmmriss; s.diueicsmjk`Nuvt.hc (Q. Diueicsmjk`).

Iurlpigh Klurhgc lo ^lcjtjagc Ialhlfy

_lc. 47 (4>>9) 1>714=

www.icsivjir.alf/clagti/ikpi


2/24

(7::4), erlwtb ifpjrjas bgs turhim tl tbi rlci lo jhstjtutjlhs ghm aucturi (]ifpci, 7:::0

]ifpci ghm Klbhslh, 7::2), prisihtcy arystgccjzjhe grluhm tbi alhaipt lo slajgc agpjtgc

(sii, i.e., Murcguo, 4>>4g olr gh jhtrlmuatjlh tl g syfplsjuf lh slajgc agpjtgc jh ]bi

Ialhlfja Klurhgc). Gctblueb tbi wgy ialhlfjsts usi tbi alhaipt agh di arjtjajzim

(Ojhi, 4>>7), slajgc agpjtgc js prldgdcy lhi lo tbi flst suaaissouccy jhtrlmuaim mhiw]

alhaipts jh ialhlfjas tbi cgst miagmi.

Gh jhocuihtjgc alhtrjdutjlh tl tbi mjsaussjlh lh tbi ricgtjlh ditwiih ialhlfja

miviclpfiht ghm slajgc agpjtgc js tbi pudcjagtjlh lo dFg jhe miflargay wlr`W dy

ûthgf it gc. (7::1). ]bisi gutblrs stumy Jtgcjgh riejlhs ghm ojhm tbgt slajgc agpjtgc

fgttirs jh ixpcgjhjhe tbi riejlhgc mjooirihais jh ialhlfja ghm jhstjtutjlhgc (elvirhfiht)

pirolrfghai. ûthgf it gc. (7::1, p. 7?5) miojhi slajgc agpjtgc gs tblsi moigturis lo

slajgc lreghjsgtjlh, suab gs trust, hlrfs, ghm hitwlr`s, tbgt agh jfprlvi tbi ioojajihay

lo slajity dy ogajcjtgtjhe al-lrmjhgtim gatjlhs]. ]bi Ulrcm Dgh` usis g sjfjcgr miojhjtjlh.

Gaalrmjhe tl tbi Ulrcm Dgh`, slajgc agpjtgc rioirs tl tbi hlrfs ghm hitwlr`s tbgt ihgdci

alcciatjvi gatjlh. Jt rioirs tl tbi jhstjtutjlhs, ricgtjlhsbjps ghm hlrfs tbgt sbgpi tbi

qugcjty ghm qughtjty lo g slajitys slajgc jhtirgatjlhs.7

Jh gmmjtjlh tl stghmgrm ialhlfja vgrjgdcis, slajgc agpjtgc js alhsjmirim gh jfplrtght

ogatlr jh ixpcgjhjhe ialhlfja suaaiss, g stgtifiht tbgt wi abllsi tl rioir tl gs tbi

ûthgf bypltbisjs. Disjmis ûthgf it gc. (7::1), Ouùygfg (7::9g) bgs ifpbgsjzim

tbi jfplrtghai lo slajgc agpjtgc. Bi greuis tbgt slajgc agpjtgc jh tbi olrf lo hlhogfjcy lr

eihirgcjzim trust js lo aruajgc jfplrtghai olr suaaissouc pirolrfghai jh gmvghaim

ialhlfjis. Gs dialfis acigr jh ûthgf it gc.s miojhjtjlh lo slajgc agpjtgc, trust ghm

hitwlr`s gri siih gs mjfihsjlhs lo slajgc agpjtgc. Ubiri ûthgf it gc. striss tbi rlci lohitwlr`s, Ouùygfg strissis tbi rlci lo trust.

G hufdir lo stumjis bgvi gppigrim lh tbi alhaipt lo slajgc agpjtgc sjhai tbih

(Ouùygfg, 7::9d0 Erghgtl it gc., 7::?0 Biccjwicc, 7::?0 Qwgh`, 7::?0 Jhecibgrt,

7::50 @hga` ghm @iioir, 7::50 Oimmirì it gc., 7:::0 ^gxtlh, 7:::, 4>>40 _gh Mitb

it gc., 7:::0 Jhìcis, 4>>>0 ^gcmgf ghm Qvihmsih, 4>>>0 ûthgf, 4>>>0 ]ifpci,

4>>70 [g` ghm @hga`, 4>>70 Murcguo, 4>>4g,d,a0 Orghaljs, 4>>40 ^jgzzg-Eilrej,

4>>4). Blwivir, ifpjrjagc stumjis tbgt olaus lh tbi quistjlh lo wbitbir tbi ûthgf

bypltbisjs agh di eihirgcjzim gri sagrai. Gctblueb tbi alhaipt lo slajgc agpjtgc js

jhtujtjvicy bjebcy gppigcjhe, jt js bgrm tl figsuri jt ifpjrjagccy, ghm tbiri js cjttci

systifgtja qughtjtgtjvi ivjmihai lh slajgc agpjtgc (^gcmgf ghm Qvihmsih, 4>>>).Flrilvir, gs Ullcala` (7::2) puts jt, vgeuihiss bgs pcgeuim slajgc agpjtgc

sablcgrsbjp. ]biri gri g hufdir lo alhaipts tbgt gri usim jh sjfjcgr wgys gs slajgc

agpjtgc, cj i slajgc jhorgstruaturi (Bgcc ghm Klhis, 7:::) ghm slajgc agpgdjcjty

(Gdrgflvjtz, 7:2?0 ]ifpci ghm Klbhslh, 7::2). ]bi jhmjagtlrs usim jh tbi cjtirgturi

lh slajgc agpjtgc gri lotih trust ghm gsslajgtjlhgc gatjvjty.

]bjs pgpir prisihts gh ghgcysjs lo tbi ricgtjlh ditwiih ialhlfja erlwtb ghm slajgc

agpjtgc olr Iurlpigh riejlhs. Ui dujcm lh twl strghms lo cjtirgturi, j.i., tbi ixpcghgtjlh

lo riejlhgc erlwtb mjooirihtjgcs jh Iurlpi gs miviclpim dy Dgrrl ghm Qgcg-J-Fgrtjh

(7::9) ghm @hga` ghm @iioirs (7::5) mjsaussjlh lh tbi ialhlfja pgyloo lo slajgc

7 Qii bttp;//www.wlrcmdgh`.lre/plvirty/sagpjtgc/.

Q. Diueicsmjk`, ]. vgh Qabgj` / Iurlpigh Klurhgc lo ^lcjtjagc Ialhlfy 47 (4>>9) 1>714=1>4
http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/scapital/http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/scapital/http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/scapital/


3/24

agpjtgc. Dy mljhe sl, wi gri gdci tl tist ûthgf it gc.s bypltbisjs lh gh ghgclelus

sudhgtjlhgc civic usim jh tbijr stumy.4 ]bus, tbi alri quistjlh lo tbjs pgpir js wbitbir

ûthgf it gc.s (7::1) stumy lh Jtgcjgh riejlhs agh di eihirgcjzim. ]bi mgtg wi usi tl

figsuri slajgc agpjtgc gt tbi riejlhgc civic jh Iurlpi gri tgìh orlf tbi Iurlpigh _gcuis

Qtumjis (7::>). ]bisi mgtg gri uhjqui jh tbi sihsi tbiy gcclw us tl agcaucgti riejlhgc

salris lo slajgc agpjtgc. Olcclwjhe tbi stghmgrm ifpjrjagc erlwtb flmics gs miviclpim dy

Dgrrl (7::7), wi tist jo erlwtb mjooirihtjgcs jh Iurlpigh riejlhs gri ricgtim tl slajgc

agpjtgc prlxjim dy eihirgcjzim trust ghm gsslajgtjlhgc gatjvjty (erlup fifdirsbjp).

Qudstghtjgtim dy ixtihsjvi rldusthiss ghgcysjs, lur stumy bgs twl fgklr ojhmjhes. Ojrst, wi

ml hlt ojhm tbgt lh g riejlhgc civic, erlwtb js ricgtim tl trust. Qialhm, riejlhgc ialhlfja

erlwtb js plsjtjvicy ricgtim tl gsslajgtjlhgc gatjvjty ghm jh spiajoja gatjviuhpgjm

vlcuhtgry wlr`. Ui mjstjheujsb ditwiih pgssjvi ghm gatjvi erlup fifdirsbjp, tbi cgttir

rioirrjhe tl mljhe uhpgjm vlcuhtgry wlr` olr gcc `jhms lo ajvja gsslajgtjlhs. Lur rldusthissghgcysjs sueeists tbgt erlwtb js hlt sl fuab ricgtim tl pgssjvi erlup fifdirsbjp, gs tl

gatjvi erlup fifdirsbjp.

]bi lutcjhi lo tbi pgpir js gs olcclws. Ojrst, wi suffgrjzi tbilry lh slajgc agpjtgc ghm

blw jt js piraijvim jh tbi cjtirgturi. ]biridy, wi olaus lh trust ghm erlup fifdirsbjp. Ui

greui tbgt trust oucojcs mjooiriht ouhatjlhs gt mjooiriht stgeis lo ialhlfja miviclpfiht.

Disjmis, gs g sudstjtuti olr g wicc-ouhatjlhjhe jhstjtutjlhgc systif, trust agh di siih gs g

hiaissgry icifiht jh alfpcix trghsgatjlhs wjtb jhalfpciti alhtrgats. ]bi sialhm icifiht

lo slajgc agpjtgc wi mjsauss js erlup fifdirsbjp. ]bih, wi turh tl lur ifpjrjagc ghgcysis,

ghm tist jo trust ghm (pgssjvi ghm gatjvi) erlup fifdirsbjp gri ricgtim tl riejlhgc

ialhlfja erlwtb jh g arlss siatjlh lo 9= wistirh Iurlpigh riejlhs. Gotir g rldusthissghgcysjs, wi alhacumi wjtb g mjsaussjlh lh lur jhmjagtlrs olr slajgc agpjtgc ghm prlvjmi

sueeistjlhs olr ourtbir risigrab.

4. ]bilry lh slajgc agpjtgc; trust ghm gsslajgtjlhgc gatjvjty

]bi cjtirgturi lh trust js ixtihsjvi.1 Biri, wi lhcy suffgrjzi tbi fgjh jhsjebts

ricivght olr lur ifpjrjagc tist lo tbi ricgtjlh ditwiih erlwtb ghm slajgc agpjtgc jh

Iurlpigh riejlhs. Jh eihirgc, trust agh di siih gs tbi piraiptjlh ghm jhtirpritgtjlh lo tbi

ltbirs ixpiatim mipihmgdjcjty. ]rust js tbi futugc ixpiatgtjlh tbgt grjsis wjtbjh galffuhjty lo rieucgr, allpirgtjvi dibgvjlr, dgsim lh alfflhcy sbgrim hlrfs (^gcmgf

ghm Qvihmsih, 4>>>, p. 1=4). Gs[gbiir it gc. (7::2)suffgrjzi, tbi alhaipt lo trust fgy

di orgfim gs gh ixpiatgtjlh lo g pgrthirs ricjgdjcjty wjtb riegrm tl bjs ldcjegtjlhs,

primjatgdjcjty lo dibgvjlr, ghm ogjrhiss jh gatjlhs ghm hieltjgtjlhs wbjci ogaim wjtb tbi

1

Gs g risuct, hufirlus typlclejis ghm miojhjtjlhs lo trust bgvi diih miviclpim. ]bi gmkiatjvis usim jh tbjscjtirgturi lotih rioir tl tbi slurai lo trust. Olr ixgfpci, `hlwcimei-dgsim trust rioirs tl tbi ogat tbi dibgvjlr lo

tbi ltbir js primjatgdci diagusi lhi `hlws tbi ltbir ijtbir orlf lwh ixpirjihai lr tbrlueb riputgtjlh iooiats

grjsjhe jh hitwlr`s. Ui rioir tlHlltidllf (4>>4)olr gh ixaicciht lvirvjiw lo tbi trust cjtirgturi.

4 ]biri js sfgcc mjooirihai blwivir. ûthgf it gc. ghgcyzi riejlhs lh g mjooiriht civic tbgh wi ml. Ubiri wi

usi tbi HY]Q7 civic (risuctjhe jh 77 Jtgcjgh riejlhs), ûthgf it gc. gppcy ghltbir miojhjtjlh risuctjhe jh 4>

riejlhs. Jh cjhi wjtb ûthgf it gc. wi stumy suduhjts lo g aluhtry.

Q. Diueicsmjk`, ]. vgh Qabgj` / Iurlpigh Klurhgc lo ^lcjtjagc Ialhlfy 47 (4>>9) 1>714= 1>1


4/24

plssjdjcjty tl dibgvi lpplrtuhjstjagccy. Jt bgs tl ml wjtbsjehgccjhe tbgt tbi gatlr wjcc hlt

pcgy lhi-sblt egfis ghm dibgvi lpplrtuhjstjagccy (ao.Egfdittg, 7:22).

Qivirgc gutblrs bgvi sblwh tbi jfplrtghai lo trust jh ialhlfja trghsgatjlhs. ]bisi

stumjisagh di siih gs gh ixtihsjlh loUjccjgfslhs (7:59, 7:29, 7::2) trghsgatjlh alst

tbilry. Tjhe ghm _gh mi _ih (7::4) bgvi sblwh tbgt jholrfgc, pirslhgc alhhiatjlhs

ditwiih ghm garlss lreghjzgtjlhs pcgy gh jfplrtght rlci jh mitirfjhjhe tbi elvirhghai

struaturis usim tl lreghjzi tbijr trghsgatjlhs. Eucgtj (7::9) pljhtim tl tbi ogat tbgt dltb

trghsgatjlh alst icifihts gs wicc gs slajgc ogatlrs gri ricivght ghm jfplrtght jh stumyjhe

jhtirojrf ricgtjlhsbjps ghm al-lpirgtjlh. Tipigtim tjis ditwiih ojrfs iheihmir trust tbgt js

fghjoistim jh tbi olrf lo tbi alhtrgats usim tl lreghjzi sudsiquiht gccjghais. ]rust ghm tbi

gsslajgtim jholrfgtjlh oclw wjtbjh slajgc hitwlr`s prlvjmi lptjlhs olr alhtrlc tbrlueb

tbjrm pgrtjis ghm sirvi tbiriolri gs g sudstjtuti olr g ciegc systif. ]bjs ouhatjlh js ricgtim

tl tbi rimuatjlh lo trghsgatjlh alsts, lr tbi alsts lo ruhhjhe tbi ialhlfja systif.Flrilvir, trust js cjhìm wjtb tbi ogajcjtgtjlh lo bjebcy uhairtgjh ghm alfpcix trghsgatjlhs.

Jt rimuais tbi uhairtgjhty lo tbisi `jhms lo trghsgatjlhs.

Yzzj (7::?)sblws jh g stumy lh tbi gppgric jhmustry jh Hiw Zlr` tbgt trust ogajcjtgtis

tbi ixabghei lo rislurais ghm jholrfgtjlh tbgt gri aruajgc olr bjeb pirolrfghai dut gri

mjoojauct tl vgcui ghm trghsoir vjg fgrìt tjis. ]bjs sialhm ouhatjlh lo trust js ricgtim tl jts

jholrfgtjlh ouhatjlh. GsFgcia`j (4>>>, p. 7:9)puts jt, mtbrlueb tbi ialhlfja ghm slajgc

ricgtjlhsbjp jh tbi hitwlr`, mjvirsi jholrfgtjlh dialfis jhixpihsjvi tl ldtgjh]. Ubih

mjsaussjhe gccjghais, Eucgtj (7::2, p. 1>2) greuis tbgt mtrust hlt lhcy ihgdcis erigtir

ixabghei lo jholrfgtjlh, dut jt gcsl prlfltis igsi lo jhtirgatjlh ghm g ocixjdci lrjihtgtjlh

lh tbi pgrt lo igab pgrthir]. Jt lpirgtis gs g fiabghjsf tbgt ogajcjtgtis alffuhjagtjlh ghmal-lpirgtjlh ditwiih ojrfs. Olr ixgfpci, trust ricgtjlhsbjps agh risuct jh g suppcjir

ixaiimjhe alhtrgatugc riqujrifihts, wbitbir dy igrcy micjviry, bjebir qugcjty, lr slfi

ltbir fighs lo gssurjhe ellmwjcc (Qg`l, 7::4). Lr gs Ujccjgfslh (7:29, p. ?4) stgtis,

mwbiri pirslhgc jhtierjty js dicjivim tl di lpirgtjvi, jhmjvjmugcs P..V fgy riousi tl di pgrt

lo lpplrtuhjstja ioolrts tl tgì gmvghtgei lo tbi cittir lo tbi alhtrgat wbih tbi spjrjt lo tbi

ixabghei js ifgsaucgtim]. Hlltidllf (7:::)ivih rigslhs tbgt tll mitgjcim ghm olrfgc

alhtrgats fgy sirjluscy jhbjdjt tbi erlwtb lo trust. ]rust ghm alhtrgatugc sgoieugrms gri tl

slfi mierii sudstjtutis. Gflhe tblsi wbl sii trust gs g sudstjtuti olr rucis ghm alhtrgats,

@ihhitbGrrlw (7:57, p. 44) js pirbgps tbi flst ixpcjajt;

dJt js usiouc olr jhmjvjmugcs tl bgvi slfi trust jh igab ltbirs wlrm. Jh tbi gdsihai lo

trust, jt wlucm dialfi viry alstcy tl grrghei olr gctirhgtjvi sghatjlhs ghm

eugrghtiis, ghm fghy lpplrtuhjtjis olr futugccy dihiojajgc al-lpirgtjlh wlucm

bgvi tl di olrielhiW (ifpbgsjs gmmim).

Gaalrmjhe tlOuùygfg (7::9g),slajitjis ihmlwim wjtb eihirgcjzim trust ihkly g olrf

lo slajgc agpjtgc, tbgtalfpcifihtgry tl trgmjtjlhgc ogatlr ihmlwfihts cjì cgdlr ghm

agpjtgcalhtrjdutis gt cigst gs fuab tl tbijr suaaiss jh flmirh ialhlfja alfpitjtjlh.

Eihirgcjzim trust js dgsim lh g sit lo itbjagc bgdjts ghm riajprlagc flrgc ldcjegtjlhs

jhtirhgcjzim dy fifdirs lo g alffuhjty (Ouùygfg, 7::9g). Bjeb trust slajitjis agh

fgì ml wjtb oiwir rieucgtjlhs ghm alirajvi iholraifiht fiabghjsfs. Jh tbjs vjiw, trust

js siih gs g sudstjtuti olr alhtrgats. Dut wbih gh jhstjtutjlhgc systif ouhatjlhs prlpircy,

tbi ouhatjlh lo trust sblucm di siih jh tbi cjebt lo tbi ogajcjtgtjlh lo alfpcix trghsgatjlhs.

Q. Diueicsmjk`, ]. vgh Qabgj` / Iurlpigh Klurhgc lo ^lcjtjagc Ialhlfy 47 (4>>9) 1>714=1>=


5/24

Jt clwirs trghsgatjlh alsts ghm flrilvir, jt alhtrjdutis tl ocixjdjcjty. Ouùygfg greuis tbgt

hlhogfjcy lr eihirgcjzim trust js tbiriolri lo jfplrtghai olr suaaissouc pirolrfghai jh

gmvghaim ialhlfjis. ]rust gcclws olr al-lpirgtjlh wjtblut tbi mjriat jhocuihai lo plwir

ghm fgrìt. ]bus, trust hlt lhcy sirvis gs g sudstjtuti olr ciegc systifs, dut gcsl ouhatjlhs

gs g ogajcjtgtlr lo alfpcix trghsgatjlhs tbgt ivih jh agsi lo g wicc-ouhatjlhjhe jhstjtutjlhgc

systif aghhlt di ouccy mgrrgheim] jh tirfs lo alhtrgats. Jh ltbir wlrms, ivih jh tbi

prisihai lo wicc-ouhatjlhjhe jhstjtutjlhs, slfi trghsgatjlhs wlucm di gcflst jfplssjdci jh

tbi gdsihai lo trust.

4.7. Gsslajgtjlhgc gatjvjty

Tiegrmjhe tbi ouhatjlh lo gsslajgtjlhgc gatjvjty ghm jts cjh` tl ialhlfja erlwtb,

tbilry js ciss acigr tbgh wjtb rispiat tl trust (Dirtrghm it gc., 4>>>). ûthgf it gc.(7::1) greui tbgt hitwlr` ricgtjlhsbjps jfprlvi tbi ioojajihay lo slajity dy

ogajcjtgtjhe allrmjhgtim gatjlhs. ]bijr stumy lh Jtgcjgh riejlhs bgs sblwh tbgt tbi

arjtjagc ogatlr jh ixpcgjhjhe iooiatjvihiss lo riejlhgc elvirhfihts ghm riejlhgc

ialhlfja pirolrfghai jh Jtgcy js tl di oluhm jh riejlhgc mjooirihais jh slajgc

struaturi. Iooiatjvi elvirhghai bjheis arjtjagccy lh trgmjtjlhs lo ajvja ihegeifiht ghm

tbi struaturi lo tbi ajvja hitwlr`s. Jh riejlhs wbiri slajgc ricgtjlhsbjps gri flri

blrjzlhtgc, dgsim lh trust ghm sbgrim vgcuis, pgrtjajpgtjlh jh slajgc lreghjzgtjlhs js

bjebir ghm slajgc agpjtgc js bjebir. ]biy alhacumi tbgt riejlhs, jh wbjab tbi riejlhgc

elvirhfiht js flri suaaissouc ghm tbi ialhlfy js flri ioojajiht, gri abgrgatirjzim

dy blrjzlhtgc ricgtjlhs tbgt dltb ogvlrim ghm olstirim erigtir hitwlr`s lo ajvjaihegeifiht ghm civics lo lreghjzgtjlh jh slajity. ]bi rigslh ûthgf it gc.

spiajojagccy stumy tbi mierii lo ajvja alffuhjty fifdirsbjp js tbgt mAjtjzihs jh g

ajvja alffuhjty, tblueb hlt sicociss sgjhts, riegrm tbi pudcja mlfgjh gs flri tbgh g

dgttcierluhm olr pursujhe pirslhgc jhtirist] (ûthgf it gc., 7::1, p. 22). Jh tbjs wgy,

oiwir rislurais gri usim jhaurrjhe trghsgatjlh alsts. Lr gs Cilhgrmj (7::9, p. 7?:)

wrjtis, bjeb slajgc agpjtgc fighs tbgt ajtjzihs gaaipt tbi plsjtjvi rlci pcgyim dy

alcciatjvi gatjlh (lreghjzim erlup dibgvjlr) jh pursujhe alcciatjvi ellms.

Tioirrjhe tl tbi wlr` lo Gcixjs mi ]laquivjcci (7:?:), ûthgf fgjhtgjhs tbgt ajvjc

gsslajgtjlhs alhtrjduti tl tbi iooiatjvihiss ghm stgdjcjty lo miflargtja elvirhfiht,

diagusi lo tbijr mjhtirhgc] iooiats lh jhmjvjmugc fifdirs ghm tbijr mixtirhgc] iooiats lhtbi wjmir plcjty. Gaalrmjhe tl ûthgf, mgsslajgtjlhs jhstjcc jh tbijr fifdirs g bgdjt lo

allpirgtjlh, slcjmgrjty ghm pudcja-spjrjtimhiss.P..V ^grtjajpgtjlh jh ajvja lreghjzgtjlhs

jhaucagtis s jccs lo allpirgtjlh gs wicc gs g sihsi lo sbgrim risplhsjdjcjty olr

alcciatjvi ihmigvlrs. Flrilvir, wbih jhmjvjmugcs diclhe tl darlss-auttjheW erlups wjtb

mjvirsi elgcs ghm fifdirs, tbijr gttjtumis wjcc tihm tl flmirgti gs g risuct lo erlups

jhtirgatjlh ghm arlss-prissuris] (ûthgf it gc., 7::1, pp. 2::>). Ixtirhgccy, g mihsi

hitwlr` lo gsslajgtjlhs fgy ihbghai mjhtirist grtjaucgtjlh] ghm mjhtirist geeriegtjlh],

tbiridy alhtrjdutjhe tl iooiatjvi slajgc alccgdlrgtjlh.

Gaalrmjhe tl ûthgf, iooiatjvi hlrfs lo eihirgcjzim riajprlajty gri dlcstirim dy

tbisi mihsi hitwlr`s lo slajgc ixabghei (ûthgf, 4>>>, pp. 71?/754). ]brlueb

riputgtjlh iooiats, blhisty js ihalurgeim dy mihsi slajgc hitwlr`s. Gs bgs diih

sblwh usjhe g egfi tbilritjagc gpprlgab, tbi prlspiats olr alholrfjsf jh erlups



6/24

mipihms lh tbi hgturi lo jhtirgatjlh ghm tbi mierii lo jhtiergtjlh (Dgcg ghm Elygc, 4>>7).

mQlajgc hitwlr`s gcclw trust tl dialfi trghsjtjvi ghm sprigm; J trust ylu, diagusi J trust bir

ghm sbi gssuris fi tbgt sbi trusts ylu] (ûthgf it gc., 7::1, p. 7?:). ]rust cudrjagtis

allpirgtjlh. ]bi erigtir tbi civic lo trust jh g slajity, tbi erigtir tbi cjìcjbllm lo

allpirgtjlh. Ghm allpirgtjlh jtsico driims trust. Ghm ixgatcy, tbjs stigmy gaaufucgtjlh lo

slajgc agpjtgcbgs diih g aruajgc pgrt lotbi stlry dibjhm tbi vjrtulus ajracis lo ajvja Jtgcy

gaalrmjhe tlûthgf it gc. (7::1). Gsûthgf (4>>>)wrjtis, pilpci wbl trust ltbirs gri

eihirgccy flri ihegeim jh ajvja cjoi ghm dujcm flri slajgc agpjtgc tbgh tbi pilpci wbl

mjstrust. Alhvirsicy, tbi slajgccy mjsihegeim dicjivi tbifsicvis tl di surrluhmim dy

fjsarights ghm oiic ciss alhstrgjhim tl di blhist tbifsicvis. Blwivir, gs ûthgf gmfjts

bjfsico, tbi agusgc grrlws gflhe ajvja jhvlcvifiht, riajprlajty, blhisty ghm trust gri gs

mtghecim gs wicc-tlssim spgebittj](ûthgf, 4>>>,p. 715).

1. Ifpjrjagc ghgcysjs

Jh lrmir tl tist wbitbir slajgc agpjtgc jhocuihais riejlhgc ialhlfja erlwtb, wi

jhvistjegti 9= Iurlpigh riejlhs. Dy mljhe sl, wi gri gdci tl tist jo ûthgfs tbisjs

lh slajgc agpjtgc dgsim lh Jtgcjgh riejlhs agh di eihirgcjzim. Jh gmmjtjlh, tbiri gri

ltbir gmvghtgeis lo jhvistjegtjhe riejlhs jh Iurlpi. Ojrst lo gcc, tbi sit lo riejlhs

js ricgtjvicy blfleihilus alfpgrim wjtb stumjis lh aucturi ghm ialhlfja

miviclpfiht tbgt jhalrplrgti aluhtrjis, cj i ]gjwgh ghm Eirfghy lr Kgpgh ghm

tbi Yhjtim Qtgtis, jh tbi sgfi rierissjlh ghgcysjs. ]ifpcis (7:::) arjtjagc alffihttbgt aluhtrjis mjooirjhe wjmicy jh slajgc, plcjtjagc ghm jhstjtutjlhgc abgrgatirjstjas gri

uhcjìcy tl ogcc lh g alfflh surogai, js biimim dy tg`jhe tbjs ricgtjvicy

blfleihilus sit lo Iurlpigh riejlhs. ]bjs js ispiajgccy ricivght sjhai jt bgs diih

sblwh tbgt aluhtrjis fgy mjooir jh tirfs lo ricivght prlxjis olr slajgc agpjtgc

(Mghjicslh ghm Blcf, 4>>10 Yscghir, 7::5).= G sialhm gmvghtgei lo stumyjhe riejlhs

js tbi hufdir lo ldsirvgtjlhs. Jhstigm lo lhcy 4: aluhtrjis (i.e., @hga` ghm @iioir, 7::5),

wi stumy 9= riejlhs. Flst jfplrtght, blwivir, js tbi ogat tbgt dy alfpgrjhe hgtjlhgc

aucturis, mwi rjs` clsjhe trga` lo tbi ihlrflus mjvirsjty oluhm wjtbjh fghy lo tbi fgklr

hgtjlhs lo tbi wlrcm] (Qfjtb ghm Dlhm, 7::2, p. =7). Dy stumyjhe riejlhs ghm riejlhgc

mjooirihais, tbjs rjs` js cjfjtim.

1.7. Qlajgc agpjtgc mgtg

Mgtg lh slajgc agpjtgc gri tgìh orlf tbi Iurlpigh _gcuis Qtumjis (7::>),wbjab js g

surviy lh hlrfs ghm vgcuis. ]bi Iurlpigh _gcuis Qtumy (I_Q) js g cgrei-sagci, arlss-

hgtjlhgc ghm clhejtumjhgc surviy risigrab prlergf lh dgsja bufgh vgcuis, jhjtjgtim dy tbi

Iurlpigh _gcui Qystifs Qtumy Erlup (I_QQE) jh tbi cgti 7:5>s. ]bi I_Q gjfim gt

misjehjhe ghm alhmuatjhe g fgklr ifpjrjagc stumy lo tbi flrgc ghm slajgc vgcuis

uhmircyjhe Iurlpigh slajgc ghm plcjtjagc jhstjtutjlhs ghm elvirhjhe alhmuat. Jts

= Ui gri ergtiouc tl lhi lo tbi rioiriis olr pljhtjhe tbjs lut.

Q. Diueicsmjk`, ]. vgh Qabgj` / Iurlpigh Klurhgc lo ^lcjtjagc Ialhlfy 47 (4>>9) 1>714=1>?


7/24

allrmjhgtjlh aihtri js clagtim gt ]jcdure Yhjvirsjty, ]bi Hitbircghms.9 Dy hlw, tbi surviy

alfprjsis tbrii wgvis (7:27/7::>/7:::), lo wbjab wi usi tbi sialhm lhi. Jh lrmir tl

ldtgjh riejlhgc salris lh lur jhmjagtlrs lo slajgc agpjtgc, wi bgm tl rierlup tbi lrjejhgc

jhmjvjmugc mgtg. Ui alucm hlt usi tbi ojrst wgvi tbgt wgs agrrjim lut jh 7:27, diagusi wi

alucm hlt trgai tbi jhmjvjmugc salris jh tirfs lo riejlhs. Flrilvir, wi wght tl usi

jhmjagtlrs lo slajgc agpjtgc tbgt mgti dga` tl tbi stgrtjhe pljht lo lur pirjlm lo ghgcysjs gs

fuab gs plssjdci. ]biriolri, wi usi tbi 7::> mgtg. ]bi sit alfprjsis sivih aluhtrjis, j.i.,

Orghai, Jtgcy, Eirfghy, Qpgjh, ]bi Hitbircghms, Dicejuf ghm tbi Yhjtim @jhemlf. Jh

lrmir tl alfpgri tbi mgtg lh hlrfs ghm vgcuis wjtb riejlhgc ialhlfja mgtg, wi usim tbi

Iurlstgt miojhjtjlh lo riejlhs. ]bi riejlhgc civic jh lur ghgcysis js tbi HY]Q7 civic. ]bjs

jfpcjis tbgt Orghai alhsjsts lo 2 riejlhs, Jtgcy 77, Eirfghy 77 (olrfir igstirh riejlhs

ixacumim), Qpgjh 5, ]bi Hitbircghms =, Dicejuf 1 ghm tbi Y@ 7> (jhacumjhe Qaltcghm,

ixacumjhe Hlrtbirh Jricghm). ]bi tltgc hufdir lo riejlhs iqugcs 9= (sii Oje. 7). ]bihufdirs lo tbi Iurlpigh riejlhs gri miojhim jh]gdci 7.

1.7.7. ]rust

Olr dltb trust ghm erlup fifdirsbjp, wi tg`i stghmgrm figsuris gs jh @hga` ghm

@iioir (7::5). ]bi quistjlh wi usim tl gssiss tbi civic lo trust jh g slajity js; dEihirgccy

spig`jhe, wlucm ylu sgy tbgt flst pilpci agh di trustim, lr tbgt ylu aghhlt di tll agriouc

jh migcjhe wjtb pilpci.19 wjtb g stghmgrm mivjgtjlh lo >.77. Jh Oje. 4, tbi salris lh

piraihtgei lo pilpci ghswirjhe tbgt flst pilpci agh di trustim gri sblwh.

Gs agh di siih jhOje. 4,tbi riejlhgc salris lh trust mjooir alhsjmirgdcy wjtbjh Iurlpi.

Ubih cll jhe gt aluhtrjis, wi sii, olr ixgfpci, tbgt ]bi Hitbircghms gri rgtbir

blfleihilus jh tirfs lo trust, dut riejlhs jh Jtgcy mjooir g clt. ^uthgf it gc. (7::1)

siifim rjebt jh tbi agsi lo Jtgcy, wbih misarjdjhe tbi mjooirihais ditwiih tbi Hlrtbirh

ghm tbi Qlutbirh riejlhs. ]bi Hlrtb bgs bjebir salris lh trust tbgh tbi Qlutb. Blwivir, gt

ojrst sjebt, suab g pjaturi olr Iurlpi gs g wblci aghhlt di ldtgjhim. Ubjci slfi

risigrabirs bgvi sueeistim tbgt ricjejlh, ispiajgccy ^rltistghtjsf, alrricgtis (plsjtjvicy)wjtb trust (i.e., Jhecibgrt 7::>0 @hga` ghm @iioir, 7::5,p. 7421), lur riejlhgc ghgcysjs

sueeists tbjs js hlt tbi agsi. ]rgmjtjlhgc Agtblcja riejlhs jh tbi Qlutb lo tbi Hitbircghms,

Ocghmirs, Fgmrjm ghm tbi Hlrtb lo Jtgcy gcc ogcc jh tbi erlup lo riejlhs tbgt bgvi tbi bjebist

salris lh trust (>.==5>.?=?), ogr gdlvi gvirgei (siiOje. 4).

1.7.4. Erlup fifdirsbjp

Qjfjcgr tl@hga` ghm @iioir (7::5),wi figsuri gsslajgtjlhgc gatjvjty dy tbi gvirgei

hufdir lo ajvja erlups ajtim pir risplhmiht jh igab riejlh. Blwivir, gs @hga` ghm

9 Mitgjcs riegrmjhe tbi sgfpci sjzi, risplhsi rgti, tbi surviy quistjlhs ghm tbi prlaimuris olcclwim tl ldtgjh

hlhaucturgccy djgsim istjfgtis (i.e., dga`wgrm trghscgtjlh prlaimuris), gri mjsaussim gt tbi widsjti bttp;//

www.uvt.hc/ivs.

http://www.uvt.nl/evshttp://www.uvt.nl/evshttp://www.uvt.nl/evs


8/24

Oje

.7

.FgploI

urlpighriejlhs.

Q. Diueicsmjk`, ]. vgh Qabgj` / Iurlpigh Klurhgc lo ^lcjtjagc Ialhlfy 47 (4>>9) 1>714=1>2


9/24

@iioir gcsl greui, tbi civic lo jhvlcvifiht js hlt figsurim, wbjab fgy rimuai tbi vgcjmjty

lo tbjs figsuri lo slajgc agpjtgc. ]bi bypltbisjzim dihiojts lo hitwlr` ifdimmimhiss fgy

hlt di agpturim wbih tg`jhe pgssjvi fifdirsbjp lo erlups ghm gsslajgtjlhs. ]biriolri,

wi bgvi miajmim tl figsuri gatjvi fifdirsbjp lo g hufdir lo gsslajgtjlhs hixt tl lur

figsuri lo pgssjvi fifdirsbjp. ]bi agtielrjis gri;

]gdci 7

Mgtg olr Iurlpigh riejlhs

Tiejlh HY]Q7 almi Tiejlh HY]Q 7 almi

7 Tie. Druxiccis-Agp. DI7 42 Aihtri-Ist OT5

4 _cgghmirih DI4 4: Fimjtirrghii OT2

1 Ugcclhji DI1 1> Hlrm Lvist J]7

= Dgmih-Uqrttifdire MI7 17 Clfdgrmjg J]4

9 Dgyirh MI4 14 Hlrm Ist J]1

? Dircjh MI1 11 Ifjcjg-Tlfgehg J]=

5 Drifih MI9 1= Aihtrl J]9

2 Bgfdure MI? 19 Cgzjl J]?

: Bissih MI5 1? Gfdruzzl-Flcjsi J]5

7> Hjimirsgabsih MI: 15 Agfpghjg J]2

77 Hlrmrbijh-Uistogcih MIG 12 Qum J]:

74 Tbijhcghm-^ogcz MID 1: Qjajcjg J]G71 Qggrcghm MIA => Qgrmiehg J]D

7= Qabciswje-Blcstijh MIO =7 Hllrm-Himircghm HC7

79 Hlrlisti IQ7 =4 Llst-Himircghm HC4

7? Hlristi IQ4 =1 Uist-Himircghm HC1

75 Fgmrjm IQ1 == [ujm-Himircghm HC=

72 Aihtrl IQ= =9 Hlrtb Y@7

7: Isti IQ9 =? Zlr`sbjri ghm Bufdirsjmi Y@4

4> Qur IQ? =5 Igst Fjmcghms Y@1

47 Aghgrjgs IQ5 =2 Igst Ghecjg Y@=

44 Jci mi Orghai OT7 =: Qlutb Igst Y@9

41 Dgssjh grjsjih OT4 9> Qlutb Uist Y@?

4= Hlrm-^gs-mi-Agcgjs OT1 97 Uist Fjmcghms Y@549 Ist OT= 94 Hlrtb Uist Y@2

4? Luist OT9 91 Ugcis Y@:

45 Qum-Luist OT? 9= Qaltcghm Y@G

]gdci 4

Misarjptjvi stgtjstjas

Figh Qtghmgrm mivjgtjlh

]rust >.19 >.77

^uthgf erlups >.4? >.72

Lcslh erlups >.44 >.74

Gatjvi erlup fifdirsbjp >.=7 >.75

^gssjvi erlup fifdirsbjp >.?4 >.12Jhvistfiht 4=.49 1.5=

Qabllcjhe >.97 >.>?5

H69=.

Q. Diueicsmjk`, ]. vgh Qabgj` / Iurlpigh Klurhgc lo ^lcjtjagc Ialhlfy 47 (4>>9) 1>714= 1>:


10/24

Oje

.4

.]rustsalrisgtHY]Q7civicjhIurlpi.

Q. Diueicsmjk`, ]. vgh Qabgj` / Iurlpigh Klurhgc lo ^lcjtjagc Ialhlfy 47 (4>>9) 1>714=17>


11/24

(g) Qlajgc wicogri sirvjais olr icmircy bghmjagppim lr miprjvim pilpci

(d) Ticjejlus lr aburab lreghjzgtjlhs

(a) Imuagtjlh, grts, fusja lr aucturgc gatjvjtjis

(m) ]rgmi uhjlhs

(i) ^lcjtjagc pgrtjis lr erlups

(o) Clagc alffuhjty gatjlh

(e) ]bjrm wlrcm miviclpfiht lr bufgh rjebts

(b) Alhsirvgtjlh, tbi ihvjrlhfiht, ialcley

(j) ^rloissjlhgc gsslajgtjlhs

(k) Zlutb wlr`

(`) Qplrts lr riarigtjlh

(c) Ulfihs erlups

(f) îgai flvifiht(h) Ghjfgc rjebts

(l) _lcuhtgry lreghjzgtjlhs alhairhim wjtb bigctb

]bi gdlvi agtielrjis gri tbi sgfi olr lur figsuris lo pgssjvi ghm gatjvi erlup

fifdirsbjp. ]bi mjooirihai ditwiih tbi twl js tbgt jh agsi lo gatjvi fifdirsbjp,

risplhmihts gri hlt lhcy g fifdir dut gcsl ml vlcuhtgry wlr` olr tbi pgrtjaucgr gsslajgtjlh.

]bi salris gri ldtgjhim dy tg`jhe tbi gvirgei salri pir riejlh lo risplhmihts ghswirjhe

yis tl tbi quistjlh jo tbiy diclhe tl (lhi lr flri lo) tbi gdlvifihtjlhim gsslajgtjlhs.?

Disjmis tbi mjooirihai ditwiih gatjvi ghm pgssjvi erlup fifdirsbjp, wi mjstjheujsb

ditwiih typis lo erlup fifdirsbjp. Ui olcclw @hga` ghm @iioirs mjstjhatjlh ditwiihmjooiriht typis lo gsslajgtjlhgc gatjvjty tbgt fgy bgvi mjooiriht iooiats lh erlwtb. Jh cjhi

wjtb tbijr ghgcysjs, wi fgì g mjstjhatjlh ditwiih tbi sl-agccim ûthgf ghm Lcslh

erlups. Gs gcrigmy mjsaussim, ûthgf it gc. (7::1) greuim tbgt tbi ialhlfja suaaiss lo

hlrtbirh Jtgcjgh riejlhs agh di gttrjdutim tl jts rjabir gsslajgtjlhgc cjoi, diagusi

gsslajgtjlhs mjhstjcc jh tbijr fifdirs bgdjts lo allpirgtjlh, slcjmgrjty, ghm pudcja-

spjrjtimhiss] (7::1, p. 2:). Lcslh (7:24), lh tbi ltbir bghm, ldsirvis tbgt gsslajgtjlhgc

gatjvjty fgy burt erlwtb diagusi lo riht-sii`jhe gatjvjtjis. Gaalrmjhe tl Lcslh, fghy lo

tbisi gsslajgtjlhs fgy gat gs spiajgc jhtirist erlups clddyjhe olr prioirihtjgc plcjajis tbgt

jfplsi mjsprlplrtjlhgti alsts lh slajity (sii gcsl @hga` ghm @iioir, 7::5). Jh suf,

wbirigs ûthgf erlups fgy di ivl`jhe plsjtjvi iooiats, tbisi fgy di rimuaim dy bgrfouciooiats lo tbi Lcslh erlups.

Ui bgvi agcaucgtim riejlhgc salris lh tbi ûthgf ghm Lcslh erlups alrrisplhmjhe tl

@hga` ghm @iioirs ghgcysjs gt g aluhtry civic. ]bi ûthgf erlups rioir tl (pgssjvi)

fifdirsbjp lo (d) ricjejlus lreghjzgtjlhs, (a) imuagtjlh, grts, fusja lr aucturgc gatjvjtjis

ghm (k) ylutb wlr`. ]bi Lcslh erlups alhsjst lo fifdirsbjp lo (m) trgmi uhjlhs, (i)

plcjtjagc pgrtjis lo erlups ghm (j) prloissjlhgc gsslajgtjlhs. Olr rigslhs lo acgrjty, wi

mipjatim gh lvirvjiw lo tbi mjooiriht figsuris lo slajgc agpjtgc jh Oje. 1.

Ojes. = ghm 9 sblw tbi salris lh tbi ûthgf ghm Lcslh Erlups, rispiatjvicy. ]bi

figh salri lh tbi ûthgf erlups gt tbi riejlhgc civic js >.4?. ]bi bjebist salri js

? Hlti tbgt @hga` ghm @iioir (7::5) bgvi oiwir typis lo gsslajgtjlhs jhacumim jh tbijr figsuri lo erlup

fifdirsbjp, diagusi lo cga` lo mgtg. Jh gmmjtjlh tl tbi gsslajgtjlhs tbiy ghgcyzi, wi jhacumi jtifs `, c, f, h ghm l.

Q. Diueicsmjk`, ]. vgh Qabgj` / Iurlpigh Klurhgc lo ^lcjtjagc Ialhlfy 47 (4>>9) 1>714= 177


12/24

oluhm jh tbi igstirh pgrt lo tbi Hitbircghms, wjtb g salri lo >.2:. ]bjs jfpcjis tbgt, lh

gvirgei, 2:% lo pilpci gri fifdirs lo gt cigst lhi lo tbi lreghjzgtjlhs jhacumim jh tbi

ûthgf erlups. ]bi clwist salri agh di oluhm jh Qgrmiehg, Jtgcy, wbiri lhcy 1% lo tbi

pilpci gri fifdir lo gt cigst lhi lo tbisi lreghjzgtjlhs. ]bi salris lh tbi Lcslherlups rghei orlf > jh Qgrmiehg (Jtgcy) tl >.99 jh tbi igstirh pgrt lo tbi Hitbircghms.

]bi figh vgcui js >.44.

Tiegrmjhe tbi quistjlh lh uhpgjm vlcuhtgry wlr` (gatjvi erlup fifdirsbjp), wi

ldtgjhim gh gvirgei salri lo >.=7. Oje. ? sblws tbi riejlhgc salris lh gatjvi erlup

fifdirsbjp. ]bi bjebist salri js ldtgjhim jh Drifih, Eirfghy (>.24) ghm tbi clwist

salri lh gatjvi fifdirsbjp agh di oluhm jh Qgrmiehg (>.>2). Mui tl tbi cjfjtim orgatjlh lo

pilpci mljhe uhpgjm vlcuhtgry wlr` wbih spcjttjhe up tltgc gatjvi fifdirsbjp jh ûthgf

ghm Lcslh erlups, wi agh lhcy fgì tbjs mjstjhatjlh olr pgssjvi erlup fifdirsbjp.

1.4. Ialhlfja mgtg

Jh lrmir tl tist jo ialhlfja erlwtb js ricgtim tl trust ghm erlup fifdirsbjp, wi bgvi

tgìh g stghmgrm erlwtb orgfiwlr` tbgt alrrisplhms wjtb @hga` ghm @iioirs ifpjrjagc

tist, ghm wbjab jhacumis jhjtjgc civic lo EM^ pir agpjtg, tbi jhvistfiht rgtjl ghm tbi sabllc

ihrlcfiht rgtjl. Ui aclsicy olcclwDgrrl ghm Qgcg-J-Fgrtjh (7::9) wbl ixpcgjh riejlhgc

erlwtb mjooirihtjgcs jh Iurlpi ditwiih 7:9> ghm 7::>. Gs wi bgvi flri riaiht ialhlfja

mgtg, wi ghgcyzi tbi pirjlm 7:9>7::2. Jh tbi rldusthiss ghgcysjs, wi tist olr abgheis jh

tbi erlwtb pirjlm.

Gs tbi gvgjcgdjcjty lo mgtg lh tbi civic lo Iurlpigh riejlhs js ricgtjvicy sagrai,

tbi hufdir lo ifpjrjagc stumjis js rgtbir cjfjtim alfpgrim tl arlss-aluhtry stumjis.

Qjfjcgr tl Dgrrl ghm Qgcg-J-Fgrtjh (7::9), wi bgvi alfputim riejlhgc erlwtb

mjooirihtjgcs dy ricgtjhe tbi riejlhgc EM^ pir agpjtg jholrfgtjlh tl tbi aluhtry

Oje. 1. Gh lvirvjiw lo tbi mjooiriht figsuris lo slajgc agpjtgc (+ lr jhmjagtis mjriatjlh lo bypltbisjzim

ricgtjlhsbjp wjtb riejlhgc ialhlfja erlwtb).

Q. Diueicsmjk`, ]. vgh Qabgj` / Iurlpigh Klurhgc lo ^lcjtjagc Ialhlfy 47 (4>>9) 1>714=174


13/24

Oje

.=

.Tiejlhgcsalrislh

^uthgferlupsjhIurlpi.



14/24

Oje

.9

.TiejlhgcsalrislhLcslherlupsjhIurlpi.

Q. Diueicsmjk`, ]. vgh Qabgj` / Iurlpigh Klurhgc lo ^lcjtjagc Ialhlfy 47 (4>>9) 1>714=17=


15/24

Oje

.?

.Tiejlhgcsalrislhgatjv

ierlupfifdirsbjpjhIurlpi.



16/24

figh.5 ]biri gri twl rigslhs tl usi tbi aluhtry figh gs g alrriatjlh ogatlr. Ojrst lo gcc, wi

ml hlt bgvi riejlhgc prjai mgtg. Qialhm, tbi ojeuris lh riejlhgc EM^ gri prlvjmim jh gh

jhmix olrf tbgt js hlt alfpgrgdci garlss aluhtrjis. Bihai, wi bgvi usim Erlss Tiejlhgc

^rlmuat (ET^) ojeuris tbgt gri ixprissim gs mivjgtjlhs orlf tbi fighs orlf tbi rispiatjvi

aluhtrjis. Gh gmmjtjlhgc gmvghtgei lo usjhe ricgtjvi mgtg virsus hlhricgtjvi mgtg js tbi

mjriat alhtrlc olr hgtjlhgc erlwtb rgtis tbgt fjebt djgs riejlhgc erlwtb rgtis. ]bi 7:9>

mgtg gri dgsim lhFlcci it gc. (7:2>), wbirigs tbi mgtg olr Qpgjh rioir tl 7:99 ghm gri

dgsim lhDgrrl ghm Qgcg-J-Fgrtjhs (7::9)agcaucgtjlhs. ]bi 7::2 mgtg lh ET^ gri mrgwh

orlf Iurlstgt jholrfgtjlh.

Mui tl uhgvgjcgdjcjty lo ricjgdci riejlhgc jhvistfiht mgtg,2 tbi jhvistfiht rgtjl js

figsurim gt aluhtry civic. Mgtg gri tgìh orlf tbi îhh Ulrcm ]gdcis. ]bi pirjlm olr

wbjab wi bgvi agcaucgtim tbi gvirgei lo tbi jhvistfiht rgtjl js 7:9>7::2. Mgtg

cjfjtgtjlhs gt tbi riejlhgc civic ml hlt ihgdci us tl figsuri tbi sabllc ihrlcfiht rgtjl gsslfi gvirgei lvir tjfi, dut tbiri gri mgtg lh tbi tltgc hufdir lo pupjcs gt ojrst ghm sialhm

civic jh 7:55, mjvjmim dy tltgc hufdir lo pilpci jh tbi alrrisplhmjhe gei erlup. ]bi dgsja

erlwtb pirjlm wi ghgcyzi js 7:9>7::2. ]bi sabllc ihrlcfiht rgti jh 7:55 ogccs jh

ditwiih tbisi mgtis ghm ejvih tbi ogat tbgt sabllc ihrlcfiht rgtis bgvi jharigsim sjhai

7:9>, tbi 7:55 jholrfgtjlh fgy di g rigslhgdci prlxy olr tbi gvirgei lvir tbi ihtjri

pirjlm. Mgtg alfi orlf Iurlstgt. Mgtg lh sabllc ihrlcfiht rgtis jh Qpghjsb riejlhs rioir

tl 7:29. Ui bgvi tgìh uhalrriatim riejlhgc ojeuris diagusi jt bgs diih sblwh tbgt

fjergtjlh pcgys lhcy g fjhlr rlci jh Iurlpigh riejlhs ghm tbi ricgtjlh wjtb pir agpjtg

EM^ js wig` (Dgrrl ghm Qgcg-J-Fgrtjh, 7::90 Diee, 7::9).

1.1. Tierissjlh ghgcysjs

]bi dgsjs olr lur ghgcysis js tbi stghmgrm mDgrrl]typi lo g erlwtb rierissjlh, jhacumjhe

tbi jhvistfiht jh pbysjagc agpjtgc, bufgh agpjtgc ghm tbi jhjtjgc civic lo ialhlfja

miviclpfiht. Jh lrmir tl alhtrlc olr alhaihtrgtjlh lo bufgh agpjtgc jh fgklr

geeclfirgtjlhs, wi jhacumim g vgrjgdci tbgt alhsjsts lo tbi salri lh tbi sabllc ihrlcfiht

rgti fuctjpcjim dy g muffy vgrjgdci olr tbi riejlh jh wbjab g fgklr geeclfirgtjlh js

clagtim.: Ourtbirflri, wi tistim jo spgtjgc alrricgtjlh jhocuihais lur risucts. Jmigccy, lhi

sblucm usi jhtirriejlhgc jhputlutput tgdcis tl agcaucgti riejlhgc fuctjpcjirs ghm alhstruat

g vgrjgdci tbgt alhtrlcs olr spgtjgc alrricgtjlh.7> Blwivir, tbjs jholrfgtjlh wgs hltgvgjcgdci. Jh lrmir tl alhtrlc olr spgtjgc alrricgtjlh, wi gppcjim Wugbs (7::?) gpprlgab

ghm agcaucgtim tbi sl-agccim hijebdlr ricgtjvi jhalfi. ]bjs fitblm jfpcjis tbgt wi usi

7> ]biri ixjst ltbir wgys tl bgvi g flri riojhim alhtrlc vgrjgdci tbgt agh di tgìh jhtl alhsjmirgtjlh, olr

ixgfpci, tbi pbysjagc cihetb lo gduttjhe dluhmgrjis lr tbi pbysjagc abgrgatirjstjas lo tbi dlrmir tirrgjh. Blwivir,

tbisi `jhms lo ixtihsjlhs el diylhm tbi salpi lo tbi aurriht pgpir.

: Ui siciatim tbi Uistirh pgrt lo tbi Hitbircghms, Erigtir ^grjs, Erigtir Dircjh, Erigtir Clhmlh, Dgraiclhg

grig, Drussics ghm tbi Jtgcjgh riejlh Cgzjl (Tlfi).

2 Iurlstgt ghm Agfdrjmei Ialhlfitrjas ml prlvjmi mgtg lh Erlss Ojxim Agpjtgc Olrfgtjlh. Blwivir, mgtg gri

jhalfpciti olr slfi aluhtrjis lr jh tjfi.

5 Erlss Tiejlhgc ^rlmuat lo g riejlh jh 7:9> js mjvjmim dy tbi figh lo tbi Erlss Tiejlhgc ^rlmuats lo gcc

riejlhs diclhejhe tl g airtgjh aluhtry. G sjfjcgr olrfucg js gppcjim tl agcaucgti tbi 7::2 ricgtjvi riejlhgc prlmuat.

Tiejlhgc erlwtb lvir tbi pirjlm 7:9>7::2 js tbih dgsim lh tbisi twl jhmjais.

Q. Diueicsmjk`, ]. vgh Qabgj` / Iurlpigh Klurhgc lo ^lcjtjagc Ialhlfy 47 (4>>9) 1>714=17?


17/24

gvirgei pir agpjtg jhalfi lo tbi surrluhmjhe, pbysjagccy alhtjeulus riejlhs tl alhtrlc olr

spgtjgc gutlalrricgtjlh. Jh lur sgfpci, blwivir, tbi ET^ mgtg gri ricgtim tl hgtjlhgc

gvirgei ghm tbiriolri riociat riejlhgc EM^ pir agpjtg ricgtjvi tl aluhtry figh. Dy usjhe

tbisi mgtg, wi jfpcjajtcy gssufi tbgt salris olr hijebdlrjhe riejlhs jh olrijeh aluhtrjis

jhocuihai riejlhgc erlwtb jo tbi ET^ pir agpjtg jh tbjs hijebdlrjhe riejlh js ricgtjvicy

bjeb alfpgrim tl tbijr lwh hgtjlhgc gvirgei.77

Bihai, lur dgsja rierissjlh ghgcysjs jhacumis jhjtjgc civic lo ET^ pir agpjtg, sabllc

ihrlcfiht rgti, jhvistfiht rgtjl, ghm tbi alhtrlc vgrjgdcis olr spgtjgc alrricgtjlh ghm tbi

alhaihtrgtjlh lo bufgh agpjtgc jh geeclfirgtjlhs. Ui bgvi tgìh cle spiajojagtjlhs olr gcc

vgrjgdcis ixaipt tbi twl alhtrlc vgrjgdcis. Flrilvir, wi alhtrlc olr aluhtry-spiajojaiooiats. Ui gppcy tbrii fitblms tl alhtrlc olr aluhtry spiajoja iooiats. Jh tbi dgsja

istjfgtjlhs prisihtim jh]gdci 1,wi usi wijebtim cigst squgris, wbiri riejlhgc stghmgrm

irrlrs gri gmkustim lh tbi dgsjs lo diclhejhe tl tbi sgfi aluhtry. ]bjs acustir gmkustim

stghmgrm irrlr fitblm js gh ixtihsjlh lo Ubjtis bitirlsìmgstjajty alhsjstiht stghmgrm

irrlrs, wbiri stghmgrm irrlrs gri alrriatim olr mipihmihai wjtbjh (jh tbjs agsi) aluhtrjis.

Acustir-dgsim gmkustim stghmgrm irrlrs dgsjagccy alrrisplhm tl rghmlf iooiats, ghm usjhe

muffjis wlucm di g ojxim iooiat istjfgtlr. Jh tbi rldusthiss ghgcysjs jh tbi hixt siatjlh,

wi bgvi abiaìm olr gctirhgtjvi fitblms, cjì mjriatcy jhacumjhe aluhtry muffjis (ojxim

iooiats) ghm tbi qugsj-ojxim iooiats gpprlgab (Bsjgl, 7:2?).

]gdci 1

Tierissjlh risucts

Qlajgc agpjtgc ghm riejlhgc ialhlfja erlwtb, 7:9>7::2

Flmic 7 4 1 = 9

Mipihmiht

vgrjgdci

Erlwtb 7:9>7::2

Alhstght 7.== (>.5=:)7.=9** (>.595) 7.=:** (>.9>?) 7.15* (>.924) 7.>7 (>.?17)

Jhjtjgc civic lo

ET^ pir agpjtg

>.:57**(>.>9:) >.:?2**(>.>9:) >.:12**(>.>5:)>.:=4**(>.>?1) >.:?:**(>.>=:)

Jhvistfiht >.=5? (>.4?=) > .=27 (>.4?2) > .991**(>.75?) >.=2=* (>.4>9) >.=44* (>.47=)

Qabllcjhe >.945* (>.4?5) >.972 (>.455) >.1:5 (>.4>2) >.==:* (>.4>5) >.9?:**(>.4>2)

Geeclfirgtjlh >.942** (>.7?=) >.944**(>.7?7) >.=41* (>.4>9) >.=>=**(>.7:7) >.=54**(>.79=)

Qpgtjgc spjcclvir >.1>2** (>.>:7) >.1>7**(>.>2?) >.471* (>.>:9) >.411**(>.>29) >.4=9**(>.>5=)

]rust >.>77 (>.>=7)ûthgf erlups >.>>5 (>.>2?)

Lcslh erlups >.77: (>.>?9)

^gssjvi erlup

fifdirsbjp

>.7>:**(>.>=2)

Gatjvi erlup

fifdirsbjp

>.759**(>.>=?)

T4 >.=>2: >.=>:> >.=?51 >.=?=7 >.=271

Aluhtry-dgsim acustir gmkustim stghmgrm irrlrs ditwiih pgrihtbisis. H69=.

* pd>.7.

** pd>.>9.

77 Lo tbi 9= riejlhs jh tbi sgfpci, 7: bgvi hijebdlrjhe riejlhs jh aluhtrjis ltbir tbgh tbi riejlhs lwh blst

jtsico, wbirigs = bgm hl hijebdlrjhe riejlhs gt gcc. Jh tbi cgttir agsi, hl spgtjgc gutlalrricgtjlh js figsurim. ]bi

gvirgei hufdir lo pbysjagc hijebdlur riejlhs js 1.1, wbjab alrrisplhms wjtb Wugbs salri lo 1.1.



18/24

]bi ojrst flmic wi istjfgti js tbi stghmgrm erlwtb flmic. Gs tbi risucts jh ]gdci 1

sblw, gcc vgrjgdcis ixaipt olr Jhvistfiht gri sjehjojaght. ]bjs risuct js hlt surprjsjhe ejvih

lur alhtrlc olr aluhtry-spiajoja iooiats ghm tbi ogat tbgt tbi jhvistfiht rgtjl js figsurim gt

aluhtry civic. Qabllcjhe js sjehjojaght gt tbi 7>% civic. Tiejlhgc ialhlfja erlwtb js

hiegtjvicy ricgtim tl tbi jhjtjgc civic lo ET^ pir agpjtg. ]bjs alrrisplhms wjtb ltbir

ojhmjhes lh riejlhgc alhvireihai jh Iurlpi (Fgrtjh ghm Quhciy, 7::2). Blwivir, jo wi

tgì sblrtir pirjlms lo tjfi (i.e., 7:2=7::2), wi aghhltojhm prllo olr tbi alhvireihai

bypltbisjs. ]bjs alrrisplhms wjtb ojhmjhes lh aluhtry (Civjhi ghm Tihict, 7::4) ghm

riejlhgc civic (Ogeirdire ghm _irspgeih, 7::9). ]bi pirjlm jh tbi 7:2>s agh di rluebcy

abgrgatirjzim dy mjvireihai jhstigm lo tbi ldsirvim alhvireihai jh tbi pirjlm diolri

(Fgursitb, 4>>7). Blwivir, dgsim lh lur sgfpci, wi alhacumi tbgt olr tbi lvirgcc gotir-

wgr pirjlm, tbi erlwtb rgti lo pir agpjtg ET^ js hiegtjvicy ricgtim tl tbi stgrtjhe civic lo

pir agpjtg ET .]l tist tbi bypltbisjzim plsjtjvi ricgtjlh ditwiih ialhlfja erlwtb ghm slajgc agpjtgc,

wi jhacumim slajgc agpjtgc vgrjgdcis mjsaussim gdlvi. Ojrst, gs sblwh jh tbi sialhm flmic

jh]gdci 1,wi gmmim tbi salris lh eihirgcjzim trust. Erlwtb js hlt sjehjojaghtcy ricgtim tl

trust. Jh tbi tbjrm flmic, wi jhacumim erlup fifdirsbjp. Jh gaalrmghai wjtb @hga` ghm

@iioir (7::5), wi spcjt up tbjs vgrjgdci jhtl twl suderlups, hgficy, Lcslh erlups ghm

ûthgf erlups, gs miojhim jh Qiatjlh 1.7.4. Gs agh di siih jh]gdci 1,dltb ûthgf ghm

Lcslh erlups gri hlt sjehjojaght. Jh tbi olurtb flmic, wi jhacumi tbi figsuri olr pgssjvi

erlup fifdirsbjp. Tiejlhgc erlwtb rgtis gri sjehjojaghtcy ghm plsjtjvicy ricgtim tl

pgssjvi erlup fifdirsbjp. Jh tbi ojhgc flmic, wi jhacumim tbi vgrjgdci tbgt jhmjagtis

gatjvi fifdirsbjp. ]bjs js bjebcy sjehjojaght ghm gs g alhsiquihai, tbi risuctjhe flmicbgs tbi bjebist vgrjghai ixpcgjhim. Dgsim lh tbi istjfgtim alioojajihts jh]gdci 1,jt agh di

agcaucgtim tbgt g lhi stghmgrm mivjgtjlh abghei jh gatjvi fifdirsbjp rgjsis erlwtb dy .>1

piraihtgei pljhts. ]bi quistjlh js wbitbir tbi gdlvi ojhmjhes gri rldust.

=. Tldusthiss ghgcysjs

Jh lrmir tl tist jo tbi gdlvi ojhmjhes gri rldust, wi pirolrfim sivirgc tists. ]gdci =

prlvjmis tbi risucts lo tbisi tists olr tbi istjfgtim slajgc agpjtgc vgrjgdcis trust, tbi ûthgf

ghm Lcslh erlups ghm pgssjvi ghm gatjvi erlup fifdirsbjp. Olr igab flmic spiajojagtjlh,wi sblw tbi istjfgtim alioojajiht ghm jts stghmgrm irrlr. ]bi mioguct flmic js tbi lhi

prisihtim jh]gdci 1.]bi flmjojagtjlhs gri misarjdim jh mitgjc diclw ghm rioir tl tbi ojrst

alcufh lo]gdci =.

Ojrst, gs gcrigmy fihtjlhim, wi gppcy mjooiriht fitblms tl alhtrlc olr aluhtry-spiajoja

iooiats. Jh]gdci 1, wi istjfgti wjtb acustir gmkustim stghmgrm irrlrs. ]bi usi lo aluhtry-

dgsim gmkustim stghmgrm irrlrs fgy yjicm jhalhsjstiht istjfgtis, jo tbi uhldsirvim

vgrjgdcis gooiatjhe erlwtb gri alrricgtim wjtb ldsirvim abgrgatirjstjas (ao. Eriihi, 4>>1).

]biriolri, gs gh gmmjtjlhgc tist, wi pgrgfitrjzim tbjs ricgtjlhsbjp dy ihtirjhe aluhtry

gvirgeis lo lur slajgc agpjtgc vgrjgdcis gs gmmjtjlhgc vgrjgdcis. ]bjs spiajojagtjlh js lotih

rioirrim tl gs g qugsj-ojxim iooiat flmic (Bsjgl, 7:2?). ]biriolri, jh lur rldusthiss

ghgcysjs, wi usi g ojxim iooiats (aluhtry muffjis) ghm qugsj-ojxim iooiats istjfgtlr. Jh

]gdci =, wi riplrt risucts wbih usjhe tbisi gctirhgtjvi fitblms. Ubih usjhe aluhtry



19/24

muffjis, tbi aluhtry lo rioirihai js tbi Hitbircghms, wbjab bgs tbi bjebist aluhtry salri

lh gcc slajgc agpjtgc vgrjgdcis. Jh gcc flmics, tbi aluhtry muffjis gri hlt sjehjojaght,

ixaipt olr Eirfghy, wbjab bgs g plsjtjvi ghm sjehjojaght alioojajiht. Jh agsi lo tbi qugsj-

ojxim iooiat flmic, wi istjfgtim tbi riejlhgc slajgc agpjtgc iooiat wbih alhtrlccjhe olr tbi

hgtjlhgc gvirgei lo tbi sgfi slajgc agpjtgc vgrjgdci. Tiegrmjhe tbi bypltbisjzim iooiats lo

slajgc agpjtgc lh erlwtb, tbi istjfgtim slajgc agpjtgc alioojajihts gri sjfjcgr tl tblsi lo tbimioguct flmic. Erlwtb js plsjtjvicy ghm sjehjojaghtcy ricgtim tl dltb pgssjvi ghm gatjvi

erlup fifdirsbjp. Bihai, jhmipihmiht lo tbi fitblm usim tl alhtrlc olr aluhtry-spiajoja

iooiats, riejlhgc ialhlfja erlwtb js sjehjojaghtcy ricgtim tl gsslajgtjlhgc gatjvjty.

Lur sialhm rldusthiss tist alhsjsts lo abghejhe tbi erlwtb pirjlm, j.i., lur mipihmiht

vgrjgdci (ghm tbi pirjlm-ricgtim jhmipihmihts cjì jhjtjgc civic lo ET^). Ejvih tbgt lur

slajgc agpjtgc mgtg gri figsurim jh 7::>, wi alhsjmir twl erlwtb pirjlms0 7:2=7::2 ghm

7::>7::2. Ui hlt lhcy ojhm g (jhajmihtgccy) sjehjojaghtcy plsjtjvi iooiat lo tbi Lcslh

erlups, dut flri jfplrtghtcy, tbi slajgc agpjtgc vgrjgdci rifgjhjhe sjehjojaght js gatjvi

fifdirsbjp. ^gssjvi fifdirsbjp js hlt sjehjojaght jh tbjs spiajojagtjlh lo tbi mipihmiht

vgrjgdci.

]bjrmcy, wi tist tbi ricjgdjcjty lo lur ûthgf erlup vgrjgdci. Gs Yscghir (7::5) bgs

sblwh, aluhtrjis fgy mjooir jh tirfs lo ricivght prlxjis olr slajgc agpjtgc. ]bjs fgy

]gdci =

Tldusthiss tists

Qlajgc agpjtgc vgrjgdci0

]ypi lo abghei

Flmic 4;

]rust

Flmic 1;

ûthgferlups

Flmic 1;

Lcslh erlups

Flmic =;

^gssjvierlup

fifdirsbjp

Flmic 9;

Gatjvierlup

fifdirsbjp

H

Mioguct flmic (]gdci 1) >.>77 (>.>=) >.>>5 (>.>:) >.74 (>.>5) >.77 (>.>9)** >.72 (>.>9)** 9=

(7g). Jhacusjlh lo

aluhtry muffjis

>.>=? (>.>2) >.>>? (>.>5) >.>5 (>.>2) >.>2 (>.>=5)* >.7= (>.>2)* 9=

(7d). Wugsj-ojxim iooiats >.>19 (>.77) >.>1 (>.>2) >.>2 (>.>:) >.71 (>.>9)* >.7? (>.>5)* 9=

(4). Abghei erlwtb pirjlm;

7:2=7::2 >.>4 (>.71) >.7? (>.4>) >.4> (>.7:) >.1> (>.7?) >.=5 (>.74)** 9=

7::>7::2 >.=1 (>.=1) >.74 (>.42) >.5= (>.1=)* >.9= (>.4:) >.?9 (>.47)** 9=

(1) Drlgmir miojhjtjlh

lo ûthgf erlups

>.4> (>.71) 9=

(=) Tiaursjvi fitblm;

ixac. = ogstist

erlwjhe riejlhs

>.>4 (>.>12) >.>>1 (>.>2) >.7> (>.>5) >.7> (>.>=)* >.7? (>.>=)** 9>

ixac. = sclwist

erlwjhe riejlhs

>.>7 (>.>9) >.>>1 (>.>:) >.77 (>.>5) >.77 (>.>9)* >.7: (>.>?)** 9>

ixacumi = riejlhs

wjtb bjebist salri

lh slajgc agpjtgc

>.>>2 (>.>=) >.>1 (>.>:) >.7> (>.>5) >.7= (>.>=)** >.41 (>.>9)** 9>

ixacumi = riejlhs

wjtb clwist salri

lh slajgc agpjtgc

>.77 (>.72) >.>77 (>.71) >.71 (>.>2) >.7> (>.>2) >.72 (>.>2)* 9>

(9) Hl cle spiajojagtjlhs >.7= (>.42)

>.4> (>.1?) >.5= (>.9>) >.7= (>.79) >.=4 (>.4>)* 9=

Aluhtry-dgsim acustir gmkustim stghmgrm irrlrs ditwiih pgrihtbisis ixaipt jh spiajojagtjlhs 7g ghm 7d.

* pd>.7.

** pd>.>9.

Q. Diueicsmjk`, ]. vgh Qabgj` / Iurlpigh Klurhgc lo ^lcjtjagc Ialhlfy 47 (4>>9) 1>714= 17:


20/24

blcm ispiajgccy olr erlup fifdirsbjp gs slfi bgvi quistjlhim tbi gmiqugay lo airtgjh

erlups jh g Iurlpigh sittjhe alfpgrim tl tbi Y.Q. sittjhe gegjhst wbjab ûthgfs jmigs

wiri miviclpim (Qtlcci, 4>>4).74 Jh gmmjtjlh tl tbi erlups fihtjlhim igrcjir, wi bgvi

gmmim fifdirsbjp lo splrts ghm riarigtjlh acuds ghm wlfihs erlups tl lur figsuri lo

ûthgf erlups. Lo gcc plssjdjcjtjis, wi bgvi ablsih tl gmm tbisi gs tbiy gcsl prlxy

gsslajgtjlhgc gatjvjty tbgt js hlt olausim lh riht-sii`jhe gatjvjtjis tbgt agh di ixpiatim

orlf erlups, suab gs plcjtjagc pgrtjis ghm prloissjlhgc gsslajgtjlhs (ao. Lcslh erlups). Jt

turhs lut tbgt ialhlfja erlwtb js hlt sjehjojaghtcy ricgtim tl tbi ixtihmim ûthgf erlup

miojhjtjlh.

Olurtbcy, wi bgvi gppcjim tbi riaursjvi fitblm tl tist jo tbi alfplsjtjlh lo tbi sgfpci

jhocuihais lur risucts. ]bi riaursjvi fitblm jfpcjis tbgt dgsim lh tbi lrmir jh wbjab tbi

ldsirvgtjlhs gri riprisihtim, ldsirvgtjlhs gri micitim ghm tbi istjfgtim alioojajihts gri

dgsim lh tbjs sfgccir sgfpci. Ui bgvi ablsih tl lrmir tbi 9= riejlhs gaalrmjhe tl riejlhgcialhlfja erlwtb ghm tbi slajgc agpjtgc vgrjgdcis. Ubih gppcyjhe tbi riaursjvi fitblm wjtb

rispiat tl erlwtb, wi istjfgti tbi iooiat lo tbi slajgc agpjtgc vgrjgdcis wbih tbi olur sclwist

ghm olur ogstist erlwjhe riejlhs gri ixacumim. Jh g sjfjcgr wgy, wi pirolrf lur rierissjlh

ghgcysjs ghm ixacumi tbi olur riejlhs wjtb tbi bjebist, rispiatjvicy, clwist salris lh tbi

slajgc agpjtgc vgrjgdcis.71 Tisucts riegrmjhe lur slajgc agpjtgc vgrjgdcis gri jh cjhi wjtb

igrcjir tists lo tbi mioguct flmic0 erlwtb js plsjtjvicy ghm sjehjojaghtcy ricgtim tl gatjvi

fifdirsbjp, ghm pgssjvi erlup fifdirsbjp js lhcy wig`cy rldust.

Ojhgccy, wi tist jo tbi cle spiajojagtjlh lo tbi slajgc agpjtgc vgrjgdcis mrjvis lur risucts.

]biriolri, wi bgvi istjfgtim lur flmic wjtb mrgw]mgtg. ]bi risucts jh]gdci =sblw tbgt

lur jhjtjgc plsjtjvi ghm sjehjojaght iooiat lo gatjvi erlup fifdirsbjp js hlt jhocuihaim, duttbgt pgssjvi erlup fifdirsbjp dialfis jhsjehjojaght.

Jh suf, lur rldusthiss ghgcysjs sblws tbgt riejlhgc ialhlfja erlwtb js plsjtjvicy

ghm sjehjojaghtcy ricgtim tl gatjvi erlup fifdirsbjp jh gcc lur tists. ]bi sjehjojaght

risuct wjtb rispiat tl pgssjvi erlup fifdirsbjp jh tbi mioguct flmic js hlt rldust. ]rust

js hivir sjehjojaght ghm tbi mjstjhatjlh ditwiih ûthgf ghm Lcslh erlups mlis hlt yjicm

rldust risucts.

9. Alhacusjlhs ghm mjsaussjlh

Jh tbjs pgpir, wi bgvi dujct lh riejlhgc erlwtb ifpjrjas gs miviclpim dy Dgrrl ghm

Qgcg-J-Fgrtjh (7::9) ghm tbi slajgc agpjtgc midgti tl wbjab ûthgf (7::1, 4>>>) ghm

@hga` ghm @iioir (7::5)fgmi jfplrtght alhtrjdutjlhs. Ui stumjim 9= riejlhs jh Iurlpi

ghm gppcjim g stghmgrm ifpjrjagc erlwtb flmic tl tist jo tbi ûthgf bypltbisjs agh di

eihirgcjzim, j.i., js riejlhgc ialhlfja erlwtb ricgtim tl slajgc agpjtgc< Qlajgc agpjtgc js

lpirgtjlhgcjzim jh tirfs lo eihirgcjzim trust ghm gsslajgtjlhgc gatjvjty, spcjt up jh sivirgc

71

Jh prjhajpci, tbi riaursjvi fitblm gcclws g ergpbjagc riprisihtgtjlh lo tbi istjfgtim alioojajihts wbih gcc 9=ldsirvgtjlhs gri sudsiquihtcy micitim. Olr rigslhs lo acgrjty ghm alfpribihsjvihiss, wi bgvi ablsih tl sblw

lhcy tbi risucts wbih tbi olur bjebist/clwist ldsirvgtjlhs gri micitim. ]bisi riociat tbi eihirgc alhacusjlh,

blwivir.

74 Ui tbgh` lhi lo tbi rioiriis olr pljhtjhe tbjs lut.

Q. Diueicsmjk`, ]. vgh Qabgj` / Iurlpigh Klurhgc lo ^lcjtjagc Ialhlfy 47 (4>>9) 1>714=14>


21/24

icifihts. Qjfjcgr tl @hga` ghm @iioir (7::5), wi fgmi g mjstjhatjlh ditwiih ûthgf

erlups ghm Lcslh erlups, ghm jh gmmjtjlh wi mjstjheujsbim gatjvi ghm pgssjvi

fifdirsbjp.

Ui bgvi rigabim sivirgc alhacusjlhs. Lur fgjh risuct js tbi rldust plsjtjvi ghm

sjehjojaght ricgtjlhsbjp ditwiih riejlhgc ialhlfja erlwtb ghm gatjvi fifdirsbjp. Ui

bgvi sblwh tbgt vgrjgtjlh jh ialhlfja erlwtb gt tbi riejlhgc civic jh Iurlpi js hlt

mjriatcy gsslajgtim wjtbslajgc agpjtgc jh tirfs lo trust ghm pgssjvi erlup fifdirsbjp. Jh

gmmjtjlh, jh cjhi wjtb @hga` ghm @iioir (7::5), tbi mjstjhatjlh ditwiih ûthgf ghm

Lcslh erlups mlis hlt yjicm gmmjtjlhgc jhsjebts. Jh ltbir wlrms, wi bgvi sblwh tbi

bypltbisjs put olrwgrm dy ûthgf it gc. (7::1) tbgt slajgc agpjtgc fgttirs olr riejlhgc

ialhlfja suaaiss jh Jtgcy agh di eihirgcjzim tl tbi ixtiht tbgt jt js hlt sl fuab tbi

ixjstihai lo slajgc hitwlr`s tbgt alhtrjduti tl riejlhgc ialhlfja erlwtb dut tbi gatjvi

jhvlcvifiht jh jt.Lur riejlhgc ghgcysjs mlis hlt supplrt tbi bypltbisjs tbgt ialhlfja erlwtb js

plsjtjvicy gsslajgtim wjtb trust. ]biri fgy di sivirgc rigslhs olr tbjs. Ojrst, Ecgisir

it gc. (4>>>) bgvi sblwh tbgt tbi trust quistjlh usim jh tbjs typi lo risigrab gatugccy

figsuris trustwlrtbjhiss ghm hlt trust (sii gcsl Diccifgri ghm @rleir, 4>>1). ]biy

sueeist miviclpjhe gctirhgtjvi jhstrufihts tl figsuri trust. Lur risigrab supplrts

tbijr alhacusjlh jh tbi sihsi tbgt jh alhtrgst wjtb tbilritjagc primjatjlhs, wi ml hlt

ojhm g sjehjojaght iooiat lo trust. ]bjs fgy hlt di mui tl ogcsjojim tbilry, dut fgy jh

ogat di tbi risuct lo gh jfpiroiat prlxy olr trust. ]bjs greufiht fgy gcsl blcm olr

tbi ogat tbgt tbi supplsim iooiats lo tbi ûthgf ghm Lcslh iooiats gri hlt

alrrldlrgtim dy tbi ifpjrjas. Ojhmjhe gsslajgtjlhs tbgt prlxy tbi supplsim tbilritjagccjh`s fgy mjooir ditwiih aluhtrjis ghm riejlhs. Olr ixgfpci, orlf g prgatjagc pljht

lo vjiw, jt fgy fgì hl sihsi tl cll` gt fifdirsbjp lo uhjlhs jh Hjeirjg, ejvih

tbgt tbiy fgy di olrdjmmih, gs wicc jh Mihfgr`, wbiri fifdirsbjp js ldcjeim jh

slfi prloissjlhs. ]bi rlci lo buhtjhe gsslajgtjlhs fgy di ricivght jh Ojhcghm, dut

hlt jh aihtrgc Gfstirmgf. ]bi ogat tbgt wi ojhm wig` hlhrldust iooiats lo pgssjvi

fifdirsbjp ghm rldust ojhmjhes lh gatjvi fifdirsbjp fgy di pgrtcy agusim dy tbi

ogat tbgt tbi cgttir js g flri alfpciti prlxy tbgt alvirs tbi clagtjlh-spiajoja iooiats

fuab dittir. Qialhm, ghm aclsicy ricgtim tl tbi ojrst greufiht, Mghjicslh ghm Blcf

(4>>1) bgvi sblwh usjhe trust ixpirjfihts jh ]ghzghjg ghm Qwimih tbgt tbi

primjatjvi plwir lo surviy trust mjooirim alhsjmirgdcy ditwiih tbisi aluhtrjis. ]bijrixpirjfihts sueeist tbgt surviy trust js sjehjojaghtcy ricgtim tl jhmjvjmugc dibgvjlrgc

trust ghm trustwlrtbjhiss jh slfi plpucgtjlhs, dut hlt jh ltbirs. ]bjs fgy gcsl bicp

uhmirstghm wby Diueicsmjk it gc. (4>>=) oluhm tbgt trust wgs hlt rldust jh @hga`

ghm @iioirs (7::5) sgfpci lo 4: LIAM aluhtrjis, dut rldust jh [g` ghm @hga`s

(4>>7) olcclw-up ghgcysjs jh wbjab 74 flstcy ciss miviclpim aluhtrjis wiri gmmim.

Outuri risigrab sblucm olaus lh tbi fiabghjsfs tbrlueb wbjab slajgc agpjtgc jh tirfs

lo gsslajgtjlhgc gatjvjty jhocuihais ialhlfja erlwtb jh tbi Iurlpigh riejlhs. Gs wi

misarjdim jh tbi siatjlh lh erlup fifdirsbjp, tbilry greuis tbgt gsslajgtjlhgc gatjvjty

fgy cjfjt tbi ixtiht lo orii rjmjhe tbrlueb oiicjhes lo alcciatjvjty. Blwivir, tbiri js hl

acigr uhmirstghmjhe blw tbisi fiabghjsfs ixgatcy wlr`. Flri jhsjebt jh tbisi

fiabghjsfs js ispiajgccy jfplrtght olr plcjayfgìrs gt tbi riejlhgc ghm fuctjhgtjlhgc

civic. Gs clhe gs wi ml hlt ixgatcy `hlw tbi fiabghjsf ditwiih riejlhgc ialhlfja



22/24

erlwtb ghm gatjvi fifdirsbjp gs g prlxy olr slajgc agpjtgc, jt js tll igrcy tl olrfucgti

acigr plcjay jfpcjagtjlhs.

Ticgtim tl tbjs js tbipltihtjgccy jfplrtght mjstjhatjlh ditwiih mjooiriht typis lo slajgc

agpjtgc. Jh riaiht wlr`,ûthgf (4>>>)mjstjheujsbis wbgt bi agccs mdrjmejhe slajgc agpjtgc]

jh wbjab dlhms lo alhhiatimhiss gri olrfim garlss mjvirsi slajgc erlups, ghm mdlhmjhe

slajgc agpjtgc]tbgt aifihts lhcy blfleihlus erlups. ûthgf acigrcy prioirs tbi drjmejhe

typi lo slajgc agpjtgc. Alhaiptugccy, tbi jmig lo drjmejhe tjis bgs slfi iablis lo

Erghlvittirs igrcjir wlr` lh strlhe ghm wig` tjis (Erghlvittir, 7:51). Outuri risigrab

alucm olcclw ûthgfs cjhi lo tbjh`jhe ghm try tl ojhm ifpjrjagc ivjmihai olr tbi gssufim

plsjtjvi iooiats lo drjmejhe slajgc agpjtgc ghm tbi pltihtjgccy hiegtjvi iooiats lo tbi

dlhmjhe typi lo slajgc agpjtgc.

Ga`hlwcimeifihts

Ui wjsb tl tbgh` tbi ]jcdure Iurlpigh _gcuis Qtumjis (I_Q) wlr`jhe erlup olr usiouc

sueeistjlhs ghm alffihts, ispiajgccy Hjics Hllrmirbgvih, Qkg` Qfucmirs, Cli` Bgcfgh,

Cghs Dlvihdire, Kgaquis Bgeihggrs ghm Ujc Grts. Ui gcsl tbgh` Lcie Abvyr`lv, Bihrj

mi Erllt ghm tbrii ghlhyflus rivjiwirs lo tbjs klurhgc olr tbijr bicpouc sueeistjlhs. ]bjs

pgpir wgs prisihtim gt sivirgc alhoirihais, jhacumjhe tbi IIG (4>>4) ghm tbi ITQG

(4>>1).

Tioirihais

Gdrgflvjtz, F., 7:2?. Agtabjhe up, olrejhe gbigm, ghm ogccjhe dibjhm. Klurhgc lo Ialhlfja Bjstlry =?,

129=>?.

Grrlw, @., 7:57. ^lcjtjagc ghm ialhlfja ivgcugtjlh lo slajgc iooiats ghm ixtirhgcjtjis. Jh; Jhtrjcjegtlr, F. (Im.),

Orlhtjirs lo Wugcjtgtjvi Ialhlfjas. Hlrtb-Blccghm, Gfstirmgf, pp. 1 49.

Dgcg, _., Elygc, Q., 4>>7. Alholrfjsf ghm mjvirsjty uhmir slajgc cigrhjhe. Ialhlfja ]bilry 75, 7>774>.

Dgrrl, T.K., 7::7. Ialhlfja erlwtb jh g arlss siatjlh lo aluhtrjis. Wugrtircy Klurhgc lo Ialhlfjas 7>?, =>5 ==1.

Dgrrl, T.K., Qgcg-J-Fgrtjh, R., 7::9. Ialhlfja Erlwtb. FaErgw Bjcc, Hiw Zlr`.

Dguflc, U., 7:2?. ^rlmuatjvjty erlwtb, alhvireihai, ghm wicogri; wbgt tbi clhe ruh mgtg sblw. Gfirjagh

Ialhlfja Tivjiw 5?, 7>547>29.Diee, J., 7::9. Ogatlr fldjcjty ghm riejlhgc mjspgrjtjis jh tbi Iurlpigh Yhjlh. Lxolrm Tivjiw lo Ialhlfja

^lcjay 77, :?774.

Diccifgri, A., @rleir, Q., 4>>1. Lh riprisihtgtjvi trust. AihtIT Mjsaussjlh pgpir =5, Aihtir olr Ialhlfja

Tisigrab, ]jcdure.

Dirtrghm, F., Cuttfir, I.O.^., Fuccgjhgtbgh, Q., 4>>>. Hitwlr` iooiats ghm wicogri aucturis. Wugrtircy Klurhgc lo

Ialhlfjas ?9, 7>7: 7>99.

Diueicsmjk`, Q., Mi Erllt, B.C.O., _gh Qabgj`, G.D.].F., 4>>=. ]rust ghm ialhlfja erlwtb; g rldusthiss tist.

Lxolrm Ialhlfja ^gpirs 9?, 77271=.

Mghjicslh, G., Blcf, B.K., 4>>1. ]rlpja trust virsus Hlrmja trust; ixpirjfihtgc ivjmihai orlf ]ghzghjg ghm

Qwimih. ^gpir prisihtim gt tbi Iurlpigh Ialhlfja Gsslajgtjlh alhoirihai, Qtla`blcf.

Murcguo, Q.H., 4>>4g. Qyfplsjuf lh slajgc agpjtgc; jhtrlmuatjlh. Ialhlfja Klurhgc 774, O=75O=72.

Murcguo, Q.H., 4>>4d. Lh tbi ifpjrjas lo slajgc agpjtgc. Ialhlfja Klurhgc 774, O=9:O=5:.Murcguo, Q.H., 4>>4a. Dlwcjhe gclhi; g rivjiw issgy. Klurhgc lo Ialhlfja Dibgvjlr ghm Lreghjzgtjlh =5,

49:451.

Iurlpigh _gcuis Qtumjis, 7::>. ]jcdure. bttp;//www.uvt.hc;ivs.



23/24

Ogeirdire, K., _irspgeih, D., 7::9. Bigmjhe olr mjvireihai< Tiejlhgc erlwtb jh Iurlpi rialhsjmirim. FITJ]

wlr jhe pgpir 4/:9->7=. Fggstrjabt Ialhlfja Tisigrab Jhstjtuti lh Jhhlvgtjlh ghm ]iabhlcley,

Fggstrjabt.

Oimmirì, K., Mi @gmt, T., Cujz, K., 7:::. Ialhlfja erlwtb ghm slajgc agpjtgc; g arjtjagc riociatjlh. ]bilry ghmQlajity 42, 5>:5=9.

Ojhi, D., 4>>7. Qlajgc Agpjtgc _irsus Qlajgc ]bilry. Tlutcimei, Clhmlh.

Orghaljs, ^., 4>>4. Qlajgc Agpjtgc ghm Ialhlfja Miviclpfiht. Tlutcimei, Clhmlh.

Ouùygfg, O., 7::9g. ]rust; ]bi Qlajgc _jrtuis ghm tbi Arigtjlh lo ^rlspirjty. ]bi Orii ^riss, Hiw Zlr`.

Ouùygfg, O., 7::9d. Qlajgc agpjtgc ghm tbi ecldgc ialhlfy. Olrijeh Googjrs 5=, 2:7>1.

Egfdittg, M., 7:22. ]rust; Fg`jhe ghm Drig`jhe Allpirgtjvi Ticgtjlhs. Dcga`wicc ûdcjsbirs, Lxolrm.

Ecgisir, I., Cjgdslh, M.J., Qabijh`fgh, K.G., Qluttir, A.C., 4>>>. Figsurjhe trust. Wugrtircy Klurhgc lo

Ialhlfjas 779, 2772=?.

Erghgtl, K., Jhecibgrt, T., Cidcghe, M., 7::?. ]bi iooiat lo aucturgc vgcuis lh ialhlfja miviclpfiht; tbilry,

bypltbisis, ghm slfi ifpjrjagc tists. Gfirjagh Klurhgc lo ^lcjtjagc Qajihai =>.1, ?>5?17.

Erghlvittir, F., 7:51. ]bi strihetb lo wig` tjis. Gfirjagh Klurhgc lo Qlajlcley 52, 71?>712>.

Eriihi, U.B., 4>>1. Ialhlfitrja Ghgcysjs. ^rihtjai Bgcc, Yppir Qgmmci Tjvir, HK.Erjir, @.D., ]uccla`, E., 7:2:. Gh ifpjrjagc ghgcysjs lo arlss-hgtjlhgc ialhlfja erlwtb, 7:977:2>. Klurhgc lo

Flhitgry Ialhlfjas 4=, 49:45?.

Eucgtj, T., 7::9. Mlis ogfjcjgrjty driim trust< ]bi jfpcjagtjlhs lo ripigtim tjis olr alhtrgatugc abljai jh gccjghais.

Gagmify lo Fghgeifiht Klurhgc 12.7, 29774.

Eucgtj, T., 7::2. Gccjghais ghm hitwlr`s. Qtrgtieja Fghgeifiht Klurhgc 7:, 4:1175.

Bgcc, T.I., Klhis, A., 7:::. Uby ml slfi aluhtrjis prlmuai sl fuab flri lutput pir wlrìr tbgh ltbirs, Hgtjlhgc Durigu

lo Ialhlfja Tisigrab, Agfdrjmei.

Bsjgl, A., 7:2?. Ghgcysjs lo ^ghic Mgtg. Agfdrjmei Yhjvirsjty ^riss, Agfdrjmei.

Jhecibgrt, T., 7::>. Aucturi Qbjot jh Gmvghaim Jhmustrjgc Qlajity. ^rjhaitlh Yhjvirsjty ^riss, ^rjhaitlh, HK.

Jhecibgrt, T., 7::5. Flmirhjzgtjlh ghm ^lstflmirhjzgtjlh; Aucturgc, Ialhlfja ghm ^lcjtjagc Abghei jh =1

Qlajitjis. ^rjhaitlh Yhjvirsjty ^riss, ^rjhaitlh, HK.

Jhìcis, G., 4>>>. Figsurjhe slajgc agpjtgc ghm jts alhsiquihais. ^lcjay Qajihais 11, 4=94?2.

@hga , Q., @iioir, ., 7::5. Mlis slajgc agpjtgc bgvi gh ialhlfja pgy-loo< G arlss aluhtry jhvistjegtjlh.

Wugrtircy Klurhgc lo Ialhlfjas 774.=, 74977422.

@lrfihmj, T.A., Fieujri, ^.E., 7:29. Fgarlialhlfja mitirfjhghts lo erlwtb; arlss aluhtry ivjmihai. Klurhgc

lo Flhitgry Ialhlfjas 7?, 7=77?1.

Cilhgrmj, T., 7::9. Tiejlhgc miviclpfiht jh Jtgcy, slajgc agpjtgc ghm tbi Fizzlejlrhl. Lxolrm Tivjiw lo

Ialhlfja ^lcjay 77, 7?975:.

Civjhi, T., Tihict, M., 7::4. G sihsjtjvjty ghgcysjs lo arlss-aluhtry rierissjlhs. Gfirjagh Ialhlfja Tivjiw 24,

:=4:?1.

Fgcia j, I.K., 4>>>. Hitwlr` flmics olr tiabhlcley-dgsim erlwtb. Jh; Gas, [. (Im.), Tiejlhgc Jhhlvgtjlh,@hlwcimei ghm Ecldgc Abghei. ^jhtir, Clhmlh, pp. 7254>=.

Fgh`jw, H.E., Tlfir, M., Uijc, M., 7::4. G alhtrjdutjlh tl tbi ifpjrjas lo ialhlfja erlwtb. Wugrtircy Klurhgc

lo Ialhlfjas 7>5, =>5=17.

Fgrtjh, T., Quhciy, ^., 7::2. Qclw alhvireihai, tbi hiw ihmleihlus erlwtb tbilry ghm riejlhgc miviclpfiht.

Ialhlfja Eilergpby 5=, 4>7445.

Fgursitb, ^.D., 4>>7. Alhvireihai, eilergpby ghm tiabhlcley. Qtruaturgc Abghei ghm Ialhlfja Myhgfjas 74,

4=545?.

Flcci, U., _gh Blcst, D., Qfjt, B., 7:2>. Tiejlhgc Mjspgrjty ghm Ialhlfja Miviclpfiht jh tbi Iurlpigh

Alffuhjty. Qgxlh Blusi, Uistfigm, Ihecghm.

Hlltidllf, D., 7:::. Jhhlvgtjlh, cigrhjhe ghm jhmustrjgc lreghjzgtjlh. Agfdrjmei Klurhgc lo Ialhlfjas 41,

74579>.

Hlltidllf, D., 4>>4. ]rust; Olrfs, Oluhmgtjlhs, Ouhatjlhs, Ogjcuris ghm Ojeuris. Imwgrm Icegr,Abictihbgf, Y@.

Lcslh, F., 7:24. ]bi Tjsi ghm Miacjhi lo Hgtjlhs. Zgci Yhjvirsjty ^riss, Hiw Bgvih.



24/24

^gcmgf, F., Qvihmsih, E.]., 4>>>. Gh issgy lh slajgc agpjtgc; cll`jhe olr ojri dibjhm tbi sflì. Iurlpigh

Klurhgc lo ^lcjtjagc Ialhlfy 7?, 11:1??.

^gxtlh, ^., 7:::. Js slajgc agpjtgc miacjhjhe jh tbi Yhjtim Qtgtis< G fuctjpci jhmjagtlr gssissfiht. Gfirjagh

Klurhgc lo Qlajlcley 7>9, 22745.^gxtlh, ^., 4>>4. Qlajgc agpjtgc ghm miflargay; gh jhtirmipihmiht ricgtjlhsbjp. Gfirjagh Qlajlclejagc Tivjiw

?5, 49=455.

^jgzzg-Eilrej, D., 4>>4. ]bi rlci lo bufgh ghm slajgc agpjtgc jh erlwtb; ixtihmjhe lur uhmirstghmjhe.

Agfdrjmei Klurhgc lo Ialhlfjas 4?, =?7=5:.

ûthgf, T., 4>>>. Dlwcjhe Gclhi; ]bi Alccgpsi ghm Tivjvgc lo Gfirjagh Alffuhjty. Qjflh ghm Qabustir,

Hiw Zlr`.

ûthgf, T., Cilhgrmj, T., Hghittj, T.Z., 7::1. Fg jhe Miflargay Ulr . ^rjhaitlh Yhjvirsjty ^riss,

^rjhaitlh, HK.

Wugb, M., 7::?. Tiejlhgc alhvireihai acustirs garlss Iurlpi. Iurlpigh Ialhlfja Tivjiw =>, :97:92.

Tjhe, .Q., _gh mi _ih, G.B., 7::4. Qtruaturjhe allpirgtjvi ricgtjlhsbjps ditwiih lreghjzgtjlhs. Qtrgtieja

Fghgeifiht Klurhgc 71, =21=:2.

Qg`l, F., 7::4. ^rjais, Wugcjty ghm ]rust; Jhtirojrf Ticgtjlhs jh Drjtgjh ghm Kgpgh. Agfdrjmei Yhjvirsjty ^riss,Agfdrjmei, Y@.

Qfjtb, ^., Dlhm, F., 7::2. Qlajgc ^syablcley garlss Aucturis. ^rihtjai Bgcc Iurlpi, Clhmlh.

Qtlcci, M., 4>>4. Qlajgc agpjtgc; gh ifirejhe alhaipt. Jh; Bldslh, D., Ciwjs, K., Qjjf, D. (Ims.), Alhtistim

Alhaipts jh Eihmir ghm Qlajgc ^lcjtjas. Imwgrm Icegr, Abictihbgf, Y@.

Qwgh`, M., 7::?. Aucturi, jhstjtutjlhs, ghm ialhlfja erlwtb; tbilry, riaiht ivjmihai, ghm tbi rlci lo

alffuhjtgrjgh plcjtjis. Gfirjagh Klurhgc lo ^lcjtjagc Qajihai =>, ??>?5:.

]ifpci, K., 7:::. ]bi hiw erlwtb ivjmihai. Klurhgc lo Ialhlfja Cjtirgturi 15, 77479?.

]ifpci, K., 4>>7. Erlwtb iooiats lo imuagtjlh ghm slajgc agpjtgc jh tbi LIAM aluhtrjis. LIAM Ialhlfja Qtumjis

11, 957>7.

]ifpci, K., Klbhslh, ^.G., 7::2. Qlajgc agpgdjcjty ghm ialhlfja erlwtb. Wugrtircy Klurhgc lo Ialhlfjas 771,

:?9::>.

]laquivjcci, mi G., 7:?:. Miflargay jh Gfirjag. Qarjdhir Dll`s, Hiw Zlr`. (7219).

Yscghir, I.F., 7::5. _lcuhtgry lreghjzgtjlh fifdirsbjp jh Aghgmg ghm tbi Yhjtim Qtgtis. ^gpir prisihtim

gt tbi 7::5 Fiitjhe lo tbi Gsslajgtjlh olr Aghgmjgh Qtumjis jh tbi Yhjtim Qtgtis, Fjhhigplcjs,

(www.dsls.ufm.imu/evtp/uscghir/gasus:5.pmo).

Yzzj, D., 7::?. ]bi slurais ghm alhsiquihais lo ifdimmimhiss olr tbi ialhlfja pirolrfghai lo lreghjzgtjlhs;

tbi hitwlr` iooiat. Gfirjagh Qlajlclejagc Tivjiw ?7, ?5=?:2.

_gh Mitb, K., Fgrgooj, F., Hiwtlh, @., Ubjticiy, ^., 7:::. Qlajgc Agpjtgc ghm Iurlpigh Miflargay. Tlutcimei,

Clhmlh.

Ujccjgfslh, L.I., 7:59. Fgrìts ghm Bjirgrabjis, Ghgcysjs ghm Ghtjtrust Jfpcjagtjlhs. Orii ^riss, Hiw Zlr`.

Ujccjgfslh, L.I., 7:29. ]bi Ialhlfja Jhstjtutjlhs lo Agpjtgcjsf. Orii ^riss, Hiw Zlr`.

Ujccjgfslh, L.I., 7::2. ]rghsgatjlh alst ialhlfjas; blw jt wlr`s0 wbiri jt js bigmim. Mi Ialhlfjst 7=?, 41 92.

Ullcala`, F., 7::2. Qlajgc agpjtgc ghm ialhlfja miviclpfiht; tlwgrm g tbilritjagc syhtbisjs ghm plcjayorgfiwlr`. ]bilry ghm Qlajity 45, 7974>2.

[gbiir, G., FaIvjcy, D., îrrlhi, _., 7::2. Mlis trust fgttir< Ixpclrjhe tbi iooiats lo jhtirlreghjsgtjlhgc ghm

jhtirpirslhgc trust lh pirolrfghai. Lreghjzgtjlh Qajihai :, 7=7 79:.

[g`, ^.K., @hga`, Q., 4>>7. ]rust ghm erlwtb. Ialhlfja Klurhgc 777, 4:9147.

Q. Diueicsmjk`, ]. vgh Qabgj` / Iurlpigh Klurhgc lo ^lcjtjagc Ialhlfy 47 (4>>9) 1>714=14=
http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvtp/uslaner/acsus97.pdfhttp://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvtp/uslaner/acsus97.pdfhttp://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvtp/uslaner/acsus97.pdfhttp://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvtp/uslaner/acsus97.pdf

social capital and growth in european regions

Documents