social and economic development of...
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Social and Economic Development of Peatland Community
Forum of National Bioethics Committees (NBCs) on Transboundary Haze PollutionJakarta, 6-7 December 2017
Ernoiz Antriyandarti, JokoSutrisno, Endang Siti Rahayu, Nuning Setyowati, Isti Khomah, Eksa Rusdiyana
Universitas Sebelas Maret
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IntroductionIndonesian Export of Agricultural Commodities
Figure 1. Export of Main CommoditiesSource: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2016
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Palm Oil Production around the world, 2014(in metric ton)
33,000,000
19,800,000
2,000,0001,108,000
930
Indonesia
Malaysia
Thailand
Colombia
Nigeria
Figure 2. Palm Oil ProductionSource: http://www.indonesia-investments.com
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2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Production(million tons)
19.2 19.4 21.8 23.5 26.5 30.0 31.5 32.5 32.0¹
Export(million tons)
15.1 17.1 17.1 17.6 18.2 22.4 21.7 26.4 27.0¹
Export(in USD billion)
15.6 10.0 16.4 20.2 21.6 20.6 21.1 18.6 18.6¹
The majority of Indonesia's palm oil production is exported to China, India, Malaysia, Singapore and the Netherlands.
Positive Impacts Negative impactsGrowing economy DeforestationIncreasing income Peatland Fires
Source: http://www.indonesia-investments.com/
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World Bank’s Report, 2016
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Peatland and Forest Fires on period of 2011-2016 (Ha)No PROVINCES 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161 Aceh - 13 - 155,66 - -2 Bali - 250 60,5 30 8,5 -3 Bangka Belitung - - - - - -4 Central Java 712,24 454 31,2 159,76 6.995,34 -5 East Java 48,35 2.960,05 1.352,14 4.975,32 975,95 -6 West Kalimantan - 577,4 22,7 3.556,10 3.191,98 1.771,827 South Kalimantan - 60,5 417,5 341 1.714,89 1608 Central Kalimantan 22 55,15 3,1 4.022,85 122.882,90 912,899 East Kalimantan 148,8 51,5 - 325,19 19.179,86 1.197,20
10 North Kalimantan - - - - - 311 Kepulauan Riau - - - - - -12 Lampung 31 - - 22,8 19.695,86 -13 West Nusa Tenggara - - 12 3.977,55 1.462,04 -14 East Nusa Tenggara - 553,2 649,9 980,87 372,43 64,3715 Papua - - - 300 1.792,44 -16 West Papua - - - - - -17 Riau 74,5 1.060,00 1.077,50 6.301,10 4.040,50 1.928,2618 West Sulawesi - - - - - -19 South Sulawesi 31,75 45,3 40,5 483,1 720,4 18,9120 South Sumatera 84,5 - 484,15 8.504,86 30.984,98 266,4921 North Sumatera 5 1.181,00 295,4 3.219,90 177 547,522 Yogyakarta - 6,45 6 0,27 - -
TOTAL 2.612,09 9.606,53 4.918,74 44.411,36 261.060,44 7.055,30
Source: http://sipongi.menlhk.go.id, 2016
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Mizuno & Gunawan, 2014, presented on workshop of peatland fires in Riau University
river
canalforest fireFarm
Ground waterPeat moisture
pond
Carbon
JEREBU
bacteria
Fires
DecompositionSubsidence
Making CanalNatural Peatlland and Forest
Haze
CO2 Emission
Water Discharge
Ecological Problems: Peatland Fires and Haze Disaster
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Social and Economic Problem• Poverty in the midst of high economic value
of land• Unclear Land status• Law enforcement has not been effective• Lack of Community participation • There is no alternative way to open
agricultural land instead of burning• The weakness of Coordination and
commitment of related parties
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Solutions
1. Develop the alternative livelihood to support peatland restoration through rewetting program
2. Community empowerment on peatland area3. Increase the participation of community to
prevent peatland fires4. Changing livelihood?
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Objectives
to identify the occupation of peatland community
to analyze and find prospective product to be developed in peat land
Action research and empowerment the peatlandcommunity to gain higher income
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Community Empowerement
SIAK
KAMPAR
DUMAI
KUANTAN SENGINGI
BENGKALIS
ROKAN HILIR
INDRAGIRI HILIR
ROKAN HULU
INDRAGIRI HULU
PEKANBARU
PELALAWAN
PROP
INSI
SUMA
TERA
UTA
RA
PROPINSI JAMBI
PROPINSISUMATERA BARAT
ROKAN HULU
100
100
101
101
102
102
103
103
104
104
-1 -1
0 0
1 1
2 2R KH-3
SU-R KH-1
R KH-2
R KH-4
R KH-5
R KH-6
R KH-7
R KH-8
R KH-9
R KH-10
R KH-11
R KH-12
R KH-13
R KH-14
R KH-16R KH-15
R KH-17
R KH-18
R KH-22
R KH-24
R KH-25
R KH-26
R-J KH-27
PETA SEBARAN KESATUAN HIDROLOGIS GAMBUT
S
N
EW
R-J KG 28
R KG 27
R KG 26
R KG 25
R KG 23
R KG 22
R KG 18R KG 19
R KG 20
R KG 11 R KG 12
R KG 13
R KG 14
R KG 15
R KG 16
R KG 17
R KG 9
R KG 8
R KG 7
R KG 21
R-SU KG 1
R KG 2R KG 3
R KG 4
R KG 5
R KG 6
R KG 10
Skala 1 : 2.150.000
R KG : Kawasan Lindung Kubah Gambut (KLG)
R KH : Kesatuan Hidrologis Gambut
sumber :pusat penelitian tanahland systemwetland internationalrupa bumi indonesiatim KLH - jakarta
Empowerment activities will be conducted in locations thatsupport the implementation of rewetting and restoration ofpeatlands in one Peatland Hydrological Unit bounded by rivers orseas.
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Livelihood IN Peatlandpelalawan riau
Sawit21%
Karet14%
Nanas18%
Walet25%
Nelayan14%
Keripik Tuakang
4%
Emping jagung4%
Sub-district of Teluk Meranti
Sawit Karet Nanas
Walet Nelayan Keripik Tuakang
Emping jagung
Sawit28%
Karet24%
Nelayan20%
Sembako4%
Karyawan4%
UMKM20%
Sub-district of Pelalawan
Sawit Karet Nelayan Sembako Karyawan UMKM
Sawit43%
Karet27%
Nelayan30%
Sub-district of Langgam
Sawit Karet Nelayan
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Sawit32%
Karet12%
Nelayan20%
Walet16%
Pengrajin ikan asin12%
Pedagang4%Pengrajin kayu
4%
Sub-district of Kerumutan
Sawit Karet Nelayan Walet Pengrajin ikan asin Pedagang Pengrajin kayu
Sawit43%Karet
57%
Sub-district of Bunut
Sawit Karet
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The Majority Commodities
Palm Oil Rubber Walet
Fish
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Community Empowerment1. Managing Peatland2. Strengthening Village
Institution3. Diversification of
economic activites4. Strengthening
participation of the community
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Assisting Farmer Group
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Diversification of economic activities
Pineapple
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Diversification of economic activities
Cassava
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Diversification of economic activitiesProblem:
Unhygienic processFish waste contaminates the riverHigh production cost
Fish
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Challenges
• Market demand of diversification product• Economic interest of palm oil and rubber
companies• Sustainable of diversified economic activities• Shifting Livelihood? >>>>> Further research
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Community Participation
Figure Spectrum of Participation
Input : Participation
Output: Empowerment: Created alternative livelihood
Public
Privat 1. Negotiative 4. consultative
2. Instructive
3. Individualistik
Critical point
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Participation level: Attending on decision making
Scale of involvement in activities
123
1 2 3
Capital
1.2 1.31.21.31.1
2.2
3.32.3 2.3
Figure Participative Analysis Curve
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Result of participation analysis• Mainland Malay CommunityCommunity participation is met at point 3.3. It is indicated that community participation and involvement in empowerment activities are highly rated and open for new activities (consultative).• Coastal Malay CommunityCommunity participation meets at point 3.2, it means the level of participation and community involvement in activities is growing. In addition, we need to encourage them toward consultative participationthrough modification of individualistic and instructive participation.
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Conclusion
It is highly possible that prevention of peatlandfires through livelihood alternatives by strengthening empowerment, participation and market certainty. Thus, social and economic conditions of peatland community can be developed further.
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Thank you