University of Cambridge Faculty of Human, Social and Political Sciences

PPS Tripos, Part IIB, Soc 9

REVOLUTION, WAR & MILITARISM

Course organiser: Dr Hazem Kandil, hk376@cam.ac.uk Aims and objectives:

- To introduce concepts and theories in the study of revolution, war and militarism. - To illustrate through historical cases how these insights can be applied empirically. - To cultivate critical methods in analysing these social experiences.

Course Description: Revolutions are often accompanied by war, and tend to cast a long shadow over a country’s civil-military relations. This paper adopts a holistic approach to these three interrelated phenomena: revolution, war, and militarism. After a broad survey of the relevant literature, a number of extended historical cases are examined to uncover: (1) the causes and preconditions of revolution; (2) the role of war in weakening an old regime and consolidating an emerging one; and (3) how the dual-legacy of revolution and war influence the social and political organization of violence in each case. Teaching & Assessment: This course is taught in fifteen two-hour lectures (total 30 hours) in Michaelmas and Lent, and assessed by either a 3-hour examination, or two 5000-word essays. Required readings are starred. Recommended readings deepen theoretical understanding, and expand applications. Lectures (1-2)––Revolution: Cause & Comparability These lectures contrast the dominant theoretical approaches to revolution, and introduce the leading scholars in the field, before considering the viability and fruitfulness of comparing revolts across different contexts through examining three revolutionary waves: Europe in 1848, Eastern bloc in 1989, and the Arab uprisings in 2011. Revolution Theory *––Mann, Michael. 2013. The Sources of Social Power, Volume IV: Globalizations, 1945-2011. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [CH 9-‘A Theory of Revolution] *––Skocpol, Theda. 1994. Social Revolutions in the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Introduction; CH 4-‘Explaining Revolutions: In Quest of a Social-Structural Approach’] *––Foran, John (ed.). 1997. Theorizing Revolutions. New York: Routledge. [CH 1-‘State-Centered Approaches to Social Revolutions: Strengths and Limitations of a Theoretical Tradition’ by Jeff Goodwin; CH 2-‘Structural Theories of Revolution’ by Timothy P. Wickham-Crowley; CH 5-‘Revolution in the Real World: Bringing Agency Back In’ by Eric Selbin; CH 8-‘Discourses and Social Forces: The Role of Culture and Cultural Studies in Understanding Revolutions’ by John Foran]

––Cox, Michael (ed.). 2004. E. H. Carr: A Critical Appraisal. London: Palgrave Macmillan. [CH 12-‘Reason and Romance: The Place of Revolution in the Works of E. H. Carr’ by Fred Halliday] ––Tilly, Charles. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. London: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ––Kimmel, Michael. 1990. Revolution: A Sociological Interpretation. Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University Press. ––Dunn, John. 1972. Modern Revolutions: An Introduction to the Analysis of a Political Phenomenon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ––Jack A. Goldstone, Ted Robert Gurr and Farrokh Moshiri (eds.). 1991. Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century. Oxford: Westview Press. Comparing Revolutions *––Kandil, Hazem. 2012. Soldiers, Spies, and Statesmen: Egypt’s Road to Revolt. London: Verso. [Introduction; CH 5-‘The Long Lull Before the Perfect Storm’; CH 6-‘On the Threshold of Power’] *––Kandil, Hazem. 2013. ‘Deadlock in Cairo’. London Review of Books 35 (6): 17-20. *––Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2012. ‘Syria: From ‘Authoritarian Upgrading’ to Revolution?’ International Affairs 88 (1): 95-113. *––Cockburn, Patrick. 2013. ‘Is it the End of Sykes-Picot? The Syrian War Spills Over’. London Review of Books 35 (11): 3-5. *––Springborg, Robert. 2011. ‘Wither the Arab Spring? 1989 or 1848?’ The International Spectator 46 (3): 5-12. *––Sebestyen, Victor. 2009. Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire. London: Phoenix. *––Sperber, Jonathan. 2005. The European Revolutions, 1848-1851. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ––Badiou, Alain. 2012. The Rebirth of History: Times of Riots and Uprisings. London: Verso. ––Dabashi, Hamid. 2012. The Arab Spring: The End of Postcolonialism. London: Zed Books. ––Korany, Bahgat and Rabab El-Mahdi (eds.). 2012. Arab Spring in Egypt: Revolution and Beyond. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. ––Tismaneau, Vladimir. 1999. The Revolutions of 1989. New York: Routledge. ––Duveau, Georges. 1967. 1848: The Making of a Revolution. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press. ––Namier, Lewis. 1964. 1848: The Revolution of the Intellectuals. New York: Anchor Books. ––Jones, Peter. 1995. The 1848 Revolutions. London: Longman Group. ––Stearns, Peter N. 1974. 1848: The Revolutionary Tide in Europe. New York: W. W. Norton. ––De Tocqueville, Alexis. 1987. Recollections: The French Revolution of 1848. New York: Transaction Publishers. ––Marx, Karl. 1963. The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. New York: International Publishers. Lecture (3-4)––War & Militarism These lectures explore the literature on conventional and revolutionary wars. It then examines the correlation between revolution and war, on the one hand, and militarism in domestic and foreign policy, on the other hand. Warfare *––Nelson, Keith L. and Spencer C. Olin, Jr. 1980. Why War? Ideology, Theory, and History. Berkeley: University of California Press [CH 1-‘Conservative Ideology and Theory about the

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Causes of War’; CH 2-‘Liberal Ideology and Theory about the Causes of War’; CH 3-‘Radical Ideology and the Theory about the Causes of War’] *––Paret, Peter (ed.). 1986. Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age. Princeton: Princeton University Press. [CH 1-‘Machaivelli: The Renaissance of the Art of War’ by Felix Gilbert; CH 7-‘Clausetiwz’ by Peter Paret; CH 9-‘Engels and Marx on Revolution, War, and the Army in Society’ by Sigmund Neumann and Mark von Hagen] *––Münkler, Herfried. 2003. ‘The Wars of the 21st Century’. IRRC 85 (849): 7-22. *––Newman, Edward. 2004. ‘The “New Wars” Debate: A Historical Perspective is needed’. Security Dialogue 35 (2): 173-189. *––Kaldor, Mary. 2006. Wars Old and New: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Stanford: Stanford University Pres. [Introduction] ––Kestnbaum, Meyer. 2009. ‘The Sociology of War and the Military’. Annual Review of Sociology 35: 235-254. –– Paret, Peter. 1992. Understanding War: Essays on Clausewitz and the History of Military Power. Princeton: Princeton University Press. [CH 16-‘ The History of War and the New Military History’] ––Van Creveld, Martin. 2008. The Changing Face of War: Combat from the Marne to Iraq. New York: Ballantine Books. ––Sloan, Elinor C. 2002. The Revolution in Military Affairs. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. ––Von Clausewitz, Carl. 1989. On War. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Revolutionary War *––Paret. Makers of Modern Strategy [CH 27-‘Revolutionary War’ by John Shy] *––Walt, Stephen M. 1996. Revolution and War. London: Cornell University Press. [Introduction; CH 1-‘A Theory of Revolution and War’] *––Chorley, Katharine. 1973. Armies and the Art of Revolution. Boston: Beacon Press [CH 11-12-‘Making an Army to Consolidate Revolution’] Militarism *––Paret. Understanding War [CH 1-‘Military Power’] *––Poggi, Gianfranco. 2001. Forms of Power. Cambridge: Polity Press. [CH 10-‘Military Power’] *––Davies, Diane E. and Anthony W. Pereira (eds.). 2003. Irregular Armed Forces and Their Role in Politics and State Formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [CH 2-‘Armed Force, Regimes, and Contention in Europe since 1650’ by Charles Tilly] *––Chorley. Armies and the Art of Revolution. [CH 1-‘Armed Forces and the Body Politic’] *––Rootes, Chris and Howard Davis (eds.). 1994. Social Change and Political Transformation. London: UCL Press. [CH 4-‘Theses on Post-Military Europe: Conscription, Citizenship and Militarism after the Cold War’ by Martin Shaw] ––Vagts, Alfred. 1959. A History of Militarism: Civilian and Military. New York: Meridian Books, Inc. ––Bond, Brian. 1986. War and Society in Europe, 1870-1970. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ––Bruneau, Thomas C. and Florina Christiana Matei. 2013. The Routledge Handbook of Civil-Military Relations. London: Routledge. Lectures (5-7)––America

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These lectures deal with the origins and development of the American War of Independence in the eighteenth century, before turning to the Civil War, a century later. It then explores changes in American war doctrine, which supposedly culminated in the so-called Revolution in Military Affairs in the 1990s, and the lurking militarism in American state and society. The War of Independence *––Mann, Michael. 1993. The Sources of Social Power, Volume II: The Rise of Classes and Nation-States, 1760-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [CH 5-‘The American Revolution and the Institutionalization of Confederal Capitalist Liberalism’] *––Martin, James Kirby and Mark Edward Lender. 2006. A Respectable Army: The Military Origins of the Republic. Wheeling (IL): Harlan Davidson, Inc. *––Ellis, John. 1974. Armies in Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [CH 3-‘The American War of Independence 1775-83’] *––Polk, William R. 2008. Violent Politics: A History of Insurgency, Terrorism, and Guerilla Warfare from the American Revolution to Iraq. New York: Harper Perennial. [CH 1-‘The American Insurgency’] ––Draper, Theodore. 1997. A Struggle for Power: The American Revolution. New York: Vintage Books. ––Greene, Jack P. (ed.). 1969. The Reinterpretation of the American Revolution, 1763-1789. New York: Harper & Row Publishers. ––Billias, George (ed.). 1965. The American Revolution: How Revolutionary Was It? New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc. ––Paret. Understanding War [CH 2-‘The Relationship between the American Revolutionary War and European Military Thought and Practice’] ––Ward, Christopher. 2011. The War of the Revolution. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ––Stephenson, Michael. 2007. Patriot Battles: How the War of Independence Was Fought? London: HarperCollins Publishers. The Civil War *––Moore, Jr., Barrington. 1966. The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Landlord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press. [CH 3-‘The American Civil War: The Last Capitalist Revolution’] *––Paret. Makers of Modern Strategy [CH 15-‘American Strategy from Its Beginnings through the First World War’ by Russell F. Weigley] ––Keegan, John. 2010. The American Civil War: A Military History. London: Vintage Books. ––Catton, Bruce. 1988. The Civil War. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Contemporary War & Militarism *––Mazzetti, Mark. 2013. The Way of the Knife: The CIA, a Secret Army, and a War at the Ends of the Earth. London: Penguin. *––Rose, Michael. 2007. Washington’s War: Insurgency Warfare from the American Revolution to Iraq. London: Pegasus. *––Bacevich, Andrew J. 2006. The New American Militarism: How Americans are seduced by War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. *––Porter, Bruce D. 1994. War and the Rise of the Modern State: The Military Foundations of Modern Politics. New York: Free Press [CH 7-‘War and the American Government’] *––Polk. Violent Politics [CH 10-‘American Takes over from France in Vietnam’; Conclusion]

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*––Davies and Pereira. Irregular Armed Forces and Their Role in Politics and State Formation. [CH 14-‘The Ghost of Vietnam: American Confronts the New World Disorder’ by Ian Roxborough] ––Singer, P. W. 2003. Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry. Ithaca (NY): Cornell University Press. ––Carroll, James. 2006. House of War: The Pentagon and the Disastrous Rise of American Power. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. ––Gordon, Michael and (General) Bernard E. Trainor. 2007. Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq. New York: Vintage Books. ––Keegan, John. 2004. The Iraq War. London: Random House. ––Clarke, Wesley K. 2004. Winning Modern Wars: Iraq, Terrorism, and the American Empire. New York: Public Affairs. ––Avant, Deborah. 1998. ‘Conflicting Indicators of “Crisis” in American Civil-Military Relations’. Armed Forces & Society 24 (3): 375-388. ––Zegart, Amy B. 1999. Flawed by Design: The Evolution of the CIA, JSC, and NSC. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ––Allison, Graham and Philip Zelikow. 1999. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. ––Stevenson, Charles A. 2006. Warriors and Politicians: US Civil-Military under Stress. London: Routledge. ––Coffman, Edward M. 2004. The Regulars: The American Army, 1898-1941. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press. Lectures (8-10)––France These lectures trace France’s turbulent revolutionary century (1789-1871), highlighting its groundbreaking developments in the field of war (especially under Napoleon), and the downturn it experienced (under his nephew). It then considers how the French were was among the first to deal with insurgencies, during its occupation of Spain, and later in Algeria and Vietnam, and how this effected the position of the military institution in France. The Great Revolution *––Mann. The Sources of Social Power, Volume II. [CH 6-‘The French Revolution and the Bourgeois Nation’] *––Moore. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. [CH 3-‘Evolution and Revolution in France] *––Walt. Revolution and War. [CH 3-‘The French Revolution’] *––Ellis. Armies in Revolution. [CH 4-‘The French Revolution 1789-94’] *––Chorley. Armies and the Art of Revolution. [CH 8-‘The French Revolution’] ––Soboul, Albert. [1965] 1977. A Short History of the French Revolution, 1789-1799. Berkeley: University of California Press. ––Lefebvre, George. 1967. The Coming of the French Revolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ––De Tocqueville, Alexis. [1856] 2010. The Old Regime and the French Revolution. New York: Dover Publications. ––Brown, Howard G. 2004. War, Revolution, and the Bureaucratic State: Politics and Army Amdinistration in France, 1791-1799. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Napoleonic Wars

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*––Paret. Makers of Modern Strategy [CH 5-‘Napoleon and the Revolution in War’ by Peter Paret] *––Jordan, David P. 2012. Napoleon and the Revolution. London: Palgrave Macmillan. *––Howard, Michael. 2009. War in European History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [CH 5-‘The Wars of the Revolution’] *––Hart, B. H. Liddell. 1991. Strategy. London: Penguin Books. [CH 8-‘The French Revolution and Napoleon Bonaparte’] ––Bell, David A. 2007. The First Total War: Napoleon’s Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know It. New York: Mariner Books. ––Paret. Understanding War [CH 5-‘Napoleon as Enemy’] ––Chandler, David. 1994. On the Napoleonic Wars: Collected Essays. London: Greenhill Books. ––Esdaile, Charles. 2007. Napoleon’s Wars: An International History. London: Penguin Books. ––Bergeron, Louis. 1981. France under Napoleon. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Contemporary War & Militarism *––Polk. Violent Politics [CH 2-‘The Spanish Guerilla Against the French’; CH 8-‘The Algerian War of National Independence’; CH 9-‘The Vietnamese Struggle Against the French’] *––Horne, Alistair. 1984. The French Army and Politics, 1870-1970. London: Peter Bedrick. ––Ambler, John Steward. 1966. The French Army in Politics, 1945-1962. Ohio: Ohio State University Press. ––Horne, Alistair. 2006. A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962. New York: New York Review Book. ––Fenby, Jonathan. 2011. The General: Charles De Gaulle and the France He Saved. London: Simon & Schuster. ––Howard, Michael (ed.). 1957. Soldiers and Governments. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. [CH 3-‘The French Army and Politics’ by Guy Chapman] Lectures (11-12)––Israel These lectures examine the nature of the Zionist revolt and the creation of Israel against numerous military odds. They underline Israel’s revival of the concept of citizen-armies, and explain how this contributed to the uniqueness of the country’s civil-military relations. *––Tyler, Patrick. 2012. Fortress Israel: The Inside Story of the Military Elite Who Run the Country. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. *––Van Creveld, Martin. 2002. The Sword and the Olive: A Critical History of the Israeli Defense Force. New York: Public Affairs. *––Hart. Strategy. [Appendix II- ‘“For By Wise Counsel Thou Shalt Make Thy War.” A Strategic Analysis of the Arab-Israeli War: 1948-49’ by General Yigal Yadin] *––Ben-Eliezer, Uri. 1995. ‘A Nation-in-Arms: State, Nation, and Militarism in Israel’s First Years’. Comparative Studies in Society and History 37 (2): 264-285. *––Ben-Eliezer, Uri. 1998. ‘Is a Military Coup Possible in Israel? Israel and French-Algeria in Comparative Historical-Sociological Perspective’. Theory and Society 27 (3): 311-349. *––Ben-Eliezer, Uri. 2004. ‘Post-Modern Armies and the Question of Peace and War: The Israeli Defense Forces in the “New Time”’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 36 (1): 49-70. *––Cohen, Stuart A. 1995. ‘The Israel Defense Forces (IDF): From a “People’s Army” to a “Professional Military”–Causes and Implications’. Armed Forces & Society 21 (2): 237-254.

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––Kandil, Hazem. 2010. ‘Resisting Resistance: Examining the Shifting Balance of Threats in the Middle East’. European Foreign Affairs Review 15: 717-737. ––Shlaim, Avi. 2001. The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ––Bar-On, Mordechai. 2012. ‘The Generals’ “Revolt:” Civil-Military Relations in Israel on the Eve of the Six Day War’. Middle Eastern Studies 48 (1): 33-50. ––Luttwalk, Edward N. and Daniel Horowitz. 1983. The Israeli Army: 1948-1973. London: University Press of America. ––Schiff, Ze’ev. 1985. A History of the Israeli Army: 1874 to the Present. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. ––Bregman, Ahron. 2000. Israel’s Wars: A History Since 1947. London: Routledge. ––Herzog, Haim. 1984. The Arab-Israeli Wars: War and Peace in the Middle East from the War of Independence through Lebanon. London: Vintage Books. ––Ben-Eliezer, Uri. 1998. The Making of Israeli Militarism. Indiana: Indiana University Press. ––Morris, Benny. 2008. 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War. New Haven: Yale University Press. ––Mayer, Arno. 2008. Plowshares into Swords: From Zionism to Israel. London: Verso. ––Kurzman, Dan. 1970. Genesis 1948: The First Arab-Israeli War. New York: The World Publishing Company. Lectures (13-14)––Iran These lectures analyse the causes and outcomes of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, considering specially how the Islamist militias and revolutionary guards were central to consolidating power, and how the country preformed in the long and devastating war with Iraq, which began immediately following the emergence of the new regime. *––Milani, Mohsen M. 1994. The Making of Iran’s Islamic Revolution. Oxford: Westview Press. [CH 7-‘The Anatomy of Iran’s Revolutionary Movement’] *––Walt. Revolution and War. [CH 5-‘The Iranian Revolution’] *––Ward, Steven R. 2009. Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. [CH 8-‘Old Guard, New Guard: Iran’s Armed Forces in the Islamic Revolution’; CH 9-‘Horrible Sacrifice: The Iran-Iraq War’; CH 10-‘Despise Not Your Enemy: Iran’s Armed Forces in the Twenty-First Century’] ––Buchan, James. 2012. Days of God: The Revolution in Iran and Its Consequences. London: John Murray Publishers. ––Keddie, Nikki R. 1981. Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran. New Haven: Yale University Press. [CH 9-‘The Revolution’] ––Arjomand, Said Amir. 1988. The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran. New York: Oxford University Press. ––Zabih, Sepehr. 1988. The Iranian Military in Revolution and War. New York: Routledge. ––Ottolenghi, Emanuele. 2011. The Pasdaran: Inside Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. Washington, DC: Foundation for Defense of Democracies Press. ––Nichiporuk, Brian (et al). 2011. The Rise of the Pasdaran: Assessing the Domestic Role of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards. Santa Monica: Rand Publishing Lecture (15)––Revision

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Revolutions in Latin America Dr. Jeff Miley (tjm52@cam.ac.uk) Module Description: This module will examine the dynamics and fates of four revolutionary processes in Latin America: Cuba, Chile, Nicaragua, and Venezuela. It will seek to illuminate and dis-intricate the domestic and international, material and ideological causal forces in motion in each of these cases. It will pay special attention to the relationship between revolutionary politics and democracy. Lecture 1. Cuba: Fidel Castro, Populist Politics, and Marxism-Leninism Robin Blackburn, “Prologue to the Cuban Revolution,” http://newleftreview.org/I/21/robin-blackburn-prologue-to-the-cuban-revolution Robin Blackburn, “Class Forces in the Cuban Revolution,” http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/isj2/1980/no2-009/blackburn.htm Janet Elain Rogers. (1974) “Interpretations of the Cuban Revolution,” http://digitalcommons.mcmaster.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6304&context=opendissertations John Foran. (2009) “Theorizing the Cuban Revolution,” http://www.utm.utoronto.ca/~w3his390/A-Foran-Theorizing.the.Revolution.pdf Maurice Zeitlin, Revolutionary Politics and the Cuban Working Class (Princeton University Press, 1967). Perez-Stable. The Cuban Revolution: Origins, Course and Legacy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Chomsky, Aviva, Barry Carr, & Pamela Maria Smorkaloff. The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics, Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2004 Chomsky, Aviva, A History of the Cuban Revolution (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011). Farber, Samuel, The Origins of the Cuban Revolution Reconsidered (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006). Ernesto Ché Guevara. (1960). “Notes for the Study of the Ideology of the Cuban Revolution” P.M. Sweezy. (1961) “Cuba: Anatomy of a Revolution” P.A. Baran. (1961). “Reflections on the Cuban Revolution” G.A. Lievesley, The Cuban Revolution: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives. (London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2004). A. Suárez. (19720. “The Cuban Revolution: The Road to Power” http://www.jstor.org/stable/2502783 Supervision questions: (1) What are the distinctive features of the “guerra de guerrillas”? (2) What role did U.S. policy play in determining the outcome of the revolution in Cuba? (3) Is Fidel Castro a dictator? (4) Is the regime in Cuba still revolutionary? Is it a “decent” regime? Lecture 2. Chile: Democracy, Revolution, and Counter-Revolution R. Debray, The Chilean Revolution: Conversations with Salvador Allende

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P. Winn, “Salvador Allende: His Political Life and Afterlife” P.M. Sweezy and H. Magdoff, “Revolution and Counter-revolution in Chile” J. Petras and B. Petras, “The Chilean Coup” J. Petras, “Chile after Allende: A Tale of Two Coups” Ralph Miliband, “The Coup in Chile” Peter Goldberg, “The Politics of the Allende Overthrow in Chile” David Lehmann, “The Political Economy of Armageddon” Roxborough et. al., Chile: The State and Revolution (1977). Maurice Zeitlin, “Chile: The Dilemmas of Democratic Socialism,” Working Papers for a New Society, Vol. 1, No. 3, Fall 1973: 16-26. Adam Przeworski, “Social Democracy as a Historical Phenomenon,” in Capitalism and Social Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 7-46. Arturo Valenzuela, The Breakdown of Democracy: Chile Jonathan Haslam, The Nixon Administration and the Death of Allende’s Chile Supervision questions: (1) What role did the U.S. play in Pinochet’s coup and counter-revolution? (2) What were the main tactical and strategic errors of the Allende government in the period preceding the coup? (3) Evaluate the claim that Allende’s program was not possible in a parliamentary democracy. Lecture 3. Nicaragua: Liberation Theology and the Sandinista Revolution Rose J. Spalding, Capitalists and Revolution in Nicaragua: Opposition and Accommodation 1979-1993 Henri Weber, Nicaragua: Sandinist Revolution Dennis Rodgers, “A Symptom Called Managua” D.L. Raby, Democracy and Revolution: Latin America and Socialism Today Daniel H. Levine, “How Not to Understand Liberation Theology, Nicaragua, or Both” Christian Smith, The Emergence of Liberation Theology: Radical Religion and Social Movements

Dodson, Michael. “The Politics of Religion in Revolutionary Nicaragua.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 483 (1986): 36-49.

Lewellen, Ted C. “Holy and Unholy Alliances: The Politics of Catholicism in Revolutionary Nicaragua.” Journal of Church and State 31.1 (1989) 15-33.

John R. Rottenger, The Political Theory of Liberation Theology

Blase Bonpane, Guerrillas of Peace. Liberation Theology and the Central American Revolution

Supervision questions: (1) Critically assess the claim that the Sandinista regime an example of “revolutionary democracy.” (2) What was the role of the U.S. in determining the trajectory of the revolution in Nicaragua? (3) What was the role of liberation theology in the Sandinista revolution? Lecture 4. Venezuela: The Bolivarian Revolution as Democratizing Process Ciccarello-Maher, We Created Chavez: A People’s History of the Venezuelan Revolution Charles Hardy, Cowboy in Caracas: A North American’s Memoir of Venezuela’s Democratic Revolution Steve Ellner and Daniel Hellinger, eds., Venezuelan Politics in the Chávez Era: Class, Polarization and Conflict (London: Lynne Reiner, 2003).

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M.A. Cameron and F. Major, “Venezuela’s Higo Chavez: Savior or Threat to Democracy?” Christopher I. Clement, “Confronting Hugo Chavez: United States Democracy Promotion in Latin America” Damarys Canache, Venezuela: Public Opinion and Protest in a Fragile Democracy (London: Lynne Reinner, 2002). G. Wilpert, Changing Venezuela by Taking Power: The History and Policies of the Chávez Government (London: Verso Books, 2007). Supervision questions: (1) What are the driving forces behind the Bolivarian revolution? (2) What are the main obstables to the advancement of the Bolivarian revolution? (3) Critically assess the claim that the Bolivarian revolution is best understood as a process of democratization. Student Feedback: Your chance to put forward your opinions on the papers you take! For Sociology Papers, student feed-back is collected via hard-copy anonymous questionnaires distributed at various points in the academic year. It is crucial that you fill these out and give feedback on your papers. Getting good feedback from students makes the course better and shows the outside world how Cambridge degrees consider their students views. From Michaelmas 2013 there will also be a permanent online facility on the undergraduate sociology website: http://www.sociology.cam.ac.uk/courses/undergraduate/ug.html Course organisers take students' concerns and suggestions into consideration each year when preparing their paper outlines and selecting supervisors for the year. So please remember to fill out a form either in hard-copy or on the undergraduate sociology website.

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