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DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 406 249 SO 023 428
AUTHOR Kazi, Aftab A.TITLE Ethnic Nationalities, Education, and Problems of
National Integration in Pakistan.REPORT NO ISSN-0304-8675PUB DATE Apr 88NOTE 18p.
PUB TYPE Journal Articles (080) ReportsResearch /Technical (143)
JOURNAL CIT Asian Profile; v16 n2 p147-161 Apr 1988
EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PCO1 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Cultural Differences; Curriculum; Curriculum
Research; Developing Nations; *Ethnic Groups; EthnicRelations; Foreign Countries; *Group Unity;*Multicultural Education; Nationalism; PoliticalPower; *Role of Education; Secondary Education;*Social Studies; Textbook Evaluation
IDENTIFIERS *Pakistan
ABSTRACTThis study analyzes the standard Pakistan social
studies curriculum to investigate (1) the extent to which itrepresents ethnic nationalities of Pakistan, and (2) the extent towhich it demonstrates its contribution to the process of nationalcohesion and integration. The findings presented are based on acontent analysis (both trend and variable) of a representative sampleof standard social studies textbooks used in secondary schools inPakistan during the 40 years from 1947 to 1987. This time is dividedinto three major eras of political changes that have dominated thehistory of modern Pakistan including: (1) the early establishment erafrom 1947 to 1955 when the one-unit scheme was imposed by the federal.government, which abolished both the identity and provincial autonomyof the Pakistani ethnic nationalities; (2) the one-unit era from 1955to 1968 until the military coup d'etat of President General YahyaKhan, who abolished the one-unit structure under popular unrest andpressure; and (3) the post one-unit era from 1970 to the presentduring which East Pakistan separated to become Bangala Desh, thefirst civilian government was established and overthrown, andprocesses of Islamization were introduced. In the final analysis, themajor integrative variable investigated were found to be deficient intheir equitable representation of both individual and collectiveaffairs of the Pakistani ethnic nationalities. The national socialstudies curriculum in Pakistan gives the impression of onlyrepresenting the migrant community from central India, and portraysthe majority of the indigenous Pakistani nationalities asinsignificant. The responsible factor appears to be unequaldistribution of political power. (DK)
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Ethnic Nationalities, Education, and
Problems of National Integration in Pakistan
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONOffice of Educational Research and Improvement
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0 Minor changes have been made to improvereproduction quality.
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"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THISMATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY
PC1
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BEST COPY AVAHABLE
Vol
. 16,
No.
2A
sian
Pro
file
Apr
il 19
88
Eth
nic
Nat
iona
litie
s,E
duca
tion,
and
Prob
lem
s of
Nat
iona
lIn
tegr
atio
n in
Pak
ista
n
AFT
AB
A. K
AZ
IV
isiti
ng S
chol
arS
choo
l of A
dvan
ced
Inte
rnat
iona
l Stu
dies
The
Joh
ns H
opki
ns U
nive
rsity
U.S
.A.
Scho
lars
hip
in U
nite
d St
ates
on p
oliti
cs a
nd e
duca
tion
in d
evel
opin
gso
ciet
ies
tend
s to
focu
s on
a s
ocio
econ
omic
per
spec
tive,
whi
le th
e so
ciop
oliti
cal p
ersp
ectiv
e,sp
ecif
ical
ly th
ena
tion
and
stat
e-bu
ildin
g co
mpo
nent
, has
been
rar
ely
addr
esse
d. F
ew s
ocio
logi
sts,
how
ever
,ha
ve d
iscu
ssed
edu
catio
n fr
oma
soci
al s
trat
ific
atio
n pe
rspe
ctiv
e; m
ost p
oliti
cal
scie
ntis
ts w
ithan
inte
rest
in e
duca
tion
have
yet
to a
ddre
ss th
esu
bjec
t bey
ond
adm
inis
trat
ion
and
plan
ning
issu
es. L
ack
of c
orre
lativ
e st
udie
son
new
ly in
depe
nden
t mul
tieth
nic
soci
etie
s an
dna
rrow
lyfo
cuse
d an
alys
es o
f m
ultid
imen
sion
alpr
oble
ms
have
mis
led
mos
t pro
ject
ions
on e
duca
tion
and
soci
oeco
nom
ic d
evel
opm
ent,'
sim
ply
beca
use
such
pro
ject
ions
oft
en f
ail
to a
ddre
ss th
ere
latio
nshi
p be
twee
n so
ciop
oliti
cal r
ealit
ies
and
soci
oeco
nom
ic d
evel
opm
ent
as a
nec
essa
ryan
alyt
ical
fac
tor
in e
duca
tiona
l pla
nnin
gan
d po
licy
impl
emen
tatio
n. T
his
ises
peci
ally
im-
port
ant b
ecau
se m
ost o
f th
ese
soci
etie
s fa
ceen
orm
ous
mul
tidim
ensi
onal
pro
blem
s, r
angi
ngfr
om e
cono
mic
und
erde
velo
pmen
t,to
une
ven
boun
dari
es a
nd d
ivid
ed e
thni
cpo
pula
tions
,an
d an
agr
eed
polit
ical
fra
mew
ork.
If
a sm
ooth
nat
ion-
inst
itutio
n-bu
ildin
gpr
oces
s is
to b
eac
hiev
ed, m
ost i
mpo
rtan
t of
all f
acto
rsis
the
repr
esen
tatio
n an
d pa
rtic
ipat
ion
ofva
riou
s et
hnic
natio
nalit
ies2
and
eth
nic
grou
ps in
the
over
all s
ocio
polit
ical
and
eco
nom
icst
ruct
ure.
f.M
ost s
tudi
es o
n ed
ucat
ion,
eco
nom
ic a
nd s
ocia
lch
ange
pub
lishe
d by
Edu
catio
n D
ivis
ion
of th
eW
orld
Ban
k pr
ovid
e su
ch e
xam
ples
. Dem
onst
ratio
nof
edu
catio
nal d
evel
opm
ent a
nd e
cono
mic
grow
th b
ynu
mbe
rs th
ough
tech
nica
lly im
pres
sive
; the
sest
udie
s ha
ve n
ever
bee
n ab
le to
exp
lain
the
caus
es o
fco
ncur
rent
pol
itica
l ins
tabi
lity.
Mos
t Wor
ld B
ank'
dat
aon
Thi
rd W
orld
soc
ietie
s fa
il to
app
rais
e th
em
ultie
thni
c ch
arac
ter
of th
ose
soci
etie
s an
d la
ckbr
eakd
owns
on
mul
tieth
nic
part
icip
atio
n in
nat
iona
lde
velo
pmen
t. S
uch
data
offe
rs u
nidi
men
sion
alpe
rspe
ctiv
e of
mul
tidim
ensi
onal
soc
ietie
sas
pro
vide
dby
the
soci
etal
rul
ing
elite
. Gen
eral
izat
ions
deriv
ed fr
om a
dat
a re
pres
entin
g a
smal
l por
tion
of s
ocie
tyle
ads
to in
corr
ect a
naly
ses,
and
hav
e cr
eate
dco
mm
on s
tere
otyp
es o
f Asi
an, A
fric
an, a
nd L
atin
Am
eric
anco
untr
ies.
2.T
he te
rms
"eth
nic
natio
nalit
ies"
and
"et
hnic
grou
ps"
in r
elat
ion
to d
evel
opin
g so
ciet
ies
have
ofte
nbe
en m
isus
ed. I
n th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s, th
ete
rm "
ethn
ic g
roup
s" is
com
mon
ly u
sed
for
peop
le o
f diff
eren
tet
hnic
bac
kgro
unds
, whe
reas
the
term
"eth
nic
natio
nalit
ies"
rem
ain
unco
mm
on, s
impl
ybe
caus
e of
long
term
effo
rts
to d
evel
op th
e co
ncep
t of
Am
eric
an n
atio
nalit
y. T
he p
eopl
e of
diff
eren
tna
tiona
lor
igin
s ar
e tr
eate
d as
eth
nic
grou
ps in
an
Am
eric
anse
nse
who
oth
erw
ise
hold
bac
kgro
unds
of h
isto
rical
lyev
olve
d et
hnic
nat
iona
litie
s ou
tsid
e th
e U
.S.
bord
ers.
Thu
s, th
ere
are
no "
ethn
ic n
atio
nalit
ies"
in U
nite
dS
tate
s, o
nly
the
:eth
nic
grou
ps, w
here
asm
ost o
ther
dev
elop
ing
soci
etie
s ar
e co
mpo
sed
ofbo
th th
ehi
stor
ical
ly e
volv
ed e
thni
c na
tiona
litie
s an
d th
e et
hnic
grou
ps o
rigin
atin
g fo
r th
ousa
nds
of y
ears
insi
deth
e sa
me
bord
erla
nds.
Thi
s pr
esen
ts th
e fu
ndam
enta
lpr
oble
m o
f ana
lytic
al m
ispe
rcep
tions
of s
ocia
lre
aliti
es in
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
and
othe
r so
ciet
ies.
The
U.S
. sch
olas
tic c
omm
unity
ofte
nse
ems
to h
ave
diffi
culty
con
cept
ualiz
ing
thes
e di
ffere
nces
,w
hich
has
led
to a
phe
nom
enol
ogic
al c
onfli
ctov
er th
ena
ture
of m
oder
n na
tion-
stat
e sy
stem
, as
prac
ticed
in in
dust
rially
adv
ance
d an
d ne
wly
inde
pend
ent
mul
tieth
nic/
natio
n so
ciet
ies.
3B
EST
CO
PY A
irA
IEL
AB
LE
4
Asi
an P
rofi
le
In a
dditi
on to
edu
catio
n an
d so
cial
cha
nge,
sev
eral
theo
ries
hav
e be
en a
dvan
ced
to a
naly
zeet
hnic
ity a
nd n
atio
nal i
nteg
ratio
n in
dev
elop
ing
soci
etie
s. Y
et, c
ontr
adic
tory
pol
itica
l str
uctu
res,
phen
omen
olog
ical
con
flic
t ove
r th
e na
ture
of
the
mod
em n
atio
n-st
ates
, and
con
sequ
ent m
is-
inte
rpre
tatio
ns o
f et
hnic
nat
iona
litie
s ha
ve le
d to
sev
eral
ste
reot
ypes
abo
ut th
e na
ture
of
new
ly in
depe
nden
t mul
tieth
nic
soci
etie
s. T
wo
type
s of
nat
ion-
stat
es h
ave
emer
ged
in th
eT
hird
Wor
ld in
the
post
wor
ld w
ar I
I er
a: n
atio
ns w
ith h
isto
ry a
nd n
atio
ns w
ithou
thi
stor
y."N
atio
ns w
ith h
isto
ry"
are
cultu
rally
hom
ogen
eous
with
long
his
tori
es a
nd tr
aditi
ons
of th
eir
own,
and
"na
tions
with
out h
isto
ry"
are
new
ly c
reat
ed e
ntiti
es, e
stab
lishe
d as
fed
erat
ions
by
the
mem
bers
hip
of tw
o or
mor
e "n
atio
ns w
ith h
isto
ry."
Aft
erin
depe
nden
ce, t
he ta
sk o
f"n
atio
ns w
ith h
isto
ry"
has
prim
arily
bee
n st
ate-
build
ing,
whi
le "
natio
ns w
ithou
thi
stor
y"ha
ve h
ad th
e do
uble
task
of
natio
n-bu
ildin
g an
d st
ate-
build
ing.
Bon
ds o
f st
ateh
ood
in p
ost-
colo
nial
soc
ietie
s ar
e ba
sed
on a
sho
rt h
isto
rica
l exp
erie
nce
rath
er th
anon
the
hist
oric
pro
cess
of n
atio
nal e
volu
tion.
The
maj
or a
ssum
ptio
n of
this
essa
y st
ems
from
the
prem
ise
that
a c
or-
rela
tive
anal
ysis
of
soci
opol
itica
l and
soc
ioec
onom
ic f
acto
rs in
edu
catio
nar
ena
coul
d gu
ide
in s
ocia
l cha
nge
proj
ectio
ns w
ith m
ore
conf
iden
ce a
ndm
ay a
lso
help
to p
redi
ct m
ajor
soc
io-
polit
ical
atti
tude
s an
d fu
ture
eve
nts.
Dif
ficu
lty in
con
cept
ualiz
ing
the
basi
c di
ffer
ence
s am
ong
the
indu
stri
ally
adv
ance
d so
ciet
ies
and
the
Thi
rd W
orld
pol
itica
l cul
ture
s ha
s re
sulte
d in
the
com
mon
mis
perc
eptio
n th
at m
ost
mul
tieth
nic
deve
lopi
ng s
ocie
ties
are
hom
ogen
eous
, dep
ictin
gan
inco
rrec
t pic
ture
of
inte
r-et
hnic
par
ticip
atio
n in
the
over
all e
duca
tion
and
soci
oeco
nom
icde
velo
pmen
t are
as. T
he m
ulti-
ethn
ic/n
atio
n st
ate
of P
akis
tan
is a
sig
nifi
cant
exa
mpl
e in
this
reg
ard.
In 1
967,
no
one
had
pred
icte
d th
at th
e "d
ecad
e of
dev
elop
men
t" c
eleb
rate
dby
the
then
-Pr
esid
ent G
ener
al A
yub
Kha
n w
ould
turn
into
a "
deca
de o
f de
cay.
" T
hree
year
s la
ter,
in 1
971,
desp
ite th
e w
idel
y ac
clai
med
rel
igio
us b
onds
bet
wee
n th
e tw
o w
ings
of
Paki
stan
, Eas
t Pak
ista
nem
erge
d in
to B
anga
la D
esh
as a
dir
ect r
esul
t of
an e
thni
c co
nflic
t. T
hepr
oces
s of
nat
iona
ldi
sint
egra
tion
that
sta
rted
soo
n af
ter
inde
pend
ence
attr
acte
d lit
tle s
chol
arly
atte
ntio
n un
tilth
e B
anga
la D
esh
Civ
il w
ar b
egan
. The
leve
l of
ethn
ic c
onfl
ict i
nre
sidu
ary
Paki
stan
, how
ever
,se
ems
to p
aral
lel t
he p
re-B
anga
la D
esh
stag
e an
d Pa
kist
an is
stil
l bei
ngpe
rcei
ved
with
the
eyes
of
1950
s an
d 60
s. T
he r
ecen
t Pat
han-
Muh
ajir
rio
ts, m
ovem
ents
for
gre
ater
pro
vinc
ial
auto
nom
y in
Sin
dh, B
aluc
hist
an, a
nd th
e N
orth
Wes
t Fro
ntie
r Pr
ovin
ce (
NW
FP),
the
Sind
han
d B
aluc
hist
an r
iots
in th
e 19
70s,
198
3, 1
984,
198
6, a
nd 1
987
resp
ectiv
ely,
and
the
Mov
e-m
ent f
or th
e R
esto
ratio
n of
Dem
ocra
cy (
MR
D)
are
indi
cativ
e of
sim
ilar
ethn
icdi
ssat
isfa
ctio
nw
ithin
the
resi
duar
y Pa
kist
an.
A s
tate
men
t by
a Si
ndhi
mem
ber
of th
e Pa
kist
an N
atio
nal
Ass
embl
y, A
bdul
Ham
id J
atoi
,"d
o no
t tre
at S
indh
like
a c
olon
y, o
ther
wis
e Si
ndh
will
quit
(the
Pak
ista
ni f
eder
atio
n),"
and
furt
her
com
men
ts b
ym
any
othe
r in
telle
ctua
ls a
nd p
oliti
cian
s th
at "
sixt
y pe
rcen
t of
the
3.M
ost s
tudi
es o
n ed
ucat
ion
polic
y an
d so
cial
cha
nge
anal
yze
the
over
all n
atio
nal
deve
lopm
ent i
n te
rms
of n
atio
n-st
ate
as a
uni
t. B
reak
dow
ns o
n et
hnic
part
icip
atio
n in
nat
iona
l dev
elop
men
t sug
gest
that
eith
er a
sin
gle
dom
inan
t eth
nic
grou
p or
a d
omin
ant
grou
p in
col
labo
ratio
n w
ith a
n im
mig
rant
elit
eha
s m
ost b
enef
itted
from
nat
iona
l dev
elop
men
t; m
ajor
ity o
f oth
er e
thni
cgr
oups
hav
e be
en e
xclu
ded.
See
Kaz
i, A
ftab
A. E
thni
city
and
Edu
catio
n in
Nat
ion-
Bui
ldin
g: T
he C
ase
of P
akis
tan.
(La
nham
,M
aryl
and:
Uni
vers
ity P
ress
of A
mer
ica.
198
7).
4.F
ront
ier
Pos
t, N
ovem
ber
10, 1
986.
En
(Co
PY A
V
Asi
an P
rofi
le
land
s of
Sin
dh h
ave
been
take
n aw
ay b
y Pu
njab
is(t
he d
omin
ant p
rovi
nce)
; and
emer
genc
eof
the
Sind
h, B
aluc
h Pu
khto
onFr
ont (
SBPF
), a
new
polit
ical
par
ty w
hich
env
isag
esa
Paki
stan
ico
nfed
erat
ion
rath
er th
an th
eex
istin
g fe
dera
tion,
sig
nifi
es th
ese
riou
snes
s of
the
pres
ent e
thni
cco
nflic
t in
Paki
stan
. The
SB
PFis
hea
ded
by A
bdul
Haf
izPi
rzad
ah, a
Sin
dhi p
oliti
cian
and
the
mai
n ar
chite
ct o
f th
e 19
73fe
dera
l con
stitu
tion;
Atta
ulla
hK
han
Men
gal,
a B
aluc
hipo
litic
ian;
and
othe
r le
ader
s fr
om N
WFP
.C
ontin
ued
depr
ivat
ion
with
inth
e ex
istin
g Pa
kist
ani f
ram
ewor
kse
ems
to h
ave
chan
ged
the
perc
eptio
ns o
f Pa
kist
ani n
atio
nalit
ies,
fro
mth
e or
igin
ally
con
ceiv
edho
mel
and
for
the
Mus
lims
ofsu
bcon
tinen
t, to
a h
otbe
d of
con
stan
t stru
ggle
for
soc
ioec
onom
ic,
polit
ical
and
cul
tura
l sur
viva
l.W
hile
the
issu
es o
f "b
rain
drai
n" a
nd "
brai
nw
asta
ge"
cont
inue
to d
omin
ate
inte
rnat
iona
lco
ncer
ns, s
urpr
izin
gly
enou
gh, i
n th
e Si
ndh
prov
ince
, des
pite
a s
erio
us d
eman
dfo
r m
edic
alan
d te
chni
cal p
rofe
ssio
nals
,so
me
7,00
0 m
edic
al d
octo
rs, a
ndso
me
4000
eng
inee
rs r
emai
nun
empl
oyed
for
the
last
sev
en y
ears
.6R
arel
y ha
s ed
ucat
ion
polic
y be
enut
ilize
d to
inve
stig
ate
the
prob
lem
s of
nat
iona
l coh
esio
n,st
abili
ty, a
nd p
oliti
cal o
rder
inde
velo
ping
soc
ietie
s. T
his
stud
yan
alyz
es th
e st
anda
rd P
akis
tan
soci
al s
tudi
es c
urri
culu
m to
inve
stig
ate
the
(1)
exte
nt to
whi
ch it
repr
esen
ts e
thni
c na
tiona
litie
sof
Pak
ista
n, a
nd (
2) th
eex
tent
to w
hich
it d
emon
stra
tes
its c
ontr
ibut
ion
to th
epr
oces
s of
natio
nal c
ohes
ion
and
inte
grat
ion.
Lim
its o
f St
udy
The
fin
ding
s pr
esen
ted
inth
is s
tudy
are
bas
edon
a c
onte
nt a
naly
sis
(bot
h tr
end
and
vari
able
)of
a r
epre
sent
ativ
esa
mpl
e of
sta
ndar
d so
cial
stu
dies
text
book
s (c
ivic
s, h
isto
ry, P
akis
tan
stud
ies,
and
soci
al s
tudi
es)
used
in s
econ
dary
sch
ools
inPa
kist
an d
urin
g th
efo
rty
year
s fr
om 1
947
to 1
987.
Dur
ing
this
time,
thre
e m
ajor
era
s of
polit
ical
cha
nges
hav
e do
min
ated
the
hist
ory
ofm
oder
n Pa
kist
an:
1. T
he E
arly
Est
ablis
hmen
t Era
. Thi
s in
clud
es th
etim
e pe
riod
fro
m 1
947
to19
55, w
hen
the
one-
Uni
t sch
eme
was
impo
sed
by th
e fe
dera
l gove
rnm
ent,
whi
ch a
bolis
hed
both
the id
entit
yan
d pr
ovin
cial
auto
nom
y of
the
Paki
stan
i eth
nic
natio
nalit
ies.
2. T
he O
ne U
nit E
ra. T
his
cove
rs th
e tim
e pe
riod
fro
m 1
955
to 1
968,
unt
il th
em
ilita
ryco
up d
'eta
t of
Pres
iden
t Gen
eral
Yah
ya K
han,
who
abo
lishe
d th
eO
ne-U
nit s
truc
ture
und
erpo
pula
r un
rest
and
pre
ssur
e.3.
The
Pos
t One
-Uni
t Era
. Thi
s in
clud
es th
epe
riod
fro
m 1
970
to th
epr
esen
t. It
is p
erha
psth
e m
ost i
mpo
rtan
tpe
riod
in th
e hi
stor
y of
resi
duar
y Pa
kist
an, w
hich
has
witn
esse
dno
t onl
y
5.F
ront
ier
Pos
t, N
ovem
ber
7, 1
986,
and
sev
eral
oth
er a
naly
ses,
incl
udin
g G
hula
m N
abi M
ughu
l, C
hhaa
Sin
dhi R
ed In
dian
The
e W
eend
a?(in
Sin
dhi L
angu
age/
, (M
atia
ri,S
indh
, Pak
ista
n: S
ojhr
o P
ublic
atio
ns,
1987
); A
ll H
assa
n, "
Thr
ee F
aces
of
Sin
dh,"
Her
ald
f Kar
achi
' , Vol
. 18,
No.
4, (
Apr
il 19
87);
M. U
mar
Mem
on, "
Con
fede
ratio
n: A
Pat
hway
to S
alva
tion,
" in
Sin
dhQ
uart
erly
, Vol
. XII,
No.
3 (
1984
).6.
By
the
end
of th
is y
ear
the
num
ber
of u
nem
ploy
ed m
edic
aldo
ctor
s w
ill r
each
9,0
00 a
nden
gine
ers
5,00
0 w
hen
the
new
bat
ch o
fst
uden
ts g
radu
ates
. Des
pite
the
dem
and
for
med
ical
and
engi
neer
ing
prof
essi
ons
an u
nder
dev
elop
edso
ciet
y, u
nem
ploy
men
t pro
blem
in th
ese
pres
tigio
us p
rofe
ssio
ns is
are
sult
of o
ffici
al p
olic
ies.
Inst
ead
of r
ecru
iting
the
loca
lgr
adua
tes
for
loca
l job
s, th
e ru
ling
elite
tend
sto
impo
rt g
radu
ates
of P
unja
bpr
ovin
ce fo
r jo
bs in
Sin
dh a
ndB
aluc
hist
an, w
here
the
nativ
egr
adua
tes
cont
inue
to r
emai
n un
empl
oyed
.T
his
has
also
bee
n co
nfirm
edby
Muh
amm
ad K
han
Han
el°
the
curr
ent
Prim
e M
inis
ter
of P
akis
tan
in h
isst
atem
ents
on
the
subj
ect d
urin
g th
ela
st s
ix m
onth
s.
E1A
BL
E6
Ula
n Pr
ofile
he s
epar
atio
n of
Eas
t Pak
ista
n (n
owB
anga
la D
esh)
, but
the
esta
blis
hmen
t and
ove
rthr
ow o
fhe
fir
st c
ivili
an g
over
nmen
t, an
d th
eIs
lam
izat
ion
proc
esse
s in
trod
uced
und
er th
ecu
rren
teg
ime.
The
sta
ndar
d se
cond
ary
scho
ol s
ocia
lst
udie
s cu
rric
ulum
in P
akis
tan
cons
ists
of
grad
esev
els
8, 9
, and
10.
Eac
h of
thes
egr
ade
leve
ls u
ses
one
text
book
, i.e
. 8th
grad
e so
cial
stu
dies
,)t
h gr
ades
soc
ial s
tudi
es, a
nd th
e 10
thgr
ade
Paki
stan
stu
dies
. How
ever
, dur
ing
the
earl
y:s
tabl
islu
nent
era
, whe
n te
xtbo
oks
on th
esu
bjec
t wer
e no
t ava
ilabl
e in
larg
e su
pplie
s an
d/or
in a
com
bine
d fo
rm, s
epar
ate
text
son
his
tory
, civ
ics,
and
geo
grap
hy w
ere
used
in th
esc
hool
s.B
y de
term
inin
g th
e st
anda
rd te
xtbo
oks
used
in th
ese
cond
ary
scho
ol s
ocia
l stu
dies
dur
ing
all t
hese
thre
e er
as, a
pre
cise
popu
latio
n un
iver
se o
f ei
ghte
en te
xts
was
est
ablis
hed.
Am
ong
thos
e, s
ix te
xts
wer
e us
ed o
ptio
nally
by
the
10th
grad
e st
uden
ts, w
hich
allo
wed
for
a s
tudy
of a
sm
alle
r re
pres
enta
tive
sam
ple
of tw
elve
text
book
s.
Met
hodo
logy
The
res
earc
h de
sign
util
ized
in th
isan
alys
is, i
.e, b
oth
cont
igen
cy a
nd tr
end
eval
uate
dte
xt-
book
s ag
ains
t the
con
tent
var
iabl
eson
an
abse
nce
or p
rese
nce
basi
s ov
er a
peri
od o
f tim
e.T
he c
onte
nts
wer
e ba
sed
ona
set o
f te
n va
riab
les,
' the
inte
rdep
ende
ntsu
m o
f w
hich
was
rate
d as
like
ly to
fos
ter
apo
sitiv
e at
mos
pher
e in
dev
elop
ing
the
cons
ensu
s an
din
tegr
ity.'
The
var
iabl
es w
ere
chos
en f
or th
eir
repr
esen
tatio
n of
val
ues
and/
or in
stitu
tions
invo
lved
inth
e pr
oces
s of
pol
itica
l soc
ializ
atio
n an
dna
tiona
l coh
esio
n. M
oreo
ver,
they
enve
lop
the
broa
d
7.T
he T
en In
tegr
ativ
e va
riabl
es e
valu
ated
are
:I.
Cul
tura
l6.
Pak
ista
n Id
eolo
gy2.
Eco
nom
ic7.
Myt
hica
l3.
Edu
catio
nal
8.P
oliti
cal
4. H
isto
rical
9.R
elig
ious
5. Is
lam
ic Id
eolo
gy10
.S
ocia
lF
or o
pera
tiona
l pur
pose
s, th
e va
rious
cont
ent v
aria
bles
are
def
ined
as
such
. Cul
tura
l ref
ers
to th
ew
ayof
life
of e
thni
c na
tiona
litie
s in
clud
ing
thei
r valu
es, k
now
ledg
e, b
elie
fs, a
ttitu
des,
art
s,la
ngua
ge, m
oral
s,an
d la
ws
and
cust
oms
whi
chgo
vern
thei
r liv
es. E
cono
mic
ref
ers
to th
e ec
onom
icas
pect
s of
the
Pak
ista
nM
ovem
ent,
the
prod
uctio
n, d
istr
ibut
ion,
and
cons
umpt
ion
of g
oods
and
ser
vice
s, a
s w
ell a
s m
anag
emen
tof
nat
ural
res
ourc
es in
var
ious
eth
nic
area
s of
Pak
ista
n. E
duca
tiona
l ref
ers
to th
e ed
ucat
iona
lhi
stor
yan
d re
pres
enta
tion
of e
thni
c na
tiona
litie
s an
dth
eir
cont
ribut
ions
to th
e P
akis
tan
mov
emen
t,as
wel
las
the
educ
atio
nal s
ocia
lizat
ion
proc
esse
s am
ong
the
Mus
lims
of th
e In
dian
sub
cont
inen
t. H
isto
rical
repr
esen
ts th
e ac
coun
ts o
f eve
nts
rela
ted
topr
e- a
nd p
ost-
inde
pend
ence
era
s, th
e P
akis
tan
mov
emen
t,an
d th
e co
ntrib
utio
ns o
f Pak
ista
ni n
atio
nalit
ies
in th
e in
depe
nden
ce s
trug
gle,
as
wel
las
acc
ount
s on
indi
vidu
al e
thni
c hi
stor
ies.
Isla
mic
ideo
logy
ref
ers
to th
e se
t of i
deas
and
pra
ctic
es d
evel
oped
by P
roph
etM
uham
mad
, whi
le P
akis
tan
ideo
logy
ref
ers
to th
eid
eolo
gy o
f Mus
lim n
atio
nalis
m o
n th
e In
dian
sub
-co
ntin
ent b
ased
on
"tw
o na
tions
theo
ry"
that
was
the
cata
lyst
and
bac
kbon
e of
the
Mus
limin
de-
pend
ence
str
uggl
e in
Indi
a. T
he P
akis
tan
ideo
logy
, is
secu
re b
y de
finiti
on. M
ythi
cal
repr
esen
ts th
esy
mbo
lical
acc
ount
s of
ext
ra-o
rdin
ary
even
ts w
ithin
the
Pak
ista
ni c
ultu
res.
Rec
ount
ed fo
rsy
mbo
lical
reas
ons,
myt
h hi
stor
y is
influ
entia
l in
the
wis
dom
, philo
soph
y, a
nd in
spira
tions
of e
thni
c na
tiona
litie
s.P
oliti
cal r
efer
s to
the
acco
unts
of e
thni
cco
ntrib
utio
ns a
nd th
eir
lead
ers
in th
e P
akis
tan
mov
emen
t,as
wel
l as
the
polit
ical
affa
irs c
once
rnin
g th
edi
strib
utio
n of
pow
er a
nd th
e po
licy-
mak
ing
proc
esse
sas
rel
ated
to th
e po
litic
al r
ole
of e
thni
c na
tiona
litie
sin
the
fram
e w
ork
of th
e P
akis
tani
sta
te.
Rel
igio
usre
fers
to th
e ac
coun
ts o
f var
ious
relig
ious
gro
ups
in P
akis
tan,
suc
h as
non
-Mus
lims
and
othe
r Is
lam
icse
cts,
thei
r re
pres
enta
tion
in s
ocie
ty a
nd th
e ov
eral
l trea
tmen
t of t
heir
valu
e sy
stem
. And
, soc
ial r
efer
sto
the
soci
al in
tera
ctio
n be
twee
n va
rious
natio
nalit
ies
and
thei
r ex
perie
nces
at b
oth
indi
vidu
alan
dco
llect
ive
leve
ls, p
rior
to a
nd a
fter
inde
pend
ence
.
EST
CO
PYA
VA
IB
L
Asi
an P
rofi
le15
1ra
nge
of is
sues
aff
ectin
g th
eso
ciet
y-at
-lar
ge a
nd a
rere
pres
enta
tive
of th
eso
ciop
oliti
cal c
limat
eof
the
past
and
pres
ent P
akis
tan.
The
inte
rdep
ende
nt p
ositi
vere
pres
enta
tion
of th
ese
vari
able
san
d ob
serv
ance
of
the
prin
cipl
e of
cul
tura
lpl
ural
ism
is li
kely
to e
nabl
eth
e in
divi
dual
stu
dent
to a
cqui
rere
spec
t and
pri
de f
or h
ispa
rtic
ular
eth
nic
grou
p, it
s tr
aditi
ons
and
cont
ribu
tions
,as
wel
l as
for
othe
r et
hnic
grou
ps in
mos
t soc
ietie
s.T
he c
onte
nt v
aria
bles
in th
e st
udy
wer
e an
alyz
ed f
or th
epo
rtra
yal o
f in
divi
dual
eth
nic
grou
ps, a
s w
ell a
s fo
rac
cura
cy a
nd c
onsi
sten
cy o
fin
form
atio
n pr
ovid
ed in
such
cat
agor
ies
on a
pos
itive
and
/or
nega
tive
pres
enta
tion.
Aut
hent
icity
of
even
ts a
ndhi
stor
ical
dis
tort
ions
wer
e ju
dged
by
com
pari
ng th
ese
text
book
s w
ithth
ose
publ
ishe
dpr
ior
to th
e pa
rtiti
on o
fIn
dia,
whe
n no
pol
itica
lm
otiv
es f
or s
uch
dist
ortio
ns e
xist
ed. T
hete
xts
wer
e ev
alua
ted
on a
cont
igen
cy b
asis
; a p
ositi
veen
try
was
giv
en te
npo
ints
, and
a la
ck o
fen
try
and/
or n
egat
ive
repr
esen
tatio
n, m
inus
ten
poin
ts. E
ach
book
was
eval
uate
d in
its
over
all pr
esen
tatio
n of
the
ten
vari
able
s an
d al
low
edon
ly o
ne s
core
per
unit;
thus
, the
indi
vidu
alun
its o
f an
alys
isar
eth
e in
divi
dual
text
book
s.
Tex
tboo
ks w
ere
also
cata
gori
zed
over
thre
e di
ffer
ent
time
peri
ods,
whi
chw
ere
chos
enfo
r th
eir
corr
elat
ion
with
the
leve
ls o
fpo
litic
al c
ultu
re a
t tha
tre
spec
tive
time
peri
od in
Paki
stan
i his
tory
.' T
hetim
e tr
end
anal
ysis
hel
ped
dete
rmin
ew
heth
er a
cor
rela
tion
exis
ted
betw
een
the
subs
tant
ial
polit
ical
cha
nges
and
the
stan
dard
nat
iona
l cur
ricu
lum
.
Sum
mar
y of
Fin
ding
s
An
over
view
of
find
ings
add
ress
es th
etw
o m
ajor
res
earc
hqu
estio
ns; f
irst
, the
leve
l of
part
icip
atio
n of
var
ious
eth
nic
natio
nalit
ies,
and
sec
ond,
the
cont
ribu
tion
of th
e so
cial
stud
ies
curr
icul
um to
nat
iona
lin
tegr
atio
n.T
he f
irst
que
stio
nca
n be
add
ress
ed b
ysu
mm
ariz
ing
the
tren
dan
alys
is in
Tab
le I
and
II.
A c
ompa
rativ
ean
alys
is o
f th
e m
ean
perc
entil
e sc
ores
in e
ach
peri
od il
lust
rate
s th
atdu
ring
the
earl
y es
tabl
ishm
ent
era
the
soci
al s
tudi
escu
rric
ulum
(al
thou
ghso
mew
hat d
efic
ient
inov
eral
l con
tent
) is
sign
ific
antly
mor
epo
sitiv
e (2
5 pe
rcen
t) in
its
cont
ribu
tion
to n
atio
nal
cohe
sion
than
that
of
the
One
-Uni
ter
a, a
nd a
bout
12.
5pe
rcen
t hig
her
than
the
post
-One
-U
nit e
ra c
urri
culu
m.
Tab
le I
I re
veal
s th
ech
ange
s th
at h
ave
occu
red
with
in th
e in
divi
dual
eras
and
thei
r co
r-re
latio
n w
ith th
epo
litic
al c
ultu
re o
f th
atpa
rtic
ular
tim
e pe
riod
. The
tren
d in
the
soci
alst
udie
scu
rric
ulum
dur
ing
the
earl
y da
ys o
f th
e fi
rst
era
refl
ects
the
exub
eran
ten
thus
iasm
of
ethn
icna
tiona
litie
s an
d th
eir
part
icip
ativ
e ro
le in
the
new
sta
te s
truc
ture
am
idst
the
hope
ful
sur-
roun
ding
s of
Pak
ista
n's
begi
nnin
gs. T
he 6
0pe
rcen
t pos
itive
repr
esen
tatio
n of
inte
grat
ive
vari
able
s m
easu
red
in th
ete
xts
dem
onst
rate
s th
ere
pres
enta
tion
of e
thni
c na
tiona
litie
sat
the
9.P
rior
to B
ritis
hoc
cupa
tion
of In
dia,
the
ethn
icna
tiona
litie
s of
the
Indi
ansu
bcon
tinen
t wer
e in
de-
pend
ent a
nd s
over
eign
sta
tes.
Unt
il 19
40, t
heir
lead
ers
wer
e st
rugg
ling
to r
egai
nth
eir
sove
reig
n rig
hts
that
they
had
lost
toth
e B
ritis
h an
dde
man
ded
the
esta
blis
hmen
t of
diffe
rent
inde
pend
ent
Mus
limst
ates
. It w
as o
nly
afte
r19
46 th
at th
eir
lead
ersh
ip a
gree
d to
est
ablis
hth
e si
ngle
sta
te o
fP
akis
tan,
prov
ided
that
eac
h st
ates
wou
ld b
e po
litic
ally
auto
nom
ous
with
in th
ene
w s
tate
, whe
re m
ost p
ower
wou
ld r
esid
e w
ith th
est
ate
gove
rnm
ents
, with
the
exce
ptio
n of
four
port
folio
s,i.e
. cur
renc
y, fo
reig
naf
fairs
, def
ense
, and
fore
ign
trad
e fo
r th
ece
ntra
l gov
ernm
ent.
So
far,
afte
r 40
year
s, P
akis
tan
still
lack
s an
agr
eed
upon
pol
itica
l fra
mew
ork,
and,
the
polit
ical
rol
e of
ethn
ic n
atio
nalit
ies
u de
scrib
edin
the
orig
inal
conc
ept o
f Pak
ista
n is
rei
nter
pret
edby
eve
ry n
ew P
akis
tani
gove
rnm
ent.
Asi
an P
rofi
le
Tab
le I
Tre
nd A
naly
sis
T,
12P
re-O
ne-U
nit
Mid
-One
-Uni
tP
ost-
One
-Uni
t
(Tre
nd a
naly
sis
of th
e m
ean
scor
es o
f th
e Pa
kist
ani S
ocia
l Stu
dies
Cur
ricu
lum
for
the
thre
etim
e pe
riod
s un
der
revi
ew).
cultu
ral,
hist
oric
al, i
deol
ogic
al, m
ythi
cal,
relig
ious
, and
soc
ial l
evel
s. T
he te
xtbo
oks
of th
iser
a in
clud
e ac
coun
ts o
f ov
eral
l eth
nic
part
icip
atio
n in
the
inde
pend
ence
mov
emen
t, th
eir
cust
oms
and
trad
ition
s, a
s w
ell a
s to
lera
nt a
ttitu
des
in r
elig
ious
and
soc
ial i
nter
actio
ns w
ithot
her
min
ority
and
/or
relig
ious
gro
ups.
The
text
s al
so p
rovi
de e
qual
rep
rese
ntat
ion
of b
oth
Isla
mic
and
Pak
ista
n id
eolo
gies
, and
myt
h hi
stor
y ha
s be
en p
ositi
vely
pre
sent
ed to
des
crib
ein
tere
thni
c re
latio
ns a
mon
g th
e va
riou
s Pa
kist
ani n
atio
nalit
ies.
How
ever
, the
eco
nom
ic,
educ
atio
nal,
and
polit
ical
asp
ects
of
ethn
ic n
atio
nalit
ies
wer
e no
n-ex
iste
nt in
the
earl
y te
xts.
The
late
r pa
rt o
f th
is e
ra (
1950
-195
5) r
efle
cts
polit
ical
cha
nges
that
took
pla
ce in
Pak
ista
n,i.e
., th
e be
ginn
ing
of th
e Pu
njab
i-R
efug
ee a
llian
ce th
at w
as a
imed
at d
eter
ring
eth
nic
part
ici-
patio
n in
the
polit
ical
str
uctu
re. T
he tr
end
duri
ng th
is ti
me
peri
od d
eclin
es s
harp
ly a
nd a
t10
per
cent
rea
ches
its
low
est e
bb in
195
5, th
e ye
ar th
e O
ne-U
nit s
chem
e w
as im
pose
d an
dth
e au
tono
my
of P
akis
tani
nat
iona
litie
s su
spen
ded.
At t
his
time
the
sole
inte
grat
ive
vari
able
with
pos
itive
rep
rese
ntat
ion
in th
e cu
rric
ulum
was
that
of
Isla
mic
ideo
logy
, and
the
conc
ept
of M
uslim
nat
iona
lism
was
tran
slat
ed in
to I
slam
ic n
atio
nalis
m.
Dur
ing
the
One
-Uni
t era
the
curr
icul
um r
emai
ned
defi
cien
t in
its r
epre
sent
atio
n of
the
maj
ority
of
inte
grat
ive
vari
able
s an
alyz
ed a
nd is
con
sist
ent o
nly
in it
s po
sitiv
e re
pres
enta
tion
of I
slam
ic id
eolo
gy. T
his
low
tren
d co
ntin
uity
ref
lect
s th
e po
litic
al c
hang
es o
f 19
58, w
hen
mar
tial l
aw w
as im
pose
d to
blo
c th
e vo
te a
gain
st th
e O
ne-U
nit s
chem
e by
the
lead
ers
of S
indh
,B
aluc
hist
an, a
nd N
WFP
in th
e N
atio
nal L
egis
lativ
e A
ssem
bly.
Thi
s en
tire
era
indi
cate
s fl
uctu
-
BE
ST C
Asi
an P
rofi
le15
:
Tab
le 1
1
Tre
nd A
naly
sis
T1
T3
(Tre
nd a
naly
sis
of in
divi
dual
text
boo
k sc
ores
by ti
me
peri
ckl)
.T
3
atio
ns in
the
repr
esen
tatio
n of
inte
grat
ive
vari
able
s by
10
to 2
0pe
rcen
t. T
extb
ooks
of
1965
adde
d th
e po
litic
alac
coun
ts o
f th
e In
do-P
akis
tan
War
, whi
le th
e 19
67te
xts
once
aga
in a
dded
mat
eria
l on
Paki
stan
ideo
logy
, whi
ch w
as d
efic
ient
betw
een
1950
and
196
6.T
his
chan
ge is
refl
ectiv
e of
the
regi
onal
nat
iona
list
mov
emen
ts f
or th
e re
stor
atio
nof
pro
vinc
ial
auto
nom
y an
det
hnic
iden
titie
s, a
ndon
the
part
of go
vern
men
t, re
flec
ts th
ere
cogn
ition
of
natio
nal c
ohes
ion
asan
issu
e, th
us, n
eces
sity
to r
evita
lize
the
cons
ensu
s fo
r Pa
kist
ani n
atio
nalis
m.
The
fin
alpo
st-O
ne-U
nit e
ra is
div
ided
into
thre
ese
para
te ti
me
peri
ods
for
the
purp
ose
ofan
alys
is. F
irst
per
iod,
the
imm
edia
tepo
st-O
ne-U
nit e
ra, w
itnes
sed
the
dism
embe
rmen
t of
the
stat
e in
197
1,as
indi
cate
d by
the
cont
inue
dlo
w r
epre
sent
atio
nof
inte
grat
ive
vari
able
sin
the
curr
icul
umat
20
perc
ent.
Dis
solu
tion
of th
e O
ne-U
nit
sche
me
revi
taliz
edpr
ovin
cial
auto
nom
y an
d et
hnic
iden
titie
s,as
evi
denc
ed b
y th
epo
sitiv
e re
pres
enta
tion
ofcu
ltura
l asp
ects
in th
e cu
rric
ulum
of
this
tim
e. H
owev
er,
rem
aini
ng v
aria
bles
(w
ith th
eex
cept
ion
of I
slam
icid
eolo
gy)
wer
e co
nsis
tent
lyde
fici
ent i
n th
eir re
pres
enta
tion,
whi
ch r
efle
cts
the
stat
e of
em
erge
n-cy
and
con
sequ
ent i
mpa
ct o
f th
eB
anga
la D
esh
cris
is.
In 1
972,
with
the
intr
oduc
tion
of a
new
edu
catio
n po
licy
by th
e ne
wly
inst
alle
dci
vilia
ngo
vern
men
t, a
mar
ked
incr
ease
is n
otic
eabl
e in
the
tren
d of
this
tim
epe
riod
, exh
ibiti
ng a
high
per
cent
pos
itive
repr
esen
tatio
n of
inte
grat
ive
vari
able
s. D
urin
g th
eci
vilia
n er
a (1
971-
1977
), a
ttem
pts
wer
e m
ade
to r
epai
r th
eda
mag
ed s
ocio
polit
ical
fab
ric
of P
akis
tan
byre
cog-
nizi
ng s
ome
righ
ts o
f et
hnic
natio
nalit
ies
in th
e 19
73C
onst
itutio
n. A
nup
war
d tr
end
in th
e
PY A
VA
ILA
BL
EC
)
Ula
n P
rofil
e
soci
al s
tudi
es c
urric
ulum
dur
ing
the
early
per
iod
of th
is e
ra in
dica
tes
gove
rnm
ent e
ffort
s to
.est
ore
the
conf
iden
ce o
f eth
nic
natio
nalit
ies
(the
mili
tary
act
ion
in B
aluc
hist
an is
stil
lsub
-
ectiv
e an
d re
quire
s ac
tive
rese
arch
).T
he fi
nal p
erio
d of
the
last
era
(19
77 to
pre
sent
) re
flect
s Is
lam
izat
ion
polic
ies
of th
e ne
wni
litar
y go
vern
men
t, as
the
soci
al s
tudi
es c
urric
ulum
de-
emph
asiz
es th
e po
sitiv
e re
pres
enta
tion
of th
e m
ajor
ity o
f the
inte
grat
ive
varia
bles
, and
inst
ead
re-e
mph
asiz
es Is
lam
ic id
eolo
gy. T
he;h
arp
decl
ine
in tr
end
line
sugg
ests
the
cont
rols
ove
r et
hnic
and
pro
vinc
ial a
uton
omy,
and
of m
ount
ing
diffe
renc
es b
etw
een
expe
ctat
ions
and
ach
ieve
men
ts o
f Pak
ista
ni n
atio
nalit
ies.
The
sec
ond
rese
arch
que
stio
n, i.
e., t
he c
ontr
ibut
ion
of th
e so
cial
stu
dies
cur
ricul
um to
natio
nal i
nteg
ratio
n is
add
ress
ed b
y th
e re
pres
enta
tion
anal
ysis
of i
nteg
rativ
e va
riabl
es in
Tab
le II
I. W
hile
nin
e of
the
ten
varia
bles
rev
iew
ed in
the
text
s w
ere
foun
d to
be
defic
ient
inre
pres
enta
tion,
onl
y th
e va
riabl
e of
Isla
mic
ideo
logy
was
foun
d to
be
100
perc
ent p
ositi
vely
emph
asiz
ed in
all
text
s an
alyz
ed. P
artic
ular
ly d
efic
ient
wer
e th
e ec
onom
ic a
nd e
duca
tiona
lva
riabl
es s
corin
g a
zero
per
cent
rep
rese
ntat
ion
in e
ach
of th
e te
xts
revi
ewed
. An
elab
orat
ion
on e
ach
of th
e va
riabl
es a
nd th
eir
resp
ectiv
e pr
esen
tatio
n in
the
text
s, a
sw
ell a
s ex
ampl
es
of e
ach,
is p
rese
nted
in th
e fo
llow
ing
sect
ion.
Dat
a P
rese
ntat
ion
and
Inte
rpre
tatio
n
The
ten
inte
grat
ive
varia
bles
will
now
be
disc
usse
d fo
r th
eir
repr
esen
tativ
e at
trib
utes
in
the
soci
al s
tudi
es c
urric
ulum
.
Cul
lum
!
As
an in
tegr
ativ
e va
riabl
e it
rank
s lo
w in
rep
rese
ntat
ion,
whi
le o
nly
thre
e te
xts
(25
perc
ent)
emph
asiz
e cu
ltura
l var
iabl
e po
sitiv
ely
by c
iting
the
acco
unts
of i
ndig
enou
s P
akis
tani
cul
ture
s,tr
aditi
ons,
lang
uage
s, a
nd p
oetr
y, th
e re
mai
nder
of b
ooks
cite
onl
y th
e cu
ltura
l tra
ditio
nsof
cen
tral
Indi
an p
rovi
nces
(re
pres
entin
g on
ly th
e re
fuge
e gr
oups
from
Indi
a w
hich
con
sist
of a
ppro
xim
atel
y 3
perc
ent o
f the
tota
l pop
ulat
ion,
but
con
trol
alm
ost 5
0 pe
rcen
t of t
heto
p bu
reau
crac
y) a
nd th
us, a
re n
on-r
epre
sent
ativ
e of
indi
geno
us P
akis
tani
soc
iety
. In
the
lang
uage
s an
d lit
erat
ure
sect
ions
, 75
perc
ent o
f the
text
s in
clud
e ce
ntra
l Ind
ian
poet
s, s
uch
as G
halib
and
Dag
h D
ehlv
i (w
ho n
eith
er v
isite
d no
r dr
eam
t ofP
akis
tan)
, as
natio
nal p
oets
,
whi
le in
dige
nous
pop
ular
poe
ts, s
uch
as S
hah
Abd
ul L
atif,
Khu
shha
ll K
han
Kha
ttak,
Bul
ahS
hah
are
rare
ly r
epre
sent
ed a
nd/o
r ex
clud
ed fr
om th
e lit
erar
y he
ritag
e of
Pak
ista
n.
Eco
nom
ics
In th
e co
ntex
t of i
ndig
enou
s na
tiona
litie
s th
e ec
onom
ic v
aria
bles
are
non
-exi
sten
t (0
per-
cent
) in
all
of th
e te
xts,
with
the
exce
ptio
n of
a fe
w r
efer
ence
s to
the
cent
ral I
ndia
n st
ates
.H
isto
rical
ly, t
he e
thni
c na
tiona
litie
s of
Pak
ista
n ha
ve b
een
econ
omic
ally
inte
rdep
ende
nt.
The
ir ec
onom
ic r
elat
ions
and
con
trib
utio
ns w
ere
amon
g th
e m
ajor
con
side
ratio
ns b
ehin
dth
e M
uslim
nat
iona
list m
ovem
ent o
n th
e In
dian
sub
cont
inen
t. N
on-r
ecog
nitio
n to
thei
rco
ntrib
utio
ns h
as c
reat
ed c
omm
on s
tere
otyp
e th
at P
akis
tan
was
mad
e by
the
cent
ral I
ndia
n
i
100-
75 25 -
-25
-50-
-75
-
-100
-
Tab
le W
Var
iabl
e A
naly
sis
Asi
an P
rofil
e
"E
2tr
.d
i2
A
RE
PRE
SEN
TA
TIO
NIN
FOR
MA
TIO
N C
ON
SIST
EN
YID
EO
LO
GY
Ana
lysi
s of
indi
vidu
al v
aria
ble
perc
entil
esc
ores
in th
e Pa
kist
ani S
ocia
l Stu
dies
Cur
ricu
lum
).
B .T
CO
PY A
VA
ILA
BL
E12
155
ksia
n Pr
ofile
Mus
lims
(the
ref
ugee
gro
ups)
and
that
the
Sind
his,
Bal
uchi
s, a
nd P
atha
ns p
laye
d no
rol
e in
the
Paki
stan
Mov
emen
t. O
n th
e co
ntra
ry, S
indh
is w
ere
the
firs
t Mus
lim I
ndia
n na
tion
to v
ote
for
Paki
stan
and
oth
ers
had
follo
wed
Sin
dh's
pat
h. H
owev
er, a
tota
l of
som
e si
x m
illio
n M
uslim
s:s
tart
ed w
ith tw
o m
illio
n in
194
7-48
; the
num
ber
has
been
incr
ease
d to
six
mill
ion
over
the
last
40
year
s), m
igra
ted
to P
akis
tan,
whi
le s
ome
80 m
illio
n pr
efer
ed to
sta
y in
Ind
ia.
Edu
catio
n
The
edu
catio
n va
riab
le a
lso
scor
ed z
ero
perc
ent.
How
ever
, its
low
sco
re w
as n
ot b
ecau
seof
non
-exi
sten
ce in
the
text
s, b
ut f
or it
s co
nsis
tent
ly n
egat
ive
trea
tmen
t in
all t
exts
. 100
per
-ce
nt o
f th
e. te
xts
limit
educ
atio
nal c
ontr
ibut
ions
to th
e ef
fort
s of
one
Ind
ian
Mus
lim, S
irSy
ed A
hmed
Kha
n an
d to
his
Ali
Gar
h M
uslim
Col
lege
, whi
le th
e co
ntri
butio
ns o
f H
assa
nA
ll A
ffan
di a
nd s
ever
al o
ther
indi
geno
us le
ader
s, a
s w
ell a
s th
e Si
ndh
Mad
rasa
h, a
nd u
nive
rsiti
esof
Pun
jab
and
Pesh
awar
, in
the
awak
enin
g of
Mus
lims
are
igno
red.
Thi
s is
ast
ound
ing
beca
use
of th
e fa
ct th
at e
ven
Muh
amm
ad A
li Ji
nah,
Pak
ista
n's
foun
ding
fat
her,
com
plet
ed h
is h
igh
scho
ol e
duca
tion
at S
indh
Mad
rsah
in K
arac
hi.
His
tori
cal
The
text
s w
ere
foun
d to
be
33 p
erce
nt r
epre
sent
ativ
e an
d co
nsis
tent
in th
eir
pres
enta
tion.
How
ever
, his
tori
cal a
ccou
nts
of th
e in
depe
nden
ce s
trug
gle
in in
dige
neou
s B
aluc
hist
an, S
indh
,N
WFP
, Pun
jab,
and
Ben
gal h
ave
not b
een
ackn
owle
dged
, whe
reas
the
hist
oric
con
trib
utio
nsof
cen
tral
Ind
ian
Mus
lims
are
high
light
ed. T
he h
isto
ries
of
indi
vidu
al P
akis
tani
nat
iona
litie
sha
ve b
een
bare
ly to
uche
d up
on.
Add
ition
al f
acto
r in
the
nega
tive
scor
ing
of 6
7 pe
rcen
t of
the
text
s re
view
ed w
ere
hist
oric
aldi
stor
tatio
ns a
nd in
form
atio
n in
cons
iste
ncie
s. A
pri
me
exam
ple
of th
is is
the
cont
rove
rsey
over
Jin
ah's
bir
th p
lace
. Acc
ordi
ng to
pre
-One
-Uni
t era
text
s, J
inah
was
bor
n in
Jhi
rka,
asm
all t
own
som
e fo
rty
mile
s ne
ar m
oder
n K
arac
hi; t
he te
xtbo
oks
wri
tten
duri
ng th
e O
ne-
Uni
t era
rep
ort K
arac
hi p
rope
r as
his
bir
thpl
ace.
Ano
ther
exa
mpl
e of
dis
tort
ion
was
fou
ndin
Cho
udhr
y R
ehm
at A
li's'
° c
once
pt o
f Pa
kist
an. H
e cl
aim
s Pa
kist
an's
sov
erei
gnty
for
an
unbr
oken
per
iod
of 1
145
year
s, s
ince
the
inva
sion
of
Sind
h by
Ara
bs. I
n th
e sa
me
trad
ition
,th
e Pa
kist
an s
tudi
es te
xts
cons
tant
ly b
oast
of
the
anci
ent I
ndus
Val
ley
civi
lizat
ion
of M
ohen
-jo
-Dar
rho
as th
e '5
000-
year
-old
Isl
amic
civ
iliza
tion.
' Moh
en-j
o-D
arrh
o in
fac
t pre
date
s Is
lam
near
ly f
our
thou
sand
yea
rs.
Mos
t tex
ts in
clud
e ch
apte
rs o
n Is
lam
ic h
isto
ry o
f A
rabi
a an
d ce
ntra
l Ind
ia, w
hile
no
refe
r-en
ce h
as b
een
mad
e to
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f Is
lam
with
in th
e Pa
kist
ani t
erri
tory
.and
to th
eco
ntri
butio
ns o
f in
dige
nous
nat
iona
litie
s. T
he c
once
pt o
f Pa
kist
an h
as b
een
trac
ed b
ack
to71
2 A
.D.,
the
year
of
the
Ara
b in
vasi
on o
f Si
ndh.
On
the
cont
rary
, the
idea
to e
stab
lish
seve
ral
Mus
lim s
tate
s on
the
Indi
an s
ubco
ntin
ent o
rigi
nate
d in
the
1940
s, w
hile
the
idea
for
a s
ingl
est
ate
of P
akis
tan
was
con
ceiv
ed in
194
6.
10. C
houd
hry
Reh
mat
Ali,
a p
unja
bi, s
uppo
sedl
y co
ncei
ved
of th
e or
igin
al id
ea o
f Pak
ista
n, w
hile
a s
tude
ntin
Gre
at B
ritai
n.
13B
EST
CO
Asi
an P
rofi
le15
7
Dis
tort
ions
suc
h as
thes
e ill
ustr
ate
the
conf
usio
ncr
eate
d by
the
curr
icul
um f
or in
dige
nous
natio
nalit
ies
who
hig
hly
valu
e bo
th th
eir
relig
ion
and
thei
r et
hnic
ori
gins
, and
at t
imes
inth
eir
hist
ory
have
fou
ght w
ars
with
the
Mus
limru
lers
of
cent
ral I
ndia
ove
r po
litic
alm
atte
rs.
Mor
eove
r, a
ccor
ding
to th
eir
belie
fsy
stem
, Isl
am o
rigi
nate
d so
me
1400
yea
rs b
ack
with
the
birt
h of
Muh
amm
ad in
Ara
bia,
and
not i
n 19
47 w
hen
Paki
stan
was
bor
n. T
his
pres
ents
just
anot
her
ster
eoty
pe.
Isla
mic
Ide
olog
y
The
mos
t sig
nifi
cant
asp
ect o
f th
is v
aria
ble
was
its
extr
aord
inar
y em
phas
is (
100
perc
ent
posi
tive
repr
esen
tatio
n) in
all
the
text
s re
view
ed. A
san
insp
irin
g so
urce
of
Mus
lim n
atio
nalis
m,
the
text
s ar
e co
nsis
tent
ly f
lavo
red
with
Isl
amic
ideo
logy
and
oft
en o
verl
y re
pres
ente
d w
hen
com
pare
d w
ith o
ther
inte
grat
ive
vari
able
s. N
o on
e w
illqu
estio
n th
e in
flue
nce
of I
slam
ove
rth
e In
dian
sub
cont
inen
t; ho
wev
er,
over
the
year
s th
e do
min
ant r
ole
of P
unja
b an
d th
ere
fuge
esin
the
nam
e of
Isl
am s
eem
s to
hav
e lim
ited
Isla
mas
a c
ohes
ive
fact
or in
the
Paki
stan
's s
tate
-bu
ildin
g pr
oces
s. R
esto
spec
tivel
y sp
eaki
ng, e
ven
Isla
mic
bond
s C
ould
not
pre
vent
the
brea
kup
of
Ben
galis
fro
m th
e m
othe
r st
ate
of P
akis
tan.
Dem
ands
for
prov
inci
al a
uton
omy,
the
secu
lar
natu
re o
f et
hnic
mov
emen
ts, a
nd r
elat
edhi
stor
ical
eve
nts
sugg
est t
hat I
slam
icid
eolo
gym
ay n
o lo
nger
be
an e
ffec
tive
fact
or in
nat
iona
l int
egra
tion,
oth
erth
an o
nly
the
func
tioni
ngid
eolo
gy o
f th
e ru
ling
elite
.
Paki
stan
Ide
olog
y
Secu
lar
in n
atur
e, it
is d
eriv
ed f
rom
the
orig
inal
conc
ept o
f Pa
kist
an d
ocum
ente
d in
the
fam
ous
Lah
ore
Res
olut
ion'
' whi
chac
know
ledg
es b
oth
ethn
ic id
entit
ies
and
thei
r na
tiona
lau
-to
nom
y. T
he I
slam
ic id
eolo
gy w
as p
ositi
vely
rep
rese
nted
in 1
00pe
rcen
t of
the
text
s re
view
ed,
as o
ppos
ed to
25
perc
ent r
epre
sent
atio
n of
Pak
ista
nid
eolo
gy. M
ost P
akis
tani
gov
ernm
ents
have
app
aren
tly p
rese
nted
bot
h Pa
kist
anan
d Is
lam
ic id
eolo
gies
inte
rcha
ngea
bly.
How
ever
,in
the
face
of
grow
ing
prov
inci
alau
tono
my
mov
emen
ts d
urin
g th
e on
e-U
nit
era,
the
then
-Pa
kist
ani g
over
nmen
t see
ms
to h
ave
revi
taliz
edth
is v
aria
ble.
Non
ethl
ess,
a c
lear
ideo
logi
cal
dist
inct
ion
was
not
mad
e un
til th
e ci
vilia
nru
le o
f th
e po
st o
ne-U
nit e
ra, w
hen
effo
rts
wer
em
ade
to d
istin
guis
h be
twee
n bo
thid
eolo
gies
for
cla
rifi
catio
n. U
nder
the
curr
ent
Isla
miz
atio
n,no
suc
h di
stin
ctio
n is
vis
ible
and
the
two
ideo
logi
es a
re d
escr
ibed
in th
e sa
me
fash
ion.
Myt
hica
l
The
sub
ject
mat
ter
in th
e te
xts
cata
gori
zed
unde
r th
is v
aria
ble
was
fou
nd to
be
25pe
rcen
tre
pres
enta
tive
in th
e ov
eral
l cur
ricu
lum
, whi
chm
eans
that
onl
y th
ree
book
s ill
ustr
ated
myt
hs
11.
Thi
s re
solu
tion
was
pas
sed
in th
e M
uslim
Leag
ue C
onve
ntio
n in
Lah
ore
in 1
940,
whi
ch fo
r th
e fir
sttim
e ca
lled
for
the
esta
blis
hmen
t of i
ndep
ende
ntM
uslim
sta
tes
in M
uslim
maj
ority
are
as.
Alth
ough
it.
did
not c
all f
or th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent o
fa
sing
le M
uslim
sta
te, t
he e
arly
gove
rnm
ents
in P
akis
tan
have
rein
terp
rete
d La
hore
Res
olut
ion
into
the
Pak
ista
nR
esol
utio
n.
Y A
VA
ILA
BL
E1
6i
Asi
an P
rofi
le
in a
pos
itive
man
ner.
Bec
ause
of
Paki
stan
's y
outh
fuln
ess
as a
sta
te, t
here
are
no
myt
hica
lac
coun
ts o
f a
Paki
stan
i ori
gin.
How
ever
, the
eth
nic
natio
nalit
ies,
with
thei
r an
cien
t civ
iliza
tions
and
past
, pos
sess
not
onl
y m
yths
but
the
myt
hica
l sym
bols
, as
exhi
bite
d by
thei
r hi
stor
ical
lyev
olve
d an
cien
t nat
iona
l her
itage
. The
ear
ly e
ra te
xts
incl
ude
myt
hica
l acc
ount
s of
eth
nic
natio
nalit
ies.
The
fol
klor
e of
"M
arvi
", "
Sass
i Pun
hoon
", "
Dod
o C
hane
sar"
, and
"H
eer
Ran
jha"
wer
e gi
ven
prim
e im
port
ance
as
sym
bols
of
love
, pat
riot
ism
, and
hum
anity
and
wer
e re
ferr
edto
not
onl
y as
the
nativ
e he
rita
ge o
f Pa
kist
an, b
ut a
s a
sour
ce o
f in
spir
atio
n fo
r pa
trio
tism
and
natio
nal i
nteg
rity
. Dur
ing
the
One
-Uni
t era
, with
the
abol
ition
of
ethn
ic id
entit
ies,
suc
hac
coun
ts s
eem
to h
ave
disa
ppea
red
from
soc
ial s
tudi
es te
xts.
The
off
icia
l atte
mpt
to c
reat
ene
w m
yths
and
sym
bols
for
Pak
ista
n w
ere
met
with
dis
cont
ent a
nd s
uspi
cion
. Dur
ing
the
post
-One
-Uni
t era
, how
ever
, som
e of
thes
e sy
mbo
ls a
ppea
red
to g
ain
acce
ptan
ce th
ough
with
maj
or r
eser
vatio
ns. T
extb
ooks
rep
rese
ntin
g th
e m
ost r
ecen
t pas
t of
this
era
see
m to
off
icia
llyre
cogn
ize
ethn
ic id
entit
ies
and
thei
r he
rita
ge, t
he I
slam
izat
ion
infl
uenc
e ap
pear
s to
hav
e de
-em
phas
ized
the
myt
hica
l asp
ects
in th
e cu
rric
ulum
.
Polit
ical
The
pol
itica
l acc
ount
s of
eth
nic
natio
nalit
ies
are
pres
ente
d in
25
perc
ent o
f th
e te
xts
only
,i.e
. one
pos
tive
repr
esen
tatio
n in
eac
h er
a. O
vera
ll, th
e te
xts
wer
e fo
und
to b
e de
fici
ent i
nth
is v
aria
ble.
Low
sco
res
wer
e gi
ven
for
posi
tive
repr
esen
tatio
n of
at l
east
one
eth
nic
polit
ical
pers
onal
ity, n
o m
atte
r ho
w in
sign
ific
ant i
n po
litic
al a
rena
. Alm
ost a
ll of
the
polit
ical
per
son-
aliti
es a
nd e
vent
s de
scri
bed
in th
e te
xts
belo
ng to
cen
tral
Ind
ia. N
o re
fere
nce
has
been
mad
eto
the
role
of
indi
gene
ous
natio
nal l
eade
rs a
nd/o
r th
eir
even
ts in
the
proc
esse
s of
pol
itica
lso
cial
izat
ion
and
natio
nal d
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
in P
akis
tan.
Rel
igio
us
The
acc
ount
s m
easu
red
in th
e te
xts
whi
ch f
all i
nto
this
cat
agor
y ar
e ill
usio
ns to
var
ious
relig
ious
gro
ups
such
as
Hin
dus,
Par
sis,
Sik
hs, B
uddh
ists
, Bah
ais,
Qad
iani
s, S
hiat
es, S
unni
s,an
d W
ahab
is, t
heir
rel
igio
us p
ract
ices
, and
inte
ract
ions
at t
he e
thni
c, r
elig
ious
, reg
iona
l, an
dna
tiona
l lev
els.
Onl
y th
e te
xts
of th
e ea
rly
era
wer
e fo
und
to b
e po
sitiv
ely
repr
esen
ted,
and
incl
uded
mat
eria
l on
Hin
du a
nd M
uslim
sai
nts
for
thei
r ef
fort
s to
bri
ng a
bout
rel
igio
us to
ler-
ance
, int
erre
ligio
us c
oope
ratio
n an
d ha
rmon
y an
d as
a c
ontr
ibut
ion
to s
ocia
l int
egra
tion.
The
mid
- an
d po
st-O
ne-U
nit e
ra c
urri
cula
indi
cate
s m
uch
less
tole
ranc
e to
war
ds o
ther
rel
igio
nssp
ecif
ical
ly H
indu
ism
, whi
ch a
s on
e of
the
anci
ent r
elig
ions
of
the
Indi
an s
ubco
ntin
ent h
as a
seri
ous
infl
uenc
e on
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f Is
lam
am
ong
indi
geno
us n
atio
nalit
ies.
Man
y et
hnic
trad
ition
s, c
usto
ms
and
nam
es r
epre
sent
suc
h in
flue
nces
. Irr
espe
ctiv
e of
the
loca
l fee
lings
,th
e ol
d na
mes
of
hist
oric
al m
onum
ents
and
pla
ces
sym
boliz
ing
past
his
tory
, spe
cifi
cally
the
Hin
du-M
uslim
coo
pera
tion
have
bee
n re
plac
ed w
ith n
ew n
ames
, par
ticul
arly
thos
e th
atre
pres
ent t
he 1
8th
and
19th
cen
tury
cen
tral
Ind
ia.
Soci
al Of
the
ten
vari
able
s an
alyz
ed, t
he s
ocia
l ran
ks th
ird
low
est w
ith a
17
perc
ent o
vera
ll re
pre-
sent
atio
n (e
cono
mic
and
edu
catio
nal v
aria
bles
are
the
othe
r lo
wes
t with
zer
o pe
rcen
t rep
re-
15
Tab
le I
V
Var
iabl
e Fr
eque
ncy
Perc
entil
e D
istr
ibut
ion
10-
9- 8- 7- 6 5- 4..- 3- 2- 0-.
Asi
an P
rofi
le15
9
0%17
%25
%33
%10
0%
.ese
ntat
ion)
. Onl
y tw
o te
xts,
one
fro
m th
e ea
rly
era
and
the
othe
r fr
om th
e po
st-O
ne-U
nit e
ra,
repr
esen
t thi
s va
riab
le p
ositi
vely
. The
se b
ooks
incl
ude
the
soci
al in
tera
ctio
ns a
nd r
elat
ions
(inc
ludi
ng m
arri
ages
) am
ong
diff
eren
t ind
igen
ous
natio
nalit
ies
and
refu
gee
grou
ps b
oth
prio
rto
and
aft
er in
depe
nden
ce. P
ositi
ve a
ccou
nts
refe
r to
soc
ial
refo
rmer
s w
ho tr
avel
led
the
coun
try
to p
rom
ote
inte
reth
nic
and
inte
rrel
igio
us u
nder
stan
ding
,th
roug
h fe
stiv
als,
and
oth
er c
o-op
erat
ive
activ
ities
. How
ever
, maj
ority
of
the
text
s la
ck s
uch
info
rmat
ion
conc
erni
ng th
ePa
kist
ani t
erri
tory
and
its
peop
le, a
nd p
rovi
deac
coun
ts o
f so
cial
inte
ract
ions
in c
entr
al I
ndia
.
Con
clus
ion
In th
e fi
nal a
naly
sis,
the
maj
or in
tegr
ativ
e va
riab
les
inve
stig
ated
wer
e fo
und
to b
e de
fici
ent
in th
eir
equi
tabl
e re
pres
enta
tion
of b
oth
indi
vidu
alan
d co
llect
ive
affa
irs
of th
e Pa
kist
ani e
thni
cna
tiona
litie
s. A
lthou
gh th
ere
is a
wid
e di
sper
sion
rang
e am
ong
vari
able
s, th
e ov
eral
l mea
nan
d m
ode
scor
es f
or th
e en
tire
curr
icul
um f
all
belo
w a
30
perc
ent p
ositi
ve r
epre
sent
atio
n of
inte
grat
ive
fact
ors,
as
show
n in
Tab
le I
V. M
oreo
ver,
one
gets
the
impr
essi
on th
at th
e na
tiona
lso
cial
stu
dies
cur
ricu
lum
in P
akis
tan
only
repr
esen
ts th
e m
igra
nt c
omm
unity
fro
m c
entr
alIn
dia,
and
por
tray
s m
ajor
ity o
f th
e in
dige
nous
Pak
ista
nina
tiona
litie
s as
insi
gnif
ican
t, w
hom
ake
little
if a
ny, c
ontr
ibut
ion
to th
e Pa
kist
an's
nat
iona
laf
fair
s. S
ever
al f
acto
rs a
ppar
ently
have
infl
uenc
ed th
is n
atio
nal m
isre
pres
enta
tion.
The
prim
ary
fact
or .r
espo
nsib
les
for
both
BE
ST C
OPY
A M
LA
BL
E16
160
Asi
an P
rofil
e
unde
r-re
pres
enta
tion
and
mis
repr
esen
tatio
n ap
pear
s to
be
the
uneq
ual d
istr
ibut
ion
of p
oliti
cal
pow
er, w
hich
pla
ces
the
Pun
jabi
and
the
refu
gee
grou
ps in
hig
her-
leve
l dec
isio
n-m
akin
gpo
sitio
ns le
adin
g to
uni
late
rally
bia
sed
deci
sion
s. B
ecau
seof
the
mili
tary
mig
ht o
f the
rul
ing
grou
ps, v
oice
s of
oth
er n
atio
nalit
ies
are
not
valu
ed. A
n of
fsho
ot o
f thi
s un
equa
l dis
trib
utio
n
is th
at th
e m
ajor
ity o
f cur
ricul
um d
evel
oper
s ar
e ap
poin
ted
from
the
rulin
g P
unja
bi r
efug
eeel
ite w
ho p
refe
r to
por
tray
thei
r ow
n gr
oup'
s va
lues
and
per
cept
ions
, whi
le a
liena
ting
the
othe
r na
tiona
l gro
ups
and
thei
r w
ay o
f life
.A
noth
er fa
ctor
res
pons
ible
for
curr
icul
um m
isre
pres
enta
tion
is th
e un
favo
rabl
e so
ciop
oliti
cal
cultu
re w
here
by a
min
ority
rul
e is
mai
ntai
ned
over
the
maj
ority
. Thi
s is
a m
anip
ulat
ion
ofth
e no
n-re
pres
enta
tive
char
acte
r of
Pak
ista
ni s
ocie
ty r
efle
cted
in a
ll po
licy
issu
e ar
eas,
incl
udin
g
the
educ
atio
n.W
hat a
re th
e in
divi
dual
and
col
lect
ive
effe
cts
of s
uch
a no
n-re
pres
enta
tive
curr
icul
um?
The
imm
edia
te e
ffect
is r
efle
cted
in th
e de
mon
stra
tion
of d
iver
se n
atio
nal a
ttitu
des
tow
ards
nat
iona
l
iden
tity.
A s
ingl
e de
pict
ion
of v
alue
s an
d pe
rcep
tions
in a
mul
tieth
nic/
natio
nal s
ocie
tysu
ch
as P
akis
tan
can
gros
sly
affe
ct s
tude
nts'
nat
iona
l and
glo
bal p
ersp
ectiv
e. D
isto
rtio
nsan
d m
is-
repr
esen
tatio
n of
obj
ectiv
e re
aliti
es in
the
curr
icul
um a
re in
com
patib
le w
ithth
e in
form
atio
n
whi
ch th
e st
uden
ts fo
rmal
ly a
cqui
re a
t hom
e. M
ost s
tude
nts
pece
ive
prob
lem
s of
acc
urac
yan
d co
nsis
tenc
y of
info
rmat
ion
in s
ocia
l stu
dies
cur
ricul
um a
s a
delib
erat
e at
tem
pt to
del
ink
Pak
ista
ni n
atio
nalit
ies
from
thei
r m
ost r
ecen
t his
tory
, and
con
side
r it
an o
ffens
e to
eth
nic
iden
titie
s. C
onse
quen
tly, n
ew g
ener
atio
ns fe
el c
onfu
sed
with
this
situ
atio
n an
d di
stan
ce th
em-
selv
es fr
om th
e of
ficia
l im
ages
of P
akis
tani
soc
iety
. In
turn
, the
indi
vidu
al e
ffect
lead
s to
colle
ctiv
e ef
fect
s an
d is
exp
ress
ed in
feel
ings
of d
epriv
atio
n an
d in
tern
al c
olon
ialis
m, c
hang
ing,
the
very
per
cept
ions
of P
akis
tani
nat
iona
litie
s ab
out t
he P
akis
tani
soc
iety
. An
inte
rest
ing
exam
ple
is th
e cr
edib
ility
cris
is Is
lam
ic id
eolo
gy is
now
faci
ng v
ersu
s its
pre
viou
sro
le o
f im
-
port
ance
. The
dep
rived
nat
iona
litie
s of
Pak
ista
n ex
pres
sth
eir
Mus
lim b
roth
erho
od in
thei
r
own
ethn
ic w
ays.
Out
side
the
curr
icul
um, t
he s
ocio
econ
omic
and
pol
itica
l situ
atio
n,su
ch
as d
iscr
imin
atio
n in
gov
ernm
enta
l job
s (e
ven
with
in th
e na
tive
prov
ince
s), o
ccup
atio
nof
nat
ive
land
s, a
nd d
isco
urag
emen
t in
the
agric
ultu
ral a
nd in
dust
rial s
ecto
rs b
y th
e P
unja
bi a
nd r
efug
eeel
ite, h
as fu
rthe
r al
arm
ed th
e et
hnic
nat
iona
litie
s. P
rofe
ssor
Ghu
lam
Mus
tafa
Sha
h fo
rmer
Vic
e C
hanc
ello
r of
Sin
dh U
nive
rsity
, onc
e w
rote
:C
redi
t mus
t be
deni
ed to
thos
e to
who
m it
was
due
. The
y m
ust s
tay
whe
re th
ey w
ere.
The
cou
ntry
was
mad
e by
them
but
they
mus
t not
rul
e it.
The
y m
ust f
orev
er s
uffe
r an
d gr
oan.
With
inde
pend
ence
they
hav
ebe
com
e sl
aves
. The
mill
ions
of P
akis
tan'
s in
dige
nous
peo
ple
had
purc
hase
d sl
aver
y.
Thi
s co
nten
t ana
lysi
s su
gges
ts th
at th
e so
cial
stu
dies
cur
ricul
um a
s an
inst
rum
ent o
f soc
ial-
izat
ion,
whe
n no
n-re
pres
enta
tive,
mis
delin
eate
s th
e po
litic
al s
yste
m. T
he c
urre
ntcu
rric
ulm
is n
ot d
irect
ed to
war
ds th
e go
al o
f nat
iona
l coh
esio
n. A
n eq
uita
ble
port
raya
l of i
ndig
enou
sP
akis
tani
nat
iona
litie
s in
all
of th
e in
tegr
ativ
e sp
here
s in
soc
ial s
tudi
es c
urric
ulum
is n
eces
sary
to a
chie
ve a
nd m
aint
ain
the
cons
ensu
s fo
r P
akis
tani
nat
iona
lism
. Mor
eove
r, c
onsi
derin
gth
e
pres
ent s
tate
of t
he P
akis
tani
pol
itica
l cul
ture
and
the
role
eth
nici
ty p
lays
in g
eopo
litic
alre
aliti
es o
f sou
ther
n A
sia,
a m
ajor
soc
iopo
litic
al r
efor
mat
ion
of P
akis
tan
is in
ord
er. T
he le
vel
of r
adic
aliz
atio
n in
Pak
ista
ni p
oliti
cs fu
rthe
r su
gges
ts th
at th
e co
ntin
uing
alie
natio
n of
indi
geno
us n
atio
nalit
ies
in th
e po
litic
al s
yste
m, a
nd g
row
ing
ineq
ualit
y is
sues
coul
d le
ad to
furt
her
soci
etal
div
isio
ns a
nd/o
r an
othe
r po
ssib
le d
ism
embe
rmen
t, m
ultip
lyin
g th
e re
gion
alpr
oble
ms
in a
n ar
ea w
here
the
inte
rest
s of
mos
t maj
or p
ower
s ar
e in
dire
ctco
nflic
t. T
his
has
the
pote
ntia
l to
dest
abili
ze th
e in
tern
atio
nal s
ecur
ity o
f sou
th a
nd s
outh
wes
t Asi
a.
Fin
ally
, it
is d
ange
rous
to m
ake
gene
raliz
atio
ns fr
om a
sin
gle
case
stu
dy; n
ever
thle
ss,
the
educ
atio
nal a
nd p
oliti
cal s
yste
ms
in m
ost o
ther
Afr
ican
and
Asi
an c
ount
ries
are
sim
ilar,
7B
EST
CO
PY A
VA
ILA
Asi
an P
rofil
e
whe
re a
sin
gle
ethn
icgr
oup
and/
or a
min
ority
gro
up (
with
the
help
of c
erta
in r
efug
eeel
ite)
rule
s ov
er th
e m
ajor
ity, c
ausi
ng th
e lo
ngte
rm p
oliti
cal i
nsta
bilit
y. S
uch
conf
lictin
g si
tuat
ions
,le
gitim
ized
and
/or
supp
orte
d by
inte
rnat
iona
l pol
itics
caus
ing
subs
eque
nt in
stab
ility
, lea
dson
e to
con
clud
e th
at th
e co
ncep
t of d
emoc
racy
inde
velo
ping
soc
ietie
s sh
ould
onl
y m
ean
the
"res
olut
ion
of c
onfli
ct b
y al
l mea
ns,"
and
not t
he m
ajor
ity r
ule.
Thi
s is
par
ticul
arly
true
for
Pak
ista
n, w
hich
und
erth
e cu
rren
t int
erna
tiona
lsy
stem
is th
eon
ly c
ount
ry th
at h
as u
nder
gone
the
trau
mat
icex
perie
nce
of d
ism
embe
rmen
t due
to a
n et
hnic
conf
lict.
Fur
ther
stu
dies
on
Pak
ista
n's
expe
rienc
e w
ith h
er o
wn
natio
nalit
ies
and
ethn
icgr
oups
,an
d in
the
stat
e-bu
ildin
gpr
oces
ses
may
offe
r fu
ture
insi
ghts
and
gui
delin
es in
am
icab
le c
onfli
ctm
anag
emen
t tha
t cou
ld b
e he
lpfu
l for
oth
er s
ocie
ties
with
sim
ilar
prob
lem
s. E
duca
tion
polic
yin
gen
eral
and
the
soci
al s
tudi
es e
duca
tion
in p
artic
ular
cou
ld p
lay
an im
port
ant r
ole
inde
velo
ping
inte
reth
nic
unde
rsta
ndin
g as
wel
l as
in c
larif
ying
the
diffe
renc
es b
etw
een
a na
tion
and
a na
tion-
stat
e in
mul
tieth
nic
and
mul
tinat
iona
lde
velo
ping
soc
ietie
s.
Bib
liogr
aphy
Ahm
ed, F
eroz
, "S
truc
ture
and
Con
trad
ictio
ns in
Pak
ista
n," P
akis
tan
Foru
m,
Mar
ch 1
972
: 16-
28.
Ahm
ed, I
ftikh
ar, "
Pak
ista
n: C
lass
and
Sta
te F
orm
atio
n," R
ace
and
Cla
ss, M
arch
197
8: 4
8-66
.A
li, H
assa
n, "
Thr
ee F
aces
of S
indh
,"H
eral
d[K
arac
hi],
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il 19
87).
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och,
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i Buz
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2.T
he E
duca
tion
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y: 1
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erab
ad, S
indh
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ity o
f Sin
dh P
ress
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ilder
, Leo
nard
, 197
2.R
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ics
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alifo
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n as
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tura
l Im
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avid
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ey &
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d N
atio
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mer
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ome.
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ai, A
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und
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ndia
n N
atio
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ng H
ouse
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olla
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ress
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ert,
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m E
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ity P
ress
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aste
r, C
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tern
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k: P
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r 7,
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ass,
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nn (
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urri
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m P
lann
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ftab
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thni
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ase
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akis
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Lanh
am, M
aryl
and:
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vers
ity P
ress
of A
mer
ica.
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duca
tion,
Eth
nici
ty, a
nd P
oliti
cal S
ocia
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ion
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akis
tan,
"A
sian
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file
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ol. 1
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o. 4
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ust
1986
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Kel
ler,
Edm
und
J., "
Edu
catio
n, E
thni
city
and
Pol
itica
lS
ocia
lizat
ion
in K
enya
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ompa
rativ
e Po
litic
alSt
udie
s.V
ol. 1
2, N
o. 4
, Jan
uary
198
0: 4
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le, T
hom
as, a
nd W
hite
, Pet
er S
., "E
duca
tion
and
Mul
ti-E
thni
cIn
tegr
atio
n",
Com
para
tive
Edu
catio
nR
evie
w. J
une
1980
: 155
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LaP
orte
, Rob
ert J
r., 1
975.
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er a
nd P
rivi
lage
: Inf
luen
ce a
nd D
ecis
ion-
Mak
ing
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kist
an.
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kele
y: U
nive
r-si
ty o
f Cal
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ia.
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ik, H
afiz
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uslim
Nat
iona
lism
in P
akis
tan.
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
.: P
ublic
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irs P
ress
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inis
try
of E
duca
tion
1979
.Pa
kist
an E
duca
tions
! St
atis
tics:
1947
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9. Is
lam
abad
., P
ropo
sals
for
a N
ew E
duca
tion
Polic
y.Is
lam
abad
, Jul
y 19
69.
Min
istr
y of
Edu
catio
n &
Sci
entif
ic R
esea
rch
1971
Edu
catio
n In
Pak
ista
n. Is
lam
abad
: Gov
ernm
ent P
ress
.M
onch
ar, P
.H.,
"Reg
iona
l Edu
catio
nal I
nequ
ality
and
Pol
itica
l Inst
abili
ty",
Com
para
tive
Edu
catio
n R
evie
w.
Feb
ruar
y 19
81: 1
-12.
Mem
on, U
mar
M.,
"Con
fede
ratio
n: A
Pat
hway
to S
alva
tion,
"Sl
ndh
Qua
rter
ly, V
ol 1
2, N
o. 3
(19
84).
Mug
hul,
Ghu
lam
Nab
i, 19
87.
Chi
ta S
indh
lR
ed In
dian
The
e W
eend
a [In
Sin
dhil
Sin
dhis
bec
ome
Red
Indi
ans)
, Mat
iari,
Sin
dh, P
akis
tag:
Soj
hro
Pub
licat
ions
.M
ughu
l; N
.A.,
"Elit
e G
roup
s an
d A
spec
ts o
f Con
fron
tatio
n w
ithin
Pak
ista
n,A
sian
Pro
file
. Jun
e 19
77:2
57-8
3.R
oom
an, A
nwar
, 197
1. E
duca
tion
in B
aluc
hist
an. Q
uetta
: Gos
h-e
-A
dab
Pub
lishe
rs.
Rel
ated
Tex
tboo
ks o
n S
ocia
l Stu
dies
Tau
ght b
etw
een
1947
.198
7 In
Sin
dh S
choo
ls.
Wei
ner,
Myr
on, "
Pol
itica
l Int
egra
tion
and
Pol
itica
lD
evel
opm
ent,"
A C
hapt
er in
Dev
elop
ing
Nat
ions
: Wha
tPa
th to
Mod
erni
zatio
n?I 9
72,e
d. F
rank
Tac
hua.
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