snow storage - ltu/file/snow storage.pdf · 2016. 5. 18. · method.html . factors affecting the...
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Snow storage
Nina Lintzén 2016-05-10
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Snow storage
Purposes with snow storage:
• Cross country skiing / Biathlon • Alpine skiing • Ski jumping • Other winter activities • Snow cooling
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Snow storage
• Mikko Martikainen - Pioneer within snow storage • Snow Secure • Snow specialist and advisor for the organization committee at Sochi
Olympic Games
• http://www.snowsecure.fi/en/photos-and-articles/snow-storage-method.html
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Factors affecting the melting rate
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Factors affecting the melting rate
Major factors • Thickness of insulating layer • Wind velocity • Light intensity • Air temperature • Absolute air humidity
Minor factors • Moisture content in insulating
layer • Evaporation • Solar reflectivity • Rain • Ground melt
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Of importance for the melting rate
• The initial volume of the snow • The geometry of the pile
Surface area Bottom area
• Type and thickness of the insulating material • Drainage
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Snow storage
• Three methods to insulate a snow depot: Breathable method (evaporation) Not breathable method (only insulation) Mix method
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Heat and mass transfer through an insulating layer
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Insulating materials
Natural materials • Wood chips • Cutter shavings • Saw dust • Bark • Rice shells • Debris
Fabricated materials • Loose sheets • Geo textile • Aluminium folio • Plastic sheets • Thermal foam
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Some examples of stored snow Place Volume [m3] Cover material Approx. melt [%]
Vuokatti 20 000 – 25 000 Sawdust (≈ 30-40 cm)+ Tarpaulin 20
Östersund (2006) 20 000 Sawdust (≈ 70-80 cm) 30 (10% ice)
Östersund (2016) 2*(30 000) Sawdust (≈ 40 cm)
Orsa 5000 Bark (≈ 40-50 cm)
Piteå (2012) 2400 Bark (50-70 cm) + Geotextile + Plastic
30
Piteå (2013) 3400 Bark (50-60 cm) + Geotextile + Partly covered with plastic
30
Arjeplog (2013) 1600 Bark (≈ 40-50 cm) + Textile 60
Sochi, Russia (2013) 800 000 (several piles)
Geotextile (several layers), Thermal foam in between, Reflective aluminum on top
20-50
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Snow storage
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Snow storage – Sochi 2013
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Experiment in Arjeplog (2013) • 3 st piles of snow • Volume ≈ 200 m3
• Test start: 15th of April • Last measurements: 8th of October
Everything had melted in the beginning of June
Approx. 60% melted Approx. 53% melted
Calculated value of snow melt (sawdust) ≈ 60%
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Experiment in Arjeplog and Piteå (2013)
Approx. 60% melted Approx. 30% melted
Arjeplog Piteå
Initial volume [m3] 1600 3400
Ground surface area [m2]
800 1200
Remaining volume [m3]
610 2400
Storage period: April 15 – October 8
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Less successful experiments
Arjeplog Kiruna • Pile of artificial snow was covered with
plastic sheets and on top natural snow from a snow deposit
• 60-70% of the volume melted
• Poor drainage
• Snow does not have the insulating properties needed
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Examples of stored snow
• First insulated snow storage in the world was in Ruka, Finland, 2001.
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Examples of stored snow
• Vuokatti • Outdoor track opens
10th of October
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Use of stored snow
Photo: Snow Secure
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Quality of stored snow
• Coarse grained structure
• Higher density (≈ 400 kg/m3 -> 600 - 700 kg/m3 )
• Salting
• Snow hardener
• Good quality tracks and slopes also when non-freezing temperatures
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Thank you for your attention
Questions?