sn1-nuclear waste disposal
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THE IMPORTANCE OF PROPER MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVESUBSTANCES
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Our bodies are always exposed to the
natural background radiation.
The level of background radiation is
very low and is not harmful to
humans.
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When radioactive emissions strikes living
cells,
can cause ionization to the molecules of thecells.
This may cause the cells to be killed,
resulting in tissue damage.
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At low doses of radiation, the damagedtissues can repair itself rapidly.
High doses of radiation can cause burneffects known as radiation burns.
The ionization effect of radiation can also
cause genetic damage to the molecules ofthe cells.
This may lead to the formation of
cancerous cells and tumor development.
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Somatic effect appears in the person
exposed to radiation. The seriousness ofthe damage depends on the dose ofradiation received.
Fatigue, nausea, hair loss, radiation burns,
cataracts Blood disorder (leukemia), organ failure,
death
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Genetic effect affects the reproductive cells
and can lead to defective offspring in thefuture generations of the exposed person.
Birth defects, congenital defects,premature death, chromosome
abnormalities, cancer in later life.
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Radioactive substances must always behandled with the correct procedures toprevent harmful effects to people and the
environment. Read and follow the advice and instructions
marked on radioactive sources, equipmentand work manuals.
Gloves must be worn any time an unsealedsource is being used or whenevercontamination is likely to occur.
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Laboratory coats, long pants, and closed-toe footwear shouldbe worn.
All work surfaces and storage areas should be covered withabsorbent material to contain radioactive materialcontamination.
When using radioactive liquids, plastic or metal trays(stainless steel washes easily) should be utilized to containpotential spills.
Radioactive material, especially liquids, should be kept inunbreakable containers whenever possible. If glass is used, asecondary container is necessary
Before eating or drinking, wash hands and forearmsthoroughly.
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Stronger radioactive sources should behandled with robotic control systems behindsteel, concrete, lead or thick glass panels.
Radiation badges containing photographicfilm should be worn to monitor exposure toradiation. The film is regularly developed. Thedarkness of the film shows the level ofexposure to radiation.
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In a nuclear reactor, a very large amount of
energy is produced from a very small
amount of fuel. However, much of thewaste is radioactive and therefore must be
carefully managed as hazardous waste.
Radioactive waste consists of a variety
materials requiring different methods ofmanagement to protect people and the
environment
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Comprises 90% of the volume but only 1% of theradioactivity of all radioactive waste.
Generated from hospitals, laboratories andindustry, as well as the nuclear fuel cycle.
Comprises paper, rags, tools, clothing, filters Contains small amounts of mostly short-lived
radioactivity Buried in shallow landfill sites. Often compacted or incinerated (in a closed
container) before disposal to reduce its volume.
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Makes up 7% of the volume and has 4% of theradioactivity of all radioactive waste.
Contains higher amounts of radioactivity andmay require special shielding
Comprises resins, chemical sludge, reactorcomponents and contaminated material fromreactor decommissioning
Solidified in concrete or bitumen for disposal
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Short-lived waste (mainly from reactors) is buried. Long-lived waste (from reprocessing nuclear fuel) is disposed
deep underground
Consists of only 3% of the volume of all radioactive waste butit holds 95% of the radioactivity. Mainly used fueled rods or liquid waste from fuel processing Contains highly-radioactive fission products and some heavy
elements with long-lived radioactivity. Generates large amount of heat and requires cooling, as well
as special shielding during handling and transport. Vitrified by incorporating it into borosilicate glass which issealed inside stainless steel containers for eventual disposaldeep underground.