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The Historical Implications of Middle Kingdom Scarabs Found in Palestine Bearing PrivateNames and Titles of OfficialsAuthor(s): Daphna Ben-TorSource: Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 294 (May, 1994), pp. 7-22Published by: The American Schools of Oriental ResearchStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357151Accessed: 29/09/2010 05:50

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The Historical Implications of Middle

Kingdom Scarabs Found in Palestine Bearing Private Names and Titles of Officials

DAPHNA BEN-TOR The Israel Museum

P.O.B 71117 Jerusalem 91710

Israel

The presence of Middle Kingdom Egyptian scarabs bearing private names and titles of officials in Middle Bronze Age Canaan generated a scholarly controversy regarding the relations between Egypt and Palestine during that period. Analysis of distinctive characteristics of the scarabs, and of the contexts (whenever available) in which they were found in Egypt, indicates that their original function was primarily as funerary amulets. Examination of the inscriptions and the archaeological contexts of officials' scarabs found in Palestine demonstrates that the scarabs reached Canaan, after having been plundered from tombs in Egypt, no earlier than the time of the 13th Dynasty, and that their main use in Canaan was, similar to Egypt, as funerary amulets.

It is suggested that scarabs, including those bearing private names and titles of officials, initially arrived in Palestine through the Asiatics who settled in the eastern Delta during the late Middle Kingdom.

ixty-seven Egyptian scarabs bearing private names and titles of officials from Middle Bronze Age Canaan have so far been pub-

lished (Appendix A). Seven of the officials whose names appear on the scarabs were most probably active during the Hyksos period (Appendix A, nos. 1, 6, 9, 42-44; the same officials in nos. 16, 18, 45, 61, 67), but the majority are of the 12th and 13th Dynasties.

In trying to account for the presence of these scarabs in Canaan, scholars have reached contra-

dictory conclusions. Some regard them as official seals of the Egyptian administration, reflecting an Egyptian rule over Canaan, or at least strong diplo- matic and economic relations (Giveon 1967: 29, nn. 1-3 with additional bibliography; 1987: 24, 32-33; Weinstein 1975: 1, nn. 1, 2 with additional bibliography); others suggest, based on the archaeological contexts in which the scarabs were found, that they were plundered from Egyptian tombs and brought to Canaan during the Hyksos period, when southern Canaan maintained strong contacts with Egypt (Weinstein 1974: 56; 1975: 9-10, n. 74).

To resolve this problem, two separate issues must be addressed: First, we have to determine the original function of the scarabs in Egypt. Second, we have to deal with the archaeological contexts in which they were found in Canaan.

Unlike the majority of Egyptian scarabs that are now regarded by most scholars as amulets (Petrie 1917: 4; Hornung and Staehelin 1976: 13-17; Tufnell 1984: 1; Ward 1978: 46, 58; 1987: 514, n. 33), the group bearing names and titles of officials is still often referred to as "officials' seals" (Martin 1971: xi-xii; Johnson 1977: 142-44; Mar- tin in Tufnell 1984: 147). Close to 1900 such scarabs are known so far (Martin 1971: 7-141),2 dating almost exclusively to the Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate Period (Martin 1971: xii).

Doubts have been raised, however, concerning the function of some of the scarabs as seals. For example, those made of precious materials, which are very shallowly engraved, could not have been used for sealing (Ben-Tor 1989: 26, 61:17). This is also the case with scarabs whose bases are covered with a thin gold sheet, on which the inscription appears

7

8 DAPHNA BEN-TOR BASOR 294

(Martin 1971: 193; Ben-Tor 1988: 38). Moreover, in instances in which many scarabs of the same official have been found-the best example of which is the Hyksos treasurer H3r, of whom more than 100 scarabs are known (Martin 1971: 78-85, nos. 984- 1088a)-most scholars agree that they were used as amulets (Hornung and Staehelin 1976: 88; Johnson 1977: 141; Martin in Tufnell 1984: 147), though it has been suggested that they were seals used by minor officials on behalf of their superiors, whose names appear on the scarabs (Steindorff 1936: 179).

A very significant phenomenon concerning scarabs bearing names and titles of officials is that 22 percent bear funerary epithets following the name,3 a common phenomenon in Egyptian funerary inscriptions, examples of which are found on tomb walls, stelae, and funerary objects recovered from tombs. Based on these epithets, it has been suggested that the entire corpus of scarabs bearing officials' names and titles served in Egypt as funerary amulets of the officials whose names and titles are inscribed. These scarabs were compared to other magical means used by Egyptian officials to eternalize their names and titles (Hornung and Staehelin 1976: 88-89).

Most of the scarabs under discussion were pur- chased on the antiquities market, and we have no

knowledge of their provenances (Martin 1971: 192- 94). However, the majority of those whose origins are known were found in or very close to large Mid- dle Kingdom cemeteries, such as El-Lisht, El-Lahun, Thebes, Abydos, and Egyptian cemeteries at the second cataract region in Nubia (Martin 1971: 189-90; Appendix C here). About 50 percent of the scarabs found in funerary contexts were found in tombs (Appendix C).

A factor that makes our problem more complex is that sometime during the late Middle Kingdom, for a limited period, all types of scarabs (including those bearing officials' names and titles) were used for sealing. This is indicated by the thousands of clay seal impressions found in El-Lisht, the town of Kahun,4 and the Egyptian forts in Nubia, mainly the fort of Uronarti by the second cataract. The great majority of these sealings were made by scarabs bearing geometric and symmetric hieroglyphic designs, representing the entire range of scarabs typical of the 12th and 13th Dynasties (Petrie 1890, pl. 10; 1891, pls. 9, 10; Petrie, Brunton, and Murray 1923: pls. 64, 65; Reisner and Wheeler 1930: 47- 55; Hayes 1953: 191; Reisner 1955: 26-69; Dun- ham 1967: 65-80; Tufnell 1975: 67-90, figs. 2-12; Kemp and Merrillees 1980: 99-102; Weinstein 1992: 33; Appendix B here). A small number of sealings, however, were made by scarabs bearing

names and titles of officials (Tufnell 1975: figs. 10- 12). Of those, about 22 percent bear funerary epithets (the same percentage private-name scarabs have in general; Appendix B). The use of those scarabs for sealing differs in no way from the use of design scarabs (below).

The great diversity of the seal impressions, those bearing funerary epithets, and the fact that most of them bear no inscription, indicate that scarabs were chosen for sealing randomly, depend- ing on the available material, regardless of their decorations or inscriptions, and that their use as seals was a secondary one, unlike the government seals which were made expressly for this purpose, as indicated by the word btm, "seal," inscribed on many of them (Martin 1971: 142-48, 183 under

btm, not including the word as part of a title). The latter bear names of government departments in Egypt and the Nubian forts in the second cataract region, such as Mirgissa, Uronarti, Shalfak, and Buhen (Martin 1971, pls. 43-47). Very few of these government seals bear a title or a name in addition to the government department,5 and none bear funerary epithets. Most important, this group does not include a single scarab!

The sites where the great majority of sealings were found-El-Lisht, the town of Kahun, and the fort of Uronarti-provide archaeological evidence to support the conclusion that the use of scarabs for sealing represents a secondary use:

El-Lisht

The great majority of the sealings were found in debris outside the brick enclosure wall of the pyramid of Senusert I (Hayes 1953: 191; Appendix B here). The scarabs used for the sealings date from the early 12th Dynasty to the late 13th Dynasty (Hayes 1953: 191). Of the 31 sealings bearing officials' names and titles found at the site, 26 are from this debris, which contained hundreds of sealings of boxes, jars, baskets, and bundles of offerings contributed to the funerary foundation of the king (Appendix B). However, the great majority of scarabs bearing names and titles come from the large cemetery outside the brick enclosure wall of the pyramid of Amenemhat I (Appendix C), and seven of them were found in tombs (Appendix C, nos. 10, 11, 13, 20, 34, 85, 89). The archaeological material of the site has not been sufficiently published, but as 26 percent of the private name sealings bear funerary epithets, and as this cemetery was extensively plundered in antiquity (Hayes 1953: 178), it is very likely that many of the scarabs used for the sealings

1994 HISTORICAL IMPLICATIONS OF MIDDLE KINGDOM SCARABS 9

were plundered from the tombs, where they had

originally been used as funerary amulets.

The Town of Kahun

The town was originally built for the workers of the pyramid complex of king Senusert II in El-Lahun. It later housed the priests and officials connected with the pyramid endowments and other activities in the area, until the end of the 13th Dy- nasty (Kemp and Merrillees 1980: 87-88, 102). The town was surrounded by the large cemetery of El- Lahun. The hundreds of hieratic papyri found in Kahun were dated by Griffith (1898) to the period from the time of Amenemhat III to the early 13th

Dynasty (Tufnell 1975: 68; n. 3), but a sealing bear-

ing the name of Neferhotep I (Tufnell 1975: 69, fig. 12: 444), extends the town's period of activity to the time of the latter's reign. The sealings, however, record the names of Senusert I-III (Tufnell 1975: 68; n. 4), and there is a consensus among scholars that the typological range of the scarabs covers the time from the founding of the town during the reign of Senusert II to the late 13th Dynasty (Tufnell 1975: 70; 1984: 86; Kemp and Merrillees 1980: 99-102; Ward 1987: 515; Weinstein 1992: 33).

Petrie (1890: 31), excavator of the site, states, "During the latter part of the 12th Dynasty and the

beginning of the 13th, the inhabitants of the town ransacked the tombs for materials and brought away many slabs of offerings, some of them inscribed, also stelae, statuettes and parts of tombs." This evidence, and the fact that 20 percent of the private name seal-

ings bear funerary epithets, make it very probable that scarabs were part of the loot from this plundering. The sealing bearing the name of Senusert I, whose reign predates the building of the town, and the designs on many of the scarabs used for the seal-

ings indicate the use of scarabs and seals not con-

temporaneous with the sealings themselves, which

according to Griffith's dating of the papyri are probably not earlier than the reign of Amenemhat III.

The Fort of Uronarti

The largest group of sealings found in the Nu- bian forts in the second cataract region was discovered at Uronarti, where Senusert III built a fort in his 16th year and set up temple endowments. Thou- sands of clay sealings were found in the floor debris of the inner fort, a deposit of dust and decayed mud from the walls about 10 to 25 cm deep. The excavator dates this debris to the 13th Dynasty, based on

four sealings bearing the name of king Shm-rc-hw- t3wy of the early 13th Dynasty (Reisner and Wheeler 1930: 49; Reisner 1955: 26). However, Tufnell (1975: 69), who analyzed the designs on the scarabs used for the sealings, has shown that there are many 12th Dynasty designs, and even a broken sealing naming Senusert II, whose reign predated the building of the fort (Reisner 1955: 54:13). Moreover, a sealing bearing the name of the Hyksos king M3C-ibCrC (Tufnell 1975, fig. 12:446), extends the time span of the sealings into the Hyksos period.

The archaeological evidence that caused Reis- ner to date the sealings to the 13th Dynasty was never called into question, and the fact that the sealings were made by 12th Dynasty scarabs and seals does not conflict with this conclusion. All it indicates is that scarabs used for the sealings were not always contemporaneous with them. However, the use of 12th Dynasty scarabs and the fact that 15 percent of the private name sealings bear funerary epithets favor the probability that scarabs were brought to Uronarti either from the cemeteries of Semna and Mirgissa nearby, or from cemeteries in Egypt, after they had been plundered from tombs.

An important observation made by Reisner distin- guishes between the function of what he calls official sealings (made by the government seals), which are always stamped once, and private sealings (made by scarabs, including those bearing private names and titles), which were usually stamped several times over the official seal, in most cases by the same scarab (Reisner and Wheeler 1930: 54; Reisner 1955: 29).

There is ample archaeological and textual evidence from Egypt to prove that tombs were extensively plundered during all periods of Egyptian history. Already during the Old Kingdom, tomb walls bear a magic formula of warning the visitors, "Any person who would enter this tomb uncleanly, and do something evil against it, they shall be judged for it by the great god" (Lichtheim 1988: 11). Many tombs were reused after they had been plundered, and we often find inscriptions of pious officials boasting on their tomb walls, "I made this tomb on the side of the West, in a clean place where no person's tomb was" (Lichtheim 1988: 11).

Garstang, who excavated the tombs of the nomarchs at Beni-Hasan, found evidence attesting to extensive plundering of the tombs by the workers who built them and who were in charge of the burials. He asserted, "In cases where the chambers of adjoin- ing tombs lay alongside, the workmen or others en- gaged in constructing a new chamber, seem to have consistently plundered that next to it... but it is doubtful whether they found much within ... their


quest was jewellery [sic] and valuables, which so far as our observations go, would be rarely found by these later plunderers, as they hardly escaped from the pilferings of those who performed the actual in- terment" (Garstang 1907: 48).

The problem of tomb robberies during the Middle

Kingdom in Abydos led to the building of dummy mastaba S8, to set potential plunderers on a false trail

(Weigall in Ayrton, Currelly, and Weigall 1904: 17- 18). In reality, the supposed mastabas contained rub- bish heaps that included clay sealings, the majority of which were made by design scarabs (Weigall in

Ayrton, Currelly, and Weigall 1904: 18). Only three were made by private name scarabs, and the number is insufficient to justify the conclusions of Johnson (1977: 142) regarding the lack of funerary epithets and the actual function of these officials in Abydos. The sealings are securely dated to the time of the 13th Dynasty but many were made by 12th-Dynasty scarabs (Weigall in Ayrton, Currelly, and Weigall 1904: 18). As Abydos was the largest and most im-

portant funerary site in Egypt, and the sealings were found within the area of Middle Kingdom tombs, it seems very probable that in Abydos, as in the other sites discussed above, the scarabs used for the seal-

ings had previously been plundered from tombs. The evidence discussed so far indicates that

scarabs bearing names and titles of officials were not used as official seals in Egypt, but were probably made for funerary purposes by the officials concerned, to be used as tomb offerings.6

As is the case in Egypt, the archaeological context of the scarabs bearing names and titles of officials found in Canaan is not always clear. Of the 67 published scarabs, 37 are of a known provenance (Ap- pendix A, nos. 1-37), but only 15 come from a clear context (Appendix A, nos. 2, 3, 8, 12-16, 22, 24, 25, 27-29, 36). Thirteen scarabs were found in Canaan- ite tombs (Appendix A, nos. 6, 9, 12-16, 22, 24-27, 36. There is no proof for no. 37), 17 bear funerary epithets (25 percent) (Appendix A, nos. 4, 12, 14, 21, 27, 28, 31, 35, 37, 41, 46, 50, 53, 58, 60, 64, 65), and 24 have exact parallels (scarabs of the same officials) in Egypt (Appendix A, nos. 3, 6, 8, 16, 18, 25, 30, 31, 33, 36, 38, 42, 44, 45, 48, 51, 52, 56, 61, 63-67). Two scarabs, both of unknown provenance but definitely found in Canaan, of the high official-the treasurer Snb-sw-m-c (Appendix A, nos. 51, 52)-who is known from 12th Dynasty inscriptions (Giveon 1980: 179), have 28 exact parallels in Egypt (Martin 1971: nos. 1513-1541a): one from the town of Kahun (Martin 1971: no. 1517), and one from the 12th Dynasty cemetery in El-Lisht, where it was found inside a tomb (Martin 1971: no. 1526).7

The titles on many of the scarabs found in Canaan are of very high officials such as treasurers, magistrates, chief stewards, chamberlains, high priests, and chief scribes, all courtiers of high rank with close connections to the pharaoh (Appendix A, nos. 3-6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16-19, 21, 25-28, 30-32, 35-38, 40-46, 48, 50-55, 57, 59, 61-67). The titles are all known from Egyptian records, and most of the officials concerned had no business outside the royal court or their nomes in Egypt.8 Moreover, in the

group found in Canaan, there are no titles such as

army commanders or overseers of provinces on behalf of the pharaoh, which we would expect to find had these officials actually functioned in Canaan.

It should also be noted that no official government seals or sealings were found in Canaan, in contrast to Nubia, which was under Egyptian rule

during the Middle Kingdom, where many such items were found (above).

Very few scarab sealings were found in Canaan, and only one (of unclear context), was made by a scarab bearing a name and title of the attendant to the king's table S3-nb, found in Tell-el Ajjul (Ap- pendix A, no. 10). There are, however, several scarab sealings on jar handles, a custom not known in

Egypt during that period.9 Two examples made by scarabs bearing names and titles are known (Ap- pendix A, nos. 11, 28): one from Shechem, which bears the name and title of the steward lImn-m-h3t. It is stamped once on a handle of a jar together with a Syrian cylinder seal which is rolled five times (Rowe 1936, pl. 26:S.4). A steward by the same name is known from the time of Amenemhat II (Rowe 1936: 234-35); but even if the official concerned is not the same one, the name indicates a 12th Dynasty date (Rowe 1936: 234-35; Giveon (1974: 224, n. 2; Kempinski 1993: 335). However, the jar is of a later date, typical of the MB IIB phase and postdating the time of the 12th Dynasty (Ami- ran 1969: 103, pl. 32; Dever 1992: 3). The cylinder seal is dated to the first half of the 18th century B.C. (Kempinski 1993: 333-37, with additional bibliography), and could therefore coincide with the late 12th Dynasty. However, regarding the late date of the jar, the sealings, which were made for either decorative purposes or as a personal mark of prop- erty by the owner, were not necessarily made by seals contemporary with one another. Moreover, they had no connection with the 12th Dynasty official whose scarab was used for the sealing.10

Six jar handles from Jericho were stamped by a scarab bearing the name and title of the scribe of the Vizier Snb.f, with a funerary epithet following the name (Rowe 1936: 235, pl. 26:S5). The MB IIB con-


text of the handles, the high probability of the official concerned being active during the time of the 12th Dynasty (Rowe 1936: 235), and the funerary epithet following the name, indicate that at Jericho just as at Shechem, the sealing had no connection with the official whose name and title appear on the scarab.

All the scarabs bearing private names and titles that were found in archaeological contexts in Pal- estine were discovered in MB IIB-C contexts (Ap- pendix A, nos. 2-4, 8, 12-16, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30-34[?], 36), that is, later than the 12th Dynasty in Egypt, except for one scarab from Aphek, which was found in the last phase of MB IIA (Appendix A, no. 29). Furthermore, many of these scarabs were found in multiburial Canaanite tombs to-

gether with other types of scarabs used as funerary amulets, a large number of them bearing funerary epithets and titles of officials of the highest rank, who could not have been in service in Canaan. It thus seems that these scarabs reached Canaan after having been plundered from tombs in Egypt.

The questions to be considered now are when, by whom, and for what purpose did scarabs--including those bearing private names and titles-arrive in Canaan. Scarabs first appear in Canaan during the late MB IIA in very small numbers (Weinstein 1975: 1-7; 1992: 35). During the transitional phase of MB IIA-B they occur in larger numbers (Wein- stein 1975: 1-2, 4-7),1 and already feature local designs.12 The numbers increase dramatically during the MB IIB-C when scarabs are found in almost every contemporary Canaanite site in large numbers and include additional local productions.13

There is no consensus among scholars concerning the absolute chronology of the Middle Bronze Age in Canaan, especially for the date of the transitional phase of MB IIA-B (Weinstein 1992: 29; Dever 1992: 3). But according to all chronologies this phase is later than the 12th Dynasty in Egypt and earlier than the Hyksos period. 14 This period of tran- sition coincides with the time of the 13th Dynasty, which was one of gradual decline of the Middle Kingdom. It seems very unlikely that Egypt would develop an interest in Canaan at that time. As Wein- stein (1975: 14) states, "It may seem strange that when Egypt was strong and Palestine weak (the con- dition existing in MB IIA), trade was at a minimum, but when Egypt's political and military fortunes declined and Palestine's increased (the situation in late MB IIA and early MB IIB), trade rapidly expanded. Nevertheless, this indeed seems to have been the case, and future analyses of Palestine's relations with Egypt in the Middle Bronze Age should take this phenomenon into consideration."

The solution to the problem is found in the site of Tell el-DabCa in the eastern Delta. The site is iden- tified with the Hyksos capital Avaris, and contains important evidence concerning the Asiatic settlement in the area (Bietak 1979; 1984; 1987; 1989; 1991, with additional bibliography).15 The beginning of this settlement is dated by the large amount of Canaanite pottery found there to the MB IIA phase (For the most recent analyses see Bietak 1991: 31- 38, 49-51, 53-55). The transitional phase MB IIA- B is the fourth level of occupation at the site and is dated by the excavator to the time of the 13th Dy- nasty (Bietak 1991: 38-40, 51; Weinstein 1992: 30- 31). A gradual Egyptian influence on the material culture of the Asiatic settlement is noted by Bietak (1984: 483; 1991: 45-46), who states that the popu- lation ultimately became completely Egyptianized.

In view of all the above, it appears that scarabs were brought to Canaan through the Asiatics who settled in the Delta and adopted the Egyptian custom of using them as funerary amulets. The scarabs bearing private names and titles found in Canaan reflect therefore no more than a Canaanite adaptation of an Egyptian funerary custom, transmitted through the Asiatics living in the Delta. Their appearance in Canaan had nothing to do with relations between the Egyptian state and Canaan during the Middle King- dom,16 but rather reflects close contacts between the Asiatics living in the Delta region and their kin living in Canaan, beginning during the time of the 13th Dynasty.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I wish to thank Dr. J. Weinstein for his helpful remarks.

NOTES

Based on the names, contemporary Egyptian records and scarab typology. (Martin 1971: xii, and in Tufnell 1984: 147; Giveon 1974: 224, n. 2; Tufnell 1984: 142- 147). Giveon, who at one point suggested a Hyksos date for many of them based on their MB IIB-C contexts (1974: 224), later admitted to a late Middle Kingdom date for the majority (1976: 127; 1980: 179, n. 1; 1987: 32-33).

2Very few additional objects, most of them from Pal- estine, have been published since; see Appendix A.

3Martin (1971: 187-88): imJy, im3Ow, im3w c3, whm Cnf, whm Cn0 dt, whmt

Cnf, mic trw, m3ct zrw, nb

im3h, nbt im3h, and the funerary formula: htp di nsw. 4"Kahun" is used here to distinguish the town from

the larger site of El-Lahun, as is often done when dealing with material found in the town. (Tufnell 1975; Kemp and Merrillees 1980: 57-102; Weinstein 1992: 33).

5Martin (1971), nos. 442, 732, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1618, and 1856 bear the same title:

.hty-c (no. 732 has


an additional title: imy-r hwt-ntr). No. 1856, which is an official seal of the fort of Mirgissa, bears only the title without a name. The others are official seals of the pyramid town of Senusert III near El-Lahun: htp-Snwsrt m c"rw; these are the only official seals bearing private names. (Stamp-seals bearing private names and titles, some, including funerary epithets [Martin 1971: nos. 302, 329, 567, 806, 1648, and others; see Appendix B, marked as stamp-seals], are not official seals, as they do not bear names of government departments. They seem to be funerary amulets similar to the scarabs.) On the scarabs, the name is the most significant element, as there are no scarabs bearing only titles, but there are a few bearing a name without a title (Appendix A).

6For the religious implications concerning the use of these scarabs as funerary amulets during this period, see

Hornung and Staehelin 1976: 88; Johnson 1977: 142. 7Scarabs bearing names and titles of officials were

only rarely found in the tombs of their original owners

(e.g., Martin 1971: 195, 196, 390). Some such scarabs were found in other tombs (e.g., Martin 1971: no. 804

bearing the name Nht, which was found in the tomb of

'In-it.f). Five scarabs of the treasurer H3r were found in five tombs at different sites (Martin 1971: nos. 1063, 1064, 1065, 1065a, 1077a), and two scarabs bearing names and titles of different officials were found in Tomb 275 in El-Haraga (Martin 1971: nos. 272, 1344). It thus seems that these scarabs were used as funerary amulets by individuals other than their original owners as well, after

they had been plundered from the tombs of the latter. 8See discussions of some of the titles by Tufnell

(1984: 142-47 with additional bibliography), especially concerning the titles: sd3wty bity, imy-r pr wr, imy-hnt, iry-ct n d3dw, imy-r sd3wt, wr m3w; and by Helck (1958: 51-53, 59-60, 71-72, 81) for wr mdw smCw, smsw h3yt, nty m srwt, imy-r pr wr.

9Although such sealings were found in Tell-el Dabca in the eastern Delta, the custom probably was imported from Canaan (see discussion below). I thank C. Mlinar for sending me the drawings of the Tell-el Dabca scarabs and sealings.

loKempinski (1993: 335) considers the cylinder seal contemporary with the scarab; he therefore dates the

sealings to the time of the late 12th Dynasty (early 18th century B.C.) and connects them to events following the campaign recorded on the Khusobek stela. However, because the jar itself is definitely of an MB IIB date, this suggestion seems very doubtful.

11A cemetery near Rishon le-Zion, dated to the transitional phase of MB IIA-B, recently was excavated by the Israel Antiquities Authority. More than 100 scarabs were found in these multiple burial Canaanite tombs, which include Egyptian imports as well as local productions (unpublished).

12The question of local productions of Middle Bronze Age scarabs has been dealt with only partially (Schroer 1985: 51-107; Keel 1989: 40-87, 211-80; Schroer 1989: 90-207). Ward (1987: 526) was the first

to recognize the appearance of some so-called "Hyksos designs" in Canaan earlier than their appearance in Egypt, but he declined to consider most of them as local Canaanite designs. The forthcoming publication of the Rishon le-Zion scarabs will include a thorough discussion of this question.

13Tufnell (1984) deals with a large number of objects that sufficiently reflect the quantity and variety of the material. Note 12 here discusses local productions.

14The high chronology suggested by Dever (1992: 3) dates this transitional phase between 1775 and 1750 B.C. These dates are now also accepted by Ward (a chrono- logical table distributed during his lecture in Jerusalem in May 1993).

15Canaanite pottery has been found in other northern Egyptian sites, mainly in the eastern Delta (Weinstein 1992: 27-28), indicating Asiatic settlement in the area. However, since most of the material is either related to burials or still awaits publication, it cannot be used for determining the development and absolute chronology of the Asiatic settlement in the region.

16Because hardly any 12th Dynasty Egyptian material was found in contemporary contexts in Palestine (Wein- stein 1975), it seems very unlikely that trade would have been initiated by Egypt during the early 13th Dynasty (above). Thus, the appearance of scarabs in Palestine at that particular time probably reflects the beginning of new trade routes, initiated by the Asiatics who settled in the eastern Delta region.

The scarabs are listed according to provenance. The information includes: the inscription with a reference to Ward 1982, all publications beginning with Martin's catalogue, with data concerning the context or date of the scarab in each publication, a reference to PN, the present location of each scarab, and exact parallels from Martin (1971). See Martin (1971) for all previous bibliography.

APPENDIX A

Scarabs Bearing Private Names and Titles, Found in Palestine Tombs and funerary epithets are

printed in bold type

Tell el-CAjjul

1. ysinn-name without title, probably Semitic. Martin 1971, no. 306, pl. 27:25: Level II. Tufnell 1984: 145, no. 2911: towards the end of the

Second Intermediate Period. Giveon 1974: 230:k: no clear context.

London, University College E XIII 82/1

2. irw whmt Mry-Pth-Bistt-Ward 1982: no. 558: Maker of furniture legs. Martin 1971: no. 614, pl. 20:39: Level III, Room DN. Tufnell 1984: 145, no. 2913: beneath the burnt layer

in the lower city, at the southwest corner of the mound. 13th Dynasty.

Giveon, 1974: 230:c: MB IIB-C context.


PN I: 160:14. (mry Pth). Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum,

I.10242

3. s' wr n imy-r sd3wt Nhsy. nfr-Ward 1982: no. 1371: Chief Scribe of the Treasurer.

Martin 1971: no. 799, pl. 11:15: Level II, Room AN. Tufnell 1984: 144-45, no. 2910: 13th Dynasty. Giveon 1974: 230:h: MB IIC context. PN I: 209:4. London, University College E XII 64/2 Martin 1971: nos. 796-800: same name and title.

4. sd3wty bity wr m3w Rc m3c h.rw

whm Cnh-Ward 1982: no. 1472: Seal Bearer of the King of Lower

Egypt, and 717: greatest of seers (priest). Martin 1971: no. 811, pl. 8:7. Tufnell 1984: 146, no. 2914: could have come from

the upper city or from a grave. 13th Dynasty. Giveon 1974: 230:d: MB IIB-C context. PN I: 217:7. Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum

38.619

5. c nsw Ht-Cnh-Ward 1982: no. 585: King's Arm. Martin 1971: no. 915a, pl. 42B:6. Tufnell 1984; 144, no. 2909: early 12th Dynasty. Giveon 1974: 230:f: no clear context. PN I: 231:14. Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum

35.4005

6. sd3wty bity imy-r sd3wt Hir-Ward 1982: no. 1472: Seal Bearer of the King of Lower Egypt, and 364: Overseer of the Treasury.

Martin 1971: no. 1064, pl. 29:23: Grave 489. Tufnell 1984: 146, no. 2915: Second Intermediate

Period. Giveon 1974: 230:e: no clear context. PN II: 304:17. Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum

35.3793 Martin 1971: nos. 984-1088a: same name and title.

7. iry pdt S3-hi-Ward 1982: no. 516: Bowman. Martin 1971: no. 1309, pl. 12:23: southeast part of

town, Room AB. Tufnell 1984: 147, no. 2917; Tufnell believes it came

from Grave 27, which lies partially under the walls of this chamber; 13th Dynasty.

Giveon 1974: 230:g: no clear context. Ben-Tor 1989: 63:15. PN I: 283:17. Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum

33.1725

8. sd3wty bity smr wCty imy-r sd3wt Snbi-Ward 1982: no. 1476: Seal Bearer of the King of Lower Egypt, Sole Friend, Overseer of the Treasury.

Martin 1971: no. 1554, pl. 22:8: Level II, Room AC.

Tufnell 1984: 145, no. 2912; part of an isolated building block that produced a scarab of Neferhotep I; probably 13th Dynasty.

Giveon 1974: 230:i: MB IIC context. PN I: 313:23. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Martin 1971: nos. 1547-1556: same name and title.

9. 4tmy Sth-Ward 1982: no. 1186a: Seal Maker. Martin 1971: no. 1665, pl. 11:10: Grave 424. Tufnell 1984: 146-47, no. 2916: earlier part of Sec-

ond Intermediate Period. Giveon 1974: 230:j: no clear context. PN I: 321, 29. Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum,

35.3773

10. 3tw n tt hk3 S3-nb-Ward 1982: no. 13: Attendant of the Ruler's Table.

Giveon 1974: 230:1: no clear context; a pellet of gray clay with the seal impression on its flat surface.

Giveon 1985: 108-9, no. 138. PN I: 282:17. London, British Museum 135621

Shechem

11. imy-r pr `Imn-m-h3t-Ward 1982: no. 132: Steward (administrator).

Martin 1971: no. 177, pl. 1:21: impression on a jar handle, southwest temenos area.

Giveon 1974: 224, n. 2: 12th Dynasty. PN I: 28:8. Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum, 1.982

Lachish

12. (web) Ck n Nibt (-Iw).f-n.i nb im~)-Ward 1982: no. 630: Enterer of Nehbet (priest).

Martin 1971: no. 63, pl. 23:32: Tomb 129. Giveon 1974: 230:s: MB IIB context. PN I: 14:7. Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum

33.1954

13. 3Iri-mr-Name without title. Martin 1971: no. 267, pl. 11:1: Tomb 129. Giveon 1974: 230:q: MB IIB context. PN II: 265:25. Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum

33.1956

14. imy-r hwt-ntr Df3.i IcFpi-hmm nb im5l/-Ward 1982: no. 250: Overseer of the Temple.

Martin 1971: no. 1769a, pl. 42A:19: Tomb 4004. Giveon 1974: 230:r: MB IIB-C context. PN I: 406:16 (Df3.1 IHCp), 269:21 (Imm). Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum, 38.57

Tell-el Farca (S)

15. 3Imny-name without title.


Martin 1971: no. 219a, pl. 42B:4: Tomb 570. Tufnell 1984: 144, no. 2907 and 2340: Second Inter-

mediate Period. Giveon 1974: 230:b: MB IIB-C context. PN I: 31:13. London, Institute of Archaeology, London University

E.V1 9/13

16. Sd3wty bity imy-r sd3wt H3r-see no. 6. Martin 1971: no. 1077a, pl. 42B:1: Tomb 565. Tufnell 1984: 144, no. 2908: not earlier than Jericho

Group IV; Second Intermediate Period. Giveon 1974: 230:a: MB IIB-C context. PN II: 304:17. London, Institute of Archaeology, London University

Accho

17. wr mdw smCw W3h-k--Ward 1982: no. 721: Mag- nate of the Southern Tens.

Martin 1971: no. 391a. Giveon 1974: 231:dd: no context. Giveon and Kertesz 1986: 10, no. 4. PN I: 73:23. Israel Antiquities Authority 73-107

18. sd3wty bity imy-r sd3wt .Hir-see

no. 6. Giveon and Kertesz 1986: 10, no. 5: no context. PN II: 304:17. Israel Antiquities Authority 73-163

19. wr m3w WDd(?)-Ward 1982: no. 717: Greatest of Seers (priest)

Giveon 1974: 231:ee: no context. PN I: 74:14.

20. imy-r st Mntw-m-h3t-Ward 1982: no. 313: Over- seer of the Storehouse.

Giveon 1974: 231:ff: no context. PN I: 154:7.

Gezer

21. ss' C n nsw (n) sm3yt 'Imny nb im'i-Ward 1982: no. 1363: Scribe of the Royal Tablet of the Archive.

Martin 1971: no. 209, pl. 35:26. Giveon 1974: 230:t: no context. Giveon 1985: 110:2 PN I: 31:13. London, British Museum 104925

Megiddo

22. imy-r pr h.sb

ihw Iw.f snb-Ward 1982: no. 160: Steward of Reckoning Cattle.

Martin 1971: no. 85, pl. 8:2: Tomb T.5067; MB IIB context.

Giveon 1974: 224, n. 2: 12th Dynasty. PN I: 16:1. Israel Antiquities Authority 39.538

23. imy-r mntw Snb-6pr-Ward 1982: no. 195: Overseer of Beduin.

Martin 1971: no. 1508, pl. 14:7. Giveon 1974: 231:bb: no context. PN I: 268:21 (Hipr-snb). Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum

38.981

24. ihms (n) ct ... (?) D?-Ward 1982: no. 563: Atten- dant of the ... Chamber. (see nos. 564-568).

Martin 1971: no. 1766a, pl. 42:19: Tomb I. Giveon 1974: 231cc: MB IIB-C context. PN I: 404:9. Berlin, Vorderasiatisches Museum 2499m

Jericho

25. sd3wty bity imy-r pr wr Nmty-m-wsht (Cnty-m- wsht)-Ward 1982: no. 1472: Seal Bearer of the

King of Lower Egypt; no. 141: Chief Steward. Martin 1971: no. 354, pl. 20:14: Tomb B3. Tufnell 1984: 142, no. 2904: multiple successive buri-

als, at least 25 bodies, a much disturbed tomb. 13th

Dynasty. Giveon 1974: 230:n: MB IIB context. PN I: 69:19. Amman, Museum J.5851 Martin 1971: nos. 353-356a: same name and title.

26. iry ct n d3dw Pnwy-Ward 1982: no. 496: Hall

Keeper of the Audience Hall. Martin 1971: no. 475, pl. 5:20: Tomb G37. Tufnell 1984: 143, nos. 2906, 2338: last layer of

Group II, early 13th Dynasty. Giveon 1974: 230:m: no clear context. PN I: 133:6. (pnw). Oxford, Ashmolean Museum 1954.757

27. imy int HInnw m3c hrw-Ward 1982: no. 425: Chamberlain (in the immediate entourage of the king).

Martin 1971: no. 1107, pl. 1:6: Tomb H13. Tufnell 1984: 143, nos. 2905, 2254: 12th Dynasty, but

could be later. Giveon 1974: 230:p: MB IIC context. PN I: 245:1. Amman, DAJ J.5847

28. s' n t3ty Snb.f whm cnh-Ward 1982: no. 1449: Scribe of the Vizier.

Martin 1971: no. 1574, pl. 15:8: six seal impressions on pot handles, one from room 17, three from room 44C, (two from Watzinger's excavations).

Giveon 1974: 230:o: MB IIB context. PN I: 314:5. Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum

33.1305, 1362-64

Aphek

29. imy-r pr Nr-ib(?)-see no. 11. Giveon 1978: 16, fig. 13. Giveon 1988: 44-45: 37, broken. Area A, Locus 2130,

Stratum A-13, Late MB IIA, post-Palace II phase.


Martin 1991: 206 reads the name as Hnr, 13th Dynasty. Weinstein 1992: 35: 13th Dynasty. PN I: 206:19. Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv University 21252/70

CAin Samiya

30. sd3wty bity imy-r pr wr Nhy snbi-see no. 25. Giveon 1974: 231:u. fig. 1/2:1: MB IIB-C context(?) PN I: 207:22. M. Dayan Collection. Now in Tel Aviv University 440 Martin 1971: nos. 774-77: same name and title.

31. siry nsw S3-Pth whm 'nh nb im3?h-Ward 1982: no. 1461: Royal Linen Keeper.

Giveon 1974: 231:v. fig. 1/2:2: MB IIB-C context (?) PN I: 282:1. M. Dayan collection. Now in Tel Aviv University 431 Martin 1971: no. 1293: same name and title.

32. wr mdw imCw 33(?) or Hrw-sri(?)-see no. 17. Giveon 1974: 231:w. fig 1/2:3: MB IIB-C context(?) PN I: 245:19 M. Dayan collection; present location unknown

33. imy-r gnwtyw S3 Pth-Ward 1982: no. 407: Over- seer of Sculptors.

Giveon 1974: 231:x. fig 3:4: MB IIB-C context(?) PN I: 282:1. R. Braun collection Martin 1971: nos. 1287-88: same name and title.

34. imy ht sD prw Shtp ib-Ward 1982: no. 431: a police official.

Giveon 1974: 231:y. fig 1/2:5: MB IIB-C context(?) PN I: 318:1. M. Dayan collection. Now in Tel Aviv University 406

35. Cnh n tt hki Nfr-iw nb imhh-Ward 1982: no. 611:

Participant of the Ruler's Table (Member of the Ruler's Household).

Giveon 1974: 231:z: no clear context. Giveon 1980: 183, no. 9, fig. 3, pl. 40:4. Giveon 1987: 38-39. PN I: 194:7. R. Braun collection

Beth Shemesh

36. smsw h3yt SnCC-ib-Ward 1982: no. 1309: Elder of the Portal.

Brandl and Sass 1985: 112, no. 2, fig. l:c, pl. 2:b; with previous bibliography.

From Tomb 13 (formerly Tomb 3). MB IIB context. PN I: 312:14. Phildelphia, University Museum, 61-14-977 Martin 1971: no. 1479: same name and title + nb

im@h.

Jerusalem(?)

37. nty m srwt Snb whm Cn•h-Ward

1982: no. 839: Who is among the Magistrates.

Brandl and Sass 1985: 111-12, no. 1, fig. 1:a; with previous bibliography.

Said to have been found in a tomb in Jerusalem. PN I: 312:15.

Of Unknown Provenance

38. sd3wty bity imy-r pr wr smsw nsw Rdi n Pth-see no. 25, and Ward 1982: no. 1523: King's Retainer.

Martin 1971: no. 896a. Giveon 1974: 231 :gg. (Giveon's reading is rejected be-

cause of the parallels in Martin 1971, pl. 24:21-22). PN I: 228: 1 or 3. Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum

35.2892 Martin 1971: nos. 892-96a: same name and title.

39. iry-ct n km-w Wsr psv-Ward 1982: no. 492: Hall

Keeper of Winnowers (or Winnowing Place). Martin 1971: no. 432, pl. 10:19 (reads iry km3w). PN I: 86:8. London, University College 11364

40. ssv (n) knbty Nhzy-Ward 1982: no. 1441: Scribe of a Magistrate.

Horn 1972: 142-43, pl. 17.1. PN I: 207:19. Berrien Springs, MI, Horn Archaeological Museum

62.003

41. tmy-r imywt-prw Pmpw nb im.?-Ward 1982: no. 39: Overseer of Household Goods.

Martin 1971: no. 472, pl. 42:21.4 (Palestinian origin not noted).

Brandle and Sass 1985: 112-13, no. 3, fig. 1:d, pl. 2:c; bought in Palestine.

Berlin, Charlottenbourg 22667

42. s3 nsw smsw lIpk-Ward 1982: no. 1245: Eldest Prince.

Giveon 1976: 129, no. 2, fig. 1:2., pl. 7:2. Said to have been found in the Hebron region. M. Dayan collection, present location unknown. Martin 1971: nos. 127-69: same name and title.

43. s3 nsw smsw YckCm(?)-see no. 42. Giveon 1976: 129, no. 3, fig. 1:3, pl. 7:3.

44. s3 nsw smsw K(wppn-see no. 42. Giveon 1976: 129, no. 5, fig. 2:1, pl. 7:5. Martin 1971: nos. 1679-85: same name and title.

45. sd3wty bity imy-r sd3wt Hi3r-see no. 6. Giveon 1976: 129, no. 6, fig. 2:2. Said to have been found at Yabne Yam (Nebi

Rubin).

46. h3ty-c (n) Nzn(?) S Cw nb im@b-Ward 1982: no. 876: Count of Nehen.

Giveon 1976: 131, no. 7, fig. 2:3, pl. 7:6. Reads hity- CCwy sJ Cw nb imj.

PN I: 56:28 (3wy).


47. imy-r pr n inc Nn-hm-sn-Ward 1982: no. 179: Overseer of the Department of Stores.

Giveon 1976: 131, no. 8, fig. 2:4, pl. 8:1. Ben-Tor 1989: 63:13. PN I: 204:28. Private collection

48. ss c n nsw sm3yt Rdi-n-pth-Ward 1982: no. 1363: Scribe of the Royal Tablet of the Archive.

Giveon 1976: 131, no. 9, fig. 3:1, pl. 8:2. PN I: 228:3. Martin 1971: nos. 878-87: same name and title.

49. nbt pr hty-Ward 1982: no. 823: Lady of the House (married woman).

Giveon 1976: 131, no. 11, fig. 3:3, pl. 8:4. PN I: 277:26.

50. wCb C~ n sbk ijwy niwt.f whm Cnb6Ward 1982: no. 657: Chief Priest of Sobek.

Giveon 1976: 131-32, no. 12, fig. 3:4, pl. 8:5. Ben-Tor 1989: 60:7. PN I: 267:3. Private collection

51. sd3wty bity smr wCty imy-r sd3wt Snb-sw-m-c-see no. 8.

Giveon 1980: 179, no. 1, fig. 1:1, pl. 39:1. Giveon 1987: 33-35, no. 1, fig. 1:1, 12th Dynasty. PN I: 313:21. M. Dayan collection; present location unknown Martin 1971: nos. 1513-41a: Same name and title, one

from Kahun, (1517), one from Lisht, Tomb 405 from the Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I (1526).

52. sd3wty bity smr wCty imy-r sd3wt Snb-sw-m-c-see no. 51.

Giveon 1980: 179-81, no. 2, fig. 1:2, pl. 39:2. Giveon 1987: 35, no. 2, fig. 1:2.

Bought in Jerusalem, said to have originated in the Hebron region.

R. Braun collection

53. smsw h3yt Swd_3-hr

m3c lrw-see no. 36. Giveon 1980: 181, no. 3, fig. 1:3, pl. 39:3. Giveon 1987: 35-36, no. 3, fig. 1:3. PN I: 303:6. Giveon reads the name Sd3-hr. R. Braun collection

54. hrp ch S3-rmny-Ward 1982: no. 1140: Controller of a Palace.

Giveon 1980: 181, no. 4, fig. 2:1, pl. 40:1. Giveon 1987: 36, no. 4, fig. 2:1. PN I: 283:10. M. Dayan collection; present location unknown

55. si n mF Kmn(i)-Ward 1982: no. 1384: Army Scribe. Giveon 1980: 181, no. 5, fig. 2:2, pl. 39:4. Giveon 1987: 36, no. 5, fig. 2:2. Ben-Tor 1989: 60:8. PN I: 354:10. R. Braun collection

56. imy-r pr S3 mryt-see no. 11. Giveon 1980: 181, no. 6, fig. 2:3, pl. 40:2. Giveon 1987: 36-38, no. 6, fig. 2:3. PN I: 282:10: (s3 mry), 282:12: (s3 mrt) R. Braun collection Martin 1971: nos. 1298-99: same name and title.

57. wr mdw imCw S3 Mntw-see no. 17. Giveon 1980: 183, no. 7, pl. 40:3. Giveon 1987: 38, no. 7. Seen in an antiquities store in Jerusalem; only an

impression could be obtained. PN I: 282:7.

58. nbt pr Bbl whm(t) Cnb-see no. 49. Giveon 1980: 183, no. 8, fig. 2:4. Giveon 1987: 38, no. 8, fig. 2:4. Seen in an antiquities store in Jerusalem, only a

drawing. PN I: 95:16.

59. smsw h3yt ̀ Ib-ic-see no. 36. Niccacci 1980: 60, no. 133, pl. 4. PN I: 19:4. Jerusalem, Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Museum

60. imy-r st n Ct iwf(?) Nfri m3c hrw-Ward 1982: no. 314: Storekeeper of the Meat(?) Pantry.

Niccacci 1980: 60-61, no. 136, pl. 4. PN I: 203:11. Jerusalem, Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Museum.

61. sd3wty bity imy-r sd3wt .H3r-see

no. 6. Niccacci 1980: 61, no. 137, pl. 4. Jerusalem, Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Museum

62. idnw(?)n imy-r ipt-nsw IUnmsw-Ward 1982: nos. 573, 36: Deputy of the Overseer of the Royal Counting-House.

Niccacci 1980: 61, no. 138, pl. 4; reads: sd3wt n(t) imy-r ipt-nsw.

PN I: 270:13-15. Jerusalem, Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Museum

63. h3ty-c imy-r hmw-ntr Snwsrt-Ward 1982: no. 864: Count, and no. 259: Overseer of God's Servants.

Ben-Tor 1989: 60:1. PN I: 279:1. Private collection Martin 1971: no. 1249: same name and title.

64. sd3wty bity imy-r bnrt Snb nb img/-Ward 1982: no. 1472: Seal Bearer of the King of Lower Egypt; no. 302: Overseer of a Prison.

Ben-Tor 1989: 60:5. PN I: 312:15. Private collection Martin 1971: no. 1499: same name and title.

65. rh nsw S hthr whm Cnh Ward 1982: no. 857a: King's Acquaintance.

Ben-Tor 1989: 61:20. PN I: 283:20.


Private collection Martin 1971: no. 1312: same name and title.

66. sd3wty bity imy-r pr wr wdb wpt Nhzy-snbi-See no. 30-Ward 1982: no. 775: Chief Steward who Di- rects the Household(?) The title wdb wpt always follows imy-r pr wr.

Ben-Tor 1989: 63:14. PN I: 207:22. Private collection Martin 1971: nos. 778-79: same name and title.

67. s3 nsw smsw kwppn-see no. 44. Ben-Tor 1989: 63:16. Private collection

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I thank O. Keel for the information concerning the present location and registration numbers of scarabs nos. 17, 18, 23, 24, 27.

APPENDIX B

Clay Sealings Bearing Private Names and Titles, from Egypt and Nubia (seals printed in bold type were found in tombs)

The information includes provenance, funerary epithets or formulas, and an indication whenever the sealings were made by stamp seals and not by scarabs. Assisting data concerning funerary epithets or formulas are provided at the end. Second numerals are from Martin 1971.

1. 8-Abydos, dummy mastaba S8 2. 9-Uronarti Fort, nb im@3 3. 32-Kahun town, mDc (hrw)? 4. 33-Kahun

town. m3c (hrw)? 5. 34-Kahun town, (mDc hrw)? 6. 42-Kahun town 7. 43-Kahun town 8. 44-Kahun town, stamp-seal 9. 49-Abydos, dummy mastaba S8

10. 62-Tukh (Nubt) 11. 71-Quban Fort, m3c rw, htp di nsw 12. 74-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure

wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 13. 87-Kahun town 14. 107-Uronarti fort 15. 126-Uronarti fort, m3c Irw 16. 183a-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure

wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 17. 185-Uronarti fort 18. 207-Mirgissa fort 19. 219-Kahun town, stamp seal 20. 222-Uronarti fort 21. 223a-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure

wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 22. 232-Urfonarti fort 23. 254-Urfonarti fort 24. 255-El-Lisht, m3c rw, debris outside brick

enclosure wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 25. 258-El-Lisht, m3ct hrw, debris outside brick

enclosure wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 26. 266-Urfonarti fort 27. 279-Uronarti fort 28. 287-Kahun town 29. 288-Kahun town 30. 289-Tukh (Nubt)

31. 302-Semna West, stamp seal(?) 32. 314-Mirgissa fort, mc h rw 33. 324-Kahun town, stamp seal 34. 336-Mirgissa fort 35. 348-Shalfak fort 36. 372-Tukh (Nubt), whm Cnh 37. 381 -Unknown 38. 405-Tukh (Nubt) 39. 412-Mirgissa fort 40. 412a-Kahun town 41. 415-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure

wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 42. 416a-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure

wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 43. 421-Kahun town 44. 442-Kahun town, stamp seal 45. 451-Uronarti fort. m3C hrw 46. 454-Kahun town 47. 455-Kahun town 48. 471-El-Lisht, whm Cnh, pyramid cemetery of

Amenemhat I 49. 509-Uronarti fort, m3c hrw 50. 531-Uronarti fort, stamp seal(?) 51. 533-Urfonarti fort 52. 540-Unknown, nb im@h 53. 604-Mirgissa fort 54. 606-Tukh (Nubt), whm Cnh 55. 626-Mirgissa fort, stamp seal 56. 650-Kahun town, whm Cnh, m3c (hrw) 57. 676-Tukh (Nubt) 58. 683-Tukh (Nubt), m3c hrw 59. 686-Tukh (nubt) 60. 693-Uronarti fort 61. 694-Mirgissa fort 62. 699-Uronarti fort 63. 702-Uronarti fort 64. 703-Kahun town, m3c hrw 65. 726-Uronarti fort, mDc hrw 66. 731-Uronarti fort 67. 732-Kahun town, stamp seal 68. 733-Buhen, whm Cnf


69. 739-Uronarti fort 70. 741-Uronarti fort 71. 742-Shalfak fort 72. 854a-Unknown, nb im3h, m3c rw 73. 916-EL-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 74. 1094-Uronarti fort 75. 1109-Mirgissa fort, mf hrw 76. 1126-Kahun town stamp seal 77. 1128-Tukh (Nubt) 78. 1132-Kahun town, mDC (hrw)(?), nb im3,,

stamp seal 79. 1139-Uronarti fort 80. 1144-El-Lisht, mC hrw, debris outside brick

enclosure wall of the pyramid of Senusert I. 81. 1147-Mirgissa fort 82. 1153-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of

Amenemhat I 83. 1158-Uronarti fort 84. 1182-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure

wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 85. 1188-Kahun town, stamp seal 86. 1200-Mirgissa fort 87. 1202-Mirgissa fort, whm Cnh 88. 1225-Uronarti fort 89. 1226-Kahun town, nb im@3 90. 1227-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure

wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 91. 1235-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure

wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 92. 1237-Kahun town 93. 1248-Kahun town 94. 125 1-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure

wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 95. 1255-Kahun town, stamp seal 96. 1256-Unknown, stamp-seal 97. 1257-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure

wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 98. 1260-Kahun town, stamp seal 99. 1261-Kahun town, stamp seal

100. 1262-Kahun town, stamp seal 101. 1263-Kahun town, stamp seal 102. 1264-Kahun town, stamp seal 103. 1274-Uronarti fort 104. 1275-Mirgissa fort 105. 1299a-El-Lisht, nb im3h, debris outside

brick enclosure wall of the pyramid of Senusert I

106. 1301a-Kahun town 107. 1306a-Serra East fort, nb im@ 108. 1322-Uronarti fort 109. 1329-Mirgissa fort, nb im3 110. 1330-Mirgissa fort, nb im3i 111. 1338-Mirgissa fort 112. 1370-Kahun town 113. 1371-Uronarti fort 114. 1380a-El-Lisht, whm Cnh, (mc) trw, debris

outside brick enclosure wall of the pyramid of Senusert I

115. 1390-Uronarti fort, m3c hrw 116. 1414-Kahun town 117. 1415-Kahun town 118. 1435-Uronarti fort 119. 1443-Tukh (Nubt) 120. 1463-Kahun town, htp di nsw 121. 1464-Semna West fort, htp di nsw 122. 1475-Uronarti fort 123. 1485-Kahun town, nb im3h 124. 1486-Abydos, dummy mastaba S8, stamp

seal 125. 1491-Mirgissa fort 126. 1501-Uronarti fort 127. 1502-Shalfak fort, m3c hrw 128. 1560-Kahun town, m3C hrw 129. 1563-Kahun town 130. 1578-Tukh (Nubt), m3C hrw 131. 1582-Tukh (Nubt) 132. 1584-Uronarti fort, m3c hrw 133. 1599-Kahun town 134. 1600-Kahun town 135. 1601-Dahshur 136. 1612-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure

wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 137. 1613-Mirgissa fort, nb im3h 138. 1618-Kahun town, stamp seal 139. 1621-Kahun town 140. 1622-Kahun town, stamp seal 141. 1624-Mirgissa fort 142. 1635-Mirgissa fort 143. 1639-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure

wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 144. 1644-Uronarti fort 145. 1648-Uronarti fort, stamp seal 146. 1673-Uronarti fort 147. 1688a-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclo-

sure wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 148. 1690a-El-Lisht, mc h rw, debris outside


149. 1708-Unknown 150. 1714-Uronarti fort 151. 1725-El-Lisht, from pyramid cemetery of

Amenemhat I 152. 1750-Mirgissa fort 153. 1766d-El-Lisht, mc (jhrw), debris outside


154. 1769-E1-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure wall of the pyramid of Senusert I

155. 1775-Uronarti fort 156. 1780-Mirgissa fort 157. 1781-Semna West fort 158. 1783-Mirgissa fort, whm Cnh, m3c (hrw)?,

stamp seal 159. 1784-Kahun town 160. 1785-E1-Lisht, from pyramid cemetery of

Amenemhat I 161. 1786-Uronarti fort


162. 1787-Uronarti fort 163. 1788-Uronarti fort 164. 179 1-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure

wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 165. 1793-Buhen fort 166. 1796-Kahun town 167. 1797-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure

wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 168. 1798-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure

wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 169. 1799-Kahun town 170. 1800-Uronarti fort 171. 1801-Sedment, Tomb 1288 172. 1801a-Uronarti fort 173. 1802-Tukh (Nubt) 174. 1803-Buhen fort 175. 1804-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure

wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 176. 1805-Mirgissa fort 177. 1806-Uronarti fort 178. 1809-Kahun town, stamp seal 179. 1810-Kahun town 180. 1812-Kahun town, stamp seal 181. 1814-Buhen 182. 1815-Kahun town, stamp seal

183. 1817-Kahun town 184. 1824-Uronarti fort 185. 1825-Mirgissa fort 186. 1826-Mirgissa fort 187. 1827-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure

wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 188. 1828-Buhen, stamp seal 189. 1829-Kahun town, stamp seal 190. 1831-Unknown 191. 1832-Abydos, Tomb C6 192. 1833-Uronarti fort 193. 1834-Mirgissa fort, stamp seal(?) 194. 1835-Mirgissa fort 195. 1836-Kahun town 196. 1837-Kahun town. nb imD3 197. 1838-Uronarti fort

Forty-four of the above sealings bear funerary epithets or formulas. There were 31 from El-Lisht, (27 from debris outside the enclosure wall of the pyramid of Senusert I, 4 from the cemetery of Amenemhat I); 8 of them bore funerary epithets. Fifty-five sealings were from Kahun, 11 of them bearing funerary epithets or formulas; and 46 were from Uronarti, 7 of which bore funerary epithets.

APPENDIX C

Scarabs Bearing Private Names and Titles, found in Funerary Contexts in Egypt and Nubia

The information includes provenance, tomb numbers and funerary epithets or formulas. Assisting data are

provided at the end concerning funerary epithets or formulas, and scarabs found inside tombs. Second numerals are from Martin 1971.

1. 6a-Mirgissa, Cemetery M.III, Tomb 2. m3c brw, whm Cnh, nb im@h, htp di nsw

2. 12-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.

htp di nsw, mDc hrw 3. 21-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.

mDc hrw 4. 22-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.

m3c hrw 5. 29-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.

nb im5h 6. 68-Abydos, Temple of Osiris. whmt Cnh 7. 77-~Aniba, Tomb S26 8. 103-El-Ballas, Tomb Q188 9. 136-Qaw El-Kebir, Grave 7323

10. 195-El-Lisht, Tomb 453, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I

11. 196-El-Lisht, Tomb 453, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I. whm Cnl6

12. 237-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 13. 241-El-Lisht, Tomb 308, Pyramid cemetery of

Amenemhat I 14. 272-El-Haraga, Tomb 275

15. 293-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 16. 299a-Debeira East, cemetery 185, Tomb 545. m3c

hrw 17. 311 a-Tell el-DabCa, Tomb 5 18. 321-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 19. 340-Abydos, Tomb 1818. (mc) hrw 20. 360-El-Lisht, Pit 951, Pyramid cemetery of

Amenemhat I 21. 361-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 22. 373-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 23. 390-Thebes, Tomb 1102 24. 392-Semna East, Tomb H213. m3ct rw 25. 446-Esna, Grave 223. m3c hrw 26. 456-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.

imbhy hr Pth, n k1 n 27. 511-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 28. 517-Buhen, Tomb K7. miC hrw 29. 547-Buhen, Tomb H12. whm Cnh 30. 555-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 31. 558-CAniba, Tomb S49. whm Cnh 32. 561-Thebes, east chamber, burial no. V, Tomb 729 33. 563-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 34. 619-El-Lisht, Tomb 334, Pyramid cemetery of

Amenemhat I. whmt Cnl 35. 622-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.

mDc Irw 36. 651-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I


37. 655-Abydos, Temple of Osiris. whm Cn6. 38. 665-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.

m3c hrw 39. 674-El-Haraga. Tomb 308. mDC Jrw 40. 691-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 41. 734-Aniba, Tomb S11. whmt Cnl 42. 745-Masmas. Cemetery 201, Grave 37 43. 767-Kerma, Grave K1045 44. 804-Thebes (CAsasif), Tomb 41. m3c brw 45. 834-Thebes (CAsasif), coffin no. 24, Tomb 37.

whm Cnh 46. 840-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 47. 848-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 48. 872c-Debeira East, Cemetery 185, Tomb 20 49. 893-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I. 50. 1063-Qaw el-Kebir, Grave 3763 51. 1065-Kerma, Tumulus K X 52. 1065a-Debeira East, Cemetery 185, Tomb 8 53. 1093-Ginari, Cemetery 58, Grave 119 54. 1100-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 55. 1111-Abydos, Tomb E.108 56. 1116-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 57. 1145-El-Haraga, Tomb 291 58. 1157-El-Lahun, Tomb 903 59. 1164-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 60. 1166-Buhen, Tomb H10 61. 1196-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 62. 1206-El-Haraga, Tomb 37 63. 1249-Thebes (Sheikh CAbd el-Qurna). mgC brw 64. 1269-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 65. 1273-Abydos, north cemetery, Tomb B13 66. 1278-Abydos, Tomb 416 67. 1279-Abydos, Tomb D303. nb im3b 68. 1285-Abydos, Temple of Osiris 69. 1292-Abydos, Tomb E.313 70. 1314-Qaw el-Kebir, Grave 3712

71. 1344-El-Haraga, Tomb 275 72. 1359-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 73. 1383-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Senusert I 74. 1396-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.

mc hrw 75. 1430-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 76. 1440-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 77. 1445-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.

whm Cnh 78. 1458-Abydos, Tomb 404. nb im53 79. 1478-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 80. 1480-Quban, Cemetery 110, Tomb 267 81. 1482-Thebes (Sheikh CAbd el-Qurna), Chamber I,

Tomb 97. mic rw? 82. 1484-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 83. 1497-Abydos, Temple of Osiris 84. 1506-Sheikh Farag, Tomb 5053 85. 1526-El-Lisht, Tomb 405, Pyramid cemetery of

Amenemhat I 86. 1576a-Debeira East, Cemetery 170, Tomb 20 87. 1577-Thebes (CAsasif), Burial 2, Tomb 63. whm Cnl 88. 1590-Kerma, Grave K1043 89. 1619-El-Lisht, Chamber E, Tomb 954, Pyramid

enclosure of Amenemhat I 90. 1667-Quban, Cemetery 110, Tomb 37. whm Cnl 91. 1671-Thebes (Sheikh CAbd el-Qurna) 92. 1730-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.

nb im5h 93. 1761-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 94. 1777-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.

m hrw

Thirty-three of the above scarabs bear funerary epithets of formulas. Fifty-two scarabs were found inside tombs, 19 of them bearing funerary epithets or formulas.

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