smithsonian bci talk, nutrient acquisition and use
DESCRIPTION
Presentation of chronosequence research and nutrient acquisition/use. Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. BAMBI talk. Jan 10, 2013.TRANSCRIPT
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Plant mineral nutrition from young to old soils
Etienne Laliberté and Hans LambersSchool of Plant BiologyThe University of Western Australiawww.elaliberte.infoBCI, January 10, 2013
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Soil P during pedogenesis
Soil age
Mineral P
Organic P
Total P
Apatite(phosphate minerals)
Walker & Syers (1976) Geoderma
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http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/soils/pubs/national/agriculture_asris_phos.html
P-poor soils in southwestern Australia
<0.02% or <200 mg kg-1
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Leaf [P] very low in SW Australia
Lambers et al. (2011) Plant Physiol
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Region Westman & Rogers
Rundel/Diehl et al.
Wright et al./Niinimets et
al.
Han et al. Grigg et al.
Australia 23.1 24.2 25.8/31.2
26.6
SW Australia 24.2 24.2
California, USA 10.8
Chile 9.2/12.1
France 14.9
Greece 15.7
S. Africa (fynbos) 26.4 22.9
China 14.4
“World” 17.6 18.2
N/P ratios >20: P limited; N/P ratios <10: N limited
N/P ratios of mature leaves
Lambers et al. (2010) Plant Soil
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Am
ax
(m
ole
CO
2 m
-2 s
-1)
0
5
10
15
20
25A
ma
x (n
mol
e C
O2 g
-1 s
-1)
0
20
40
60
80
100
B. atte
nuat
a
B. men
ziesii
B. prio
note
s
B. bur
dettii
B. cha
mae
phyto
n
B. hoo
keria
na
B. lana
ta
B. laric
ina
B. sca
brell
aAm
ax
(mm
ole
CO
2 [g
leaf
P]-1
s-1
)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
(a)
(b)
(c)
abc
ab
bc
a aab abc
ab
c
bcdab ab
cd cdbcd
bc
a
d
abcd
ab
cd cdd
bcd
e
abc a
Amax expressed per leaf area, mass and [P]
Denton, M.D., Veneklaas, E.J., Freimoser, F.M. & Lambers, H. 2007. Plant Cell Environ. 30: 1557-1565.
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Habitats of plants measured in Lesueur National Park
Photos: Marion Cambridge
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We measured [P] and photosynthesis of young
expanding leaves, and mature leaves
Hakea neurophylla
Banksia attenuatayoung
Photos: Marion Cambridge
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Rates of photosynthesis of mature leaves are quite high; those of expanding leaves are not
Lambers et al (2012) New Phytol
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Leaf [P] in Proteaceae declines sharply when leaves mature
Lambers, H., Cawthray, G.R., Giavalisco, P., , Juo, J., Laliberté, E., Pearse, S.J., Scheible, W.-R., Stitt, M. Teste, F. & Turner, B.L. 2012. New Phytol.
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Where might mature leaves of P-efficient Proteaceae economise?
Lambers, H., Finnegan, P.M., Laliberté, E., Pearse, S.J., Ryan, M.H., Shane, M.W., & Veneklaas, E.J.. 2011. Phosphorus nutrition of Proteaceae in severely phosphorus-impoverished soils: are there lessons for future crops? Plant Physiol. 156: 1058-1066.
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All six Proteaceae species showed a shift from P-lipids to other lipids when leaves matured
Lambers, H., Cawthray, G.R., Giavalisco, P., Kuo, J., Laliberté, E., Pearse, S.J., Scheible, W.-R., Stitt, M. Teste, F. & Turner, B.L. 2012. Proteaceae from severely phosphorus-impoverished soils replace phospholipids by galactolipids and sulfolipids to achieve a high photosynthetic phosphorus-use efficiency. In prep.
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What special features allow the non-mycorrhizal plants in Western
Australia to acquire nutrients from very poor soils?
Many have cluster roots, as illustrated here
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All plants
AM
NM
ECM
Ericoid
Orchid
All Western Australian Plants
AM
NM
Orc
AM
NM
ECM
Proportions of species with different nutrient-acquisition strategies
Brundrett, M.C. 2009. Mycorrhizal associations and other means of nutrition of vascular plants: Understanding the global diversity of host plants by resolving conflicting information and developing reliable means of diagnosis Plant Soil 320: 37-77.
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Developmental aspects of cluster roots
0 1-2 4-5 7-8 12-13 20-21
Shane, M.W., Cramer, M.D., Funayama-Noguchi, S., Cawthray, G.R., Millar, A.H., Day, D.A. & Lambers, H. 2004. Plant Physiol. 135: 549-560.
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Respiration and carboxylate exudation in cluster roots of Hakea prostrata
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 10 20 30
Time (days)
C u
se
(n
mo
l g
-1 F
W s-1)
Respiration
Carboxylate exudation
Shane et al. 2004. Plant Physiol. 135: 549-560.
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CYTOSOL
SOIL
carboxylates
phosphatases
Al-Pi
Fe-Po Fe-Pi
Ca-Pi
Al-Po
Ca-Po
carb
oxyl
ate
chan
nel
Fe2+
tran
spor
ter
Pi
ADP+PiATP
H+
Fe2+
Fe2+
Al-, Ca-, Fe-carboxylates
elution/ precipitation
H+
H+
H+
phosphatases
carboxylates
carboxylatesPo
H+
Pi
Pi
H+ -A
TPas
e
Pi : H+ co-transport
Fe3+
reductase
Lambers, H., Chapin, F.S.III & Pons, T.L. 2008. Plant Physiological Ecology, 2nd edition. Springer, New York.
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Long-term soil chronosequences
Franz Josef glacierNew Zealand
Soil a
ge
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JurienBay
Perth
Jurien Bay >2-million-year dune chronosequence
0-7 ky
120-500 ky
>2000 ky
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Soil chronosequences as [P] gradientsJurien Bay, SW AustraliaFranz Josef, New Zealand
Approx. soil age (years)101 102 103 104 105
Richardson et al. (2004) Oecologia
Laliberté et al. (2012) J Ecol
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Soil [N] during soil development
Approx. soil age (years)101 102 103 104 105
Jurien Bay, SW AustraliaFranz Josef, New Zealand
Richardson et al. (2004) OecologiaLaliberté et al. (2012) J Ecol
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Shift from N to P limitation
Soil age
Total N
Total P
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Shift from N to P limitation
Soil age
Total N
Total P
N-limited
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Shift from N to P limitation
Soil age
Total N
Total P
N-limited
N/P co-limited
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Shift from N to P limitation
Soil age
Total N
Total P
N-limited
N/P co-limited
P-limited
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Nutrient limitation bioassays
Vitousek and Farrington (1997) Biogeochemistry
N limitation
N/P co-limitation
P limitation
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Nutrient limitation bioassays
Laliberté et al. (2012) J Ecol
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Plant nutrient-use efficiency
Resorption from senescing leaves• profiency = concentration• efficiency = % of green
NUE = carbon fixed per unit nutrient taken up
Green leaf nutrient concentration
Leaf lifespan
Photo: Patrick Hayes
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Leaf [N] ⇧ then ⇩ with soil age
Both N and P resorption efficiency ⇧ with soil age
N resorption efficiency NOT high in young soils
Leaf [P] ⇧ then ⇩ with soil age
Franz Josef glacier
Richardson et al. (2004) Oecologia
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0-7 ky
120-500 ky
>2000 ky
Primary AIM: To assess how leaf [N] and [P] and resorption were influenced by soil age across a 2-million year dune chronosequence in southwestern Australia
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Phosphorus-acquisition strategiesP ‘scavengers’ = Mycorrhizal fungi P ‘miners’ = non-mycorrhizal/cluster roots
Lambers et al (2008) Trends Ecol EvolRea
d et
al.
198
5 N
ew P
hyto
l.
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Nitrogen fixation
Acacia lasiocarpa, root nodulesyoung dunes, Jurien Bay, SW Australia
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2nd AIM: To investigate differences in leaf [N] and [P] and resorption between contrasting nutrient-acquisition strategies
Ectomycorrhizal Arbuscular mycorrhizal Nitrogen fixing
Cluster root Sand-binding rootDauciform roots
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Non-mycorrhizal strategies Successful in P-poor soils Combine specialised structure and metabolism Release large amounts of carboxylates to mobilised sorbed P Can also mobilise metals such as Mn
Lambers et al. (2008)
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Cluster roots and Mn accumulation
Hakea prostrata (Proteaceae)
Shane and Lambers (2005) Physiol Plantarum
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• 3rd AIM: To assess Mn accumulation across a range of contrasting nutrient-acquisition strategies
Manganese accumulation
(Shane et al. 2011)
Dauciform(sedges)
Cluster root (Proteaceae)
Sand-binding (monocots)
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1. Leaf [P] ⇩ and resorption ⇧ with soil age2. Leaf [N] ⇧ then ⇩ and resorption ⇩ with soil
age3. NM strategies ⇩ leaf [P] and ⇧ P resorption4. Mn accumulation ⇧ in NM strategies, but
only in older, P-limited sites
Hypotheses
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StudentsPatrick HayesHonours studentLeaf nutrient analyses
Graham ZemunikPhD studentvegetation surveys
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Collaboration between UWA and STRI (Ben Turner)
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Stage 1: very young dunes(10’s—100 years)
Laliberté et al. (2012) J Ecol
NFAMAM
NF: N2-fixing
AM: Arbuscular mycorrhizal
NFEM
EM: Ectomycorrhizal
NM (sand-binding)
NM: Non-mycorrhizal (sand-binding, dauciform and cluster roots)
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Stage 2: young dunes(100’s-1000’s years)
AM NFEMNM (sand-binding)
NM (dauciform)
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Stage 3: young dunes(~7000 years)
AM NFEMNM (sand-binding)
NM (dauciform)
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Stage 4: old dunes(~120,000 years)
AM NFNFEMNM (dauciform)
NM (cluster)
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Stage 5: very old dunes(>2,000,000 years)
AM NFEMNM (dauciform)
NM (cluster)
NM (cluster)
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Leaf [P]: nutrient-acquisition strategies
- NM species: lowest leaf [P] regardless of soil age- Variation between strategies highest in youngest dunes - All strategies converged on similarly very low leaf [P] in the oldest soils: mean = 229 µg P g-1
-Similar pattern for senesced leaf [P] and resorption efficiency
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Leaf P resorption efficiency
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Leaf [N]: nutrient-acquisition strategies
- High amount of variation between strategies-N-fixing and AM species show consistently higher leaf [N]- little variation with soil age
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Leaf [N]
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N resorption greater in very young and old soils
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Mn accumulation
-All of the different NM strategies showed higher leaf [Mn] compared to other strategies regardless of soil age
- Large amounts of carboxylates into the rhizosphere?
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Mn accumulation
-Mn accumulation is highest in NM species compared to other strategies- Interestingly, leaf [Mn] increased with soil age for all strategies
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Summary• Extreme range of leaf [P]• Leaf [P] ⇩ with soil age• Leaf P resorption efficiency and proficiency ⇧
with soil age• AM and NF ⇧ leaf [N]• Little difference in leaf [N] with soil age• N resorption highest in very young and old soils• Mn accumulation in NM species and in older
soils: carboxylate release?• Ecosystem-level consequences? (e.g. litter
decomposition)
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• Hans Lambers• Patrick Hayes• Graham Zemunik• Ben Turner• François Teste• Stuart Pearse• Thomas Costes• several field workers...
Acknowledgements• Thanks to STRI for the invitation