smith-mundt symposium: a discourse to shape america's discourse
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
1/23
-
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
2/23
ReportontheSmithMundtSymposiumofJanuary13,2009
About the Symposium
OnJanuary13,2009,nearlytwo
theReserveOfficersAssociation
hundredpeopleattendedtheSmithMundtSymposiumheldat
onCapitolHill.Thefrankandopendiscussionincludeda
diversegroupofstakeholders,practitioners,andobserversfromCongress,theDepartmentsof
State,Defense,
and
Homeland
Security,
and
outside
of
government,
many
of
whom
never
had
a
reasontobeinthesameroomwithoneanotherbefore,todiscusspublicdiplomacy,strategic
communication,orwhatevertheirparticulartribecallsinformationandperceptionwarfare.
ThesubtitleoftheeventADiscoursetoShapeAmericasDiscoursehintedatthe
Symposiumsrealpurpose.TakingplaceaweekbeforetheObamaAdministrationcameinand
justshortofthesixtyfirstanniversaryoftheAct,thisonedayeventwasintendedtofuelan
emergingdiscourseinsideandoutsideofGovernmentonthepurposeandstructureofpublic
diplomacy.
March 12, 2009 Page 1
Onits
face,
the
discussion
was
organized
around
the
Smith
Mundt
Act
of
1948,
the
law
intendedtopromotethebetterunderstandingoftheUnitedStatesamongthepeoplesofthe
worldandtostrengthencooperativeinternationalrelations.
ButtherealpurposeoftheSymposiumwastofacilitatean
interagency,publicprivate,andintertribaldiscussionabout
thepurpose,structure,anddirectionofAmericasglobal
engagement.
Aquestionforthefirstpanel
TheSmithMundtActof1948isoneofthemostinfluential,
andleastunderstood,lawaffectingAmericannationalsecurity.
ItwastheauthorizinglegislationestablishingtheUSGovernmentsinformation,education,and
culturalprogramsfromthebeginningoftheColdWarthroughthepresentdayasitcontinues
toshapehowAmericaengagestheworld.
Thereweretwokeynotesandfourpanels.GivingthekeynoteswerethenUnderSecretaryof
StateforPublicDiplomacyandPublicAffairsJamesK.Glassmanand(former)DeputyAssistant
SecretaryofDefenseforSupporttoPublicDiplomacyMichaelDoran.
Themembershipofthefourpanelsonlysomewhatreflectedthediversityoftheaudience.
Organizations
represented
on
the
panels
included
the
United
States
Information
Agency,
the
US
AgencyforInternationalDevelopment,theVoiceofAmerica,USCentralCommand,theState
Department,TheWashingtonPost,SyracuseandGeorgeWashingtonUniversities,and
Congress.
Thepaneldiscussionswerestructuredchronologicallywiththefirstthreefocusedonthepast,
present,andfutureofAmericaspublicdiplomacy.Thefourthpanelwasauniquely
-
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
3/23
ReportontheSmithMundtSymposiumofJanuary13,2009
Congressionalpanelthatincludedtheessential,ifoverlookedorignored,partnerin
restructuringandfundingAmericasengagement.Thedayendedwithahostedreceptioninthe
lobbyofthesymposiumvenue,theReserveOfficersAssociation.
Theformatofthepanelswasdialogue.TherewerenoPowerPointpresentationsorwhite
papers.There
was
not
even
aprojector
or
ascreen
was
even
in
the
room.
The
audience
was
askedtopreparefortheeventbyexploringanelectroniclibrarymadeavailablepriortothe
event.Inotherwords,thisSymposiumassignedhomework.
Theentireeventwasontherecord.Transcriptsandaudiooftheproceedings,aswellas
biographiesofthemoderatorsandpanelists,thedaysagenda,andthisreportareavailableat
http://MountainRunner.us/Symposium.
TheSymposiumwassponsoredbyArmstrongStrategicInsightsGroup,LLC,
(www.ArmstrongSIG.com)andpresentedinassociationwiththeCenteronCommunication
w.CommunicationLeadership.orgLeadership(ww ).
Overview
Publicdiplomacyisnot,andhasneverbeen,amonolithicenterprisestrictlyownedbytheState
DepartmentorthenowabolishedUSIA.Theglobalinformationenvironmentchangedfromthe
worldinwhichtheSmithMundtActwascrafted.Itis
alsoquiteunliketheworldofjusttwentyoreventen
yearsago.Especiallytruetoday,theStateDepartment
is
just
one
actor
in
Americas
global
engagement.
CongressmanAdamSmith(DWash.)saidTheres
goingtobealotofdifferentpieceswhoareengagedin
messaging,particularlywhenyouthinkaboutitas
broadlyasIthinkwehavetothinkaboutit.
Iwasalwaystroubledwith
USIAsmotto
TellingAmericas
story
to
the
world,asifitsoneofficial
story.
JustastherehasneverbeenasinglespokespersonforAmerica,therehasneverbeenasingle
storyofAmerica.Ms.NancySnow,professoratSyracuseUniversity,raisedanimportant,if
ignored,pointaboutthemottooftheUSIA.IwasalwaysalittletroubledwithUSIAsmotto
whenIwalkedintowork,sherecalled.TellingAmericas
storyto
the
world,
as
if
its
one
official
story.
March 12, 2009 Page 2
ThoseattendingandinterestedintheSmithMundtSymposium
camefromCongress,theDepartmentsofState,Defense,
HomelandSecurity,theBroadcastingBoardofGovernors,Voice
ofAmerica,universitiesfromaroundthecountry,non
governmentalorganizations,foreignmissions,andthemedia,includingTheWashingtonPost,
NancySnow
http://mountainrunner.us/Symposiumhttp://www.armstrongsig.com/http://www.communicationleadership.org/http://www.communicationleadership.org/http://www.communicationleadership.org/http://www.armstrongsig.com/http://mountainrunner.us/Symposium -
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
4/23
ReportontheSmithMundtSymposiumofJanuary13,2009
March 12, 2009 Page 3
theAssociatedPress,InsideDefense,andothers.Professionsrangedfromculturaland
educationaldiplomatstopsychologicaloperationstopublicaffairstogovernmentbroadcasters
tograduatestudentstoambassadorsandbeyond.Thediversityofthepublicdiplomacyand
strategiccommunicationstakeholderswassignificantandformany,thiseventwasthefirst
timetheysatnexttoeachother.
Thisreportisanoverviewofthedaysdiscussions.Thepurposeofthesymposiumwastoraise
awarenessandtoelicitadiscoursethatwillhopefullyshapefuturediscoursesonthepurpose
andstructureofAmericasglobalengagement,whetheritiscalledpublicdiplomacyor
somethingelse.Fromthefeedbackduringandaftertheevent,itseemedthatgoalwas
achieved.
Thisreportisinseveralsections.AfterthisOverview,thereisabriefhistoryoftheActonwhich
theSymposiumwasbased.AftertheHistorysectionistheheartofthereport:severalsections
ondiscussionsattheSymposiumthatwererarelyifeverraisedinotherforumsorreports.
Theseare:
DifferentViewsoftheAct LinkingTransparencytoEffectiveness LimitingAwareness InhibitingSynergy ChangingtheSmithMundtAct
Thosearefollowedbyasinglesectionaggregatingthemescommonlyraisedinreportsand
recommendationson
public
diplomacy.
These
include:
Americamustbemoreeffectiveatpublicdiplomacy; Publicdiplomacyiscriticaltonationalsecurity; Publicdiplomacymustinformforeignpolicy;and Publicdiplomacyisunderratedandunderrespected.
Thisreportconcludeswithkeyfindingsfollowedbyanappendixlistingthecontentsofthe
librarythatwasavailabletoparticipantspriortotheevent.
-
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
5/23
ReportontheSmithMundtSymposiumofJanuary13,2009
A Brief History of the Act
In1946,AmericasAmbassadortoRussiadescribedtheglobalsituationtothe79th
Congressas
awarofideology...awaruntodeath.ThisconditionwasechoedbyGeorgeKennaninhis
LongTelegramandrelatedwritingthatsuggestedideologicalcontainmentofCommunism.The
Housepassed
the
Bloom
Bill
in
response
to
the
need
to
transform
Americas
whisper
in
July
1946onlytohaveitblockedbySenatorRobertTaft,whonevergaveareason.Reintroducedin
the80th
Congress,itbecametheSmithMundtBillandwaseventuallysignedbyPresidentHarry
S.TrumanonJanuary27,1948.ItwasofficiallyknownasPL80402:theUnitedStates
InformationandEducationalExchangeActof1948.TheSenatedeclaredittobeanecessary
responsetothedangerposedbytheweaponsoffalsepropagandaandmisinformationand
theinabilityonthepartoftheUnitedStatestodealadequatelywiththoseweapons.
Deliberatedandmodifiedovertwoyears,thefinalpushforitspassagecameaftera
CongressionaldelegationtoEuropewitnessed
firsthandthat
knowledge
of
the
United
States
[was]
beingsystematicallyblottedoutbyCommunist
propagandathatwascomparedtoaconstantlyplaying
tremendoussymphonyorchestra.TheCommunists
wererespondingtothemereannouncementsofthe
largestdenialofsanctuaryandreconstructionand
stabilizationprogramstheUnitedStateseverput
forward:theMarshallPlan.
Anecessaryresponsetothe
dangerposedbythe
weaponsoffalsepropaganda
andmisinformationandthe
inabilityonthepartofthe
UnitedStatestodeal
adequatelywiththose
weapons
TheActiscommonlyreferredtoastheSmithMundt
Act.ItcombinedSenatorJ.WilliamFulbrights(DAR)
exchangeprogramswithinternationalbroadcasting
anditexpandedandinstitutionalizedboth.
WhattodayisconsideredtheessenceoftheActwasinfactarelativelyminorelementthat
receivedrelativelylittleattentionuntilthelate1960sandearly1970s.Thesocalledfirewall
oftheActwasinfactaprohibitionontheStateDepartmentfromdisseminatingmaterialwithin
theUSthatwasproducedforoverseasaudiences.Thiswasdoneforthreereasonsandinfact
encompassedthreeclausesintheAct,twoofwhichareusuallyignoredinmoderndebates
aboutthe
Act.
First
and
foremost
were
Congressional
suspicions
that
the
loyalty
many
personnelwithintheStateDepartmentwassuspect.In1946,therankingminoritymemberof
theHouseAppropriationsCommittee,forexample,calledforahousecleaninginthe
DepartmentthatwouldkeeponlythosepeoplewhosefirstloyaltyistotheUnitedStates.A
subcommitteeoftheHouseMilitaryAffairsCommitteeaskedtheSecretaryofStatein1946to
removefromtheStateDepartmentIntelligenceServicemenofstrongSovietleanings.
March 12, 2009 Page 4
-
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
6/23
ReportontheSmithMundtSymposiumofJanuary13,2009
ThesecondreasonwasconcernthatprivatemediacouldnotcompetewiththeGovernment
withintheUS.Theresolutionwasnotthedisseminationprohibitionbutanotherprovisionthat
mandatedthemaximumuseofprivateresources.(Hearingswereheldonanamendmentto
completelyprivatizeAmericasinformationactivitiesinJune1947butboththeColumbiaand
NationalBroadcastingSystemssaidprivatebusinesscouldnotaffordtheinternational
broadcastpart
of
the
program.)
Thethirdareaofconcernswasthatapeacetimeinformationalcapabilitywouldcreatean
executivebranchpropagandamachinetargetingAmericans.AthirdclauseoftheActaddressed
thisconcernbypreventingthegovernmentfromhavingamonopolyondomestic
communication.
ContemporarydebatesandtheCongressionalrecordshowclearlythattheintentwasneverto
shieldAmericansfromwhattheStateDepartmentwasdoingoverseas.Infact,oversightwas
intendedastheGovernmentwastopartnerwith
privatemediaasoftenaspossible.Therestrictionwas
ondisseminationnotavailability.Congresswasnot
concernedthattheDepartmentwouldpropagandize
theAmericanpublicasmuchasitfearedthe
DepartmentwouldunderminetheGovernment
throughitsCommunistandsocialistsympathies.The
media,Congress,andacademicsweretoprovidethe
oversightandmakethematerialsintendedfor
overseasaudiencesavailabletothepublic.TheThe
NewYorkTimes,Newsweek,Time,theWashington
Star,andtheChicagoTimes,allactivelysupportedthe
bill.DavidSarnoff,presidentofRCA,andPhilipD.Reed,
chairmanofGE,wrotefavorableeditorialssupportingtheSmithMundtBill.Testifyingonbehalf
ofthebillinJuly1947,ReedsaidthesimpletruthabouttheUnitedStateswidelytold
throughouttheworld,willdomoretoreducetheriskofwar,andthustoreducetheneedfora
multibilliondollarmilitaryforce,thananyothersinglefactor.
Thesimpletruthaboutthe
UnitedStateswidelytold
throughouttheworld,willdo
moretoreducetheriskof
war,andthustoreducethe
needforamultibilliondollar
militaryforce,thananyother
singlefactor
Congressionaloversight,todaymostlydonethroughmedia,wasinfactlegislatedbytheActto
comefrom
two
Advisory
Commissions,
the
precursors
to
todays
US
Advisory
Commission
on
PublicDiplomacy.Oneofthesecommissions,theAdvisoryCommissiononInformation,was
requiredtoissuepublic,twiceyearlyreportsonthestatusofthegovernmentsinformation
activities.EarlycommissionsincludedthevicepresidentofCBS,auniversitypresident,the
presidentofTime,Inc.,advertisingexecutives,andnewspapereditorsandpublishers.
March 12, 2009 Page 5
-
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
7/23
ReportontheSmithMundtSymposiumofJanuary13,2009
DemonstratingthedistrustoftheStateDepartmentwhilealsoacknowledgingthestrategic
importanceofwhatwouldbecomeknownaspublicdiplomacy,theSmithMundtActrequireda
loyaltycheck(equivalenttotodayssecurityclearance)forallStateDepartmentpersonnel
workingoninformationprogramsaswellasculturalandeducationalexchanges.Billsponsor,
CongressmanKarlMundt(RSD)saidthatallemployees,neworold,wouldhavetoundergoan
FBIloyalty
check
even
more
stringent
than
the
one
given
to
people
working
on
the
atomic
bombduringthewar.TheFBIwasalsoconcernedovertheabilityofStatetomonitorand
controlparticipantsintheexchangeprograms. OneCongressmanevenproposedallVoiceof
AmericascriptsbeeditedbyacommitteeoftheDaughtersoftheAmericanRevolution.
TwodecadesafterPresidentDwightD.EisenhowerestablishedtheUnitedStatesInformation
Agency,asbipolarpoliticsanchoredinmissiles,planes,andtanksreplacedthepsychological
struggleformindsandwills,SenatorFulbrightsensedachancetogetridoftheinternational
broadcastingauthorizedbytheSmithMundtAct.In1972theSenatordeclaredthattheRadios
[Voiceof
America,
Radio
Free
Europe,
and
Radio
Liberty]
should
be
given
an
opportunity
to
taketheirrightfulplaceinthegraveyardofColdWar
relics.Aspartofhisbattleagainsttheinformation
programs,hecomplainedtotheUSAttorneyGeneral
aboutanotherSenatorscreeningaUSIAfilm.Attorney
GeneralRichardG.Kleindienstwouldnotintervene,
writingthattheapparentpurpose[oftheclause
prohibitingdomesticdissemination]wastomakeUSIA
materialsavailabletotheAmericanpublic,throughthe
pressand
members
of
Congress.
Senator
Fulbright
wouldgotowarwiththeNixonAdministrationand
expendallofhispoliticalcapital,andthensome,togettheprohibitionondomestic
disseminationchangedtopreventdomesticaccesstocontentproducedforoverseasaudiences
bytheUSIA.In1985,whenthefederalcourtswereexemptingUSIAmaterialsfromthe
FreedomofInformationAct,SenatorEdwardZorinskysuccessfullyclosedaloopholeinwhat
wasnowafirewallblockingvirtuallyanyaccess.
Allemployees,neworold,
wouldhavetoundergoanFBI
loyaltycheckevenmore
stringentthantheonegiven
topeopleworkingonthe
atomicbombduringthewar
ForadeeperhistoricalanalysisoftheSmithMundtAct,includingcontemporarypublicdebates,
p://ArmstrongSIG.com/events/SmithMundtseeRethinkingSmithMundtathtt .
Different Views of the Act
March 12, 2009 Page 6
ThereisnocommonlyheldviewoftheSmithMundtActwhichmeanstheActisapplied
inconsistentlyandoftendetrimentally.Duringthediscussions,threegeneralviewsoftheAct
emerged.ThefirstwasthattheSmithMundtActprotectspublicdiplomacybudgetsand
methodsbypreventingencroachmentbyUSorientedpublicaffairs.Thisideawasputforward
http://armstrongsig.com/events/Smith-Mundthttp://armstrongsig.com/events/Smith-Mundthttp://armstrongsig.com/events/Smith-Mundt -
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
8/23
ReportontheSmithMundtSymposiumofJanuary13,2009
byUnderSecretaryGlassmanandsupportedbyothers.Amemberoftheaudienceinthe
afternoonsaid:
IthinktherearecertainaspectsofSmithMundtthatareusefulandworthwhile
toconsider,namely,ifweareworkinginthefieldorhereinWashingtonor
whereverand
our
focus
is
on
foreign
audiences,
ifwe
have
to
turn
our
attention
aswelltotalkingtodomesticaudiencesintheUnitedStatescontinuously,thats
adrainonresources,andresourceswedonthave.
ThesecondviewwasthattheActappliestosomebodyelse.Thiswasmostlyheardfromthe
veteranForeignServiceOfficersonthefirstpanelwhoagreedtheActhadnosubstantialeffect
inthefield.LenBaldyga,formerDirectoroftheOfficeofEuropeanAffairsattheUSInformation
Agency,saidtheActwasaWashingtonphenomenon.BarryZorthian,aformerForeignService
Officer,echoedthisbysayingthatneverfeltrestrictedbySmithMundt.Mr.Michael
Schneider,DirectoroftheSyracuseMaxwellInternationalProgram,saidthefieldofficesdidnt
evenknowaboutit.Thisgroupalsonotedthatobstructionstodomesticdisseminationof
materialwereeitherignoredoreasilymitigatedbyashortphonecalltotherightCongressman.
TheyalsonotedthatwhenapotentialviolationoftheActdid
comeup,theyweretransferredfromtheUSIApayrolltothe
StateDepartmentpayroll.
March 12, 2009 Page 7
BarryZorthianandMikeSchneider
MichaelSchneidernotedtheevolutionofattribution.Inthe
1950s,theUSwasaggressiveintermsofourpersuasive
communication.TheKennedyAdministrationintheearly
1960sbrought
areconfiguration
where
everything
we
producedhastobeattributable.That,Mr.Schneidercontinued,evolvedinthelate60s,early
70stoeverythingweproducedhadtobeattributed.
TheKennedyAdministration
intheearly1960sbroughta
reconfigurationwhere
everythingweproducedhas
tobe
attributable.
[This]
evolvedinthelate60s,early
70stoeverythingwe
producedhadtobe
attributed.
ThethirdperspectivewasthattheActcouldand
shouldbeignored.Thisdidnotsitwellwiththemilitary
whoviewlawsasgrantingpermissionforwhatthey
cando.Thisisinstarkcontrasttothegeneralpublic
whoviewlawsasguidanceonwhatnottodo.
RichardArndt,
author
of
The
First
Resort
of
Kings:
AmericanCulturalDiplomacyintheTwentiethCentury,
felttheSmithMundtActcouldbeignoredforthe
purposesofculturalandeducationexchanges.
AccordingtoMr.Arndt,theSmithMundtActwas
supersededbytheFulbrightHayesActof1961and
http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042 -
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
9/23
ReportontheSmithMundtSymposiumofJanuary13,2009
thustheSmithMundtActisirrelevantforthepurpose
Linking Transparency to Effectiveness
ofculturalandeducationalexchanges.
Formany,SmithMundtisacodefortheuniquelyAmericanfirewallbetweenforeignand
domesticinformation
dissemination.
This
firewall
was
based
not
on
protecting
sensitive
AmericaneyesandearsbutaperceptionthattheGovernmentneededprotectionfromthe
StateDepartment.Oversixtyyearsago,CongresswasconvincedtheStateDepartmentwas
infestedwithCommunists.Today,itnotlikeyesterdayandthereislittleconcernthattheState
Department,orbyextensiontheDefenseDepartment,issympathetictoalQaeda.As
AmbassadorGlassmanquipped,IfyoubelievethattheStateDepartmentcantbetrusted,you
certainlydontwanttheStateDepartmentproselytizingwithintheboundariesoftheUnited
States. ItisbadenoughthattheStateDepartmentisoperatingabroad.
TheresultwasdecreasingawarenessofwhatAmericawasdoingoverseas,aswellaswhywe
weredoingit.Thisopacitycamefrombothactiveand
passiveapplicationsoftheSmithMundtAct.Jeff
Greico,AssistantAdministratorforLegislativeand
PublicAffairsoftheUSAgencyforInternational
Development,describedtheimpactofthepassive
expansionofthefirewallattributedtoSmithMundt.
ThelackofaconsensuswithinUSAIDordefinitive
guidancefromoutsideofUSAIDastowhetherthe
agencyis
covered
by
Smith
Mundt
meant
the
agency
operatesintheshadowoftheAct.InMr.Greicos
words,theyhomageandrespecttotheacteventhoughwerenotcertainthattheactreally
appliestothethingsthatweneedtododomestically.Theonlyofficialprogrammingmoney
giventotheagencyforcommunicationisthroughdevelopmenteducationgrantsknownas
BidenPellgrants.AsMr.Greicoputit,theagencyof8,000peopleanda$24billionUSOfficial
DevelopmentAssistancebudget,hehadonly$25,000ayeartotalktothepublicaboutwhat
itiswedo.
Anagencyof8,000people
anda$24billionU.S.Official
DevelopmentAssistance
budgethasonly$25,000a
yeartotelltheAmerican
publicwhatitdoes
Mr.GreiconotedhisagencyschallengeincommunicatingtoAmericansandbeyond.There
weredescribed,asMr.Greicosaid,inarecentreportonUSAIDsabilitytocommunicateits
activities.1ThelackofeffectivecommunicationsbyUSAIDduetolimitedresourcesfor
communicationscombinedwiththeabsenceofapublicorprivateentityintheUnitedStates
chargedwithcommunicatingwhatUSforeignassistanceweretwoargumentsofthereport
March 12, 2009 Page 8
1FromtheAmericanPeople:WhytheStorythatU.S.ForeignAssistanceIsWorkingMustBeTold.See
http://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/usaid_in_the_struggle.html.
http://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/usaid_in_the_struggle.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/usaid_in_the_struggle.html -
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
10/23
ReportontheSmithMundtSymposiumofJanuary13,2009
Mr.Greicorelated. Witha$24billionbudget,atthehighestlevelsthatitsbeenforalong
time,thereisalotbeingdoneoverseaswithoutmuchknowledge(orconstituency)being
createdwithintheUS.Mr.Greiconotedthereportscallforastrategic[and]coherent
multiyearsetofcommunicationsinoutreachrequirementstoidentifyresources,audiences,
architectureandthetoolsbywhichweneedtogetthosedone,includingoutsidepartnerships.
Mr.Greico
said
that
since
9/11,
USAID
has
put
more
resources
into
outreach,
including
placing
communicationsofficersineveryoneofourmissions.developmentoutreachand
Limiting Awareness
OstensiblyusedtopreventpropagandizingAmericans,the
firewallpreventsthedevelopmentofconstituenciesbehind
publicdiplomacyandunderstandingofwhyandwhatAmerica
isdoingoverseas.Thefirewall,bypreventingandinhibiting
privateaccess
to
government
content,
Congress,
and
academia,placesagreaterburdenonprivatemediatocover
foreignaffairsontheirown.UnderSecretaryJamesK.Glassman
AmbassadorBillRugh,speakingfromtheaudience,saidthatpermittinggovernmenttoinform
Americanswhatissaidanddoneintheirnameoverseaswouldtranslateintoabetter
understandingofpublicdiplomacybytheAmericanpublic.
UnderSecretaryGlassmancommentedthattheoversightpotentiallyprovidedbypublicaccess
theActpreventstoday.AmbassadorGlassmansuggestedmakingVOAsPersianNewsNetwork
available(in
Farsi)
to
Americans
would
mean
it
could
be
monitored
as
CNN
and
BBC
are
monitored:bypublicscrutiny.
Thedenialofaccessis,accordingtoDavidJackson,formerDirectoroftheVoiceofAmerica,a
farce.WhileVOA,hesaid,doesnotwanttodistributedomestically,therestrictionscreate
ridiculoussituationswherepeopleaskforashoworastoryorareprintandwehavetogo
throughthissortofawkwarddanceofsaying,well,we
reallycanttellyouwhereyoucanfindthatorhowyou
candownloadit.Butonlineaccesstobroadcasts,
eithercontemporary
or
archive,
means
ifpeople
can
findthecontenttheycandownloadandshareiton
theirown.Itwouldbeniceifsomeone[asked],Mr.
Jacksoncontinued,canweplacethatprogramming[in
LosAngeles],andIwouldhavebeenabletosayyes.
Foreigncriticsfrequently
will
say
that
VOA,
or
the
other
broadcasts,arepropaganda
becausetheU.S.government
wontevenletAmerican
citizensbeexposedtoit.
March 12, 2009 Page 9
-
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
11/23
Reportonthe January13,2009SmithMundtSymposiumof
ThefirewalldoesmorethanlimitsAmericanaccessto
informationgeneratedbytheirtaxdollars,ittaintsoverseas
broadcasting.AsMr.Jacksonnoted,Foreigncritics
frequentlywillsaythatVOA,ortheotherbroadcasts,are
propagandabecausetheU.S.governmentwontevenlet
Americancitizens
be
exposed
to
it.
Removing
the
firewall,
whichtheInternethasmademoot,wouldremovea
damagingtalkingpointagainstthecredibilityofthose
broadcasts.
RearAdmiralGregSmith
andJeffGreico
RearAdmiralGregSmith,DirectorofCommunicationforUSCentralCommand,saidtherewas
toomuchfocusonfirewallsinthecomplexgameofinformationwheretherearelotsof
actorsbroughttothetable.Hearguedthebestregulatoryapproachisthemediatoprotect
againstcertaintechniques.WhilethetargetisalwaysnonUS,theprohibitionshouldbeonthe
[intentional]purpose
to
mislead,
to
misinform,
to
somehow
have
an
agenda
thats
at
counter
purposeswiththetruth,andsoforth.
ThelimitedaccessmeanstheAmericanpublic,Congress,andthemediahavelimitedinsight
intowhattheGovernmentisdoing.Forexample,ColleenGraffy,DeputyAssistantSecretaryof
StateforPublicDiplomacyforEuropeanandEurasianAffairs,askedWouldntitbeagoodidea
forpeopleinAmericatoknowthatwereactuallydoingalotaroundtheworldaboutthe
environment,aboutclimatechange,aboutgreendiplomacy,aswecallit?
KarenDeYoung,SeniorDiplomaticCorrespondentforTheWashingtonPost,agreedthat
transparencyis
required
to
let
Americans
know
what
is
being
said
in
their
name.
Butwhatifthemediaisunabletoinvestigate?Mr.Greicopredictedthattheforeignservice
corpsofTheWashingtonPostandTheNewYorkTimeswouldbegoneinafewyears.Sixty
yearsago,thepublicrecordandtheletterofthelawwasclearthatprivatemediawastobe
ricasinternationalengagement.intimatelyinvolvedinAme
Inhibiting Synergy
Mr.KiehlsuggestedviolatingtheSmithMundtActwasalaughingmatter.TherearenoSmith
Mundtpolice,
he
said,
so
willingly
and
intentionally
violating
it
is
just
fine.
The
modern
age
has
amendedit.
March 12, 2009 Page 10
TheissueoftheSmithMundtPolice,imaginaryornot,isveryrealdespiteMr.Kiehls
suggestion.DennisMurphyoftheUSArmyWarCollegepointedoutthemilitarylivesbyrules,
regulations,doctrine,andourculturesays,byGod,ifitsoutsidethoserules,regulationsor
doctrine,dontdoit.MattArmstrong,theSymposiumschair,emphasizedthis,pointingout
-
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
12/23
ReportontheSmithMundtSymposiumofJanuary13,2009
thatwhiledemocracyisbasedonlawstellingthepublicwhattheycannotdo,themilitaryis
controlledbylawstellingitwhatitcando.Withoutspecificpermissiontodosomething,asMr.
Murphysaid,themilitarywillnotdoit,andtheyregoingtopushbackreal,realhard.
Inthefieldtoday,RearAdmiralSmithsaidthefirewallstilldoesnotinterferewiththe
interagencyprocess.
The
roles
of
different
agencies
are
not
built
along
firewall
discussions
as
muchastheyarealongthecollaborativeandreallythenecessitytoworktogethertoachieve
whatwewanttoachieveinplaceslikeIraq.
WhileRearAdmiralSmitharguedtheprocessisnotdisrupted,otherssaidtheeffectivenessis.
Severalpeople,bothintheaudienceandonpanels,gaveanecdotalevidenceofthenegative
andconstraininginfluenceofSmithMundtacrosstheGovernment.Mr.Murphy,forexample,
saidtheresultwasthatwehavewevelostalotofsynergyandenergyandthecapabilityto
bringalotofpeopletobearontheproblembecauseofthereticence.
AmbassadorRugh
characterized
the
prohibition
as
somethingonlytheStateDepartmentdoes.Other
agenciesofgovernment,particularlythePentagon,but
theStateDepartmenttooareunhinderedinspeaking
abouttheiractivitiestotheAmericanpublic.
AmbassadorRughcontinued,ButsomehowUSIAand
itssuccessorrepresentativesintheStateDepartment
feelhinderedbyit,anditsridiculousand
anachronistic.
Wevelostalotofsynergy
andenergyandthecapability
tobringalotofpeopleto
bearontheproblembecause
ofthereticencecreatedby
thefirewall
However,AmbassadorRughsargumentcomingledboththemethodandcontentofdomestic
communicationsandbeyondtheborderscommunications.WhattheStateDepartmentsays
outsideoftheUnitedStates,ifdonewithinthepublicdiplomacycontext,isnotreadilyavailable
withintheUnitedStates.Ms.Graffytalkedabouttheneedtoscrubpublicdiplomacymaterial
throughpublicaffairsinordertoshareinformationvideo,pictures,ortextwithAmerican
audiences.(SoIfeellikeImmoneylaundering,right?)
Ms.Graffydemandedwestoptheselfcensorship.ThefirewallpreventsMs.Graffyfrom
puttingAmerica.govonherbusinesscards.Italsopreventedherfrompubliclydistributinga
weeklyhighlights
newsletter
on
public
diplomacy
because
it
would
contain
information
that
shouldnotbereadbyAmericans.
March 12, 2009 Page 11
Ms.Graffysuggestedtheinterpretationwastoostrictandshouldbebasedonintentto
propagandizeandnotinform.Opacityisaproblem,Ms.Graffyargued.Theresultis,asMs.
Graffystated,aproblemofselfcensorship.Wedontnecessarilyhavetoamendit,wedo
needtohaveaninterpretationthatsbroadcastverywidelywithinthegovernmenttosay,yes,
-
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
13/23
-
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
14/23
ReportontheSmithMundtSymposiumofJanuary13,2009
whichincludesthatmutualunderstanding,toinclude
morepublicdiplomacylikeattributes.
Mr.Doransuggestedlookingatpublicdiplomacyasan
influenceenterprise.Theproblemis,Mr.Doran
continued,from
asystemic
point
of
view
our
efforts
arenotwellcoordinatedandnotnecessarilydirected
towardasetofstrategicpriorities.Theresolutionis
notfoundinchanginglegislationorcreatinganew
bureaucracy,butcoordinatingtheinteragencyprocess.Thekey,accordingtoMr.Doran,to
rebuildingAmericasarsenalofinfluenceiscoordinatingthefunctionsofgovernmentthat
alreadyexist. Thiscanbestbeachievedbycreatingapowerfulleadershipoffice,perhapsinan
completelynewstructure.
fromasystemicpointof
viewoureffortsarenot
wellcoordinatedandnot
necessarilydirected
toward
a
setofstrategicpriorities
ODNIlikestructureratherthanbycreatinga
Changing the SmithMundt Act
KristinLordopenedthethirdpanel,RebuildingtheArsenalofPersuasion,withthecritical
question:IfweweretodevelopaSmithMundtActforthe21stcentury,notforthebeginning
oftheColdWar,whatwouldthatactlooklike?ConversationsbeforetheSymposiumorduring
itsbreaksfrequentlyincludedtherecommendationtosimplydoawaywiththeAct.Butthese
suggestionsaregenerallyaimedatthefirewallprovisionanddissipatewhenthelargerpurpose
andeffectoftheActisdiscussed.
AnyattemptstochangetheActshouldbeweighedcarefullyandtherepercussionsexplored
fully.Under
Secretary
Glassman
said
opening
any
legislation
can
lead
to
unexpected
consequences.Mr.DoranagreedandaddedthatreopeningtheActmighttakethingsaway
fromusthatwecurrentlytakeforgranted.
TherewereseveralsuggestionstoaddressproblemsofmoderninterpretationoftheAct.One
examplewasfromMajorMatthewMorgan,USMC,whoaskedCongressdefinepropaganda
becausethecurrentDefenseDepartmentdefinitionisnotusefulasitessentiallydefines
[propaganda]asanycommunicationdesignedtoinfluencebehaviororopinions,eitherdirectly
orindirectly.
Anotherwas
to
suggest
the
firewall
be
loosened
to
allow
some
content
based
on
intent.
Under
SecretaryGlassmansuggestedthatthereasonablewaytojudgewhethertheState
Departmentshouldbeprohibitedfromdisseminatingafilmoratelevisionprogramoraspeech
oramagazineistheintentionoftheDepartment.
March 12, 2009 Page 13
-
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
15/23
ReportontheSmithMundtSymposiumofJanuary13,2009
ButMarcLynch,AssociateProfessorofPoliticalScienceandInternationalAffairsatGeorge
WashingtonUniversity,respondedthathardlimitswerenecessaryasintentisverydifficult
whoknowswhatevillurksinthemindsofmen? TheShadowknowsbutStateDepartment
lawyersdont.
Theissue
is
not
the
application
of
the
law,
but
understanding
the
requirements
we
face
today.
Mr.Doransaid:
IdonotthinkthatSmithMundtisourkeyproblem. Weneedtoredefinethe
publicdiplomacymissionforthecurrentstrategicenvironment,keepingthose
ColdWarcapabilitiesthatfitthecurrentcontextandaugmentingthemwithnew
onesthatmeetthechallengesoftheage.Andweneedtobuildourarsenalof
influencebycoordinatingthefunctionsofgovernmentthatalreadyexist.
Mr.Lynchwascautious.WhatevertheoriginalintentofSmithMundt,theideaoftryingto
preservesome
sense
of
afirewall
between
influence
operations
overseas
and
at
home
is
an
importantone,andincreasinglyimportant.Ratherthantheimpossibilityofthepreventionof
domesticdisseminationleadingustoabandonany
attempttodoso,wemightwanttothinkintheother
directionofattemptingtostrengthenthatfirewallina
morecreativeandinnovativewaytotrytoadaptitto
theglobalizederaratherthanabandoningeffortstodo
so.
Whoknowswhatevillurksin
themindsofmen,youknow?
TheShadowknowsbutState
Departmentlawyersdont.
Rep.SmithsaidCongressneedstoacttoupdate
SmithMundt,tobasicallygiveourstamp,ourvision,andcertainly,thatwillnotbetheendof
thestory.TheissuewasbroaderthantheAct.Heacknowledgedtheexecutivebranchwilland
shouldhavealottosayaboutit,andthatitwouldbeamistakeforthelegislativebranchto
simplystandbackandsay,well,letsjustlettheObamaadministrationgoandfixthatthrough
theStateDepartment.
Rep.Hodeswantstomakesurethatwestrengthenprohibitionsagainstdomesticcovert
propagandacampaignsaimedessentiallyatbreakingdowntheconstitutionalbarriersbetween
whocontrolspolicyandwhomakeswarandhowthatneedsto
work.
TedTzavellas,aconsultantonthethirdpanel,statedthatthe
SmithMundtActmustacknowledgethedeathofdistanceand
thecollapseoftimeisapplicabletoboththerelationship
betweenthegovernmentandthemediaaswellasthe
March 12, 2009 Page 14
LynneWeil,Rep.PaulHodes,Rep,
AdamSmith,DougWilson(lr)
-
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
16/23
ReportontheSmithMundtSymposiumofJanuary13,2009
March 12, 2009 Page 15
relationshipbetweenthegovernmentandglobalaudiences.
SueGough,aretiredmilitaryofficerandnowacontractorinthePentagon,gavetwoexamples
wheretheActwasinvokedtopreventcommunicationnotbasedoncontentbutonmeans.Her
pointscouldhavesparkedadeeperconversationonthegeneraldifferencesbetweenthe
reactivecommunication
methods
of
public
affairs
and
the
proactive
communication
methods
ofpublicdiplomacyandinformationoperations.Ms.Goughrelatedtwostoriesabouttheuse
ofmilitarycapabilitiestoassistindomesticdisastersthatwerepreventedbasedonconcerns
overthemeansratherthantheintent.
HurricaneAndrewbackinthe90sdevastatedcentralFlorida,andallthe
communicationsmeanswereout,televisionswereout,radioswereout,people
werecutoff. Themilitarywasbroughtintohelpthecivilauthorities. Oneofthe
thingsthatwewantedtodowasbringinourmilitaryinformationoperations
capabilitiesbecausewehavemeansofgivingleafletsout,gettingnewspapers
out,bringingloudspeakersin,bringinginmobiletelevisionandradiostationsto
dothat.
AndweweretoldwecantdothatbecauseoftheSmithMundtAct. Youcantdo
that. YoudbepropagandizingtheAmericanpeople,eventhoughallwewanted
todoisputoutwhereyoucangetfood,water,shelterandotherinformation.
WehadtogouptotheWhiteHouse,tothepresident,togetapproval. Gotthe
approval;everythinginHurricaneAndrewwentfine.
TheSmithMundtActmustbecarefullyreconsidered.Mr.Schneidersaidthathecant
underestimatethevalueofSmithMundt.Ms.Weilsaidthatweneedtoseizethismoment
throughcongressionalaction,throughthenextadministration,andthroughcitizendiplomacy
toreallymakeapointofshowingAmericasbestfacetotheworld.Weneedtomakesure
orldunderstandwhowereallyare.thatpeoplearoundthew
Common Themes
BelowareseveralofthethemesthatwerenotuniquetotheSymposium.
Americamust
be
more
effective
at
public
diplomacy.
No
one
suggested
at
the
SymposiumthattheUnitedStatesshouldnotengagetheworldthroughinformationand
culturalandeducationalexchanges.Therewasaconsensus,ifimplicitbythelackofargument
against,thattheUSisnotdoingenoughordoingenoughrightinthemodernglobal
environmentofinstant,saturating,andpersistentinformation.Echoingtheargumentsmade
oversixtyyearsago,Rep.SmithsaidAmericahasgottobeengagedintryingtogetourcase
-
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
17/23
ReportontheSmithMundtSymposiumofJanuary13,2009
outthere,oursideofthestory,becausebelieveme,alQaedaandallthosefolks,24/7,thats
whattheyredoingontheInternet,everyplaceelse.
Mr.DoransaidItismyferventhopethatfutureadministrationswillseethejob[ofUnder
SecretaryofStateforPublicDiplomacyandPublicAffairs]asanationalsecurityposition.
Publicdiplomacyiscriticaltonationalsecurity.ImprovingAmericasglobalengagement
ismorethananicethingtodo;itisacriticalelementofAmericasnationalsecurity.Under
SecretaryJamesGlassmanmadeitclear:Thegoalofpublicdiplomacy,thegoalofstrategic
communication,isasaferandfreerworld.
Ms.Weilstatedthatpublicdiplomacywill,ofnecessity,beanationalsecurityprioritypeople
haverecognizedthatsince9/11,butweneedtostartdoingmorethangivinglipservicetolip
service.
Public
diplomacy
must
inform
foreign
policy.
A
few
echoed
Edward
R.
Murrows
admonitionthatpublicdiplomacymustbeonthe
takeoffsorcreationofforeignpolicyandnotjust
doingdamagecontrolafterthecrashlandingwas
emphasized.Mr.TzavellassaidAmericafailedtopay
attentiontotheaestheticsofourpolicies,bothin
termsofourUSdomesticaudienceaswellasforeign
audiences.Americamust,hecontinued,integrate
thatcommunicationsstrategyfromtheverybeginning
ofthatpolicydevelopment.
Itismyferventhopethat
futureadministrations
willseethejob[ofUnder
SecretaryofStateforPublic
DiplomacyandPublicAffairs]
asanationalsecurityposition
Publicdiplomacyisunder-ratedandunder-
respected.Aheatedsubjectwasthelackofopportunitiesforthoseinthepublicdiplomacy
cone,orcareertrack,attheStateDepartment.Mr.Kiehlsaiditishardtoattractandkeep
peoplein[publicdiplomacy]becausepromotionopportunitiesarenotwhattheyarefor
thosewhoworkinthe[economic]orpoliticalcones.
GregGarlandoftheStateDepartmentechoedthissentiment.Icantbeadeskforpublic
diplomacy.Imnotapoliticalappointee.Newpeoplewillnot,Mr.Garland,continued,focus
on
public
diplomacy
but
would
probably
end
up
doing
two,
three,
maybe
more
tours
outside
ofthe[cone]andthereforehavelittlereal,andatleastrelative,experienceasapublic
diplomat.2
March 12, 2009 Page 16
2Related:seethereportbytheUnitedStatesAdvisoryCommissiononPublicDiplomacytitledGettingthePeople
PartRight.http://mountainrunner.us/2008/06/from_the_us_advisory_commissio.html.
http://mountainrunner.us/2008/06/from_the_us_advisory_commissio.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/06/from_the_us_advisory_commissio.html -
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
18/23
ReportontheSmithMundtSymposiumofJanuary13,2009
Ms.SnowsaidtheconstraintsimposedbythebureaucraciesandSmithMundtpushedher
studentstowardnongovernmentalorganizationsandcitizendiplomacyratherthan
Governmentalpublicdiplomats.ManyofthestudentsintheSyracusepublicdiplomacymasters
programareresistingrequiredinternshipsinWashington,D.C.
Thechallenge
is
not
just
domestic
communication,
but
direct
public
engagement
around
the
worldaswell.Mr.GreicosaidthatOnaninteragencybasis,andwithintheUSgovernment,
thereischauvinismagainstcommunicationsandchauvinismagainstpublicdiplomacythatits
notthatserious.
Conclusion
Noonesuggestedthatthecurrentsituationwasadequate.Onthecontrary,changewas
demanded.However,therewasnoconsensusonwhattodowiththeSmithMundtAct.It
seemedthattheexposuretothemanyfacets,interpretations,andapplicationsofthelaw
changedblanketdemandstorepealthewholeActtomorenuancedargumentsaddressing
specificelements.
Theeventhighlightedtheneedforongoinginteragencyand
intertribaldiscourseonthepracticesandpurposesof
Americanglobalengagement.Thevarietyofperceptionsand
applicationsoftheActdemonstratedtheneedtobring
togetherthevastvarietyofstakeholdersinAmericaspublic
diplomacy,strategiccommunication,orglobalengagementto
gainabetter
understanding
of
the
reach
and
impact
of
the
law
thatinstitutionalizedmuchofwhattheydoandwhytheydoit.
TheEnd
of
the
Day
during
the
CongressionalPanel
TheconsensusisthatsomethingmustbedonetotheAct.NotonlydoesitlimitAmericas
effectiveness,butitharmsourcredibility.TheimpactandpurposeoftheActrequires
substantialattention.OrganizationsdonotunderstandtheActandsimplyaccepthearsayand
rumoraboutitsreach.Thelackofacommonunderstandingleadstochaoticapplicationin
someareasandpayinghomagebyothers,bothofwhichpreventsordisruptsAmericas
abilitytodevelopsynergyandacrosstheGovernmentandwithprivatepartners.
March 12, 2009 Page 17
Thediversity
of
the
audience
that
made
it
to
the
event
and
that
expressed
interest
in
participatinginthemonthsleadingtoitwasremarkable.Moreimpressiveishowtheevent
turnedintoanetworkingeventaspeoplewithdifferentbackgroundandseeminglydifferent
purposesdiscoveredcommongoals.Inmanywaysthediscourseonpublicdiplomacypracticed
publicdiplomacybyprovidinganenvironmentofculturalandeducationalexchangebetween
personsthatwouldnotordinarilybeinthesameroomwitheachother.
-
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
19/23
ReportontheSmithMundtSymposiumofJanuary13,2009
Theproductivitywasnotmeasuredinactionableitemssuchasnewlegislation.Theeventwas
notstructuredtoproducefindingsorarriveataconsensus.Recommendationstochangethe
SmithMundtActrangedfromtighteningthefirewalltoeliminatingthefirewall.Theproductof
theeventwascreatingknowledgeofthediversityofactorsandchallengestoglobal
engagement.
Followupeventsareplanned.Tobeincludedontheannouncementlist,contactMatt
Armstrongatmatt@mountainrunner.usorfollowtheblogwww.MountainRunner.us.
Sponsoredby
ArmstrongStrategicInsightsGroup,LLC
www.ArmstrongSIG.com
(310)9261942
Discussedat
www.MountainRunner.us
March 12, 2009 Page 18
mailto:[email protected]://www.mountainrunner.us/http://www.armstrongsig.com/http://www.mountainrunner.us/http://www.mountainrunner.us/http://www.armstrongsig.com/http://www.mountainrunner.us/mailto:[email protected] -
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
20/23
ReportontheSmithMundtSymposiumofJanuary13,2009
Appendix Library Contents
History
"RethinkingSmithMundt"byMattArmstrong(2008).
Reviewof
the
the
causes
and
debates
over
the
Act.
Focuses
on
1946
1947
with
forgotten
contextofthe1972and1985revisionstotheActthatledtothemodernmisconceptionofthe
purposeoftheAct.
"SmithMundtAct ALegislativeHistory"byBurtonPaulu(1953).
WithonlyafewexceptionsallpresentUnitedStatesGovernmentinternationalinformationand
educationalexchangeactivitiesarecarriedonunderthisact....Itisimpossibletoreviewthese
eventswithoutnoticingparallelsbetweenthemandmanycurrentdevelopments.Someofthe
basicissuesarestillbeingdebated:theloyaltyofStateDepartmentadvisersandofficials;the
efficiencyof
State
Department
operations;
and
the
question
of
whether
it
is
safe
to
expose
the
Americanpeopletouncensoredradicalopinions,especiallythosefromabroad.
Part2:IstheDomesticDisseminationMediaBanObsoletefromAlvinSnyder's1994
colloquium
WeitzmanSpeechNotesfortheaboveAnnenbergProject Feb1994
InterpretingSmithMundtasaFreedomofInformationActexemption(1997)
ThisappealchallengestheUSIA'sinterpretationoftheSmithMundtAct,22U.S.C.1461,as
forbiddingdisclosureofcertainagencyrecordsundertheFreedomofInformationAct(FOIA),5
U.S.C.552.Initsbrief,theUSIAhasnotmetappellants'centralcontention:thatwhilethe
SmithMundtActplacescertainrestrictionsontheagencyfromengagingindomestic
propaganda,itdoesnotspecificallyexempttheUSIA'soverseasprogrammingmaterialsorits
InternetaddressesfrommandatorydisclosureundertheFOIA.
Persuasivepolitics:RevisittheSmithMundtAct,12/19/08opedinTheWashingtonTimes
March 12, 2009 Page 19
"RepairingAmerica'simage"isapopularmantrathesedays,butdiscussionsonrevamping
America's
public
diplomacy
are
futile
if
the
legislative
foundation
of
what
we
are
attempting
to
fixisignored....IntheearlyyearsoftheColdWar,thethreattotheUnitedStateswasnot
militaryinvasionbutsubversioncapitalizingoneconomicandsocialunrestinEuropeand
elsewhere....Denyingideologicalandphysicalsanctuarytoourenemyrequiredmorethan
deeds....AbrandnewNationalSecurityCouncildirectedtheStateDepartment[in1947]to
respondtothe"coordinatedpsychological,politicalandeconomicmeasuresdesignedto
underminenonCommunistelementsinallcountries."
http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/2008/07/rethinking-smithmundt/http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/2008/07/rethinking-smithmundt/http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/2008/07/rethinking-smithmundt/http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/2008/07/rethinking-smithmundt/http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/2008/07/rethinking-smithmundt/http://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/default.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/default.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/default.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/default.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/default.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/default.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/default.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/default.htmhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/default.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/default.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/2008/07/rethinking-smithmundt/ -
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
21/23
ReportontheSmithMundtSymposiumofJanuary13,2009
CongressionalIntentonPrivatizationofInternationalBroadcasting,afootnotefroma1948
BrookingsInstitutereportonAmerica'sinternationalbroadcasting.
ThefollowinglinktothearchivesofTheNewYorkTimes.Thearticlesarefreetodownloadif
youhaveanNYTimes.comaccount.(Irequestedpermissiontopostthearticleshere,but
licensingis
$250
/
article.)
"CooperCriticizes'VoiceofAmerica';ItIsImpotent,HeSaysatMedillSchoolJubilee,Speaking
NotasAPChief"(May27,1947),TheNewYorkTimes.
[KentCooper,executivedirectoroftheAssociatedPress,]saidthatifcommunismwastobe
thwarted,"notpropaganda,buttheabhorrentmethodofmilitaryforcealone,could
accomplishit.EvenifallthevasthordesofunderprivilegedinallofEasternEuropehadradios,
andthuscouldhearthevoiceofAmerica,Iamafraidtheywouldspurncommunismandrejoice
onlyifthevoiceofAmericaweresomethingmorethanavoice militarypower,food,clothing,
land,homes
and
freedom."
he
said.
...
Heassertedthat"theAmericanpressisunanimouslysponsoringworldwidenews
exchange"throughitsownnewsagencies,practicalaccesstowhosereportsis"availableto
everycountryintheworld."
"BentonQuestionsAttackbyCooper:RepliesinDetailtoCriticismofVoiceofAmericaMade
byAssociatedPressChief"(June15,1947),TheNewYorkTimes.
...2.YouhavesaidinpreviousthatiftheUnitedstatesabandoneditsinternationalinformation
program,other
nations
would
abandon
theirs.
...
3.
You
say
that
'all
countries
of
any
importanceactuallyavailthemselves'ofthenewsreportsoftheUnitedStateswireservices....
5.YousaythattheAmericanpeoplehavenowayofcheckinguponwhattheStateDepartment
issayingabroad'thatmightleadusalltocatastrophe.'Insayingthis,youunderratetherigid
policingprovidedbyourlistenersandreaders.YouunderrateCongress.Youunderrateyour
ownstaff,bothhereandabroad.YouunderratethethousandsofAmericanbusinessmenliving
abroad,andthoseservinginourmissions.Itisallontherecord.
"EditorsEndorseU.S.NewsService"(May15,1946),TheNewYorkTimes.
Chargesof
obstructing
avital
function
of
government
were
made
against
two
major
wire
news
servicesoftheUnitedStatestodaybyRalphMcGill,editorofTheAtlantaConstitution,and
MarkEthridge,editorofTheLouisvilleCourierJournalandTimes....
Mr.McGilltoldthe[HouseCommitteeonForeignAffairs]thattheConstitutionandthe
CongressareadequatetoguardfreedomofthepressintheUnitedStates.
March 12, 2009 Page 20
http://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2009/01/remembering_the_purpose_of_smi_1.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2009/01/remembering_the_purpose_of_smi_1.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2009/01/remembering_the_purpose_of_smi_1.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2009/01/remembering_the_purpose_of_smi_1.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2009/01/remembering_the_purpose_of_smi_1.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2009/01/remembering_the_purpose_of_smi_1.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2009/01/remembering_the_purpose_of_smi_1.htmlhttp://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00D13F63D5C107A93C7A8178ED85F428485F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00D13F63D5C107A93C7A8178ED85F428485F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00D13F63D5C107A93C7A8178ED85F428485F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00D13F63D5C107A93C7A8178ED85F428485F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00D13F63D5C107A93C7A8178ED85F428485F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00D13F63D5C107A93C7A8178ED85F428485F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00D13F63D5C107A93C7A8178ED85F428485F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00D13F63D5C107A93C7A8178ED85F428485F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00D13F63D5C107A93C7A8178ED85F428485F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00D13F63D5C107A93C7A8178ED85F428485F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://mountainrunner.us/2009/01/remembering_the_purpose_of_smi_1.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2009/01/remembering_the_purpose_of_smi_1.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.html -
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
22/23
ReportontheSmithMundtSymposiumofJanuary13,2009
"KleindienstSaysBuckleyCanShowU.S.I.A.'sFilm"(April1,1972),TheNewYorkTimes
AschairmanoftheSenateForeignRelationsCommittee,J.W.FulbrightwroteMr.Kleindienst
lastThursdayprotestingthatSenatorBuckley'sshowingofthefilm"Czechoslovakia1965"
wouldviolatetheprovisionsofthe1948lawthatestablishedtheagency.Itwastheintentof
thislaw,
the
Arkansas
Democrat
argued,
that
material
produced
by
the
agency
for
disseminationabroadshouldnotbedistributeddomestically.
Arguing,inafourpageletterthattheU.S.I.A.filmcouldbeshowndomesticallybySenator
Buckley,[ActingU.S.AttorneyGeneral]Mr.Kleindienstreliedheavilyonasectioninthe1948
lawprovidingforexaminationofthematerialbythepressandmembersofCongress.This
section,henoted,providesthatmaterialdisseminatedabroadbytheInformationAgency"shall
beavailableintheEnglishlanguageattheDepartmentofStateatallreasonabletimesfollowing
itsreleaseasinformationabroad,forexaminationbyrepresentativesofUnitedStatespress
associations,newspapers,magazines,radiosystemsandstations,and,onrequest,shallbe
madeavailabletomembersofCongress."Mr.Kleindienstsaidthe"apparentpurpose"ofthis
sectionwastomakeU.S.I.A.materialsavailabletotheAmericanpublic,throughthepressand
membersofCongress.
DefenseDepartment
"RestrictionsonInfluencingDomesticAudience"(Aug2006)."Thispaperwasauthoredby
RichardShiffrin,formerDeputyDoDGeneralCounselforIntelligenceandCompartmented
Activities.Mr.ShiffrinauthoredthisdocumentinlateAugust2006inresponsetotasking
receivedfromtheDefensePolicyAnalysisOffice(DPAO)."
Thelegalobjectiontoengaginginactivitiesdesignedtoinfluenceadomesticaudienceis,tobe
sure,strongevenintheabsenceofaspecificprohibitiononDoD.Whenthegovernmenttries
toswaytheAmericanpublicthroughthevariousmeansatitsdisposalitimperilstheessential
relationshipbetweenthegovernedandthegoverning.Withoutgoingintoalengthyexegesisof
thepoint,sufficeittosaythatwhileaparticularundertakingmaybeintendedtobebenign,
evenameliorative,whatistopreventapartisaneffortoramalignoneinthefuture.Thefar
safercourseisthecurrent,wellsettledban.
"Strategic
Communication
CDRs
Handbook
JFCOM"
(Sep
2008).
March 12, 2009 Page 21
StrategiccommunicationmustbeattheheartofUSGovernmenteffortstoinfluencekey
audiencesinsupportofbroadUSnationalinterests,policies,andobjectives.Weseekto
achievethisinfluencebyunderstandingkeyaudiencesandengagingthemwithcoordinated
programs,plans,themes,messages,images,andproductssynchronizedwiththeactionsofall
instrumentsofnationalpower.
http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Shiffrin%20-%20Restrictions%20on%20Influencing%20Domestic%20Audience.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Shiffrin%20-%20Restrictions%20on%20Influencing%20Domestic%20Audience.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Shiffrin%20-%20Restrictions%20on%20Influencing%20Domestic%20Audience.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Shiffrin%20-%20Restrictions%20on%20Influencing%20Domestic%20Audience.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Shiffrin%20-%20Restrictions%20on%20Influencing%20Domestic%20Audience.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Shiffrin%20-%20Restrictions%20on%20Influencing%20Domestic%20Audience.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Shiffrin%20-%20Restrictions%20on%20Influencing%20Domestic%20Audience.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Shiffrin%20-%20Restrictions%20on%20Influencing%20Domestic%20Audience.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Shiffrin%20-%20Restrictions%20on%20Influencing%20Domestic%20Audience.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Strategic%20Communication%20CDRs%20Handbook-JFCOM%20JWC-2008.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Strategic%20Communication%20CDRs%20Handbook-JFCOM%20JWC-2008.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Strategic%20Communication%20CDRs%20Handbook-JFCOM%20JWC-2008.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Strategic%20Communication%20CDRs%20Handbook-JFCOM%20JWC-2008.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Strategic%20Communication%20CDRs%20Handbook-JFCOM%20JWC-2008.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Strategic%20Communication%20CDRs%20Handbook-JFCOM%20JWC-2008.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Strategic%20Communication%20CDRs%20Handbook-JFCOM%20JWC-2008.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Strategic%20Communication%20CDRs%20Handbook-JFCOM%20JWC-2008.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Strategic%20Communication%20CDRs%20Handbook-JFCOM%20JWC-2008.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Strategic%20Communication%20CDRs%20Handbook-JFCOM%20JWC-2008.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Shiffrin%20-%20Restrictions%20on%20Influencing%20Domestic%20Audience.pdfhttp://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9 -
8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse
23/23
ReportontheSmithMundtSymposiumofJanuary13,2009
"EnablingPublicDilomacyFieldOfficersToDoTheirJobs"byAMBWilliamRugh(Jan2009).
DefenseDepartment'sPrinciplesofStrategicCommunication
U.S.AdvisoryCommissiononPublicDiplomacy:nooneinPDconductsPDoverseas
On/From
the
Discussants
Panel1"TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian:PublicDiplomacyandtheVirtuesofIntegration"byUri
Zighelboim(Oct30,2007)
Pages180186fromTheFirstResortofKings:AmericanCulturalDiplomacyintheTwentieth
CenturybyRichardArndt.
Panel3HumptyDumptyReduxbyWilliamP.Kiehl
Chapter8"SeducedandAbandoned:StrategicCommunicationintheNationalSecurity
Process"byWilliamP.KiehlinAffairsofState:TheInteragencyandNationalSecurityeditedby
GabrielMarcella
SmithMundtActof1948byNancySnow(1998)
"ACallforActiononPublicDiplomacy,2nded."(Oct2005)byThePublicDiplomacyCouncil
Alsoof
interest
are:
2008DefenseSciencesBoardReportonStrategicCommunication 2008VoicesofAmericabyKristinLord 2005TheLaw:TheExecutiveBranchandPropaganda:TheLimitsofLegalRestrictionsby
KevinKosar
2002ShouldSmithMundtZorinskyLegislationBeReformedandHow?ByBruceGregory
March 12 2009 Page 22
http://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Enabling%20Public%20Dilomacy%20Field%20Officers%20To%20Do%20Their%20Jobs%20-%20Rugh%20-%20Jan2009.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Enabling%20Public%20Dilomacy%20Field%20Officers%20To%20Do%20Their%20Jobs%20-%20Rugh%20-%20Jan2009.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Enabling%20Public%20Dilomacy%20Field%20Officers%20To%20Do%20Their%20Jobs%20-%20Rugh%20-%20Jan2009.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Enabling%20Public%20Dilomacy%20Field%20Officers%20To%20Do%20Their%20Jobs%20-%20Rugh%20-%20Jan2009.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Enabling%20Public%20Dilomacy%20Field%20Officers%20To%20Do%20Their%20Jobs%20-%20Rugh%20-%20Jan2009.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Enabling%20Public%20Dilomacy%20Field%20Officers%20To%20Do%20Their%20Jobs%20-%20Rugh%20-%20Jan2009.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Enabling%20Public%20Dilomacy%20Field%20Officers%20To%20Do%20Their%20Jobs%20-%20Rugh%20-%20Jan2009.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Enabling%20Public%20Dilomacy%20Field%20Officers%20To%20Do%20Their%20Jobs%20-%20Rugh%20-%20Jan2009.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Enabling%20Public%20Dilomacy%20Field%20Officers%20To%20Do%20Their%20Jobs%20-%20Rugh%20-%20Jan2009.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Enabling%20Public%20Dilomacy%20Field%20Officers%20To%20Do%20Their%20Jobs%20-%20Rugh%20-%20Jan2009.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Enabling%20Public%20Dilomacy%20Field%20Officers%20To%20Do%20Their%20Jobs%20-%20Rugh%20-%20Jan2009.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Enabling%20Public%20Dilomacy%20Field%20Officers%20To%20Do%20Their%20Jobs%20-%20Rugh%20-%20Jan2009.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Enabling%20Public%20Dilomacy%20Field%20Officers%20To%20Do%20Their%20Jobs%20-%20Rugh%20-%20Jan2009.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Enabling%20Public%20Dilomacy%20Field%20Officers%20To%20Do%20Their%20Jobs%20-%20Rugh%20-%20Jan2009.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Enabling%20Public%20Dilomacy%20Field%20Officers%20To%20Do%20Their%20Jobs%20-%20Rugh%20-%20Jan2009.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Enabling%20Public%20Dilomacy%20Field%20Officers%20To%20Do%20Their%20Jobs%20-%20Rugh%20-%20Jan2009.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Enabling%20Public%20Dilomacy%20Field%20Officers%20To%20Do%20Their%20Jobs%20-%20Rugh%20-%20Jan2009.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/09/principles_of_strategic_communication.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/09/principles_of_strategic_communication.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/09/principles_of_strategic_communication.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/09/principles_of_strategic_communication.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/09/principles_of_strategic_communication.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/09/principles_of_strategic_communication.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/09/principles_of_strategic_communication.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/09/principles_of_strategic_communication.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/06/from_the_us_advisory_commissio.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/06/from_the_us_advisory_commissio.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/06/from_the_us_advisory_commissio.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/06/from_the_us_advisory_commissio.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/06/from_the_us_advisory_commissio.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/06/from_the_us_advisory_commissio.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/06/from_the_us_advisory_commissio.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/06/from_the_us_advisory_commissio.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/06/from_the_us_advisory_commissio.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/06/from_the_us_advisory_commissio.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/06/from_the_us_advisory_commissio.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/06/from_the_us_advisory_commissio.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/06/from_the_us_advisory_commissio.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/06/from_the_us_advisory_commissio.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/First%20Resort%20of%20Kings%20-%20excerpt%20180-186.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/First%20Resort%20of%20Kings%20-%20excerpt%20180-186.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/First%20Resort%20of%20Kings%20-%20excerpt%20180-186.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/First%20Resort%20of%20Kings%20-%20excerpt%20180-186.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/First%20Resort%20of%20Kings%20-%20excerpt%20180-186.pdfhttp://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1597970042http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1597970042?ie=UTF8&tag=mountainrunne-20&link_code=as3&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=