Smells Like Teen Spirit

Cobain/ Topics

Bipolar, Mood Disorders,Lithium,Mania

Biological (Genetic) Basis for Bipolar – Identical twins 70% v Fraternal <20%, (Twin Studies)

Rationalization (Defense Mechanism)Heroin (Endorphin Agonist)Bipolar = Manic Depression

History and Approaches 1-1

1-1 PrologueHistory and Approaches (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, Monism, Dualism,

Empiricism, Wundt, Titchener, Structuralism, Functionalism, Darwin, Calkins, Watson, Freud, 3 Big Issues, 5 Big Perspectives, Basic v Applied Research, Clinical Psychologists v Psychiatrists, G Stanley Hall)

1. Summarize the views of prescientific thinkers regarding the origins of knowledge and how the mind and body relate.

2. Discuss early psychologists’ efforts to understand the structure and function of the mind. 3. Describe psychology’s concerns regarding stability and change, rationality and irrationality,

and nature and nurture. 4. Briefly describe the different perspectives from which psychologists examine behavior and

mental processes and explain their complementarity. 5. Identify some of the basic and applied research sub-fields of psychology, and differentiate

the mental health professions of clinical psychology and psychiatry.

History and Approaches 1-1

Think (15:00)-Pair (15:00)-Share (20:00) <<model>>Socrates Hall Biopsychosocial ApproachPlato Bacon DixAristotle Locke WertheimerDescartes Empiricism GaltonDualism Wundt StructuralismFunctionalism Skinner TitchenerJames Watson DarwinCalkins Gall FreudWashburn Monism PsychologyNature v. Nurture Rationality v. Irrationality Stability v. Change

Welcome to Psychology!

Unit 1:History, Approaches &

Methods

History: Psychology’s Roots

Prescientific Psychology Is the mind connected to

the body or distinct? Are ideas inborn or is the

mind a blank slate filled by

experience?

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Prescientific PsychologySocrates (469-399 B.C.) and Plato (428-348 B.C.)

Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind was separate from the body (Dualism), the mind continued to exist after death, and ideas were

innate. (Nature)

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Prescientific PsychologyAristotle (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable from the body (Monism) and that knowledge (ideas) grow from experience.

(Nurture)

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“nothing exists in mind that doesn’t come through senses”

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Prescientific Psychology

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body separation (Dualism), but wondered how the

immaterial mind and physical body communicated.

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Prescientific PsychologyFrancis Bacon (1561-1626)

Bacon is one of the founders of modern science, particularly the experimental

method.

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Prescientific Psychology

John Locke (1632-1704)

Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or blank slate, at birth, and experiences wrote on it.

(Empiricism)

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EMPIRICISM

empiricism – knowledge originates in experience

science should rely on observation and experimentation

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Prescientific Psychology

Mind and body are connected (Monism)

Mind and body are distinct (Dualism)

The Hebrews Socrates

Aristotle Plato

Augustine Descartes

What is the relation of mind to the body?

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Prescientific Psychology

Some ideas are inborn (nature)

The mind is a blank slate (nurture)

Socrates Aristotle

Plato Locke

How are ideas formed?

History: Psychology’s Roots

Phrenology- we’ll revisit this later in the course

19th c. – Franz Gall (Ger): Phrenology – scientists analyzed shape of skull

lumps liked to certain “faculties of mind”

History: Psych Roots

Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory at the University of Liepzig (c. 1879)

-Made Psychology an independent discipline (no longer a stepchild of philosophy or physiology)

His student Edward Titchener introduced “Structuralism”

History:Psychology’s Roots

Structuralism used introspection (looking in) to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

-Introspection of consciousness – look inward and report elements of experience

systematic self-observation of one’s own conscious experience

Eg. Report sensations, feelings, images when listening to Beethoven

issue: requires articulate ind

History:Psychology’s Roots

1890 – William James publishes “Principles of Psychology” (most influential text in history of Psych-1st psych text)

James- Functionalist –belief that psychology should how behavioral processes function- how they enable organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

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Psychological Science is Born

The Unconscious Mind

Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the importance of the

unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior.

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History:Psychology’s Roots

Psychological Science Develops Wundt--German philosopher and physiologist, Father of

Psychology James--American philosopher, functionalism, 1st Psych

Textbook, “Principles of Psychology” Pavlov--Russian physiologist, Classical Conditioning Freud--Austrian physician, Psychoanalytic Perspective, focus

on unconscious mind Piaget--Swiss biologist, developmental psychologist focused

on child cognitive development

History:Psychology’s Roots

Others Mary Calkins- 1st female pres of APA in1905 Margaret Foy Washburn – 1st female psych Ph.D., 2nd female

pres of APA Francis Galton – Darwin’s Cousin; wrote “Heriditary Genius” in

1869, believed that traits of personality were entirely inherited; used his theories to promote racial seperation and eventually eradication of “lesser races”

G Stanley Hall – first president of APA in 1892, described adolescence as “storm & stress”

Max Wertheimer (1880-1943)—Gestaltist who examined a person’s total experience (whole is more than just accumulation of parts); stroboscopic motion

History: Psychology’s Roots

Figure 1- British Psychological Society membership

History: Psychology’s Roots

Definition of Psychology The science of behavior (what we do) and mental

processes (sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings)

- “Psyche” (mind)

-  -ology = “study of”

Contemporary Psychology

Psychology’s 3 Big IssuesNature v. nurturethe relative contribution that genes and

experience make to development of psychological traits and behaviors

Stability v. ChangeRationality v. Irrationality

Contemporary Psychology

Natural selection (Charles Darwin) principle that those

inherited trait variations contributing to survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

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Biopsychosocial approach: Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

Contemporary Psychology

Psychology’s Perspectives (Approaches) A lot depends on your viewpoint—eg. Depression, alcoholism, abusive behavior, pathological

lying

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Psychology’s Current PerspectivesPerspective Focus Sample QuestionsNeuroscience How the body and

brain enables emotions?

How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?

Evolutionary How the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes?

How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?

Behavior genetics

How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences?

To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment?

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Psychology’s Current PerspectivesPerspective Focus Sample Questions

Psychodynamic

How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts?

How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?

Behavioral How we learn observable responses?

How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking?

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Psychology’s Current PerspectivesPerspective Focus Sample QuestionsCognitive How we encode,

process, store and retrieve information?

How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving?

Social-cultural

How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?

How are we — as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans – alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?

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Psychology’s Subfields: Basic Research

Psychologist What she does

BiologicalExplore the links between brain and mind.

DevelopmentalStudy changing abilities from womb to tomb.

CognitiveStudy how we perceive, think, and solve problems.

Personality Investigate our persistent traits.

SocialExplore how we view and affect one another.

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Psychology’s Subfields: Basic Research

Data: APA 1997

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Psychology’s Subfields: Applied Research

Psychologist What she does

ClinicalStudies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

CounselingHelps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges.

EducationalStudies and helps individuals in school and educational settings

Industrial/Organizational

Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace.

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Psychology’s Subfields: Applied Research

Data: APA 1997

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Clinical Psychologist (Ph.D.) Study, assess & treat troubled people Administer & interpret tests Psychotherapy Manage mental health programs Conduct basic & applied researchPsychiatrists (M.D.) Treat Physical causes of psychological disorders Prescribe drugs Psychotherapy

Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry

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Survey: What you are about to read, including chapter outlines and section heads.

Question: Ask questions. Make notes. Read: Make sure you read outlines, sections

and chapters in entirety. Review: Margin definitions. Study learning

outcomes. Reflect: On what you learn. Test yourself with

quizzes.

Close-upYour Study of Psychology

Survey, Question, Read, Review and Reflect (SQ3R)