smart solar irrigation

Washington!State!University|Solar3Powered!Automated!Irrigation!System!

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TABLE&OF&CONTENTS&

Table!of!Contents!........................................................................................................................................................................................!!

Problem!Statement!...................................................................................................................................................................................!0!

Functions!and!Requirements!....................................................................................................................................................................!0!

1.0! Introduction!....................................................................................................................................................................................!1!

2.0!! Design!Scope!..................................................................................................................................................................................!1!

Design!Deliverables!...............................................................................................................................................................................!1!

Design!Delimitations!.............................................................................................................................................................................!1!

3.0! Design!Description!..........................................................................................................................................................................!2!

3.1!! Design!Life!..................................................................................................................................................................................!2!

3.2! Solar3Powered!Automated!Irrigation!System!.............................................................................................................................!2!

3.2.1! Solar!Farm!...........................................................................................................................................................................!2!

3.2.2! Water!Distribution!System!..................................................................................................................................................!3!

3.2.3! Control!System!....................................................................................................................................................................!3!

3.3! System!Demonstration!...............................................................................................................................................................!3!

3.4! Data!Collection!............................................................................................................................................................................!3!

4.0!System!Design!.....................................................................................................................................................................................!4!

4.1!Solar!Farm!.......................................................................................................................................................................................!4!

4.1.1!Available!Solar!Energy!.............................................................................................................................................................!4!

Chart!4.1.1.1:!Available!Solar!Power!Flux!(200632012)!.............................................................................................................!4!

4.1.2!Five3Acre!Mechanical!Design!...................................................................................................................................................!5!

Fig!4.1.2.1:!FEA!53Acre!Frame!Analysis!Result!...........................................................................................................................!5!

4.1.2.1!Demonstration!Plot!Mechanical!Design!............................................................................................................................!6!

Chart!4.1.2.1!Cost!Comparison!for!Demonstration!Solar!Panel!Support!..................................................................................!6!

Figure!4.1.2.1:!Demonstration!Solar!Panel!Mount!....................................................................................................................!7!

4.1.2.2!!Demonstration!Solar!Collection!Performance!..................................................................................................................!8!


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Table!4.1.2.2.1!...........................................................................................................................................................................!8!

4.1.2.3! Five3Acre!Plot!................................................................................................................................................................!9!

4.2!Water!Distribution!System!............................................................................................................................................................!10!

4.2.1!General!Layout!......................................................................................................................................................................!10!

4.2.2!Pipe!Layout!............................................................................................................................................................................!11!

4.2.3!Watering!Section!...................................................................................................................................................................!12!

4.3!Control!System!..............................................................................................................................................................................!13!

4.3.1!MICROCONTROLLER!..............................................................................................................................................................!13!

4.3.2!Inputs!.....................................................................................................................................................................................!13!

4.3.3!Outputs!..................................................................................................................................................................................!13!

4.3.4!Moisture!Sensors!...................................................................................................................................................................!13!

5.1! Equipment!.....................................................................................................................................................................................!14!

6.0! Permits,!Codes!&!Standards!..........................................................................................................................................................!14!

6.1! Local!Land!Owners!....................................................................................................................................................................!14!

6.2!!!!!!Wind!Loading!Codes!.................................................................................................................................................................!14!

7.0!!!!!Calculation!List!...............................................................................................................................................................................!15!

Water!Distribution!System!.................................................................................................................................................................!15!

Solar!Energy!Collection!System!...........................................................................................................................................................!15!

8.0! Costs!..............................................................................................................................................................................................!16!

8.1!Demonstration!System!Costs!........................................................................................................................................................!16!

Chart!8.1.1:!Demonstration!Design!Cost!Breakdown!..............................................................................................................!16!

8.2!Five3Acre!Projected!Costs!.............................................................................................................................................................!17!

Chart!8.2.1:!Projected!Cost!Breakdown!..................................................................................................................................!17!

9.0! Conclusion!.....................................................................................................................................................................................!18!

9.1!!!!Demonstration!System!Conclusion!............................................................................................................................................!18!

9.1.1!!!!Design!Problems!.................................................................................................................................................................!18!


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9.1.2!!!!Design!Solution!...................................................................................................................................................................!18!

9.2!!!!Five3Acre!Conclusion!..................................................................................................................................................................!18!

9.2.1!!!!Future!Considerations!........................................................................................................................................................!18!

APPENDIX!A! Team!Information!...........................................................................................................................................................!A!

Team!Structure!..................................................................................................................................................................................!A31!

Contact!List!........................................................................................................................................................................................!A31!

APPENDIX!B! Illustrations!.....................................................................................................................................................................!B!

Electrical!Schematic!...........................................................................................................................................................................!B31!

Solar!Panel!Mounting:!Selected!Design!.............................................................................................................................................!B32!

Small3Scale!Stationary!Mount3Drawing!#1!.............................................................................................................................!B32!

Small3Scale!Stationary!Mount3Drawing!#2!.............................................................................................................................!B33!

Solar!Panel!Mounting:!Design!Concepts!............................................................................................................................................!B34!

Solar!Panel!Adjustable!Mount!Concept!Sketch!......................................................................................................................!B34!

Small3Scale!Solar!Tracker!Concept!Line!Drawing!...................................................................................................................!B35!

Small3Scale!Solar!Tracker!Concept!Design!Screenshot!...........................................................................................................!B35!

APPENDIX!C! Calculations!.....................................................................................................................................................................!C!

CALC3133101!......................................................................................................................................................................................!C31!

Calc3133102!........................................................................................................................................................................................!C32!

CALC3133103!......................................................................................................................................................................................!C33!

CALC3133201!......................................................................................................................................................................................!C34!

CALC3133202!......................................................................................................................................................................................!C36!

CALC3133401!......................................................................................................................................................................................!C37!

Sample!Hand3Written!Calculations!....................................................................................................................................................!C39!

Appendix!D! Tables!.............................................................................................................................................................................!D31!

Solar!Power!Radiation!.......................................................................................................................................................................!D31!

Cost!Summary!....................................................................................................................................................................................!D32!


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Five3Acre!Power!Requirements!&!Projected!Costs!............................................................................................................................!D34!

APPENDIX!E! SPECIFICATION!SHEETS!...................................................................................................................................................!E!

rAMSOND!SP50!50!w!Solar!Panel!Specs!............................................................................................................................................!E31!

APPENDIX!F! MICROCONTROLLER!CODE!...............................................................................................................................................!F!

Appendix!G!!!Experiment!Documentation!.................................................................................................................................................!G!

Solar!Panel!Output!Measurement!..........................................................................................................................................................!!

MOISTURE!SENSOR!CALIBRATION!..........................................................................................................................................................!!

Appendix!H! References!.....................................................................................................................................................................!H31!

ASCE!Wind!Loading!Codes!–!Ch!07305!page!36!.................................................................................................................................!H32!

Research!............................................................................................................................................................................................!H33!

Background!Information!....................................................................................................................................................................!H33!


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PROBLEM&STATEMENT&

!ME!416!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Design!Description! ! ! !!!!!!!Spring!2013!

Authors:!Dr.!Bill!Kinsel!and!Mr.!Rick!Cameron!!

Solar!Powered!Irrigation!Project!Grape!vineyards!are!undergoing!an!economic!boom!in!the!State!of!Washington.!!Studies!have!shown!the!minimum!size!of!vineyard!for!economic!viability!is!approximately!five!acres.!!There!are!large!areas!of!Eastern!Washington!which!are!amenable!to!vineyard!development!but!lack!the!availability!of!an!electrical!grid!to!supply!the!needed!power!for!water!distribution.!!Typical!soils!in!Eastern!Washington!are!sandy!loam.!!Grapes!require!adequate!soil!moisture!from!the!soil!surface!down!to!about!18!inches!below!the!surface!throughout!the!irrigation!season.!!Typical!yearly!water!distribution!for!wine!grapes!is!as!follows:!

o 10%!or!1.8!inches!of!water!in!May!o 10%!or!1.8!inches!of!water!in!June!o 40%!or!7.2!inches!of!water!in!July!o 40%!or!7.2!inches!of!water!in!August!

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FUNCTIONS&AND&REQUIREMENTS&

!The!functions!and!requirements!listed!have!been!provided!by!the!client!for!the!purpose!of!refining!the!scope.!These!functions!and!requirements!have!been!used!as!guidelines,!not!as!definitive!demands.!All!critical!design!criteria!have!been!based!on!standard!codes!and!regulations!for!the!Eastern!Washington!area.!!

• Grape!vines!are!to!be!planted!six!feet!apart!in!rows!that!are!nine!feet!apart.!• Water!is!to!be!supplied!in!the!form!of!a!drip!micro!system!at!each!vine!location.!• Soil!moisture!sensors!shall!be!located!every!400!feet!along!each!row.!• The!soil!moisture!content!will!be!assessed!at!6!inches!and!18!inches!respectively!below!ground.!• Soil!moisture!content!data!will!be!sent!to!an!electronic!controller!which!will!be!programmed!to!determine!the!amount!of!

water!to!be!applied!to!maintain!optimal!soil!moisture.!• Power!required!to!operate!all!components!in!the!system!(e.g.,!pump(s),!valves,!controller)!shall!be!provided!by!photovoltaic!

panels!coupled!with!batteries.!!!• A!charge!controller!shall!be!provided!to!match!the!photovoltaic!panel!output!to!the!batteries!and!to!ensure!the!batteries!

cannot!be!overcharged.!!• Irrigation!water!shall!be!provided!to!the!vines!through!a!network!of!PVC!pipe!or!poly!vinyl!tubing!as!appropriate.!!!• Irrigation!water!shall!be!screened!on!a!fine!mesh!upstream!from!the!inlet!to!the!pump(s).!!!• There!shall!be!no!grass!canopy!between!rows.!• The!system!shall!have!a!design!life!of!ten!years.!• The!system!shall!be!designed!to!withstand!winds!up!to!70!mph!without!loss!of!function.!

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1.0& INTRODUCTION&

Grape!vineyards!in!Eastern!Washington!are!vital!to!the!Northwest’s!economy!and!have!seen!vineyards!multiply!rapidly!in!recent!years.!!Eastern!Washington!is!at!the!same!latitude!as!some!of!France’s!wine!regions!(Bordeaux!and!Burgundy),!so!it!is!no!wonder!that!Washington!produces!world3class!wine!that!2!million!tourists!enjoy!annually.8

To!produce!fine!wine,!the!vines!must!be!kept!in!excellent!health.!High3volume!grape!production!is!also!crucial!for!these!local!businesses.!To!keep!up!with!the!high!demand!without!compromising!quality,!an!automated!irrigation!system!can!be!implemented.!!

To!power!the!whole!irrigation!system!off!the!grid,!the!options!are!solar!power,!hydropower,!or!wind!power.!Solar!power!offers!unique!advantages!over!the!other!options!such!as!smaller!supporting!structures!and!less!environmental!disturbances.!!

The!system!lowers!the!power!required!for!pumping!by!collecting!natural!rainfall!instead!of!pumping!from!a!river!or!well.!Water!is!then!distributed!only!to!dry!areas,!conserving!water.!!The!sun!provides!power!when!the!system!is!running!while!charging!backup!batteries.!This!system!creates!an!ideal!moisture!environment!for!the!vines,!producing!a!consistent!crop!without!the!hassle.!!

2.0&& DESIGN&SCOPE& &&

Design!both!a!five3acre!irrigation!system!and!demonstration!system.!The!size!of!the!demonstration!system!will!be!based!on!internal!funding.!There!will!be!three!subsystems!designed!and!analyzed:!a!control!system,!solar!farm!system,!and!water!distribution!system.!This!project!focuses!on!the!mechanical!and!electric!elements!of!the!system!rather!than!its!agricultural!surroundings.!The!system!as!a!whole!will!vary!from!vineyard!to!vineyard!based!on!agricultural!factors!i.e.!crop!layout,!type!of!grape!vineyard,!etc.!

DESIGN!DELIVERABLES!

We!will!provide:!!

• Design!and!fabrication!of!a!small!demonstration!system!• Budget!and!costs!of!the!demo!system!• Projected!costs!of!a!five3acre!system!• Design!of!a!five3acre!system!

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DESIGN!DELIMITATIONS!

We!will!not!provide:!

• Design!of!a!water!collection!system!• Fabrication!of!a!five3acre!vineyard!• Vine!moisture!level!recommendations!• Maintenance!recommendations!(solar!panel!cleaning,!part!replacement,!ect.)!• Cost3Benefit!Analysis!

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3.0& DESIGN&DESCRIPTION&

The!plan!to!meet!functions!and!requirements!listed!will!be!twofold.!!

First,!a!small!demonstration!plot!will!be!designed,!fabricated,!and!tested.!This!demonstration!design!will!be!an!irrigation!system!that!utilizes!the!sun’s!energy!to!power!a!pump!and!a!set!of!solenoid!valves!with!soil!moisture!feedback.!This!system!will!be!controlled!using!a!microcontroller.!!Second,!a!53acre!plot!will!be!only!designed!and!not!fabricated.!!

These!are!separate!systems,!but!use!some!of!the!same!calculations!and!ideas.!!

3.1!! DESIGN!LIFE!The!functions!and!requirements!state,!“The$system$shall$have$a$design$life$of$ten$years.”!

The!design!life!of!our!53acre!system!satisfies!this!requirement!with!regular!maintenance.!The!most!costly!part!of!the!system!is!the!photovoltaic!panel!array,!so!the!design!life!will!be!mainly!determined!by!the!solar!panels.!Recent!increases!in!efficiency!of!monocrystalline!photovoltaic!technology!mean!that!the!panels!will!last!longer.!The!selected!solar!panels’!performance!decreases!to!90%!collected!energy!at!ten!years,!and!within!25!years!the!energy!level!diminish!to!80%.!(See!panel!specification!sheet)!!!

The!demonstration!system!does!not!have!a!design!life!and!will!be!dismantled!at!the!end!of!the!semester!(May!2013).!!!

3.2! SOLAR3POWERED!AUTOMATED!IRRIGATION!SYSTEM!

The!irrigation!system!will!consist!of!the!following!parts:!

o Water!collection!system!o Solar!farm!o Water!distribution!system!o Control!system!

!Each!of!these!sub3systems!will!contribute!to!decreasing!the!maintenance!required!for!the!vineyard!and!lowering!labor!hours!required!for!checking!plant!health.!The!overall!system!will!create!ideal!moisture!conditions!for!the!health!of!the!plant.!It!will!be!designed!for!a!53acre!vineyard.!Our!focus!will!be!on!the!solar!farm,!water!distribution!system,!and!control!system,!not!the!water!collection!system.!The!water!collection!system!will!remain!as!an!idea!for!future!design.!

3.2.1! SOLAR!FARM!The!design!requirements!state,!“Power$required$to$operate$all$components$in$the$system$(e.g.,$pump(s),$valves,$controller)$shall$be$provided$by$photovoltaic$panels$coupled$with$batteries.”!!

The!solar!farm!will!be!used!to!store!energy!for!use!in!the!water!distribution!system.!It!will!be!used!mainly!to!operate!the!pumps!required!for!water!distribution.!Photovoltaic!cells!will!be!used!for!the!solar!farm.!To!maximize!the!amount!of!energy!collected,!solar!tracking!will!be!considered.!The!solar!farm!will!consist!of!an!array!of!photovoltaic!cells!that!provide!electricity!for!the!rest!of!the!irrigation!system.!The!energy!provided!by!the!solar!farm!will!power!the!system!while!charging!a!battery!bank.!!

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3.2.2! WATER!DISTRIBUTION!SYSTEM!!The!water!distribution!system!will!transport!water!from!the!water!collection!system!to!the!vines.!The!design!requirements!state,!“Grape$vines$are$to$be$planted$six$feet$apart$in$rows$that$are$nine$feet$apart…no$grass$canopy$between$rows…water$is$to$be$supplied$[through]$a$network$of$PVC$pipe$or$poly$vinyl$tubing…in$the$form$of$a$drip$micro$system$at$each$vine$location.”!For!both!53acre!and!demonstration!systems,!we!have!satisfied!all!these!requirements.!!

3.2.3! CONTROL!SYSTEM!

The!control!system!will!consist!of!moisture!and!water!level!sensors!connected!to!data!collection!electronics!that!operate!the!water!pumps!and!solenoid!valves,!controlling!water!distribution!to!each!section!of!the!vineyard.!The!control!system!will!be!used!to!sense!when!plants!need!water!and!distribute!the!water!accordingly.!This!provides!water!conversion!to!cut!costs,!and!maintain!recommended!soil!moisture!for!improved!productivity.!The!soil!moisture!watering!level!will!be!adjustable!between!0%!weight!water!and!saturation.!!

The!control!system!will!use!microcontroller(s)!that!receive!voltage!signals!as!inputs!from!all!sensors!in!the!irrigation!system.!The!control!system!will!then!output!signals!to!control!all!electromechanical!components!(pumps,!solenoid!valves,!etc.)!

3.3! SYSTEM!DEMONSTRATION!

A!scaled3down!version!of!the!system!will!be!fabricated!and!presented.!The!size!of!the!scaled3down!system!will!be!based!on!funds!collected,!but!will!include!all!of!the!major!aspects!of!the!system.!The!purpose!of!the!system!is!to!demonstrate!the!capabilities!of!the!system!and!will!be!dismantled!at!the!end!of!the!semester.!!

3.4! DATA!COLLECTION!

Data!will!be!collected!on!the!demonstration!system.!This!includes!an!experiment!to!collect!solar!panel!output!in!different!weather!conditions.!Moisture!data!will!also!be!collected!to!properly!calibrate!the!control!system.!!

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4.0&SYSTEM&DESIGN&

This!section!presents!technical!details!for!each!subsystem:!the!solar!farm,!water!distribution!system,!and!control!system.!Design!specifics!for!both!the!five3acre!plot!and!demonstration!plot!are!discussed.!

4.1!SOLAR!FARM!

4.1.1!AVAILABLE!SOLAR!ENERGY!!

To!create!an!effective!solar!farm,!capable!of!powering!the!automated!irrigation!system,!the!available!solar!power!had!to!be!predicted.!Power!in!the!form!of!solar$radiation$power$flux$was!analyzed!and!charted!using!data!collected!over!a!seven3year!period.!Solar!radiation!power!flux!is!the!quantity!of!solar!power!per!unit!area!that!comes!through!the!atmosphere!and!is!measured!at!weather!stations.!A!95%!confidence!interval!was!calculated!and!charted!(See!Chart!4.1.1)!to!predict!the!future!solar!values!in!the!Tri3City!area.!Note:!these!values!were!recorded!at!the!WSU!TC!weather!station!and!made!available!at!weather.wsu.edu.!The!quantity!of!sun!is!subject!to!many!factors,!and!a!statistical!approach!is!a!quick!and!reliable!method!to!account!for!factors!affecting!solar!power.!A!portion!of!the!solar!radiation!values!for!the!months!of!February3November!is!presented!in!Appendix!D.!The!full!spreadsheet!is!available!upon!request.!Chart!4.1.1!was!created!using!the!CALCD13D202!(See!Appendix!C).!

CHART!4.1.1.1:!AVAILABLE!SOLAR!POWER!FLUX!(200632012)!

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! The!error!bars!(shown!in!gray)!were!calculated!for!each!given!day!and!represent!a!95%!confidence!interval,!or!95%!! chance!the!power!value!will!fall!in!the!plotted!range!of!available!solar!radiation!power!flux.!

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Available!Solar!Power!Flux!!


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4.1.2!FIVE3ACRE!MECHANICAL!DESIGN!!

The!mechanical!design!for!a!solar!farm!revolves!around!three!main!solar!panel!mounting!methods!i.e.!dual3axis!tracking,!single3axis!tracking,!and!stationary!mounting.!Each!of!these!methods!was!considered!for!our!system!design.!We!compared!methods!by!determining!how!the!power!output!of!a!solar!panel!corresponds!to!the!mounting!method!(see!Appendix!C!for!CALC3133201).!!From!CALC3133201!it!was!concluded!that!single3axis!tracking!yields!a!power!output!close!to!dual3axis!tracking,!and!it!would!be!much!less!expensive.!Therefore,!from!a!power!output!standpoint,!single3axis!tracking!seemed!plausible.!A!cost!analysis!of!a!single3axis!tracker!and!stationary!mount!was!performed!(see!Chart!4.1.2.1).!!

Please!note!that!the!frame!in!Fig!4.1.2.1!was!designed!after!435!iterations!and!was!extremely!challenging!to!meet!a!reasonable!factor!of!safety.!A!truss3style!fixed!frame!is!much!more!robust!than!a!tracking!system,!and!it!lowers!costs!and!maintenance.!For!these!reasons,!a!fixed!solar!panel!structure!was!selected!for!the!five3acre!system.!!

Based!on!a!finite!element!analysis!in!SolidWorks,!the!five3acre!solar!supports!satisfy!ASCE!specified!wind!loading!codes!(see!references).!For!Washington!State,!ASCE!specified!85!mph!wind!loading.!This!is!more!than!specified!in!the!design!requirements!(70!mph)!and!gives!a!static!factor!of!safety!of!3.4.!The!material!is!galvanized!steel!to!protect!against!corrosion!and!to!give!a!long!design!life.!!

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FIG!4.1.2.1:!FEA!53ACRE!FRAME!ANALYSIS!RESULT!

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4.1.2.1!DEMONSTRATION!PLOT!MECHANICAL!DESIGN!

The!demonstration!design!shown!in!Figure!4.1.2.1!was!created!to!minimize!cost!and!maximize!power!output.!We!selected!a!Ramsond!50!Watt!Monocrystalline!PV!Solar!Panel!for!our!demonstration!system.!This!panel!will!be!able!to!power!our!demonstration!plot!when!coupled!with!a!separate!power!source.!!See!the!Appendices!for!the!solar!panel!specification!sheet.!As!previously!mentioned,!one!key!factor!that!was!considered!in!our!selection!of!solar!panel!mounting!method!was!cost.!Chart!4.1.2.1!shows!a!cost!comparison!between!single3axis!tracking!and!stationary!mounting.!While!one3axis!solar!tracking!would!add!up!to!an!18.5%!increase!in!power!output,!the!cost!almost!doubled!that!of!the!PV!Panel!selected.!It!would!be!more!cost3effective!to!buy!one!more!panel!while!collecting!more!power.!This!important!cost!comparison!was!also!applied!to!our!five3acre!plot.!See!Appendix!B!design!concepts!for!the!solar!tracking!design!used!in!the!cost!comparison.!!

CHART!4.1.2.1!COST!COMPARISON!FOR!DEMONSTRATION!SOLAR!PANEL!SUPPORT!

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Tracking!Support! Fixed!Support!

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This!cost!analysis!is!a!large!part!of!the!justification!for!using!a!stationary!solar!panel!mount!for!our!demonstration!system.!The!solar!panel!support!is!angled!at!46!degrees!off!the!horizontal!and!will!be!pointed!due!south.!A!product!

$0.00!

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Est.!Shipping/Handling!Actuator!Hardware!Foundanon!Fasteners!Concrete!Bolt!Steel!Frame!Materials!Collar/Bearings!Steel!Shao!

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Est.!Shipping/Handling!

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rendering!is!shown!on!the!next!page!in!Figure!4.1.2.1.!Since!the!design!life!does!not!need!to!be!considered!for!the!demonstration,!wind!loading!was!not!considered.!!

! !FIGURE!4.1.2.1:!DEMONSTRATION!SOLAR!PANEL!MOUNT!

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The!above!panel!mount!was!fabricated!by!cutting!and!welding!sections!of!tube!steel.!No!corrosion!protection!was!used!for!the!frame.!For!detailed!CAD!drawings,!consult!an!appropriate!Appendix.!!

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4.1.2.2!!DEMONSTRATION!SOLAR!COLLECTION!PERFORMANCE!

See!Table!4.1.2.2.1!for!an!experimental!data!collected!in!ME406:!Experimental!Design.!For!further!information,!a!formal!report!of!this!experiment!is!available!in!the!appendices.!!As!shown,!the!data!matches!prediction.!!

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TABLE!4.1.2.2.1!

Weather!Conditions Time! Multimeter!

Reading!(V) Multimeter!Reading!(A)

Power!Output!(W)

!Variable!Resistor!

(Ω)

Sunny

10!AM! 18.56 1.321 24.5 20

1!PM! 19.66 1.613 31.7 20

4!PM! 17.72 1.456 25.8 20

Overcast

10!AM! 4.25 0.200 0.85 20

1!PM! 5.72 0.379 2.17 20

4!PM! 4.32 0.303 1.31 20!

RAMSOND!50W!Solar!Panel

Predicted!Power!in!April!(W) Measured!Power!(W)

14.2 14.39


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4.1.2.3!FIVE3ACRE!PLOT!

Below!is!the!general!layout.!50!solar!panels!are!used!that!are!250W!each.!Actual!solar!farm!output!is!predicted!to!peak!at!3!kW.!This!output!is!sent!to!the!power!unit.!!

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These!units!will!be!added!in!rows!to!fit!the!space!designated!for!the!solar!farm.!Care!must!be!taken!to!appropriately!space!each!solar!mount!unit!to!not!block!other!units!from!the!sun.!The!plot!size!required!for!the!solar!farm!is!approximately!50!x!50!ft.!!

Shown!below!is!a!diagram!depicting!the!power!assembly!for!the!solar!panels.!

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Note!that!the!capacity!of!battery!bank!is!2200!A3h.!!It!utilizes!9!dry!cell!batteries.!This!provides!2!days!of!overall!system!operation!without!sun,!assuming!peak!power!demands.!!

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4.2!WATER!DISTRIBUTION!SYSTEM!!

4.2.1!GENERAL!LAYOUT!

Shown!is!the!53acre!plot!layout.!There!are!36!sections!with!a!solenoid!valve!and!multiple!sensors!per!section.!!

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From!CALC3133201!and!CALC3133202,!the!volume!flow!rate!needed!was!54!gallons!per!minute.!When!18!sections!are!watered! at! a! time,! the! total! watering! time! is! 8! hours! for! the! entire! five! acre!water! distribution! system.! A!pressure!loss!of!16!psi!was!calculated.!To!meet!the!volume!flow!rate!and!pressure!loss,!a!2!horsepower!pump!was!selected.!During!operation,!the!total!power!consumption!is!1.5!kW,!including!the!open!solenoid!valves.!!

See!Appendix!D!for!a!full!performance!table.!

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4.2.2!PIPE!LAYOUT!

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23inch!diameter,!SCH40!PVC!was!chosen!as!the!main!line!since!it!lowers!frictional!losses.!This!lowers!the!power!needed!to!pump!the!water.!The!layout!shown!above!is!for!the!entire!five!acres.!The!boxes!represent!valve!boxes!housing!nine!solenoid!valves!each.!The!36!watering!sections!are!the!green!squares!and!can!be!turned!on!independently.!!

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4.2.3!WATERING!SECTION!

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Shown!above!is!one!of!the!36!watering!sections.!All!watering!sections!are!identical.!The!flexible!tubing!splits!off!to!drippers!at!each!vine!location.!The!moisture!sensor!placement!is!shown!at!the!end!of!each!section!row.!The!line!comes!in!from!one!of!the!valve!boxes!shown!in!section!4.2.2.!

Note!that!due!to!our!limited!knowledge!of!moisture!sensor!technology,!we!based!these!moisture!sensors!off!our!demonstration!system.!The!location!of!each!sensor!is!at!the!end!of!each!line!because!the!vine!farthest!down!the!line!will!receive!the!least!amount!of!water.!!

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4.3!CONTROL!SYSTEM!

Shown!in!Appendix!B!is!the!final!electrical!schematic.!!

4.3.1!MICROCONTROLLER! !

A!microcontroller!will!run!the!control!system!and!for!the!demonstration!system!an!Arduino!Mega!development!board!will!be!used.!Initially,!a!laptop!computer!was!to!interface!with!the!control!system!via!the!Arduino!platform’s!USB!connection.!The!laptop!would!display!the!system’s!outputs!and!allow!user!control!from!the!computer.!However,!this!forced!the!Arduino!to!be!connected!constantly!to!a!computer.!To!find!a!stand3alone!solution,!code!was!written!and!debugged.!Firmware!was!uploaded!to!the!Arduino!board!via!the!USB!serial!connection!and!stored!in!the!microcontroller’s!memory.!The!program!runs!continuously!while!the!system!has!power!and!will!restart!when!power!is!returned!in!case!of!power!failure.!Moisture!content!of!the!soil!and!system!diagnostics!are!displayed!on!a!LCD!screen.!See!Appendix!F!for!the!program!code.!

In!the!large!five3acre!system,!a!microcontroller!or!PLC!based!system!will!be!used.!!

4.3.2!INPUTS!

In!the!demonstration!system!and!53acre!system,!analog!inputs!to!the!control!system!include!moisture!content,!water!tank!level,!and!solar!panel!power!readings.!The!moisture!content!sensors!and!water!level!sensors!are!resistive.!Moisture!and!water!level!vary!with!resistance.!A!voltage!divider!circuit!with!a!potentiometer!was!constructed!for!each!sensor,!and!voltage!will!be!read!as!inputs!into!the!microcontroller.!To!measure!power,!power3metering!circuitry!was!wired!in!series!with!the!solar!cell!and!battery!to!measure!power!produced!and!consumed!by!the!system.!The!sensors!were!calibrated!to!accurately!read!moisture.!(See!appended!experiment)!

4.3.3!OUTPUTS!

Digital!outputs!control!all!electromechanical!components.!Power!transistors!and!H3bridges!provide!the!necessary!voltage!and!current!to!run!the!pump!and!solenoid!valves.!In!our!demonstration!system,!power!is!provided!by!a!solar!panel!and!an!external!power!supply!is!used!for!testing.!!

4.3.4!MOISTURE!SENSORS!

The!moisture!sensors!were!calibrated!using!methods!described!in!the!appendices.!They!were!tested!from!dry!(0%wt!liquid!water)!ground!to!complete!saturation!of!the!soil.!This!linearly!correlated!moisture!to!voltage!with!a!99.98!R3squared!value.!This!highly!linear!response!is!used!by!the!control!to!monitor!soil!moisture!for!watering!time!decision.!See!appendix!G!for!more!information.!

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5.1& EQUIPMENT& &

Below!is!a!list!of!all!equipment!needed!to!fabricate!the!demonstration!system.!!

o Hammer!o Shovel!o Drill!+!drill!bits!o Screw!Driver!o Welding!Equipment!o Level!o Rake!o Hack!Saw!o Hole!punch/tube!punch!o Brush!o Gloves!o Pliers/Wire!cutters!o Channel!Locks!o Tube!cutter/Knife!

6.0& PERMITS,&CODES&&&STANDARDS&

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6.1! LOCAL!LAND!OWNERS!

A!couple!by!the!name!of!Jim!and!Barbara!Large!have!authorized!the!use!of!their!backyard!for!the!demonstration!system.!This!location!was!used!to!fabricate!and!test!the!system.!!

6.2!!! ! ! !WIND!LOADING!CODES!The!five3acre!system!adheres!to!Washington!State!wind!load!codes!(WAC!5135031609).!This!also!satisfied!international!building!codes.!ASCE!defines!the!wind!speed.!See!Appendix!H.!!

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7.0&&& & &CALCULATION&LIST&

Below!is!a!list!of!the!calculations!that!were!made!to!determine!the!performance!of!the!system.!The!control!system!is!based!on!a!microcontroller!program,!and!no!calculations!were!made.!!

WATER!DISTRIBUTION!SYSTEM!

CALCD13D101:!Calculation$of$Water$Volume$Needed$for$Grape$Vines!The!volume!of!water!consumed!by!the!desired!grape!vine!needed!to!be!determined!in!order!to!size!the!pumps!required!for!the!demonstration!and!full3scale!irrigation!system.!Since!there!exists!a!large!range!of!water!requirements!for!different!grape!vines,!the!type!of!vine!and!purpose!of!the!grape!are!needed!or!assumed.!

CALCD13D102:!Calculation$of$Pump$Sizing$for$5KAcre$Field!!After!the!quantity!of!water!for!each!vine!had!been!determined,!a!pump!size!can!be!determined!for!a!full3scale!field.!CALC3133102!offers!suggestions!for!what!size!pump!to!use!given!the!conditions!stated!in!the!scope.!

CALCD13D103:!Calculation$of$Pump$Sizing$for$Demonstration$Field!Pump!size!is!also!required!for!the!demonstration!field.!CALC3133103!offers!suggestions!for!the!pump!size!needed!for!the!demonstration!field!based!on!the!layout!of!the!field!as!established!by!the!group!and!confirmed!by!the!client.!

SOLAR!ENERGY!COLLECTION!SYSTEM!

CALCD13D201:!Calculation$of$Solar$Panel$Power$and$Current$Capabilities!The!power!needed!to!run!the!system!is!required!to!size!the!solar!panels!that!will!be!used!in!the!system.!The!size!of!panel!required!to!power!the!system!then!needs!to!be!fitted!depending!on!those!power!needs.!CALC3133201!offers!suggestions!on!the!size!of!panel!needed!to!provide!enough!power!to!the!system.!

CALCD13D202:!Calculation$for$Average$Solar$Power$$Average!solar!power!must!be!calculated!from!past!records!in!the!Tri3City!area!to!accurately!predict!the!performance!of!any!solar!component!of!the!design.!!

CALCD13D401!Wind$loading$

Wind!loading!was!calculated!to!ASCE!codes!to!ensure!that!there!was!no!failure!in!the!solar!panel!assembly.!

Our!budget!was!$1000!provided!by!WSU!and!we!spent!94!+/3!2%.!For!a!full!cost!estimate!list,!look!in!the!Appendix!D.!!

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8.0& COSTS&

8.1!DEMONSTRATION!SYSTEM!COSTS!

Washington!State!University!provided!$1000!for!this!project.!Chart!8.1.1!shows!the!budget!and!approximate!used!resources.!!

CHART!8.1.1:!DEMONSTRATION!DESIGN!COST!BREAKDOWN!

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8.2!FIVE3ACRE!PROJECTED!COSTS!!

Projected!costs!for!the!five3acre!design!were!$60,000!total.!

CHART!8.2.1:!PROJECTED!COST!BREAKDOWN!

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These!costs!are!estimates;!a!full!table!is!attached!in!Appendix!D.!!

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33%!

8%!

1%!1%!2%!

5%!8%!

8%!1%!

16%!

17%!

Solar!Panels! Panel!Supports!Pump! AC!Inverter!Solenoids! Apollo!T80!Charge!Controllers!Bareries! Est.!Piping,!Tubing,!Fisngs,!Drippers!Power!Supply! Control!System!+!Electrical!!Cost!Buffer!


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9.0& CONCLUSION&

9.1!!! !DEMONSTRATION!SYSTEM!CONCLUSION!!

9.1.1!!! !DESIGN!PROBLEMS!

After!fabrication!and!testing,!some!problems!were!uncovered.!The!warm!weather!caused!some!heat!problems!on!the!pump!and!control!system.!After!troubleshooting!and!diagnostics,!we!came!to!two!conclusions.!First,!the!transistor!array!was!not!properly!cooled.!We!fixed!this!problem!temporarily!by!using!an!ice!pack!on!the!transistors.!Second,!the!pump!was!overheating!from!the!combination!of!warm!weather!and!too!much!backpressure!from!the!piping.!By!modifying!the!code!to!open!all!solenoid!valves!when!the!pump!was!in!operation,!backpressure!was!reduced.!Although!this!is!not!an!optimum!solution,!the!pump!could!operate!without!overheating.!!!

9.1.2!!! !DESIGN!SOLUTION!

To!fix!these!problems!when!applying!this!system!on!a!larger!scale,!we!recommend!the!following.!!

• Proper!cooling!of!the!control!system!(additional!heat!sinks,!fans,!water!cooling,!etc.)!• Different!pump!sizing!!• Industrial!grade!pump!

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9.2!!! !FIVE3ACRE!CONCLUSION!

9.2.1!!! !FUTURE!CONSIDERATIONS!

The!five3acre!design!was!successfully!designed!and!analyzed.!A!future!consideration!is!to!run!a!cost!benefit!analysis.!This!would!help!determine!if!the!solar!powered!irrigated!vineyard!would!be!profitable.!While!solar!power!is!plausible,!there!may!be!alternate!sources!of!energy!to!power!off!the!grid!vineyards.!!We!recommend!research!and!development!of!moisture!sensors.!The!ones!selected!are!not!advisable!for!large3scale!implementation.!!

Key!benefits!of!a!solar!power!automated!irrigation!system!include:!better!moisture!control!and!an!environment!conscious!power!source.!When!implemented!properly,!it!should!greatly!expand!Washington!State’s!wine!industry.!!

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!A31!

APPENDIX&A& TEAM&INFORMATION&

TEAM!STRUCTURE!!

Our!team!consists!of!five!members.!Each!team!member!will!be!given!roles!and!responsibilities!based!on!their!skills!and!personality.!Assignments!may!be!shared!within!the!members!of!the!team,!but!each!member!is!responsible!for!their!own!roles:!

Isaac!Jo!–!Engineering!Drafter/!Design!Lead!

Jacob!Fricke!–!Control!System!Design/!Technical!Lead!

Peter!Girgis!–!Solar!Farm!Design/!Experiment!Technician!

Sarah!Sederburg!–!External!Affairs/!Project!Manager!

Zachary!Undag!–!Water!Distribution!Design,!Budget!/!Experiment!Technician!!

CONTACT!LIST!&

Isaac&Jo&Mechanical!Engineer!Student!Cell:!(509)[email protected]!!Jacob&Fricke&Mechanical!Engineer!Student!Cell:!(509)[email protected]!!Peter&Girgis&Mechanical!Engineer!Student!Cell:!(509)[email protected]!!Sarah&Sederburg&Mechanical!Engineer!Student!Cell:!(509)[email protected]!!Zachary&Undag&Mechanical!Engineer!Student!Cell:!(509)[email protected]


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!B31!

APPENDIX&B& ILLUSTRATIONS&

ELECTRICAL!SCHEMATIC!

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!B32!

SOLAR!PANEL!MOUNTING:!SELECTED!DESIGN!

SMALL3SCALE!STATIONARY!MOUNT3DRAWING!#1!

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!B33!

SMALL3SCALE!STATIONARY!MOUNT3DRAWING!#2!

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SOLAR!PANEL!MOUNTING:!DESIGN!CONCEPTS!

SOLAR!PANEL!ADJUSTABLE!MOUNT!CONCEPT!SKETCH!

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!B35!

SMALL3SCALE!SOLAR!TRACKER!CONCEPT!LINE!DRAWING!

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SMALL3SCALE!SOLAR!TRACKER!CONCEPT!DESIGN!SCREENSHOT!

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!C31!

APPENDIX&C& CALCULATIONS&

CALC3133101!&Originator:&ZS&Undag&Checked:&ID&Jo&&Objective&/&Purpose&The!objective!of!this!calculation!is!to!determine!the!volume!of!water!per!five!acres!needed!for!grape!vines!in!the!Eastern!Washington!region!for!optimal!fruit!quality.!!Input&Data&Available!Water!Capacity:!The!portion!of!water!in!a!soil!that!can!be!readily!absorbed!by!plant!roots!of!most!crops,!expressed!in!total!inches!for!the!root!zone.!It!is!the!amount!of!water!stored!in!the!soil!between!field!capacity!and!permanent!wilting!point.!Evapotranspiration:!The!combination!of!water!transpired!from!vegetation!and!evaporation!from!soil!and!plant!surfaces.!Field!Capacity:!The!amount!of!water!retained!by!a!soil!after!it!has!been!saturated!and!has!drained!freely!by!gravity.!Gross!application:!Water!actually!applied!which!may!or!may!not!be!total!irrigation!water!requirement.!Intake!Rate:!The!rate!at!which!irrigation!water!enters!the!soil!at!the!surface.!Irrigation!efficiency:!The!ratio!of!the!average!depth!of!irrigation!water!beneficially!used!to!the!average!depth!applied.!Irrigation!Frequency:!The!time,!in!days,!between!irrigation!events.!Irrigation!Water!Management:!Managing!water!resources!(Precipitation,!applied!irrigation!water,!humidity)!to!optimize!water!use!by!the!plant.!Management!Allowed!Depletion!(MAD):!The!planned!soil!moisture!deficit!at!the!time!of!irrigation.!It!can!be!expressed!as!the!percentage!of!available!soil!water!capacity!or!as!the!depth!of!water!that!has!been!depleted!from!the!root!zone.!Net!Irrigation!Application:!The!depth!of!water,!exclusive!of!effective!precipitation,!stored!soil!moisture,!or!ground!water,!that!is!required!for!meeting!crop!evapotranspiration!for!crop!production!and!other!related!issues.!Peak!Use!Rate:!The!maximum!rate!at!which!a!crop!uses!water,!measured!in!inched!per!dat.!Root!Zone:!Depth!of!soil!that!plant!roots!readily!penetrate!and!in!which!the!predominant!root!activity!occurs.!Soil!Texture:!Classification!of!soil!by!the!relative!proportions!of!sand,!silt,!and!clay!present!in!the!soil.!Tensiometer:!Instrument,!consisting!of!a!porous!cup!filled!with!water!and!connected!to!a!manometer!or!vacuum!gauge,!used!for!measuring!the!soil3water!matrix!potential.!Water!Holding!Capacity:!Total!amount!of!water!held!in!the!soil!per!increment!of!depth.!It!is!the!amount!of!water!held!between!field!capacity!and!the!oven!dry!moisture!level.!Assumptions&

• Grapevines!are!at!full!canopy!• Crop!Coefficient!(Kc)!=!0.65!• Drip!irrigation!system!• Irrigation!Efficiency!(based!on!type!of!irrigation!system)!=!0.85!• Gross!Application!of!water!per!year!=!15!acre3inches!/!year!• Maximum!monthly!water!distribution!=!40%!of!gross!application!• Full!Irrigation!(100%!RDI!–!Regulated!Deficit!Irrigation)!

Method&of&Analysis&The!reference!evapotranspiration!will!be!calculated!by!multiplying!the!gross!application!of!water!per!year!by!the!maximum!monthly!water!distribution!and!divided!by!the!number!of!watering!days!in!the!month.!

! Reference!Evapotranspiration! ET! =!"!!"#$!!"#$%&!"#$ !!!!.!

!"! !"#$!"#$%= 0.2! !"#$!!"#$%&!"# !

!The!water!requirement!will!be!converted!to!gallons!to!determine!the!maximum!amount!of!water!needed!to!be!pumped!at!any!point!in!time.!! ET! !"##$%&

!"# = 0.2! !"#$!!"#$%&!"# !!!5!acres!!!27,154 = 27,154! !"##$%&!"# !

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!C32!

If!the!vineyard!is!separated!into!four!different!sections!and!only!one!section!is!being!provided!water,!the!amount!of!water!needed!to!be!pumped!at!any!point!in!time!can!be!found!by!dividing!the!total!water!requirement!of!the!field!by!four.!

ET!gallonsday

section =27,154! gallonsday4!sections = 6788.5

gallonsday

section !

Results&At!peak!periods!during!irrigation,!27,154!gallons!will!be!needed!every!day!to!water!53acres!of!vineyard,!and!6788.5!gallons!every!day!to!water!each!section.!!Conclusions&For!53acres,!only!one!pump!is!needed.!Using!a!drip!will!limit!the!rate!that!water!is!distributed!to!the!grapevines.!If!the!vines!need!to!be!water!every!day!within!a!certain!timespan,!it!is!possible!the!pump!size!demanded!will!be!larger.!!For!a!53acre!field,!the!field!can!be!split!up!based!on!pressure!regulations!and!the!type!of!hose!being!used.!!References&Irrigation!Basics!for!Eastern!Washington!Vineyards.pdf!http://www.usbr.gov/pn/agrimet/cropcurves/WGRPcc.html!http://www.dripirrigation.ca/HowTo_MarketSystem.asp!!

CALC3133102!Originator:&ZS&Undag&Checked:&ID&Jo&&Objective&/&Purpose&The!objective!of!this!calculation!is!to!determine!the!size!of!pump!needed!to!provide!water!to!a!53acre!vineyard.!The!size!of!pump!will!be!determined!by!calculating!the!volume!flow!rates!needs!of!the!field!as!well!as!the!pressure!required!to!distribute!the!water!given!the!crop!layout.!Input&Data&See!CALC3133101,!Calculation$of$Water$Volume$Needed$for$Grape$Vines.!See!Crop$Layout!for!information!on!the!dimensions!of!the!crop:!

• Width!(w)!=!90!ft.!• Length!(l)!=!372!ft.!• Separation!between!sections!(s)!=!4!ft.!

Assumptions&• Minimum!pressure!=!12!psi&• Volume!flow!rate!of!drippers!=!2!gph.!• Approx.!pressure!loss!for!1!½!in.!pipe!=!2!psi!per!100!ft.!• Approx.!pressure!loss!for!½!in.!tube!=!0.6!psi!per!100!ft.!

Method&of&Analysis&The!volume!flow!rate!will!be!determined!by!calculating!the!number!of!vines!in!each!section!of!the!crop!field.!

Number!of!Vines!per!Row = 372!ft6! ftvine

+ 1 = 63! vinesrow !

Number!of!Rows!per!Section = 135!ft9! ftrow

+ 1 = 16! rowssection!

Number!of!Vines!per!Section = 63! vinesrow x! 16! rowssection = 1,008! vinessection!!The!volume!flow!rate!per!section!of!field!can!then!be!calculated!by!multiplying!the!flow!rate!of!each!dripper!by!the!number!of!vines!in!each!section.!

Volume!Flow!Rate!per!Section = 2! gphdripper !!! 1! drippervine !!! 1,008! vinessection = 2,016! gph

section!!


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!C33!

!!The!amount!of!time!it!will!take!to!water!each!section!can!be!found!by!dividing!the!section!water!requirement!by!the!volume!flow!rate!per!section.!

Time = 2! !"#!"#$$%" !!! 1! !"#$$%"!"#$ !!! 1,008! !"#$%!"#$%&' = 2,016! !"#

!"#$%&'!I.D.!Jo!3/13/13!

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!"#$ = !"#$%&!"#$%&!!"#$!!"#$ =

271544 !"#/!"#$%&'!2016!!"#/ℎ! = 3.37! ℎ!"#$!"#$%&'!

!The!pressure!required!to!distribute!the!water!is!based!on!the!pressure!loss!in!the!pipes.!The!maximum!pressure!loss!can!be!calculated!by!determining!the!longest!pipe!distance!and!multiplying!by!the!approx.!pressure!losses.!

Total!Length!of!1 12 !in. Pipe = 9!ft.+!90!ft.+!9!ft.+!90!ft.+!9!ft.+!45!ft.+!6!ft.+!45!ft.= !303!ft.!!

Total!Length!of! 12 !in. Pipe = 378!ft.!!

Maximum!Pressure!Loss = 303!ft. !!! 2! psi100!ft + ! 378!ft. !!! 0.6! psi

100!ft = !8.328!psi!!Results&Each!section!of!vine!needs!about!1,008!gallons!per!hour!during!peak!watering!season.!The!maximum!amount!of!pressure!loss!given!by!the!piping!layout!of!the!field!is!about!8.328!psi.!Conclusions&Given!the!water!needs!of!each!section,!a!single!2500!gph!pump!with!a!rating!of!30!psi!would!be!adequate!if!only!one!section!needed!to!be!watered!at!any!point!in!time.!Given!the!chance!of!multiple!sections!needing!to!be!watered!at!the!same!time,!it!would!be!advised!to!use!a!single!pump!with!a!rating!of!3000!gph!or!multiple!pumps!to!supply!the!field!adequately.!Each!section!will!take!approx.!3.5!hours!to!water!during!peak!season!(Veraison!to!Harvest).!This!would!mean!that!if!the!available!watering!period!is!about!10!hours!long,!then!only!3!sections!can!be!watered!at!any!point!in!time!during!the!day.!It!is!advised!to!allow!supply!to!at!least!two!sections!of!vine!during!peak!season.!References!CALC30133001,!Calculation$of$Water$Volume$Needed$for$Grape$Vines!

CALC3133103! ! ! !Objective&/&Purpose&The!objective!of!this!calculation!is!to!determine!the!size!of!pump!needed!to!provide!water!to!a!small,!demonstration!vineyard.!The!size!of!pump!will!be!determined!by!calculating!the!volume!flow!rates!needs!of!the!field!as!well!as!the!pressure!required!to!distribute!the!water!given!the!crop!layout.!Input&Data&See!CALC3133101,!Calculation$of$Water$Volume$Needed$for$Grape$Vines.!

• Number!of!Rows!=!2!Assumptions&

• Minimum!pressure!=!12!psi&• Volume!flow!rate!of!drippers!=!2!gph.!• Approx.!pressure!loss!for!1!½!in.!pipe!=!2!psi!per!100!ft.!• Approx.!pressure!loss!for!½!in.!tube!=!0.6!psi!per!100!ft.!

Method&of&Analysis&The!volume!flow!rate!will!be!determined!by!calculating!the!number!of!vines!in!the!demonstration!field.!

Number!of!Vines!in!Demonstration!Field = 12!ft6! ftvine

+ 1 !!!2 = 6!vines!

!


!

!C34!

The!volume!flow!rate!per!section!of!field!can!then!be!calculated!by!multiplying!the!flow!rate!of!each!dripper!by!the!number!of!vines!in!each!section.!

Volume!Flow!Rate = 2! gphdripper !!! 1! drippervine !!! 6!vines = 12!gph!

!The!pressure!required!to!distribute!the!water!is!based!on!the!pressure!loss!in!the!pipes.!The!maximum!pressure!loss!can!be!calculated!by!determining!the!longest!pipe!distance!and!multiplying!by!the!approx.!pressure!losses.!

Total!Length!of!1 12 !in. Pipe = 9!ft.+!4!ft.+!1!ft.!! = !13!ft.!

Total!Length!of! 12 !in. Pipe = 12!ft.!

Maximum!Pressure!Loss = 13!ft. ! 13!ft. !!! 2! psi100!ft + ! 12!ft. !!! 0.6! psi

100!ft = !0.332!psi!0.352!psi!!Results&The!demonstration!vineyard!needs!approx.!12!gallons!per!hour.!The!maximum!amount!of!pressure!loss!given!by!the!piping!layout!of!the!demonstration!field!is!about!0.332!psi!0.352!psi.!Conclusions&Since!the!field!is!small,!a!very!small!pump!is!required.!The!calculation!above!only!provides!the!minimum!volume!flow!rate!of!the!pipes!assuming!steady!flow.!This!would!mean!that!the!same!amount!of!water!being!drawn!by!the!system!is!being!drawn!to!the!system!and!does!not!consider!the!amount!of!extra!flow!needed!by!the!system!to!get!to!a!steady!flow.!It!is!advised!to!use!a!60!gph,!or!1!gpm,!pump!at!minimum.!References&CALC30133001,!Calculation$of$Water$Volume$Needed$for$Grape$Vines!!

CALC3133201! ! !!

!&&

Objective&/&Purpose&The!objective!of!this!calculation!is!to:!

1. Determine!the!total!power!and!current!a!solar!panel!can!generate!daily!for!each!month!2. Consider!methods!of!solar!panel!mounting,!i.e.!stationary,!single3axis!tracking,!dual3axis!tracking!!

Input&Data&Array:!Photovoltaic!modules!connected!together!to!provide!a!single!electrical!output.!Azimuth:!Horizontal!angle!measured!clockwise!in!degrees!from!a!reference!direction,!usually!the!north!or!south!point!of!the!horizon,!to!the!point!on!the!horizon!intersected!by!the!object’s!line!of!altitude.!Electrical&Efficiency:!Useful!power!output!divided!by!the!total!electrical!power!consumed.!Monocrystalline:!Single!silicon!crystal;!monocrystalline!panels!are!made!from!one!large,!single!silicon!crystal!making!it!rated!the!most!efficient!solar!technology!available.!Photovoltaic&(PV):!Technology!and!research!that!relates!to!the!application!of!solar!cells!for!energy!by!converting!radiant!energy!directly!to!electricity.!Photovoltaic&Efficiency:!The!ratio!of!power!produced!by!a!solar!cell!at!any!instant!to!the!power!of!radiant!energy!striking!the!cell;!certain!factors!such!as!temperature!can!cause!the!efficiency!rate!to!vary!during!the!day.!Radiance:!Light!from!the!sun;!also!called!solar!radiance.!Solar&Energy:!Energy!derived!from!the!sun!in!the!form!of!solar!radiation.!Solar&Power:!Energy!from!the!sun!that!is!converted!into!thermal!or!electrical!energy.!Tracking&Array:!A!solar!array!that!follows!the!path!of!the!sun!to!maximize!the!solar!radiation!incident!on!the!photovoltaic!surface.!Assumptions&

• Dust,!debris,!and!snow,!decrease!solar!panel!performance!by!20%!

Originator:!!!PE$Girgis$ Date:!!!3/14/2013!Checker:!ID$Jo! Date:!3/14/2013!


!

!C35!

• Solar!panel!is!pointed!directly!at!the!sun!with!dual3axis!tracking!!• Single3axis!tracking!output!is!98.5%!of!dual3axis!tracking!output!• Stationary!mounting!output!is!80%!!of!dual3axis!tracking!output!• Maximum!Radiance!=!1000!W/m2!

Method&of&Analysis&• The!actual!power!(PActual)!in!Watts!will!be!calculated!for!a!stationary,!single3axis!tracking,!and!dual3axis!tracking!solar!panel,!with!a!

rated!power!(PRated)!of!100!W.!!For!dual3axis!tracking,!the!ratio!of!average!solar!radiance!(see!Table&I)&to!maximum!radiance!on!a!given!day!will!be!multiplied!by!the!rated!power,!then!multiplied!by!80%!to!account!for!losses!caused!by!dust,!debris,!and!snow.!For!the!month!of!May,!the!average!solar!radiance!is!414.67!W/m2.!

P!"#$%& W = 0.80!!! Average!RadianceMaximum!Radiance !!!!P!"#$% W → !0.80!!! 414.671000 !!!!100 = !!.!"#!!!

For!single3axis!tracking,!the!power!output!will!be!calculated!by!taking!98.5%!of!the!actual!power!determined!for!a!dual3axis!tracking!solar!panel.!

P!"#$%& W = 0.985!!!33.174!W = !".!"!!!&For!a!stationary!solar!panel,!the!power!output!will!be!calculated!by!taking!80%!of!the!actual!power!determined!for!a!dual3axis!tracking!solar!panel.!

P!"#$%& W = 0.80!!!33.174!W = !".!"#!!&&

• The!actual!amperage!(IActual)!!will!be!calculated!for!a!stationary,!single3axis!tracking,!and!dual3axis!tracking!solar!panel,!with!a!rated!amperage!(IRated)!of!5.41!A.!!Similar!to!the!calculation!for!actual!power,!for!dual3axis!tracking,!the!ratio!of!average!solar!radiance!(see!Table&I)&to!maximum!radiance!on!a!given!day!will!be!multiplied!by!the!rated!amperage,!then!multiplied!by!80%!to!account!for!losses!caused!by!dust,!debris,!and!snow.!For!the!month!of!May,!the!average!solar!radiance!is!414.67!W/m2.!

I!"#$%& A = 0.80!!! Average!RadianceMaximum!Radiance !!!!I!"#$% A → !0.80!!! 414.671000 !!!!5.41 = !.!"#!!!For!single3axis!tracking,!the!amperage!will!be!calculated!by!taking!98.5%!of!the!actual!amperage!determined!for!a!dual3axis!tracking!solar!panel.!

I!"#$%! A = 0.985!!!1.795!A = !.!"#!!&For!a!stationary!solar!panel,!the!current!output!will!be!calculated!by!taking!80%!of!the!actual!amperage!determined!for!a!dual3axis!tracking!solar!panel.!

I!"#$%& A = 0.80!!!1.795!A = !.!"#!!&&

Solar&Panel:&Single-Axis&Tracking&&

2006&D&2012&Average&Daily&Solar&Radiance&

&

Ramsond&20&Watt&Monocrystalline&PV&Solar&

Panel:&1.14A&&

Ramsond&50&Watt&Monocrystalline&PV&Solar&Panel:&&2.92A&

&

Ramsond&100&Watt&Monocrystalline&PV&Solar&

Panel:&5.41A&

& ! !W/m2& ! Watts& Amps& ! Watts& Amps& ! Watts& Amps&February&159.70! ! 2.516834! 0.14346! ! 6.292085! 0.367458! ! 12.58417! 0.680804!

March&221.87! ! 3.496604! 0.199306! ! 8.74151! 0.510504! ! 17.48302! 0.945831!

April&360.52! ! 5.681742! 0.323859! ! 14.20435! 0.829534! ! 28.40871! 1.536911!

May&414.67! ! 6.535259! 0.37251! ! 16.33815! 0.954148! ! 32.67629! 1.767787!

June&412.37! ! 6.498921! 0.370438! ! 16.2473! 0.948842! ! 32.4946! 1.757958!


!

!C36!

July&456.28! ! 7.190928! 0.409883! ! 17.97732! 1.049875! ! 35.95464! 1.945146!

August&424.45! ! 6.689271! 0.381288! ! 16.72318! 0.976634! ! 33.44636! 1.809448!

September&356.92& ! 5.625042! 0.320627! ! 14.06261! 0.821256! ! 28.12521! 1.521574!

&Price:& $89.99& ! $189.99& ! $259.99&

The!actual!wattage!and!amperage!during!the!months!of!February3September,!for!a!20!Watt,!50!Watt,!and!100!Watt!solar!panel,!with!single3axis!tracking.!Note,!the!prices!listed!do!not!include!the!price!of!the!tracking!system.!!Results&In!the!month!of!May,!a!100!Watt,!5.41!Amp,!solar!panel!with!single3axis!tracking!will!have!an!actual!output!of!32.670!Watts!and!1.77!Amps!throughout!a!given!day,!on!average.!The!increase!in!power!and!current!output!for!a!dual3axis!tracking!system!is!minimal,!and!the!decrease!in!power!and!current!output!of!a!stationary!solar!panel!is!also!relatively!minimal.!!!Conclusions&Using!a!single3axis!tracker!is!a!plausible!approach!to!collecting!solar!energy!from!a!power!output!standpoint;!however,!tracker!costs!must!be!considered!before!a!method!of!mounting!is!decided.!Additionally,!the!wattage!and!amperage!values!presented!in!Table&I!clearly!show!that!purchasing!larger!solar!panels!to!power!a!system!is!more!cost!effective!than!purchasing!a!greater!quantity!of!smaller!panels!to!provide!the!same!power!and!current!output.!References&http://www.thesolarco.com/solar3power3systems/basic3solar3terms/!Estimating!Power!from!a!Solar!Panel.pdf!http://www.weather.wsu.edu!http://www.homedepot.com!TRACSTAR!Tracking.pdf!!

CALC3133202!Originator:!!!ID$Jo$Checker:!!SO$Sederburg!Objective&/&Purpose&The!objective!of!this!calculation!is!to!predict!the!amount!of!solar!energy!available!to!the!Tri3City!area!based!on!statistical!methods!from!7!years!of!data.!!&Input&Data&Daily!Total!Solar!Radiation!–!the!quantity!of!solar!energy!throughout!the!hours!of!daylight,!measured!in!MJ!(years!200632012)!!Assumptions&

• Normal!Distribution!of!7!year!duration&• Constant!solar!power!throughout!the!day&• &

Method&of&Analysis!The!weather!station!WSU3TC!(Latitude:!46.33,!Longitude:!3119.27)!has!a!database1!with!solar!radiation!obtained!from!a!sensor.!Hours!of!daylight!were!known!each!day!of!the!year2,!so!average!solar!power!flux!can!be!calculated!for!each!day!as!follows:!!

!"#. !"#$%!!"#$%!!"#$!(!/!2) = !"#$%!!"#$%!!"#$"%$&'!!"#$%&!(!/!2)!"#$%!!"!!"#$%&ℎ!!(!) !

!Assuming!a!normal!distribution,!standard!T3distribution!tables!were!used!given!the!7!year!sample!to!find!a!95%!Confidence!Interval.!!!95%!!" = ! ± ! !∝/!,!

! !!!


!

!C37!

where!!!is!the!average!solar!power!flux,!!!is!the!standard!deviation!over!the!7!years,!!∝/!,!!is!the!T3distribution!for!a!normal!95%!confidence!interval.!!Constants!are!listed:!n!=!7!!∝/!,!!=!2.364!with!!!=!(13.95)!=!0.05!&Results!!The!average!solar!power!flux!was!found!over!the!7!year!period!and!charted!with!the!confidence!interval!as!error!bars!to!estimate!what!kind!of!solar!power!is!possible!to!obtain!in!the!Tri3Cities.!!In!other!words,!it!gives!the!range!of!95%!probability!that!the!values!should!be!within!the!error!bars!based!on!7!years!data.!Results!show!that!solar!power!flux!values!are!around!3003500!W/m2.!Please!refer!to!the!60%!Design!Package!for!more!details.!&&Conclusions&3003500!W/m2!is!around!half!of!1000!W/m2!(general!estimate!of!full!sunlight!to!hit!the!ground).!As!expected,!this!value!peaks!in!June/July.!!&References&

1. http://www.weather.wsu.edu!!2. http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/Dur_OneYear.php!

!

CALC3133401!

Originator:!!!ID$Jo!

Objective!/!Purpose!To!determine!the!wind!loading!on!the!solar!panel!support!and!adhere!to!Washington!State!wind!load!codes!(WAC!5135031609)!1.!This!also!satisfied!international!building!codes.!ASCE!defines!the!wind!speed.!2!!!Input!Data!Wind!Speed!(VAIR)!=!85!mph!(38!m/s)!Air!density!(ρAIR)!=!1.225!kg/m

3!at!sea!level!and!15!C!(International!Standard!Atomsphere)!Apanels!=!16.25!m

2!Angle!of!panels!(θ)!=!46!deg !Assumptions!Incompressible!flow,!constant!wind!speed,!constant!temperature.!!Method!of!Analysis!From!Newton’s!2nd!Law!!

! = ! ! !"!" + ! ! !"

!" → ! = ! ! !"!" !

!For!a!vertical!panel!configuration,!!

!!"#$ = !!"#!!"# !!!!"#!!!!!"# = !!!"#!!"# = !!"#!!"#!!"#$%&!!!

!!"#$ =!!"#$%&!!"#!!"#!!!Since!the!panels!are!angled,!the!normal!force!is!!

!!"#$,!"#$%& = !!"#$%& sin ! !!"#!!"#!!


!

!C38!

!!Results!!Wind!load!at!85!MPH!=!145!kN!=!28,000!lb!!Conclusions!This!wind!load!will!be!used!in!finite!element!analysis.!!!References!http://apps.leg.wa.gov/wac/default.aspx?cite=5135031609http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/Dur_OneYear.php!ASCE!7305!Chapter!6!pg.!32!Cengel’s!Fluid!Mechanics!Textbook!

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!

!C39!

SAMPLE!HAND3WRITTEN!CALCULATIONS!

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!C310!

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!C311!

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!C312!

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!C313!


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!D31!

APPENDIX&D& TABLES&

SOLAR!POWER!RADIATION!

!

! 2006!

…!

2012! 200632012! n! 7

Hours of

Daylight

Avg Total Daily Solar Rad

(MJ/m2)

Avg Solar Power Flux

(W/m2)


(MJ/m2)


(W/m2)


(MJ/m2)


(W/m2)

tα/2,!7! 2.364

Avg Solar Power Flux 95%

Confidence Interval

Date

(mm/dd) σ σ*tα/2,!7/√n!

13Feb! 9.72! 2.97! 84.82! 5.23! 149.43! 4.64! 132.73! 81.5! 72.8!

23Feb! 9.75! 3.53! 100.48! 7.91! 225.24! 4.45! 126.92! 70.2! 62.7!

33Feb! 9.80! 2.53! 71.83! 9.76! 276.59! 4.99! 141.41! 97.2! 86.8!

…! …!123May! 14.88! 44.61! 832.57! 28.86! 538.69! 26.56! 495.79! 164.9! 147.3!

133May! 14.92! 45.82! 853.18! 28.44! 529.68! 24.22! 451.10! 206.7! 184.7!

143May! 14.97! 45.91! 852.08! 27.35! 507.63! 24.50! 454.75! 209.1! 186.9!

153May! 15.00! 41.20! 762.87! 27.43! 507.96! 26.17! 484.54! 163.3! 145.9!

163May! 15.05! 44.06! 813.18! 24.89! 459.36! 24.67! 455.35! 192.1! 171.6!

173May! 15.08! 45.65! 840.66! 27.21! 501.05! 26.45! 487.12! 183.2! 163.7!

183May! 15.12! 39.05! 717.51! 29.25! 537.39! 25.65! 471.38! 146.4! 130.8!

193May! 15.15! 32.08! 588.19! 27.54! 504.86! 24.14! 442.57! 82.6! 73.8!

203May! 15.20! 25.10! 458.74! 15.29! 279.50! 19.08! 348.60! 95.7! 85.5!

…! …!233Jun! 15.78! 29.32! 516.00! 23.49! 413.32! 23.91! 420.80! 54.4! 48.6!

243Jun! 15.78! 29.31! 515.80! 28.58! 502.97! 26.82! 471.96! 62.2! 55.6!

253Jun! 15.78! 29.45! 518.25! 23.31! 410.28! 25.75! 453.11! 72.8! 65.1!

263Jun! 15.77! 28.65! 504.76! 13.62! 239.94! 24.57! 432.92! 99.2! 88.6!

273Jun! 15.77! 28.22! 497.13! 31.02! 546.48! 25.93! 456.75! 82.8! 74.0!

283Jun! 15.75! 26.37! 465.08! 28.50! 502.63! 25.05! 441.85! 58.0! 51.8!

13Jul! 15.72! 28.52! 503.99! 27.78! 490.97! 23.97! 423.70! 78.0! 69.7!

23Jul! 15.70! 27.79! 491.74! 27.85! 492.69! 23.71! 419.56! 79.1! 70.7!

33Jul! 15.68! 25.61! 453.61! 30.17! 534.31! 24.85! 440.09! 63.7! 56.9!

43Jul! 15.67! 26.12! 463.05! 29.87! 529.56! 24.35! 431.71! 81.5! 72.8!

53Jul! 15.65! 26.93! 477.97! 30.02! 532.89! 25.07! 444.97! 60.3! 53.9!

63Jul! 15.63! 25.95! 461.05! 29.71! 527.91! 28.17! 500.54! 119.3! 106.6!

73Jul! 15.62! 29.20! 519.46! 29.52! 525.04! 28.78! 511.85! 107.3! 95.9!

83Jul! 15.60! 29.27! 521.15! 27.70! 493.25! 28.10! 500.41! 104.7! 93.5!

93Jul! 15.57! 26.38! 470.68! 19.19! 342.40! 26.70! 476.44! 123.2! 110.1!


!

!D32!

103Jul! 15.55! 27.94! 499.16! 28.16! 503.09! 27.99! 500.08! 110.2! 98.5!

113Jul! 15.52! 27.67! 495.31! 29.07! 520.43! 27.35! 489.63! 76.3! 68.2!

123Jul! 15.50! 18.81! 337.15! 26.54! 475.56! 23.85! 427.49! 95.4! 85.2!

133Jul! 15.47! 27.80! 499.26! 22.72! 408.10! 24.83! 445.87! 149.5! 133.6!

143Jul! 15.45! 28.52! 512.71! 20.82! 374.34! 25.78! 463.44! 106.8! 95.4!

153Jul! 15.42! 28.47! 512.95! 26.54! 478.16! 26.94! 485.39! 126.1! 112.7!

163Jul! 15.38! 28.74! 518.91! 21.53! 388.77! 25.83! 466.35! 71.0! 63.4!

…! …!253Nov! 9.05! 6.27! 192.33! 7.66! 235.05! 4.87! 149.37! 73.6! 65.8!

263Nov! 9.02! 1.74! 53.45! 2.58! 79.61! 2.50! 76.94! 52.9! 47.3!

273Nov! 8.98! 6.57! 203.18! 1.76! 54.30! 3.72! 115.15! 59.8! 53.4!

283Nov! 8.97! 2.56! 79.24! 0.79! 24.44! 3.73! 115.49! 69.5! 62.1!

!

COST!SUMMARY!

System& Part& Units& Cost&/&Unit&& Cost&&!!

Control&System&

Conduit!(ft)! 80! !$1.04!! !$83.20!!Conduit!Connectors! 20! !$2.12!! !$42.40!!Red!Wire!(DC!HIGH)!(ft)! 80! !$0.14!! !$10.89!!Black!Wire!(DC!LOW)! 80! !$0.14!! !$10.89!!White!Wire! 300! !$0.14!! !$40.83!!Moisture!Sensors! 6! !$4.80!! !$28.80!!Epoxy!Potting!Compound! 1! !$12.58!! !$12.58!!Power!Transistors! 10! !$3.13!! !$31.25!!Arduino! 1! !$3!!!! !$3!!!!5v!Voltage!Regulator! 2! !$5.37!! !$10.74!!Display!Shield! 1! !$13.96!! !$13.96!!12!volt!power!supply! 1! !$38.67!! !$38.67!!Solenoid!Valves! 2! !$9.98!! !$19.96!!PVC!T!for!Conduit! 10! !$0.49!! !$4.90!!PVC!Cap!for!Conduit! 4! !$0.57!! !$2.28!!Pipe!Tape! 1! !$1.86!! !$1.86!!Pump! 1! !$44.94!! !$44.94!!Subtotal:& && && &$398.15&&

!!

Water&Distribution&System&

1/2"!Tubing!(50ft)! 1! !$6.57!! !$6.57!!1/4"!Micro!Tubing!(50ft)! 1! !$3.27!! !$3.27!!Adjustable!Dripper!on!spike!0310!GPH!! 1! !$10.78!! !$10.78!!1/4"!Barb! 1! !$1.48!! !$1.48!!Tube!Punch! 1! !$2.07!! !$2.07!!3/4"!Plumbing!Nipple! 4! !$0.99!! !$3.96!!3/4"!NPT!Tee!(10!Pack)! 1! !$2.73!! !$2.73!!3/4"!90!S!x!S!Elbow!(25!Pack)! 1! !$4.39!! !$4.39!!3/4"!to!1/2"!S!x!FIPT!Elbow! 2! !$0.75!! !$1.50!!1/2"!Drip3Lock!End!Cap! 2! !$1.14!! !$2.28!!3/4"!MNPT!Tubing!Adapter! 2! !$0.98!! !$1.96!!


!

!D33!

3/4"!Irrigation!Filter! 1! !$9.49!! !$9.49!!3/4"!PVC!MIPT!x!S!Adapter!(10!Pack)! 1! !$2.73!! !$2.73!!3/4"!PVC!Pressure!FIPT!x!FIPT!Coupling! 2! !$0.76!! !$1.52!!3/8"!PVC!Tubing!(10ft)! 1! !$4.37!! !$4.37!!3/8"!Plastic!Barb!Swivel!Adapter! 2! !$2.37!! !$4.74!!3/4"!to!1/2"!PVC!S!x!MIPT!Reducing!Adapter! 2! !$0.77!! !$1.54!!3/4"!PVC!DWV!Pipe!(10ft)! 2! !$1.18!! !$2.36!!PVC!Primer!and!Solvent!Cement! 1! !$7.48!! !$7.48!!YARDGARD!Green!T!Post!(6ft)! 8! !$4.75!! !$38.00!!16!Gauge,!Galvanized!Steel!Wire!(25ft)! 4! !$1.96!! !$7.84!!Tenax!7!in.!Black!Fence!Ties! 1! !$4.99!! !$4.99!!Thread!Seal!Tape! 1! !$1.37!! !$1.37!!Subtotal:& && && &$127.42&&

!Solar&Collection&

System&

50W!Photovoltaic!Panel! 1! !$189.99!! !$189.99!!Base!Structure! 1! !$25.00!! !$25.00!!Subtotal:& && && &$214.99&&

&&

Cost&Summary&

Control!System! !$398.15!!Water!Distribution!System! !$127.42!!Solar!Collection!System!! !$214.99!!Subtotal:&& &$740.56&&Tax&/&S&H&/&Misc.:&& &$148.11&&TOTAL:& &$888.67&&

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!


!

!D34!

FIVE3ACRE!POWER!REQUIREMENTS!&!PROJECTED!COSTS!!

Power&Consumption&

&&

McMaster3Carr!4291K56!Pump! 1492& W&

ID!Electric!Solenoid!

Voltage! 24! V!

Solenoid!Holding!Current! 0.23! A!

Power!Consumption!(Valve!Open)! 5.52& W&

250W&GRAPE&SOLAR&Power&Production& &&

&&

Power!of!18!Solenoids!open!at!a!time!

99.36& W&

CALC133201!was!utilized!for!this!table! !!Monthly!Solar!Radiation! !! Power!(W)!

!! Month!Solar!Flux!(W/m2)!

Actual!Output!per!Panel!

40!Solar!Panel!Array!Output!

Total&Power&Consumption& 1525.12& W& February! 159.7! 25.6! 1022&

!!

March! 221.9! 35.5! 1420&

April! 360.5! 57.7! 2307&

May! 414.7! 66.3! 2654&

June! 412.4! 66.0! 2639&

July! 456.3! 73.0! 2920&

August! 424.4! 67.9! 2716&

September! 356.9! 57.1! 2284&

Watering!Needs!

!!

!!

Used!CALC133102!with!modified!parameters! No.!Panels! 40.0!

!!

Vines!per!section!! 90!Cost/Panel!

($)! 400!

Volume!flow!rate/!section!(gph/section)! 180!Total!Solar!Panel!Cost! 16000!

Total!Volume!(gal/day)! 27000!

Need!4!panel!

assemblies!

!!

Length!of!1/2!in!tubing!(ft)!! 70!

!!

Length!of!PVC!(ft)!! 700!

P!loss!(psi/ft)!1/2!in!tube! 0.006!

!!

P!loss!reference:!! !! !! !!


!

!D35!

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pressure3loss3plastic3pipes3d_404.html! !! !!

!! !! Apprx.!Pressure!Loss!(psi/100!ft)! Pressure!Loss!PVC!(psi)!

!!

Watering!Load!(sections!at!the!same!time)!

Volume!Flow!Rate!(gpm)! !1.5!in!PVC!pipe!

2!in!PVC!pipe!

!1.5!in!PVC!pipe!

2!in!PVC!pipe!

4! 12! 0.30471! 0.08706! 2.13297! 0.60942!

6! 18! 1.13178! 0.34824! 7.92246! 2.43768!

9! 27! 2.43768! 0.74001! 17.06376! 5.18007!

18! 54! 6.26832! 1.87179! 43.87824!13.1025

3!

24! 72! 9.5766! 3.43887! 67.0362!24.0720

9!

36! 108! N/A! N/A! !! !!

!! !! !!

!!

Assume!pressure!loss!of!tubing!is!constant!since!small!lengths! !! !!

Length!of!1/2!in!tubing!(ft)!! 210! !!

tubinng!lines/section! 8! !!

VOLUME!FLOW!GPm!ea.!tubing! 1.875! !!

Tubing!Pressure!Loss/100!ft!(psi)! 1.49! !!

Tubing!Pressure!Loss!(psi)! 3.129! !!

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pe3pipe3pressure3loss3d_619.html! !! !!

Selected:!2!in!PVC! !! Total!Pressure!Loss!! !!

!!

Watering!Load!(sections!at!the!same!time)!

Volume!Flow!Rate!(gpm)! PSI! ft!H2O!

Total!Watering!Time!for!53Acres!

4! 12! 3.73842!8.62380622

8! 37.5!

6! 18! 5.56668!12.8412456

7! 25!

9! 27! 8.30907!19.1674048

4!16.6666666

7!

18! 54! 16.23153!37.4429757

8!8.33333333

3!

24! 72! 27.20109!62.7476124

6! 6.25!

!!

Selected!18!sections!watered!at!the!same!time! !!

!! !!!! !!


!

!D36!

McMaster!Carr!4291K56!

60!ft!head!H2O! 67!

20!ft!head!H2O! 82!

Power!(hp)! 2! 1492! Watts!

Cost!($)! 590! !!

!!

Performance!!

Month!

Total!Current!Out!

Current/Controller! Power!(kW)!

Feb! 90! 23! 1086!

Mar! 126! 31! 1509!

Apr! 204! 51! 2452!

May! 235! 59! 2820!

Jun! 234! 58! 2804!

Jul! 259! 65! 3103!

Aug! 241! 60! 2886!

Sept! 202! 51! 2427!

!!Current!Added!Battery!

Bank(A)! !!

Approx.!Hours!of!Daylight!

Control!+!Water!Dist.!System!OFF!

Control!+!Water!Dist.!System!ON!!

Approx.!Time!full!Charge!(hr)!

9.5! 90! 58! 75!

11.0! 126! 94! 47!

13.5! 204! 172! 26!

14.5! 235! 203! 22!

15.5! 234! 202! 22!

15.0! 259! 227! 19!

14.0! 241! 209! 21!

12.5! 202! 170! 26!

!!

Projected!Five3Acre!Costs!

Costs! Part!#/Name! Quantity!

Solar!Panels! $20,000!250!W!Grape!Solar!PV! 50!

Panel!Supports! $5,200! N/A! 5!

Pump! $590!McMaster3Carr!4291K56!! 1!


!

!D37!

AC!Inverter! $750!TRIPP!Lite!Power!Inverter! 1!

Solenoids! $1,000! N/A! 36!

Charge!Controllers! $3,000! Apollo!T80!! 4!

Batteries! $5,000!McMaster3Carr!4291K56! 9!

Est.!Piping,!Tubing,!Fittings,!Drippers! $5,000! N/A! N/A!

Power!Supply! $490! N/A!27222.2222

2!

Control!System!+!Electrical! $10,000! N/A! N/A!

!Cost!Buffer! $10,206! N/A! N/A!

TOTAL! $61,236!


!

!E31!

APPENDIX&E& SPECIFICATION&SHEETS&

&

RAMSOND!SP50!50!W!SOLAR!PANEL!SPECS!


!

!F31!

APPENDIX&F& MICROCONTROLLER&CODE&

//Water!Controller!Program!for!Solar!Powered!Smart!Irrigation!System!//Jacob!Fricke!(509336632686)!//Senior!Design!(ME416)!//Version!4.5!//432532013!!#include!<LiquidCrystal.h>!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Includes!Symbol!Library!LiquidCrystal!lcd(4,5,6,7,8,9,10);!!!//Specifies!Liquid!Crystal!Display!Communication!Pins!!//input!pins!for!sensor!measurements!const!int!volts1!=!6;!!!!!!!!!!//Power!Voltage!Sensor!1,!Analong!Pin!6!const!int!volts2!=!7;!!!!!!!!!!//Power!Voltage!Sensor!2,!Analong!Pin!7!const!int!volts3!=!8;!!!!!!!!!!//Power!Voltage!Sensor!3,!Analong!Pin!8!const!int!volts4!=!9;!!!!!!!!!!//Power!Voltage!Sensor!4,!Analong!Pin!9!const!int!sens1!=!10;!!!!!!!!//Sensor1!on!Solenoid!1,!Analong!Pin!10!const!int!sens2!=!11;!!!!!!!!//Sensor2!on!Solenoid!1,!Analong!Pin!11!const!int!sens3!=!12;!!!!!!!!//Sensor3!on!Solenoid!1,!Analong!Pin!12!const!int!sens4!=!13;!!!!!!!!//Sensor4!on!Solenoid!2,!Analong!Pin!13!const!int!sens5!=!14;!!!!!!!!//Sensor5!on!Solenoid!2,!Analong!Pin!14!const!int!sens6!=!15;!!!!!!!!//Sensor6!on!Solenoid!2,!Analong!Pin!15!!//output!pins!for!solenoids!and!pump!const!int!sole1!=!49;!!!!!!!!!!//Solenoid!1,!Digital!Pin!49!const!int!sole2!=!51;!!!!!!!!!!//Solenoid!2,!Digital!Pin!51!const!int!pump!!=!53;!!!!!!!!//Pump,!!!!!!!Digital!Pin!53!!//Declare!Global!Variables!double!powerin!!=!0;!!!!!!!!!//Power!moving!to!Battery!double!powerout!=!0;!!!!!!!//Power!leaving!the!Battery!double!volt1!=!0;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Voltage!from!volts!1!double!volt2!=!0;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Voltage!from!volts!2!double!volt3!=!0;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Voltage!from!volts!3!double!volt4!=!0;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Voltage!from!volts!4!//Moisture!sensors!(%)!int!moist1!=!0;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//!Percent!(%)!Moisture!from!Sensor1!int!moist2!=!0;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Percent!(%)!Moisture!from!Sensor2!int!moist3!=!0;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Percent!(%)!Moisture!from!Sensor3!int!moist4!=!0;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Percent!(%)!Moisture!from!Sensor4!int!moist5!=!0;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Percent!(%)!Moisture!from!Sensor5!int!moist6!=!0;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Percent!(%)!Moisture!from!Sensor6!int!averow1moist!=!0;!!!!!!!!//Average!Percent!(%)!Moisture!of!Row!2!int!averow2moist!=!0;!!!!!!!!//Average!Percent!(%)!Moisture!of!Row!2!const!int!moistset!=!20;!!!!!//Minimum!Percent!(%)!Moisture!Setpoint!!!!!!!!int!wateringtime!=!30;!!!!!!!//Time!of!Watering!in!min!int!row1status!=!0;!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Watering!Row!Status!(Row!1)!int!row2status!=!0;!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Watering!Row!Status!(Row!2)!const!double!m!=!0.0223;!!!!!//Linear!Moisture!Sensor!Rate!Variable!(y=mx+b)!const!double!b!=!3.4861;!!!!!//Linear!Moisture!Sensor!Intercept!Variable!(y=mx+b)!int!count!=!0;!!!void!setup()!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Subroutine!sets!pins!as!inputs!or!outputs!


!

!F32!

{!!!pinMode(volts1,!INPUT);! ! //Defines!Volts1,!Analong!Pin!6!as!an!Input!!!pinMode(volts2,!INPUT);!!! //Defines!Volts2,!Analong!Pin!7!as!an!Input!!!pinMode(volts3,!INPUT);!!!!! //Defines!Volts3,!Analong!Pin!8!as!an!Input!!!pinMode(volts4,!INPUT);!!!!! //Defines!Volts4,!Analong!Pin!9!as!an!Input!!!pinMode(sens1,!!INPUT);!!!! //Defines!Sensor1,!Analong!Pin!10!as!an!Input!!!pinMode(sens2,!!INPUT);!!! //Defines!Sensor2,!Analong!Pin!11!as!an!Input!!!pinMode(sens3,!!INPUT);!!! //Defines!Sensor3,!Analong!Pin!12!as!an!Input!!!pinMode(sens4,!!INPUT);!!!! //Defines!Sensor4,!Analong!Pin!13!as!an!Input!!!pinMode(sens5,!!INPUT);!!! !//Defines!Sensor5,!Analong!Pin!14!as!an!Input!!!pinMode(sens6,!!INPUT);!!!!! //Defines!Sensor6,!Analong!Pin!15!as!an!Input!!!pinMode(sole1,!!OUTPUT);!!!! //Defines!Solenoid!1,!Digital!Pin!49!as!an!Output!!!pinMode(sole2,!!OUTPUT);!!!! //Defines!Solenoid!2,!Digital!Pin!51!as!an!Output!!!pinMode(pump,!!!OUTPUT);!!! !//Defines!Pump,!Digital!Pin!53!as!an!Output!!!!!!lcd.begin(16,!2);!!!!!!!!!!//Rows!and!Colums!on!LCD!defined!}!!!void!loop()!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Primary!Program!Loop!{!!!moisturecheck();!!!!!!!!!//Calls!moisturecheck!Subroutine!!!water();!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Calls!water!Subroutine!!!powermeter();!!!!!!!!!!!!//Calls!powermeter!Subroutine!!!show();!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Calls!show!Subroutine!}!!!void!moisturecheck()!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Subroutine!checks!moisture!and!changes!row!status!{!!!moist1!=!analogRead(sens1)*m+b;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Reads!Sensor1!and!calculates!percent!moisture!at!sensor!location!!!moist2!=!analogRead(sens2)*m+b;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Reads!Sensor2!and!calculates!percent!moisture!at!sensor!location!!!moist3!=!analogRead(sens3)*m+b;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Reads!Sensor3!and!calculates!percent!moisture!at!sensor!location!!!moist4!=!analogRead(sens4)*m+b;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Reads!Sensor4!and!calculates!percent!moisture!at!sensor!location!!!moist5!=!analogRead(sens5)*m+b;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Reads!Sensor5!and!calculates!percent!moisture!at!sensor!location!!!moist6!=!analogRead(sens6)*m+b;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Reads!Sensor6!and!calculates!percent!moisture!at!sensor!location!!!!!!averow1moist!=!(moist1!+!moist2!+!moist3)/3;!!!!!!!//Calcualtes!the!Average!Percent!moisture!of!each!watering!row1!!!averow2moist!=!(moist4!+!moist5!+!moist6)/3;!!!!!!!//Calcualtes!the!Average!Percent!moisture!of!each!watering!row2!!!!!!if!(averow1moist!<!moistset){row1status!=!1;}!!!!!!//If!watering!row1!is!below!setpoint!watering!will!start!!!if!(averow1moist!>!moistset){row1status!=!0;}!!!!!!//If!moist!is!high!ensures!row1status!=!0;!!!if!(averow2moist!<!moistset){row2status!=!1;}!!!!!!//If!watering!row1!is!below!setpoint!watering!will!start!!!if!(averow1moist!>!moistset){row1status!=!0;}!!!!!!//If!moist!is!high!ensures!row2status!=!0;!}!!!void!water()!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Subroutine!waters!the!row!that!needs!watering!if!rowstatus!is!1!{!!!if!(row1status!==!1){!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Checks!rows1tatus!!!!!digitalWrite(pump,!!HIGH);!!!!!!//Turns!on!pump!!!!!digitalWrite(sole1,!HIGH);!!!!!!//Turns!on!solenoid!1!!!!!timer();}!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Calls!timer!Subrountine!!!!


!

!F33!

!!if!(row2status==1){!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Checks!row2status!!!!!digitalWrite(pump,!!HIGH);!!!!!!//Turns!on!pump!!!!!digitalWrite(sole2,!HIGH);!!!!!!//Turns!on!solenoid!1!!!!!timer();}!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Calls!timer!Subrountine!}!!!void!timer()!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Subrountine!is!a!timer!{!!!delay(wateringtime*1000);!!!!!!!!//Timer!delay!is!set!min!x!1000!=!delay!in!milseconds!!!off();!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Calls!off!Subrountine!!!delay(wateringtime*1000);!!!!!!!!//Timer!delay!is!set!min!x!1000!=!delay!in!milseconds!}!!!void!off()!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//Turns!the!pump!and!solenods!off!{!!!digitalWrite(pump,!!LOW);!!!!!//Turns!off!pump!!!digitalWrite(sole1,!LOW);!!!!!//Turns!off!solenoid!1!!!digitalWrite(sole1,!LOW);!!!!!//Turns!off!solenoid!2!}!!!void!show()!{!!lcd.clear();!!String!s1!=!(String)!moist1;!!!!!!!!!!!//Converts!int!moist1!to!string!for!lcd!display!!String!s2!=!(String)!moist2;!!!!!!!!!!!//Converts!int!moist2!to!string!for!lcd!display!!String!s3!=!(String)!moist3;!!!!!!!!!!!//Converts!int!moist3!to!string!for!lcd!display!!String!s4!=!(String)!moist4;!!!!!!!!!!!//Converts!int!moist4!to!string!for!lcd!display!!String!s5!=!(String)!moist5;!!!!!!!!!!!//Converts!int!moist5!to!string!for!lcd!display!!String!s6!=!(String)!moist6;!!!!!!!!!!!//Converts!int!moist6!to!string!for!lcd!display!!String!pi!=!String!((int)!powerin);!!!!//Converts!doulbe!powerin!to!string!for!lcd!display!!String!po!=!String!((int)!powerout);!!!//Converts!doulbe!powerout!to!string!for!lcd!display!!!!lcd.print("s1"+s1!+"s2"+!s2!+"s3"+!s3!+"s4"+!s4!+"s5"+!s5!+"s6"+!s6!+"!I"+!pi!+"!O"+!po);!!!!//prints!string!to!lcd!}!!!void!powermeter()!{!!!powerin!=(4*volt134*volt2)*(4*volt134*volt2)/0.05;!!!!//Power!from!solar!cell!to!battery!storage!!!powerout=(4*volt334*volt4)*(4*volt334*volt4)/0.05;!!!!//Power!from!battery!to!system


!

!G31!

APPENDIX&G&&&EXPERIMENT&DOCUMENTATION&

SOLAR!PANEL!OUTPUT!MEASUREMENT!

To:!Dr.!Morris!Good!

Authors:!P.!Girgis,!Z.!Undag!

Date:!4/30/13!

Subject:!Phase!II!3!Solar!Panel!Output!Measurement!

Title:!Solar!Panel!Output!Measurement!

Team!Members:!J.!Fricke,!P.!Girgis,!I.!Jo,!S.!Sederburg,!Z.!Undag!

OBJECTIVES!

The!purpose!of!this!experiment!is!twofold:!

• Measure!and!analyze!actual!power!output!of!a!50!Watt!RAMSOND!SP50!Solar!Panel!in!sunny!and!overcast!weather!

conditions!!

• Compare!measured!power!with!calculated!power!to!gauge!accuracy!of!power!calculation!method!

APPARATUS!&!PARAMETERS!

A!50!Watt!stationary!RAMSOND!SP50!Solar!Panel!is!positioned!at!approximately!a!46˚!angle!(equal!to!the!latitude!of!the!testing!

location),!facing!true!south,!to!optimize!stationary!solar!panel!performance.!A!variable!resistor,!set!to!20!ohms,!and!two!multimeters!

are!connected!to!the!solar!panel.!One!multimeter!is!used!for!measuring!voltage,!and!the!other!for!measuring!current.!

Measurements!are!taken!at!three!specified!times,!on!both!a!sunny!day,!and!an!overcast!day.!!A!list!of!the!instruments!used!for!this!

experiment!can!be!found!below:!

! RAMSOND!SP50!50!Watt!Solar!Panel!!

! FLUKE!87!RMS!Multimeter!(x2)!

! Variable!Resistor!

! Wire!Connections!

! Moving!Cart!

! Compass!

The!experiment!is!divided!into!two!days!with!varied!weather!conditions,!in!order!to!analyze!the!effects!of!weather,!on!solar!panel!

performance,!while!maintaining!consistency!in!the!time!of!day!that!performance!is!measured.!See!Figure&AD1&and!Figure&AD2!in!

Appendix!A!for!the!experimental!setup.!The!uncertainties!of!the!instruments!used!are!listed!in!Table&1.!


!

!G32!

Table&1&–&Instrument&Uncertainties&

• Instrument&& • Uncertainty&

• FLUKE!87!RMS!Multimeter!• ±0.1%!Reading3!

• Variable!Resistor! • ±6%!Reading!

!

RESULTS!!

The!efficiency!of!any!solar!panel!varies!tremendously!in!different!weather!conditions.!This!is!because!the!radiance!or!amount!of!light!

hitting!the!surface!of!the!earth!is!often!hindered!by!different!weather!variables;!clouds!are!the!greatest!reducer!of!radiance.!Table&2!

compares!the!solar!power!output!at!different!times!on!a!sunny!(high!radiance)!day!and!an!overcast!(low!radiance)!day.!On!average!

the!power!output!of!the!solar!panel!was!reduced!by!94.73%!in!overcast!weather!conditions.!The!calculation!was!done!as!follows:!!

Decrease!in!Power = 100!! [P!"##$ W − P!"#$%&'( W ]P!"##$ W

→ !100!!! 27.343 − 1.442327.343 = !".!"%!

! PSunny!is!the!average!power!output!on!a!sunny!day!! POvercast!is!the!average!power!output!on!an!overcast!day!

Prior!to!performing!this!experiment,!calculations!were!made!to!determine!the!actual!power!output!(PActual)!of!the!solar!panel.!!Note!

that!all!solar!panels!are!rated!for!a!specific!wattage;!however,!the!value!they!are!rated!at,!assumes!a!1000!W/m2!radiance!level.!In!

other!words,!the!rated!wattage!assumes!the!sunniest!and!the!most!cloudless!day!possible.!This!is!never!the!case;!thus,!the!rated!

values!must!be!adjusted!if!the!actual!power!output!of!a!solar!panel!is!desired.!!!

The!average!solar!radiance!value!for!April,!which!was!found!using!data!from!www.weather.wsu.edu4,!was!used!to!calculate!the!

actual!solar!panel!power!output!(see!Table&2&–&Data&Summary).!April!represents!a!month!of!both!sunny!and!overcast!weather!

conditions.!That!being!stated,!the!radiance!value!is!an!average!of!each!day!of!the!entire!month.!This!implies!that!for!April,!the!

radiance!value!accounts!for!sunny!days!and!overcast!days.!Note,!that!from!research!it!was!determined!that!a!stationary!solar!panel!

is!about!80%!efficient.!The!actual!power!output!calculation!for!April!was!done!as!follows:!

April:&

P!"#$%& W = 0.80!!! Average!RadianceMaximum!Radiance !!!!P!"#$% W → !0.80!!! 360.521000 !!!!50 = !".!"#!!

• !! PRated!is!the!rated!power!! PActual!is!the!actual!power!! Average!Radiance!=!360.52!W/m2!! Maximum!Radiance!=!1000!W/m2!


!

!G33!

In!comparing!this!calculated!value!to!the!average!measured!power!value!in!Table&2,!it!is!observed!that!the!calculated!

power!is!within!2%!of!the!measured!power!output.!The!average!measured!power!was!determined!by!averaging!all!of!the!

solar!power!measurements!taken!on!both!the!sunny!and!overcast!days.!It!is!very!reasonable!to!average!these!values!

because!as!stated!previously,!the!solar!radiance!used!in!the!calculation!for!April!accounts!for!sunny!and!overcast!

weather!conditions.!Thus,!the!calculation!of!actual!power!output!for!the!RAMSOND!SP50!Solar!Panel!is!extremely!

accurate.!

Table&2&–&Data&Summary&

Solar&Power&Collection&Experiment&

Weather&Conditions&

Multimeter&Reading&(V)& Multimeter&Reading&(A)& Power&Output&(W)&Average&Power&Output&

(W)&Variable&Resistor&(Ω)&

Sunny!

18.56! 1.321! 24.5!

27.343!

20!

19.66! 1.613! 31.7! 20!

17.72! 1.456! 25.8! 20!

Overcast!

4.25! 0.200! 0.85!

1.4423!

20!

5.72! 0.379! 2.17! 20!

4.32! 0.303! 1.31! 20!

RAMSOND&50W&Solar&Panel&

Calculated&Actual&Power&in&April&(W)& Average&Measured&Power&(W)&

14.42! 14.39!!

CONCLUSION!

It!is!well!known!that!changes!in!weather!conditions!have!drastic!effects!on!solar!panel!efficiency.!This!experiment!

gauged!these!effects,!by!measuring!actual!power!output!values!in!both!sunny!and!overcast!weather.1!2!The!results!show!

that!the!RAMSOND!SP50!Solar!Panel!is!almost!95%!more!efficient!on!a!sunny!(high!radiance)!day,!than!it!is!on!an!

overcast!(low!radiance)!day.!This!is!extremely!important!to!consider!when!performing!cost!analysis!on!a!solar!array!

system.!It!also!shows!the!detrimental!effects!of!poorly!locating!a!solar!panel;!any!sort!of!shadow!will!lower!the!radiance!

at!the!panel!interface,!and!rapidly!decrease!solar!panel!efficiency.!Also,!the!average!measured!power!output!value!was!

compared!to!the!calculated!value!for!the!month!of!April.!This!comparison!was!intended!to!observe!the!accuracy!of!the!

calculated!value.!Because!the!radiance!value!used!in!the!calculation!was!for!an!entire!month,!the!calculated!results!were!


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!G34!

averaged!to!account!for!sunny!and!overcast!weather.!It!is!concluded!that!the!calculated!power!output!value!is!extremely!

accurate!and!the!method!of!calculation!used,!is!recommended!if!solar!power!values!for!other!months!are!desired.!

REFERENCES! !

1Davisnet.com.!(2013,!April!22).!Estimating!Power!from!a!Solar!Panel.!http://www.davisnet.com/!

product_documents/weather/app_notes/93004_3093AN_093solar3panel3power.pdf!

2Helmholz.us.!(2013,!April!22).!Should!You!Install!a!Solar!Tracker?.!!

http://www.helmholz.us/smallpowersystems/Intro.pdf!

3MyFlukeStore.com.!(2013,!April!10).!Fluke!87V!Industrial!True!RMS!Multimeter.!

http://www.myflukestore.com/p1393/fluke_873v.php!

4Washington!State!University.!(2013,!April!11).!AgWeatherNet.!http://www.weather.wsu.edu!

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Figure&A&–&1:&Laboratory&Instrumentation:&

1. RAMSOND!SP50!50!Watt!Solar!Panel!!

2. FLUKE!87!RMS!Multimeter!(x2)!

3. Variable!Resistor!

4. Moving!Cart!

3!

2!

1!4!


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Figure&A&–&2:&Experimental&Setup:&The&solar&panel&is&facing&true&South&while&resting&on&the&cart.&All&instrumentation&is&underneath&the&solar&panel.&


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Data!

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Figure&B&–&1:&Shown&above&is&a&copy&of&signed&procedural&checklist&from&B&–&Company.&

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Figure&B&–&2:&Shown&above&is&a&copy&of&the&raw&data&obtained&by&B&–&Company.&

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Figure&B&–&3:&Shown&above&is&a&copy&of&signed&procedural&checklist&from&C&–&Company.&

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Figure&B&–&4:&Shown&above&is&a&copy&of&the&raw&data&obtained&by&C&–&Company.&

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MOISTURE!SENSOR!CALIBRATION!

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Three!cups!of!soil!were!taken!within!one!foot!of!six,!plant/sensor!locations!at!our!demonstration!field.!Soils!were!then!mixed!together!to!average!soil!conditions.!This!soil!was!then!baked!until!its!moisture!levels!were!0%.!The!experiment!involved!adding!varying!amounts!of!water!to!the!soil,!and!using!a!moisture!sensor!to!determine!the!voltage!at!different!moisture!levels.!We!predicted!that!when!the!soil!is!saturated,!the!voltage!levels!will!begin!to!decrease.!The!graph!above!shows!that!our!predication!was!correct.!Saturation!occurred!at!about!30%!moisture!content!(weight!of!water).!

The!experimental!results!will!be!used!in!our!control!system!code!to!relate!moisture!sensor!voltage!outputs!to!actual!moisture!conditions.!The!code!will!allow!the!system!to!function!as!follows:!if!a!moisture!sensor!at!a!particular!location!outputs!a!voltage!of!3.6V,!then!the!program,!reading!a!set!voltage!as!X.XX!%!moisture!will!open!a!solenoid!valve,!turn!on!the!pump,!and!water!the!location!until!the!moisture!sensor!readout!increases,!indicating!that!the!plant!has!been!watered!sufficiently.!

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3.3!3.4!3.5!3.6!3.7!3.8!3.9!4!

4.1!4.2!

5.42! 12.70! 18.60! 23.99! 28.63! 32.82! 36.42!

Voltage&

%&Moisture&

Moisture&Sensor&Calibrajon&Curve&


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!H31!

APPENDIX&H& REFERENCES&

1United!States!Department!of!Agriculture.!National!Engineering!Handbook.!Irrigation!Guide.!September!1997.!

2Moyer,!Michelle!et!al.!Washington!State!University.!Irrigation!Basics!for!Eastern!Washington!Vineyards.!January!2013.!

3Peters,!R.!Troy.!Practical!Use!of!Soil!Moisture!Sensors!for!Irrigation!Scheduling.!

4AgriMet.!1988.!http://www.usbr.gov/pn/agrimet/cropcurves/WGRPcc.html!

5College!of!Agricultural,!Human,!&!Natural!Resource!Sciences.!Washington!State!University.!Crop!Profiles!for!Wine!

! Grapes!in!Washington.!December!2003.!

6Perez,!Richard.!Coleman,!Sam.!PV!Module!Angles.!Home!Power,!36.!1993.!

7Mousazadeh,!Hossein!et!al.!Renewable!and!Sustainable!Energy!Reviews.!A!Review!of!Principle!and!Sun3Tracking!

Methods!for!Maximizing!Solar!Systems!Output.!www.elseview.com.!2009.!

8Davis!Instruments.!Estimating!Power!from!a!Solar!Panel.!Rev.!B.!August!2010.!

9http://www.winesnw.com/wahome.html!

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ASCE!WIND!LOADING!CODES!–!CH!07305!PAGE!36!

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RESEARCH!!

Professor!Dr.!Bhaskar!Bondada!at!WSU3TC!and!Bookwalter!Winery!provided!our!team!with!insightful!information!regarding!the!viticulture!aspect!of!our!project.!

Hire!Electric,!Inc!gave!a!presentation!at!a!seminar!for!solar!power.!Some!of!our!team!attended!this!to!gain!knowledge!of!large3scale!solar!farms,!and!it!proved!very!useful!in!our!large3scale!design.!!

!

BACKGROUND!INFORMATION!

The!students!in!ME!416,!Senior!Design!were!separated!into!groups.!All!teams!have!developed!a!design!for!their!project,!starting!with!a!concept!design!and!ending!with!a!final!design.!WSU!faculty!and!external!advisors!helped!guide!each!team!with!the!design!process.!WSU!faculty!and!staff!also!acquired!critical!funds!needed!for!each!project.!!

At!the!end!of!the!semester,!teams!must!submit!their!final!design!report!to!the!instructor!to!be!graded.!Some!teams!will!include!fabrication!of!their!designs.!

Grading!will!be!based!on!the!quality!of!work!that!is!submitted!to!the!instructor!as!well!as!the!time!and!effort!spent!on!the!design!project.!

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