smart card railway ticket(without rtc)
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SMART CARD RAILWAYSMART CARD RAILWAYTICKET(WITHOUT RTC)TICKET(WITHOUT RTC)
MALVIKA VARMAMALVIKA VARMA--08J81A047808J81A0478
A.KAVYAA.KAVYA--08J81A047208J81A0472
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TOEMBEDDED SYSTEMS An embedded system is a special-
purpose system in which thecomputer is completely encapsulatedby or dedicated to the device or
system it controls. Unlike a general-purpose computer,
such as a personal computer, anembedded system performs one or a
few pre-defined tasks, usually withvery specific requirements.
Embedded systems range fromportable devices such as digitalwatches and MP3 players, to largestationary installations like trafficlights, factory controllers, or thesystems controlling nuclear power
plants.
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HISTORY OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMSHISTORY OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMSIn the earliest years of
computers in the 1940s,computers weresometimes dedicated toa single task, but weretoo large to be
considered "embedded".By the end of the 80s,embedded systems werethe norm rather than
the exception for almostall electronics devices, atrend which hascontinued since.
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EXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSYTEMEXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSYTEMAutomatic teller
machines (ATMs)Avionics, such as
inertial guidancesystems, flight control
hardware/software andother integratedsystems in aircraft andmissiles
Engine controllers andantilock brakecontrollers for
automobiles
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Handheldcalculators
Personal digitalassistant
Industrial controllersfor remote machine
operation.Videogame consoles
Medical equipment
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CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMSCHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
y Embedded systems are designed to do
some specific task, rather than be ageneral-purpose computer formultiple tasks.
y Some also have real-timeperformance constraints that must bemet, for reason such as safety andusability; others may have low or noperformance requirements, allowingthe system hardware to be simplified
to reduce costs.y An embedded system is not always aseparate block - very often it isphysically built-in to the device it iscontrolling.
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APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMSAPPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMSyy Networked informationNetworked information
appliances using the HP Chaiappliances using the HP ChaiAppliance PlatformAppliance PlatformCRM,CRM,locationlocation--based servicesbased services
yy Windows XP embeddedWindows XP embeddedapplicationsapplications air conditionerair conditioner
remote control, audio playerremote control, audio playerremote control, typing speedremote control, typing speedindicator, databaseindicator, databaseapplication, electronic voting.application, electronic voting.
yy RealReal--time systems usingtime systems using
RTLinuxRTLinuxprinting,printing,messagingmessagingyy Communications systemsCommunications systems
for protocol conversion andfor protocol conversion andVoIP.VoIP.
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SMART CARDSMART CARD
y
A smart card, chip card,or integrated circuit card
(ICC), is defined as any
pocket-sized card with
embedded integrated
circuits which can
process information.
y This implies that it can
receive input which is
processed - by way of the
ICC applications - and
delivered as an output.
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y There are two broad
categories of ICCs.
y
Memory cards containonly non-volatile
memory storage
components, and
perhaps some specificsecurity logic.
y The card is made of
plastic, generally PVC,
but sometimes ABS.
The card may embed
a hologram to avoid
counterfeiting.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF SMART CARDCHARACTERISTICS OF SMART CARDy Dimensions are normally credit
card size. The ID-1 of ISO 7810standard defines them as 85.60 53.98 mm. Another popular size isID-000 which is 25 x 15 mm. Bothare .76 mm thick.
y Contains a security system and is
capable of providing securityservices
y Card data is transferred to thecentral administration systemthrough card reading devices,
such as ticket readers, ATMs etc.y Benefit: Smart cards provide a
means of effecting businesstransactions in a flexible, secure
way with minimal humanintervention and in a standard
way.
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HISTORY OF SMART CARDHISTORY OF SMART CARD The first mass use of the cards
was for payment in French payphones, starting in 1983(Tlcarte).
Roland Moreno actuallypatented his first concept of thememory card in 1974.
In 1977, Michel Ugon fromHoneywell Bull invented the firstmicroprocessor smart card.
In 1978, Bull patented the SPOM(Self Programmable One-chipMicrocomputer)
A Finnish smart card, combiningcredit card and debit cardproperties. The 3 by 5 mmsecurity chip embedded in thecard is shown enlarged in theinset. The gold contact pads on
the card enables electronicaccess to the chip.
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Smart cards with contactless interfaces are becoming
increasingly popular for payment and ticketing applications
such as mass transit.
Visa and MasterCard have agreed to an easy-to-implementversion currently being deployed (2004-2006) in the USA.
Smart cards are also being introduced in personal
identification and entitlement schemes at regional, national,
and international levels.
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CONTACT SMARTCARDCONTACT SMARTCARD Contact smart cards have a small gold
chip about 1cm by 1cmon the front.When inserted into areader, thechip makes contact withelectricalconnectors thatcanread informationfrom thechipand write informationback.
The ISO/IEC 7816 and ISO/IEC7810seriesofstandardsdefine:
y the physicalshapey thepositionsandshapesof the
electricalconnectorsy theelectricalcharacteristicsy thecommunicationsprotocolsy
theformatof thecommandssent tothecardand theresponsesreturnedby thecard
y robustnessof thecardy thefunctionality Thecardsdonotcontainbatteries;
energy issuppliedby thecardreader.
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CONTACT LESS SMARTCARDCONTACT LESS SMARTCARDy A second type is the contact less
smart card, in which the chipcommunicates with the card reader
through RFID induction technology
(at data rates of 106 to 848 Kbit/s).
y The standard for contact less smart
card communications is ISO/IEC14443, dated 2001.
y It defines two types of contact less
cards ("A" and "B"), allows for
communications at distances up to
10 cm.
y There had been proposals for ISO
14443 types C,D, E and F that have
been rejected by the International
Organization for Standardization.
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COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLCOMMUNICATION PROTOCOL
NAME DESCRIPTION
T=0 Byte level transmission protocol
T=1 Block level transmission protocol
T=CL APDUtransmissionviacontact lessinterface ISO 14443
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SMART CARD APPLICATION AREASSMART CARD APPLICATION AREAS
IND
USTRY
APPLICATION
SAccountantsAccountants Business cards, client ID cards, promotions, calendar
cards
AutomobileAutomobile
dealersdealers
VIN ID cards, dealer loyalty cards, discount cards,
warranty cards
ComputersComputers Warranty cards, customer support, Internet accessnumbers, discounts
SecuritySecurity Access control, name badges
HotelsHotels Discount cards, frequency cards, key cards, employeeID badges
RetailsRetails Customer cards, check cashing cards, discount cards,loyalty cards
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ADVANTAGESOFADVANTAGESOFSMARTCARDSMARTCARD
y The capacity provided by theon-board microprocessor anddata capacity for highly secure,off-line processing.
y Adherence to internationalstandards, ensuring multiplevendor sources and competitiveprices.
y Established track record inreal world applications.
y
Durability and long expectedlife span (guaranteed by vendorfor up to 10,000 read/writesbefore failure).
y Secure independent datastorage on one single card.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SMARTBLOCK DIAGRAM OF SMART
CARD FOR RAILWAY TICKETCARD FOR RAILWAY TICKET
Smart card
reader
module
Microcontroller
Keypad
LCDPower Supply
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O P E R A T I O N O P E R A T I O N IN OUR PROJECT |SMART CARD BASED RAIL TICKET}
MICRO CONTROLLER IS THE HEART OF THE PROJECT.IT CONTROLS WHOLE EQUIPMENT.
WHEN EVER WE INSERT THE SMART CARD INITIALLY ITDISPLAYS HOW MANY BERTHS AVAILABLE INCOMPARTMENT, WHICH ARE ALREADY STORED .
AFTER INSERTING THE SMART CARD THE MICROCONTROLLER ALLOWS THE KEY PAD TO ENTER THEDESTINATION PLACE.
CHARGES CORRESPONDING TO THE PLACES WHICH
THE TRAIN TRAVELS ARE DISPLAYED ON THE LCD,WHEN THE SMART CARD IS ACCEPTED.
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POWER SUPPLY GIVESPOWER TO THECOMPONENTS WHEN THEYREQUIRE.
WHEN EVER WE GIVE THENAME OF THE DESTINATIONBY USING KEY PAD,CORRESPONDING CHARGESAND NUMBER OF BERTHS
WILL DECREASES FROMTHE LIST.
ELECTRICALLY ERASABLEPROGRAMMABLE READ-ONLY MEMORY IS A NON-
VOLATILE STORAGE CHIPUSED IN COMPUTERS ANDOTHER DEVICES TO STORE
SMALL AMOUNTS OFVOLATILE DATA.
IF THE NUMBER OF BERTHS
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MICROCONTROLLERMICROCONTROLLER
FEATURES OF
MICROCONTROLLERCompatible with MCS-51
Products4K Bytes of In-System
Reprogrammable FlashMemory Endurance:1000 Write/EraseCycles.
Fully Static Operation:0Hz to 24MHz
Three-level Program
Memory Lock
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128 x 8- bit Internal RAM32 Programmable I/O LinesTwo 16-bit Timer/CountersSix Interrupt SourcesProgrammable Serial ChannelLow-power Idle and Power-down Modes
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CIRCUIT OF 8051CIRCUIT OF 8051
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KEILKEILKEIL CROSS C COMPILER
It is possible to create the source files in a text editor such
as Notepad, run the Compiler on each C source file,specifying a list of controls, run the Assembler on eachAssembler source file, specifying another list of controls.
Alternatively KEIL can be used to create source files;
automatically compile, link and covert using options setwith an easy to use user interface and finally simulate orperform debugging on the hardware with access to Cvariables and memory.
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yKEIL PROJECT
FILES HAVE THE
EXTENSION SUCHAS
SIMULATOR/DEB
UGGER.
yKEIL GREATLY
SIMPLIFIES THEPROCESS OF
CREATING AND
TESTING AN
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CIRCUIT OFCIRCUIT OF
SMART CARDSMART CARD
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WORKWORK
CARRIED OUTCARRIED OUT
y In our project smart cardbased rail ticket microcontroller is the heart of theproject. It controls wholeequipment.
y The technology used in thisare microcontroller, lcd,smart card reading module ,
keypad.y It has been a great pleasure
for me to work on thisproject.
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FUTURE WORKFUTURE WORK
y
The objective of the project is todesign a microcontroller basedsmart card processor for rail wayticket.
y Smart cards provide a means of
effecting business transactions ina flexible, secure way withminimal human intervention and ina standard way.
y In future we have to maintain allthe technological data and
information through the latestonline based information.
y This project is very useful andshows the positive side oftechnology.
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BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY
y The 8051 MicrocontrollerandEmbedded System
- M.A Mazidi & J.G
Mazidiy The Microcontroller Idea
Book
-JohnAxelson
y The MicrocontrollerApplicationCookbook
- MattGilliland
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ANY QUERIES!!ANY QUERIES!!
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