INITIAL TESTfocus on tenses

Write the verbs in Present Progressive.1. speak – I 2. jump – you 3. bake – she 4. play – they 5. run – we

Write the verbs in Simple Present, 3rd person singular.1. be – it 2. have – he 3. eat – she 4. can – he 5. wash – she

Use present simple or present contiuous to fill in the gaps1. Look! Jenny (go) … to school. 2. On her back, Jenny (carry) … her school bag. 3. The school bag (be) … very heavy 4. Normally, Jenny (wear) … black shoes, but today she (wear) … red wellies. 5. And look, she (wear) … a raincoat because it (rain) … outside. 6. Jenny (not / want) … to get wet.

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or past progressive). 1. When I (do) … the washing-up, I (break) …. a plate. 2. While Tom (play) … the piano, his mother (do) … the washing-up. 3. He (drink) … some juice and then he (eat) … a few chips. 4. I (have) … dinner when I suddenly (hear) … a loud bang. 5. When my father (work) … in the garden, an old friend (pass) … by to see him. 6. She (go) …. to school, (take) …. out her textbook and (begin) … to learn. 7. When it (start) … to rain, our dog (want) … to come inside. 8. When Jane (do) …. a language course in Ireland, she (visit) … Blarney Castle. 9. When I (be) … on my way home, I (see) … an accident. 10. I (not / understand) … what they (talk) … about.

Fill in the correct form (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive).1. Daughter: Mum, Jane (phone / just) … to ask if I will go to the cinema with her.

May I? 2. Mother: (you / do) your homework yet? 3. Daughter: Well, I (do) it for about 2 hours now, but I (finish / not) it yet.

4. Mother: If you (complete / not) your homework, you cannot go. School comes first. Remember, you (promise) me to study harder this year. 5. Daughter: But mum, I (work) really hard this year and I (improve / already) in

Maths and Chemistry. 6. Mother: But that's only because I (push / always) you to do something. 7. Daughter: But I also need a break some time. Look, I (be / not) to the cinema for

two months. May I go? Just this once.

Complete the questions in Past Perfect Simple.1. (you / finish) your homework before you went to the cinema? 2. (why / you / clean) the bathroom before you bathed the dog? 3. (you / have) breakfast before you came here? 4. (she / find) a place to stay when she went to Boston? 5. (where / she / live) before she moved to Chicago?

Complete the Conditional Sentences with the correct form (Type I, II or III).If I (to be) stronger, I'd help you carry the piano. If we'd seen you, we (to stop). If we (to meet) him tomorrow, we'll say hello. He would have repaired the car himself if he (to have) the tools. If you drop the vase, it (to break). If I hadn't studied, I (not to pass) the exam. I wouldn't go to school by bus if I (to have) a driving licence. If she (not to see) him every day, she'd be lovesick. I (not to travel) to London if I don't get a cheap flight. We'd be stupid if we (not to tell) him about our secret.

TENSE OVERVIEW

A. THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSEPrezentul simplu se foloseste pentru a vorbi despre actiuni prezente, obisnuite,

repetate – actiuni zilnice –

S +VI - la persoana a-III-a singular (he, she, it) se adaugă terminaţia –s sau –es .

I drink a cup of milk every morning.She drink s a cup of tea every morning.

- terminaţia –es se adaugă la sfârşitul verbelor terminate in: -o, -ch, -th, -sh, -ss, -z.

She go es to school from Monday to Friday.

Forma interogativa: DO/DOES(III.sing) + VDo you play tennis?

Does she play the guitar?

Forma negativa: S+ DO/DOES + NOT + Vdo + not = don’t does + not = doesn’t

No, I don’t play tennis.She doesn’t play the guitar.

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSEPrezentul continuu se foloseşte pentru a vorbi despre acţiuni prezente care sunt

in desfăşurare in momentul vorbirii. Nu mai vorbim despre acţiunile obişnuite, repetate exprimate de prezentul simplu.

S + TO BE(PREZENT) + V-ing. - TO BE: am, are, is

She is read ing a book now.

Forma interogativa: TO BE + S + V-ingIs he play ing tennis?

Forma negativa: S + TO BE + NOT + V-ingis not = isn’t are not = aren’t

No, he isn’t play ing tennis.Se foloseşte, de obicei, cu expresii ca „now, at this moment, as we speak, ...”.

She is reading a book now. Ea citeşte o carte acum.

B. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Folosim trecutul simplu pentru a vorbi despre acţiuni începute şi terminate în trecut.

Yesterday I met my friend Jack.Pentru a exprima o acţiune repetată în trecut.

Grandma drank three cups of coffee a day.După verbele sau construcţiile wish, as if/as though, if only, would rather, it’s

(high) time.I wish I were on holiday now.

Forma afirmativă: S + VIII danced at the party yesterday.

Forma interogativă: Did + S + VI ?Did Mary tell her father about the party last week?

Forma negativă: S + did not + VI.Mother did not buy those trousers last month.

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Acţiuni care erau în desfăşurare la un moment dat din trecut.I was taking a shower when you came in.

Acţiuni paralele în trecutSue was peeling potatoes while Andy was cooking the fish.

Acţiuni progresive – care sunt în desfăşurare – de-a lungul unei perioade de timp specificate din trecut.

She was shopping between 3 o’clock and four.

Forma afirmativă: S + was/were + V-ing.I was dancing when he came in.

Forma interogativă: Was/Were + S + V-ing ?Was Mary doing her homework when you arrived?

Forma negativă: S + was/were not + V-ing.Mother was not playing cards.

PRESENT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS

PRESENT SIMPLE

1. Write the HE/SHE/IT formscatch read come run

cook smoke drink stand

fetch start fix touch

live watch miss wish

rush write buy carry

copy enjoy fry marry

play study try

2. Write the verb in the right form

1. Children ................................ (ask) a lot of questions.2. She .................................. (go) to college on her bike.3. A lot of birds .............................. (fly) south in the winter.4. She ..................................... (study) very hard at the weekends.5. My father .............................. (watch) television most evenings.6. He ................................... (understand) Arabic.7. He ........................................ (fight) with his brother.8. Big dogs............................ (like) a lot of exercise.9. He’s very naughty – he ............................ (push) other children.10.Lessons ................................. (start) at 8.35 every morning.

3. Choose one verb to make each sentence negativee.g. It doesn’t snow very often in San Francisco (snow, sing, play)

1. I like football, but I ............................................ cricket at all. (think, like, remember)

2. She lives in Japan, but she ...................................... a word of Japanese (sing, work, speak)

3. I’m sorry – I ................................. your name. (eat, remember, work)4. He works in New York, but I .................................... what he does. (know, use,

come)5. Mary’s really tired, but she ...................................... to go to bed. (help, want,

walk)6. We .......................................... a big flat – just one bedroom. (work, play, want)7. Phil ..................................... very hard, but he makes a lot of money. (work,

stand, stop)8. Ann’s parents ................................... I’m the right man for their daughter.

(write, read, think)

4. Make questions1. How / you pronounce / this word?2. How / you spell / that?3. What / this word / mean?

4. How much / they cost?5. Where / you live?6. What / you do?7. How / you do?8. What time / the plane / leave?9. What time/ the class / start?10.What time / the train / arrive?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS1. Write the –ING FORM of these verbs.

Break clean wash live

Come die enjoy go

Make play sing jump

Write start get feel

Begin put hit rain

Rob shop dream sleep

Shout sit stand talk

Turn open visit forget

2. Fill in the blanks with the verbs in the present continuous tense1. John and I ...................................... (stay) in a beautiful hotel.2. Kevin .......................................... (work) at home today. 3. I ...................................... (wait) for a very important letter.4. You ...................................... (walk) too fast.5. We ........................................... (plan) our next holiday.6. The girls ............................................ (visit) their grandmother today.7. She ....................................... (read) in her bedroom at the moment.8. The baby ...................................... (learn) how to walk.

3. Rewrite the sentences in the negative. Use the present continuous1. They .......................................... (buy) a new car.2. He ............................................... (learn) to read.3. I .................................................. ( look) for your keys.4. We ............................................... (sell) the house.5. They ........................................ (drink) tea.6. You ....................................... (work) very hard.7. Jack and Jill ....................................... (run) downhill.8. I ....................................... (go) home now.

4. Write the questions. Use the present continuous1. What /Jessica / do?2. Why / John and Patrick / laugh?

3. What book / you / read?4. What / we / watch?5. Where / they / stay?6. Why / we / sit in the dark?7. Where / they / wait?8. What / you / sell?

SIMPLE & CONTINUOUS PASTI. Put the verbs in parentheses into the Past Simple or the Past Continuous and translate:

1. The ship (approach) _______________ Cape Town when the tornado (begin) _______________ .2. The bomb (go) _______________ off when the president (give) _______________ a speech.3. He (not hear) ________________ the bell because the radio (play) _______________ .4. When I (get) ________________ home everybody (dance) _______________ .5. The plane (catch) _______________ fire when it (take) ________________ off.6. Tim (crash) _______________ into a street light because he (drive) _______________ too fast.

II. Turn the following into the interrogative and negative:1. The children were laughing. 2. The man was waiting. 3. I was translating the text. 4. You were looking at the picture. 5. The girl was coming home. 6. I was learning a poem. 7. The boys were drawing red cars. 8. Mother was making the bed. 9. You were leaving the office. 10. We were buying fresh fruit.

III. Translate into English (Tradu în limba engleză):

1. Când am plecat de la poliţie John şi soţia lui încă mai vorbeau cu un poliţist.2. Ce se întâmpla în casa ta când am trecut pe la tine ieri seară? Am sunat la uşă

dar nu mi-a răspuns nimeni, deşi se auzea muzică înăuntru.3. I-am pus această întrebare de câteva ori, dar el nu m-a auzit fiindcă citea ziarul.4. Eu încă dormeam când a venit stewardesa să ne spunem că trecem peste

Himalaya.5. Nu ne-am dus la teatru ieri deoarece nişte prieteni de-ai noştri veneau pe la ora

şapte.

IV. Change the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous:

0 For dinner, my sister (eat) ate pizza, but I (have) had soup.1 My brother (drink) ________________ coffee while he (do) ________________ his

homework.

2 He (walk) ________________ into the classroom, then he (sit) ________________ down.

3 While I (study) ________________ , Sue (run) ________________ into the library.4 When the class (finish) ________________ , the teacher (drive)

________________ home.5 Harry (sing) _______________ a song when Jane (come) _______________ in.6 Nothing happened when I (turn on) ________________ the DVD player.7 It (start) ________________ to rain while I (walk) ________________ to the park.8 Yuki (listen) ________________ to the radio when the phone (ring)

________________ .9 The children (go) ________________ the cinema last night.10 Mr. Jones (find) ________________ some money when he (clean)

________________ the cupboards.

V. Read the paragraph. Choose the best tense for each space. Translate:My grandfather (0) C to the same school as me. He (1) ______ to our school

last week to talk to the class about what it (2) ______ like in the old days. He (3) ______ he (4)______ the names of all his teachers. One of them still teaches at the school.

He (5) ______ art and music, but now he only teaches music. As he (6) ______ , he (7) ______ us pictures of his school friends. He (8) ______ us that the boys (9) ______ only football, but now we play basketball as well. He thinks things (10) ______ better in the old days.0 A goes B was going C used to go

1 A comes B came C was coming

2 A was being B is C was

3 A said B says C was saying

4 A remembered B remembers C was remembering

5 A is teaching B used to teach C teaches

6 A talks B is talking C was talking

7 A is showing B showed C was showing

8 A told B is telling C tells

9 A play B were playing C used to play

10 A are B were C used to

C. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

Prezentul prefect simplu arată acţiunea începută în trecut şi care fie mai continuă în prezent, fie influenţează momentul prezent. Accentul este pus pe rezultat.

Formele   Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ

I / you / we / they I have spoken. I have not spoken. Have I spoken?he / she / it He has spoken. He has not spoken. Has he spoken?

Excepţii la adăugarea terminaţiei ‘ed’

După e final se adaugă doar i love – lovedConsoana finală, după vocală accentuată, scurtă, precum şil (L) final se dublează

admit – admittedtravel – travelled

y final după consoană devine i hurry – hurried

Folosirea Se foloseste pentru: -    exprima o stare care a inceput in trecut si care  inca se continua.We’ve been friends for a long timeSuntem prieteni de mult timp-    exprima o stare terminata in trecut, pentru care momentul cand â avut loc nu prezinta interes; accentul este pus pe experienta in sine traita prin actiunea respectiva      I’ve never been to China.N-am fost niciodata in China-    exprima o actiune trecuta al carei rezultat este vizibil in prezentHe’s broken his arm.Si-a rupt bratul.

Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Perfect Simplu:

already, just, yetExemple:1. He has already finished his classes.2. Tom has just spoken on the phone with Mary.3. They haven't written the exercise yet.never, ever, oftenExemple:1. I have never heard such a thing.2. Have you ever read this news?3. I have often travelled by car to the countryside.

ever and beforeExemplu:Have you ever heard this song before?for and sinceExemple:1. I've had my own car for four years.2. She has been ill since yesterday.until now, so far, up to nowExemple:1. I haven't had any Math problems up to now.2. So far, he hasn't complained about his wage.

3. Until now, I haven't heard about this English singer.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Arată o acţiune începută în trecut şi care fie s-a terminat recent, fie mai continuă. Pune accent pe durata acţiunii.

Formele   Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ

I / you / we / they I have been speaking. I have not been speaking. Have I been speaking?

he / she / it He has been speaking. He has not been speaking. Has he been speaking?

Excepţii de ortografiereExcepţii la adăugarea terminaţiei -ing Exemplu

e-ul final dispare(dar: ee nu este schimbat)

come – coming(dar: agree – agreeing)

După o vocală scurtă, accentuată, se dublează consoana finală sit – sittingConsoana finală l este dublată după o vocală (în British English) travel – travelling

ie final devine y lie – lying

Folosirea Prezentului Perfect ContinuuSe foloseste pentru:-    exprima o actiune inceputa in trecut care se continua in prezent.She’s been crying for hours.Plange de ore in sir-    exprima o actiune trecuta al carei rezultat este vizibil in prezentIt’s been raining.A pouat.

Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Perfect Continuu:

sinceExemplu:You have been living in Paris since 1996.forExemplu:They have been watching TV for 3 hours.so farExemplu:

So far, there have been arriving 10 passengers from London.everExemplu:Have you ever been listening to the radio?neverExemplu:I have never been travelling to France until now.

TEST present perfect simple

Write the participle form of the following verbs.1. go → 2. sing → 3. be →

4. buy → 5. do →

Complete the table in present perfect simple.positive negative question

He has written a letter.

They have not stopped.

Have we danced?

She has worked.

Andy has not slept.

Write sentences in present perfect simple.1. they / ask / a question - 2. he / speak / English - 3. I / be / in my room - 4. we / not / wash / the car - 5. Annie / not / forget / her homework -

Write questions in present perfect simple.1. they / finish / their homework - 2. Sue / kiss / Ben - 3. the waiter / bring / the tea - 4. Marilyn / pay / the bill - 5. you / ever / write / a poem -

Ask for the information in the bold part of the sentence.1. They have talked about art at school. - 2. Jane has got a letter. - 3. Oliver has cooked dinner. - 4. Caron has read seven pages. - 5. You have heard the song 100 times. -

TEST present perfect continuous

Write the ing form of the following verbs.1. cause → 2. stay → 3. refer →

4. tie → 5. travel →

Choose the correct form: have or has and since or for.

1. They ... been discussing the problem ... one o'clock. 2. The candle ... been burning ... two hours. 3. Ben ... been wearing that blue shirt ... Friday. 4. The researcher ... been exploring the territory ... last December. 5. Judith and her boyfriend .... been kissing ... ten minutes.

Write sentences in present perfect progressive.1. the cat / the mouse / chase → 2. you / the homework / copy → 3. they / a new gadget / invent → 4. we / in a forum / chat / not → 5. Lucy / on the task / concentrate / not →

Write questions in present perfect progressive.1. Kerry / paint → 2. the secretary / the documents / print out → 3. they / a room / share → 4. the dog / run around / how long → 5. you / at the door / knock / how long →

TEST present perfect simple vs present perfect

continuous

Fill in the correct form (pronoun + verb).  Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive

she listen

they / take

I / look

you / sit

he / lie

Fill in the correct form (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive).1. Sandy (cook) dinner four times this week. 2. We (travel) around Scotland for 8 days. 3. Why are your hands so dirty? - I (repair) my bike. 4. I (read) the book, you can have it back. 5. Paul (believe) in God since he was a child.

Fill in the correct form (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive).1. Sorry for being late. I hope you (wait / not) long. 2. My grandparents are coming to see us next weekend. They (visit / not) us for two

years. 3. She (be / not) on holiday for 3 years.

4. I don't want you to drive my car. You (drive / not) a car for ages. 5. He (watch / not) TV all afternoon, he only switched the telly on 10 minutes ago.

Fill in the correct form (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive).1. How much money (Jack / spend) in the casino? 2. How long (she / sit) there? 3. How many short messages (send / you) this month? 4. (you / empty) the bin yet? 5. Lucy, (you / bathe) your dolls? The bathroom floor is absolutely wet.

Fill in the correct form (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive).1. Daughter: Mum, Jane (phone / just) to ask if I will go to the cinema with her. May

I? 2. Mother: (you / do) your homework yet? 3. Daughter: Well, I (do) it for about 2 hours now, but I (finish / not) it yet. 4. Mother: If you (complete / not) your homework, you cannot go. School comes

first. Remember, you (promise) me to study harder this year. 5. Daughter: But mum, I (work) really hard this year and I (improve / already) in

Maths and Chemistry. 6. Mother: But that's only because I (push / always) you to do something. 7. Daughter: But I also need a break some time. Look, I (be / not) to the cinema for

two months. May I go? Just this once.

SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECTquiz

Choose between Simple Past and Present Perfect and translate:

Q1 - He ..... there when he was a childhas livedlivedQ2 - I ........ her since last yearhaven't seendidn't seeQ3 - They ......... a few minutes ago left have leftQ4 - She .......... unemployed since she left school has not been was notQ5 - They ....... the contract last week finalised have finalisedQ6 - The film .......... yet hasn't started didn't startQ7 - She ........ ill since Thursday was has beenQ8 - I ........ the project last night have finished finishedQ9 - Look- someone ....... their handbag in the room left has leftQ10 - ............ to Rome? Did you ever go Have you ever beenQ11 - I can't get into my house because I ........ my keys lost have lostQ12 - Nobody ....... the phone when it rang answered has answeredQ13 - I ......... up smoking last year gave have givenQ14 - You can't see her because she ......... home

has gone wentQ15 - ............... to the United States? Did you ever go Have you ever beenQ16 - I never ......... my grandmother as she died before I was born knew have knownQ17 - It's the first time I ........ caviar ate have eatenQ18 - The first time we ......... was just the other day spoke have spokenQ19 - It stinks in here; someone ........... smoking was has beenQ20 - He's in hospital because he ............. his leg has broken brokeQ21 - I've known her since we ......... at school together were have beenQ22 - It's ages since we ........ spoke have spokenQ23 - It's been ages since we ........ from Dave have heard heardQ24 - The last time I saw Fran ........ ages ago was has beenQ25 - I ........ from her lately haven't heard didn't hearQ26 - I just ........ the time to go to the cinema recently

didn't have haven't hadQ27 - I ........ just Meg and Brian at the party have seen sawQ28 - I ........ busy for the past fortnight was have beenQ29 - She ......... away for the last two weeks has been wasQ30 - ......... to the concert on Friday? Did you go Have you beenQ31 - This is the first time I ........ here have been wasQ32 - I ....... them since my schooldays have known knewQ33 - He ......... yet hasn't arrived didn't arriveQ34 - They ........... the contract yet didn't sign haven't signedQ35 - The newspaper ......... very successful lately hasn't been wasn'tQ36 - He ...... during the war died has diedQ37 - I ......... breakfast before leaving home this morning haven't had didn't haveQ38 - I ....... a taxi so I came on the bus haven't found didn't findQ39 - John's nervous because he .......... such a difficult test before has never taken never took

Q40 - My stereo ....... working last night stopped has stoppedQ41 - Two people ....... at the game on Saturday were arrested have been arrestedQ42 - I .......... a holiday for ages didn't have haven't hadQ43 - We ....... out on Saturday night haven't gone didn't goQ44 - I ....... it last week bought have boughtQ45 - She hasn't ........ here for ages been goneQ46 - I .......... to water-ski in 1993 learnt have learntQ47 - She ....... an absolute fortune last year has earned earnedQ48 - The weather ....... dreadful for the whole two weeks we were there was has beenQ49 - No one ...... to do it yet has managed managedQ50 - I ...... the dog for a walk because it was raining haven't taken didn't takeQ51 - I ........... the exam in time yesterday only just finished have only just finishedQ52 - The weather ..... dreadful at the weekend has been was

D. PAST PERFECT

[had + past participle]

Exemple:

You had studied English before you moved to New York. Had you studied English before you moved to New York?

You had not studied English before you moved to New York.

Acţiuni începute şi terminate înaintea altor acţiuni trecute

Trecutul perfect arată că o acţiune trecută a avut loc înaintea altei acţiuni trecute. De asemenea poate arăta că un anumit lucru a avut loc înaintea unui moment dat din trecut.

Exemple:

I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.

Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.

Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?

She only understood the movie because she had read the book.

Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.

We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.

A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006?B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

[had been + present participle]

Exemple:

You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived. Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived?

You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.

USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Past

Folosim trecutul perfect continuu pentru a arăta că un lucru a început în trecut şi continuat până la un moment dat din trecut. Putem folosi expresiile "For five minutes" and "for two weeks".

Exemple:

They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived. She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.

How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?

Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work.

James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia.

A: How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara?B: I had not been studying Turkish very long.

E. FUTURE TENSES

1.a FUTURE SIMPLE

(will and be going to)Viitorul simplu are 2 forme în limba engleză: “will” şi „be going to”. Cu toate că aceste două forme se pot substitui una pe alta ele au utilizări diferite.

Formă “Will”

(+) S + will + V1 (?) Will + S + V1? (-) S + will not + V1

You will help him later. Will you help him later? You will not help him later.

Formă “Be Going To”

(+) S + am/is/are + going to + V1 (?) am/are/is + S + going to + V1 (-) S + am/are/is/ + not + going to + V1

You are going to meet Jane tonight. Are you going to meet Jane tonight? You are not going to meet Jane tonight.

WILL – se foloseşte pentrua vorbi despre:

ceea ce vorbitorul face în mod voluntar acţiuni stabilite din viitor promisiuni I will send you the information when I get it. I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it. I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party. Don't worry, I'll be careful. I won't tell anyone your secret.

BE GOING TO - se foloseşte pentru a vorbi despre planuri şi intenţia vorbitorului de a face un lucru. He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii. She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.

1.b FUTURE CONTINUOUS

Formă:

(+) S + will be + V-ing (?) Will + S + be + V-ing (-) S + will + not + be + V-ing You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.

1. Acţiune în desfăşurare la un moment dat din viitor

We will be writing at this time tomorrow.

2. Acţiune întreruptă din viitor - o acţiune de durată din viitor va fi întreruptă de una mai scurtă. I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.

3. Acţiuni paralele din viitor Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.

4. Atmosferă din viitor When I arrive at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others are

going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and several people are going to be drinking beer. They always do the same thing.

2. FUTURE PERFECTFormă:

(+) S + will have + V3 (?) Will + S + have + V3? (-) S + will + not + have + V3 You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.? You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

Acţiune viitoare terminată înaintea unei alte acţiuni viitoare:

By next November, I will have received my promotion. By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests.

IMPORTANT! - NU SE FOLOSEŞTE VIITOR ÎN PROPOZIŢIA SUBORDONATĂ TEMPORALĂ.

TEST – PAST PERFECT

Write the past participle (3rd form) of the following irregular verbs.

1. speak -

2. catch -

3. eat -

4. understand -

5. begin -

Complete the sentences in Past Perfect Simple (positive).

1. I lost the key that he (give)… to me.

2. She told me that she (see) … a ghost.

3. I went downstairs because I (hear) … a noise.

4. When they came home, Sue (cook) … dinner already.

5. We could not send you a postcard because we (forget) … our address book.

Complete the sentences in Past Perfect Simple (negative).

1. The waiter served something that we (not / order) .

2. He went to Alaska where he (not / be)  before.

3. She put on the red dress, which she (not / wear)  for ages.

4. He (not / play)  tennis before that day.

5. His mother was angry because he (not / help)  her with the shopping.

Complete the questions in Past Perfect Simple.

1. (you / finish)  your homework before you went to the cinema?

2. (why / you / clean)  the bathroom before you bathed the dog?

3. (you / have)  breakfast before you came here?

4. (she / find)  a place to stay when she went to Boston?

5. (where / she / live)  before she moved to Chicago?

TEST – FUTURE TENSE1. Harry / cause / trouble

Positive:

Negative:

Question:

22 you / copy / the homework

Positive:

Negative:

Question:

22 the clouds / disappear

Positive:

Negative:

Question:

22 he / marry / his girlfriend

Positive:

Negative:

Question:

22 the snowman / melt

Positive:

Negative:

Question:

22 the people / panic

Positive:

Negative:

Question:

22 they / react / to my question

Positive:

Negative:

Question:

22 she / probably / teach / in London

Positive:

Negative:

Question:

TENSE REVIEW

What a language course can do

Fill the gaps with the correct tenses.

1. I (learn)  English for seven years now.

2. But last year I (not / work)  hard enough for English, that's why my marks (not / be)  really that good then.

3. As I (pass / want)  my English exam successfully next year, I (study)  harder this term.

4. During my last summer holidays, my parents (send)  me on a language course to London.

5. It (be)  great and I (think)  I (learn) a lot.

6. Before I (go)  to London, I (not / enjoy)  learning English.

7. But while I (do)  the language course, I (meet)  lots of young people from all over the world.

8. There I (notice)  how important it (be)  to speak foreign languages nowadays.

9. Now I (have) much more fun learning English than I (have)  before the course.

10. At the moment I (revise)  English grammar.

11. And I (begin / already)  to read the texts in my English textbooks again.

12. I (think)  I (do) one unit every week.

13. My exam (be)  on 15 May, so there (not / be)  any time to be lost.

14. If I (pass)  my exams successfully, I (start)  an apprenticeship in September.

15. And after my apprenticeship, maybe I (go)  back to London to work there for a while.

16. As you (see / can) , I (become)  a real London fan already.

TENSE REVIEW

Exercitii cu Present Simple si Present Continuous

1.Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii (Present Simple) la interogativ si negativ:

Nota: Verbul „to have", atunci când nu inseamna „a avea, a poseda", ci este parte dintr-o expresie (to have breakfast, to have a shower, to have a party), formeaza negativul si interogativul cu ajutorul auxiliarului „to do". 1. I love my brother. 2. She talks too much.

3. I understand you.

4. You play the piano very well.

5. I always believe you.

6. He remembers my phone number.

7. They live in Bucharest.

8. He has a hot bath every day.

9. I trust my friend.

10. I have lunch at one o’clock.

2. Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii (Present Continuous) la negativ si interogativ: 1. It is raining. 2. I am having a walk.

3. He is telling the truth.

4. You are typing a letter.

5. They are swimming in the river.

6. My friend is wearing a new dress.

7. My mother is resting.

8. We are studying English.

9. Ann is knitting.

10. The child is learning to play the piano.

3. Puneti verbele din paranteze la Present Simple sau la Present Continuous: 1. I (not go) shopping because it (rain). 2. What you (do) on Sundays?

3. He usually (drink) coffee but now he (drink) tea.

4. In England it often (rain).

5. I (not like) that boy.

6. He usually (speak) so quickly that I (not understand) him.

7. You (like) this book?

8. You (dream) at night? - Yes, I (dream) every night.

9. I can’t answer the phone now because I (cook).

10. How you usually (get) to work? - I usually (go) by bus, but now I (take) a taxi because I am late.

11. The manager can’t receive you now as he (have) an interview.

12. You (write) to John now? - Yes, I (be). I always (write) to him on his birthday.

13. Where you (hurry)? - To the theatre, as I (not want) to miss the first act.

14. She always (borrow) books from me and never (remember) to give them back.

15. You (go) to work every day? - Yes, of course, except Saturdays and Sundays.

16. Why you (smoke) so much?

17. Who you (wait) for? - I (wait) for John, but he is late, as usual.

18. I always (have) a rest after lunch.

19. What you (think) of? - I (think) of my mother just now.

20. You (know) what time is it?

4. Traduceti in limba engleza: 1. Iarna ninge. 2. Duminica el nu se scoala devreme.

3. Eu nu studiez seara.

4. Ce faci? Citesti sau privesti la televizor?

5. Secretara tocmai bate la masina un referat.

6. Ea merge la cumparaturi sâmbata.

7. Acum imi fac temele la engleza.

8. Nu-mi place cafeaua.

9. Ce carte citesti?

10. La ce ora se scoala John dimineata?

11. Ce faci tu in zilele libere?

12. Cui ii telefonezi?

13. El nu merge la scoala cu metroul, merge pe jos.

14. De ce deschizi fereastra?

15. Adesea citesc carti englezesti.

16. Ea isi face bagajul.

17. Cât de des le scrii parintilor tai?

18. Când merg la mare imi place sa inot mult.

19. Clientul tocmai isi alege o pereche de pantofi.

Exercitii cu Past Tense Simple si Continuous

1.Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii la Past Tense Simple:

1. I sleep until 9 o’clock every day. 2. He meets John on Sundays.

3. You speak English well.

4. You drink too much.

5. You ask too many questions.

6. I play football.

7. I own two umbrellas.

8. I like to have a coffee in the morning.

9. That sounds interesting.

10. I always make cakes on Sundays.

2.Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii la negativ si interogativ:

1. He thought about you. 2. They drank all the wine.

3. I hated him.

4. He changed his library book every day.

5. I sold my car.

6. We worked very hard.

7. He came home late.

8. I enjoyed travelling.

9. He translated the text.

10. He forbade her to do this.

3.Puneti verbele din paranteze la Past Tense Simple sau Continuous:

1. When you (come in), I (talk) on the phone. 2. When I first (meet) him, he (work) in a bank.

3. While he (learn) to drive, he (have) an accident.

4. As I (write), someone (ring up).

5. Where you (go) when I (meet) you?

6. What you (do) this time yesterday?

7. When I (enter) the classroom, the teacher (write) on the blackboard.

8. When I (arrive), she (have) dinner.

9. This time last Sunday, I (watch) a film on TV.

10. He suddenly (realize) that he (not wear) his glasses.

4.Traduceti in limba engleza:

1. Soarele nu a apus la ora 8 aseara. 2. Ai dormit bine noaptea trecuta?

3. Ieri nu am mers la bazinul de inot.

4. M-am sculat târziu ieri dimineata.

5. Duminica trecuta prietenii mei au jucat sah.

6. Ieri pe vremea asta ploua.

7. Ce faceai martea trecuta la ora 7 dimineata?

8. Ma pregateam sa merg la facultate.

9. In timp ce imi cautam pasaportul am gasit aceasta fotografie veche.

10. Baietii jucau carti când l-au auzit pe tatal lor intrând in casa.

11. Ei au ascuns imediat cartile si si-au scos manualele de scoala.

12. Când te-ai intors de la munte?

13. Când ai cumparat acest televizor?

14. Ieri mi-am pierdut manusile.

15. Batea un vânt puternic când am iesit din casa.

16. Unde ti-ai petrecut concediul vara trecuta?

17. Ieri m-am sculat devreme, mi-am luat micul dejun si apoi am plecat la scoala.

18. Acum doua zile am cazut si mi-am rupt piciorul.

19. Saptamâna trecuta am fost bolnav si nu am mers la scoala.

20. El a dat primul examen saptamâna trecuta.

21. Cine a câstigat meciul alaltaieri?

22. In timp ce ploua, eu conduceam masina spre Sinaia.

Exercitii cu Present Perfect Simple si Continuous

1.Folositi Present Perfect Simple in locul infinitivelor din paranteze:

1. Where you (be)? I (be) to the market. 2. You (water) the flowers?

3. He just (leave) home.

4. I (lend) him some money today.

5. There isn’t any train service because the engine – drivers (go) on strike.

6. Would you like a cake?

7. No, thank you, I just (have) one.

8. I already (see) this film.

9. He (not come) home yet.

10. I (not be) to the seaside this year.

11. I (buy) a new house. You must come and see it.

12. You (visit) the Village Museum?

13. You ever (eat) caviar?

14. I (not write) to my friend for three months.

15. It (not rain) since December.

16. You ever (drive) a car?

17. He always (rely on) his friend.

18. You (read) Sorescu’s last book?

19. You (pay) the telephone bill?

20. He (not go) to bed yet.

21. How long you (live) here?

22. I (live) here for one year.

2.Folositi Present Perfect Simple sau Continuous in locul infinitivelor din paranteze:

1. He (fish) for two hours but he (catch) nothing yet. 2. We (know) each other for several years.

3. The radio (play) since 7 a.m. I’m tired of it.

4. I (shop) all day and I want to have a rest now.

5. How long you (wear) glasses?

6. I (cook) all the morning.

7. How many dishes you (cook)?

8. Why you (be) in the garden so long?

9. I (water) the flowers.

10. He (sleep) for 10 hours now. It’s time we woke him up.

11. I (ask) you to clean your room for two days. When are you going to do it?

12. Ever since that woman came to work here, she (try) to make trouble.

3.Folositi Present Perfect Simple sau Continuous sau Past Tense Simple in locul infinitivelor:

1. I (lose) my pen. You (not see) it anywhere? -No, I haven’t. When you (use) it last? 2. You ever (try) to give up smoking? -Yes, I (try) last year but I (not succeed).

3. You (see) your mother this week? -No, she (leave) for Brasov a week ago.

4. You (be) out of work long?

5. I am not out of work now. I (get) a job last month.

6. I (wear) my hair long since I (be) a little girl.

7. She (change) a lot since I (see) her last.

8. I (do) a lot of work since I (get up) in the morning.

9. The child (play) the piano since I (return) from school.

10. It (rain) since we (leave) Bucharest.

11. He (be) very ill since the holidays (begin).

4.Traduceti in limba engleza folosind Past Tense Simple sau Present Perfect Simple sau Continuous:

1. Cine te-a invatat sa vorbesti engleza atât de bine? 2. Unde ti-ai petrecut vacanta anul acesta?

3. M-am gândit adesea sa-mi iau carnet de conducere.

4. De cât timp inveti engleza?

5. Vremea s-a incalzit in ultimul timp.

6. El este ministru de doi ani.

7. Traduc un text de doua ore si nu l-am terminat inca.

8. El a scris numai doua scrisori de când a plecat in strainatate.

9. Un copil a spart geamul. Trebuie sa-l inlocuim.

10. Ninge de doua ore.

11. Am mers pe jos 10 km pâna acum.

12. Mergem pe jos de la ora 3.

13. De când mi-am cumparat masina, am mers rareori pe jos la slujba.

14. La ce te-ai uitat?

15. A fost un accident.

16. Cu cine ai votat la ultimele alegeri?

17. Nu am mers la vot. Am stat acasa si nu am regretat nici o clipa.

18. Ai vazut ziarul de azi?

19. A plecat John?

20. Da, a plecat acum o ora.

21. Ti-ai luat deja micul dejun?

22. Da, l-am luat la ora 8.

23. Ai mai fost in acest oras?

24. Da, am petrecut o luna aici, acum doi ani.

25. Ei lucreaza la aceasta casa de un an si nu au terminat-o inca.

Exercitii cu Past Perfect Simple si Continuous

1.Puneti verbele din paranteze la Past Perfect Simple:

1. After they (finish) dinner, they drank some coffee. 2. She said she already (be) to England.

3. He asked me whether I (meet) John before.

4. She discovered her child (not tell) the truth.

5. He told me he (catch) some fish on that day.

6. At 3 o’clock on Friday, I (return) from school.

7. The house was much smaller then he (think) at first.

8. The fire (spread) to the next building when the firemen arrived.

9. We were shocked to hear she (not pass) the exam.

10. The child (eat) all the cakes before his mother became aware of it.

2.Puneti verbele din paranteze la Past Perfect Continuous:

1. When I left home, it (rain) for one hour. 2. When we met them, they (wait) for the bus for half an hour.

3. When I arrived home, mother (cook) for two hours.

4. When she sat for the exam, she (study) the subject for a week.

5. When I rang her up, she (write) letters for one hour.

6. When she decided to have a rest, she (clean) and (dust) for 5 hours.

7. After Jane (swim) for half an hour, she felt chilly.

8. When I called on her unexpectedly, I realized she (have) a party.

9. When we reached the top, we (climb) for 7 hours.

10. When we arrived at Sinaia, somebody told us it (rain) for hours.

3.Puneti verbele din paranteza la Past Perfect Simple sau Continuous sau la Past Tense Simple:

1. The professor (speak) for 10 minutes when I (enter) the hall. 2. After John (listen to) the news bulletin, he (go) downstairs to have dinner.

3. He (tell) me he (be) to the theatre the day before.

4. We (ask) him what countries he (visit).

5. He (learn) English for two years before he (go) to England for the first time.

6. She just (go) out when I (call at) her house.

7. The river became deeper after it (rain) heavily for a few hours.

8. After John (leave), she (tell) me they (be) friends for five years.

9. After we (walk) for an hour, we (realize) we (lose) our way.

10. When I (find out) he (get married), I (ring up) him and (congratulate) him.

3.Traduceti in limba engleza folosind Past Perfect Simple sau Continuous sau Past Tense Simple:

1. Mi-a parut rau ca il jignisem. 2. El mi-a multumit pentru ceea ce facusem pentru el.

3. De indata ce a terminat de scris lucrarea, a inmânat-o profesorului.

4. El nu facuse nimic inainte de a-mi cere mie sfatul.

5. De indata ce au plecat musafirii, am mers la culcare.

6. Când am ajuns la statia de autobuz, mi-am dat seama ca imi lasasem poseta acasa.

7. Secretara mi-a spus ca directorul vorbea la telefon de o jumatate de ora.

8. Ei mi-au spus ca locuiau in Franta din 1980.

9. Nu ti-am telefonat pentru ca am crezut ca plecasesi in strainatate.

10. Ei au calatorit in multe tari dupa ce s-au casatorit.

Exercitii cu timpurile „Future"

1.Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul Future Simple:

1. I (know) the results in three days’ time. 2. You (be) in London tomorrow.

3. You (recognize) him when you see him?

4. I (remember) this day all my life.

5. I am sure you (like) this book.

6. He (be) pleased if you invite him.

7. I am sure I (succeed).

8. You (remember) to post my letter?

9. I hope I (pass) the exam.

10. You (not find) a solution if you don’t know the whole truth.

2.Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul Future Continuous:

1. This time next month, I (swim) in the sea. 2. When you reach Sinaia, it probably (rain).

3. Don’t ring her up at 8 o’clock p.m. She (watch) TV.

4. You (need) the vacuum cleaner tomorrow or may I borrow it?

5. I am sure when I arrive home, the baby (cry).

6. Let’s hurry to the beach. The sun (rise) in 10 minutes.

7. He (study) all day tomorrow.

8. This time next day, we (climb) the mountain.

9. Tomorrow morning at 8 o’clock, I (have) breakfast.

10. Don’t expect me home for dinner, I (work) at the office till late at night.

3. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul Future Perfect Simple sau Continuous: 1. In a week’s time, we (take) our exam. 2. I (finish) reading the newspapers by lunch time.

3. Next year, they (be married) for 25 years.

4. If we don’t hurry, the sun (rise) before we reach the beach.

5. By the end of the season, one hundred thousand people (spend) their holidays at the seaside.

6. By the time you come home, I (cook) for two hours.

7. When I take the exam, I (read) all the books on the bibliography list.

8. By the beginning of next week, I (work) on this paper for a month.

9. By 5 o’clock, you (see) all the exhibits in the museum.

10. By the end of the month, I (pay off) all my debts.

4. Traduceti in limba engleza folosind unul din tipurile de viitor: 1. Pâna anul viitor pe vremea aceasta, vor fi economisit 5 milioane. 2. Ce faci mâine dimineata la ora 11?

3. Voi vizita târgul international.

4. Am cumparat o masina de scris si voi invata sa bat.

5. Pâna la sfârsitul lunii, voi fi vazut acest film de 5 ori.

6. Trenul va fi plecat inainte de a ajunge noi la gara.

7. Pâna la ora 1, ea va fi terminat curatenia in casa.

8. Vineri, intre orele 12 si 1, ei vor avea ultima ora de engleza.

9. El va studia in biblioteca luni de la ora 1 la 5.

10. Din cauza grevei soferilor de autobuze multa lume va merge pe jos la slujba, mâine.

11. Uite ce am cumparat la o licitatie!

12. E un obiect frumos. Unde il vei pune?

IF-CLAUSE

Fraza condiţională de tipul 1

O frază condiţională de tipul 1 se referă la o condiţie posibilă în viitor şi la rezultatul probabil al acesteia. Ea implică obţinerea unui anumit rezultat prin indeplinirea unei condiţii date. Folosim timpul prezent in subordonata condiţionala(pentru exprimarea condiţiei) si viitorul in propoziţia principală (pentru exprimarea rezultatului).

 PROPOZIŢIA PRINCIPALĂ PROPOZIŢIA CONDIŢIONALĂ

   SIMPLE  FUTURE   SIMPLE PRESENT

 He will pass the exam  if he studies.

 El va lua examenul dacă va învăţa. 

Fraza condiţională de tipul 2

O frază condiţională de tipul 2 se referă la o condiţie improbabilă sau ipotetică şi la rezultatul probabil al acesteia. Folosim acest tip de condiţională pentru a exprima o situaţie imaginară contrară realităţii prezente sau pentru a exprima o situaţie improbabilă intr-un moment viitor. Folosim timpul trecut in condiţională şi Condiţionalul prezent in propoziţia principală.

 PROPOZIŢIA PRINCIPALĂ PROPOZIŢIA CONDIŢIONALĂ

   PRESENT CONDITIONAL   SIMPLE PAST

 He would  pass the exam  if he studied.

 El ar  lua examenul dacă ar învăţa. 

 Fraza condiţională de tipul 3

O frază condiţională de tipul 3 se referă la o condiţie ireală trecută si exprimă o situaţie imaginară sau contrară realităţii intr-un moment trecut. Folosim mai mult ca perfectul in subordonată si condiţionalul perfect in regentă.

 PROPOZIŢIA PRINCIPALĂ PROPOZIŢIA CONDIŢIONALĂ

   PERFECT  CONDITIONAL   SIMPLE PAST PERFECT

 He would  have  passed the exam

 if he had studied.

 El ar fi  luat examenul dacă ar fi învăţat. 

Exemplul de mai sus se referă la o situaţie contrară realităţii trecute-el nu aînvăţat, deci nu şi-a luat examenul

Exercises

1. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect, tinând seama de faptul ca fraza conditionala este de tipul 1:

1. If I see him, I (greet) him.

2. If you don’t hurry, you (be) late.

3. If she finds out what has happened, she (be) very angry.

4. I (lend) you the book if you promise to return it in time.

5. If I tell you something, you (promise) to keep it a secret?

6. Unless you study more, you (not pass) the exam.

7. If it (go on) raining, we shall have floods.

8. If you (take) a dog, you will have to look after it.

9. If I like the dress, I (buy) it.

10. Unless you come at 6, you (not find) me at home.

2. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect, tinând seama de faptul ca fraza conditionala este de tipul 2:

1. If I (know) his phone-number, I would ring him up.

2. If I (move) to the country-side, would you visit me?

3. You (buy) this house if you had money?

4. If he were more careful, he (not make) so many mistakes.

5. What would you do if you (be) Prime Minister?

6. If I (give up) smoking, I would be nervous.

7. If I won the lottery, I (buy) a car.

8. Should he have a headache, he (take) a pill.

9. Were I in your place, I (not do) this.

10. Where you (go) if you had a holiday?

3. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect, tinând seama de faptul ca fraza conditionala este de tipul 3:

1. If you had known English, you (read) Shakespeare in the original.

2. If I (work) harder, I would have succeeded.

3. If you had taken my advice, you (not get) into trouble.

4. If I (know) you had no driving licence, I wouldn’t have come with you in your car.

5. He would have been arrested if he (try) to leave the country.

6. I wouldn’t have come unless you (invite) me.

7. Had I learned English grammar, I (not make) so many mistakes in my translation.

8. If he (realize) it was so late, he would have gone home.

9. If I (not tell) him, he would never have known.

10. Had I been at home, I (answer) the phone.

4. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect, tinând seama ca se poate intâlni oricare dintre cele 3 tipuri de fraze conditionale:

1. It (be) better if you had waited.

2. If I (be) you, I would go home immediately.

3. I (answer) your question if I can.

4. He (tell) you if you had asked him.

5. If you (drive) more carefully, you wouldn’t have an accident.

6. If the child is good, he (get) a bar of chocolate.

7. He will be at the airport in time if he (leave) now.

8. If I (see) him, I would speak to him.

9. If he had written a letter to me, I (answer) it.

10. You (be) sick if you eat so much.

5. Traduceti in limba engleza:

1. Daca va ploua, strazile vor fi ude.

2. Daca ar ploua, strazile ar fi ude.

3. Daca ar fi plouat, strazile ar fi fost ude.

4. Vei prinde trenul daca vei lua un taxi.

5. Ai fi prins trenul daca ai fi luat un taxi.

6. Ai prinde trenul daca ai lua un taxi.

7. Te vei supara daca iti voi lua creionul?

8. Te-ai supara daca ti-as lua creionul?

9. Te-ai fi suparat daca ti-as fi luat creionul?

10. Ce vei face daca il vei intâlni pe John?

11. Ce-ai face daca l-ai intâlni pe John?

12. Ce-ai fi facut daca l-ai fi intâlnit pe John?

1. Il vei vedea daca il vei astepta.

2. Daca un cersetor ti-ar cere bani, I-ai da?

3. Ce s-ar fi intâmplat daca ai fi condus cu viteza mare?

4. Nu vom merge la plimbare daca nu va sta ploaia.

5. Mi-ar placea mai mult piesa daca ar fi mai scurta.

6. Daca cina nu va fi gata la timp, voi mânca la un restaurant.

7. Daca n-ai fi inchis fereastra, mi-ar fi fost frig.

8. As mai croseta un pulover daca as mai avea lâna.

9. Mamaia ar fi un loc ideal pentru o vacanta daca n-ar fi atât de multi oameni acolo.

10. Voi fi dezamagit daca nu voi afla adevarul.

READING COMPREHENSIONNIGHTMARES

Most of us have sometimes woken up in the middle of the night, not knowing what might have happened to us, feeling sweaty and terrified at the thought that we

have lost a beloved one, with our hearts pounding our chests so quickly, that it almost hurts. But suddenly everything becomes clear: it was nothing else but a nightmare and so we go back to sleep. Nightmares are actually dreams that cause a strong unpleasant emotional response from the sleeper, typically fear or horror, being in situations of extreme danger, or the sensations of pain, falling, drowning or death. Dreams may be connected to physical or psychological causes such as flu, fever, headaches, sleeping with your face in a pillow, stress, traumas, or they can have no apparent cause. Eating before going to bed may lead to nightmares, due to the fact that it triggers an increase in the body's metabolism and brain activity, which is another potential stimulus for nightmares. Indeed, sleeping on the left side could compress the chest cavity and thus restrict the movement of the heart, and it has been known to cause nightmares. Being stressed at work, insecure or not confiding yourself are also sources of awful dreams. However, almost everybody has nightmares and to a certain extent we needn’t worry too much. Statistics have shown the fact that children and teenagers are prone to having nightmares, while after the age of 25, the number of nightmares decreases. Thus, watch less horror films, work on your self esteem, chill out, have less fizzy drinks, stay in touch with your friends and nightmares will vanish into thin air.

I Underline the right option. Pay attention, sometimes more than one option can fit:

1. A nightmare is:a) a bad dream definitely caused by a traumab) an unpleasant dream not necessarily having a connection to physical or psychological causesc) an awful dream having no apparent cause, the outcome of our mental activity

2. Images associated to nightmares are:a) rats, dead bodies, blood and open woundsb) daffodils, daisies, rainbows and cricketsc) cattle, clouds, arrows and ribbon

3. Occasional nightmares are:a) a reason to visit your GPb) the result of serious diseasec) commonplace, you needn’t worry

4. Nightmares are stimulated by:a) listening to rock songs, which can turn you into a violent personb) eating before bed, which triggers an increase in the body's metabolism and brain activityc) sleeping on the left side of the body, which affects the movement of the heart

5. Sensations connected to nightmares are:a) impatience, restlessness, hatredb) anxiety, fear, pain, hopelessnessc) tenderness, ease, eagerness

II.II.1.Give the plural of the following nouns:

ManBusChurchFootChildWatchPencilMouseLadyCar

II.2.Choose the correct verb form:

1.The television news is/are at 7 o’clock.2.Maths is/are my favourite subject.3.These clothes is/are the latest fashion.4.I haven’t got many/much friends.5.Let me give you an advice/a piece of advice.

II.3.Which of the words in italics is correct? 1.It’ my custom/customs to go to the mountains on Sundays.2.They had no furniture/furnitures in that room.3.You’ll have to take your pyjama/pyjamas,too.