small wind – a sustainable solution for rural electrification? … · 2014. 6. 10. · small wind...
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Small wind – a sustainable solution for rural electrification? Climate Histories Seminar Series
Jon Sumanik-Leary 28th May 2014 CRASSH – Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities University of Cambridge Supervisors: Dr Rob Howell (Mechanical Engineering) Dr Aidan While (Town and Regional Planning)
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• Small wind turbines for rural electrification
• Building theory from case studies – Peru, Nicaragua, Scotland, Inner Mongolia
• Multidisciplinary – Engineering -› social science – Mixed methods – National, organisational & community
Outline
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• Electrification – 1.4 billion without
electricity – 85% in rural areas – Light
• Kerosene lamps?
– Electricity generation
• Grid extension? • Diesel generators?
Introduction
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uman
Dev
elop
men
t Ind
ex (H
DI)
Per capita annual electricity consumption (kWh/person/yr)
Niger
Pakistan
South Africa
Poland
Brazil Russia
Japan, UK, Israel, Korea
USA
Zambia
Norway
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Change of focus
Wow! Aren’t wind turbines so
great?!
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Change of focus
CRASH!!!
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• ‘Sustainability’ – Major challenges:
• Maintenance • Highly variable resource
Small Wind Turbines (SWTs)
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• WindAid & Soluciones Prácticas • Same context, different delivery models
Peru
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• blueEnergy & AsoFenix • Same turbine, similar delivery model,
different context
Nicaragua
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• SWTs > 30 years • Home of internationally renowned small
wind expert, Hugh Piggott
Scotland
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• Batchelor et al. (1999), Xiliang et al. (1999) and Lew (2000)
Inner Mongolia (China)
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Case study selection
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Maintenance
CRASSH Seminar Series | Jon Sumanik-Leary | [email protected] | thewindyboy.wordpress.com
• SWTs have high maintenance requirements – Tools & spare parts – Technical knowledge – Capital
Maintenance
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Tools, spare parts & technical knowledge
CRASSH Seminar Series | Jon Sumanik-Leary | [email protected] | thewindyboy.wordpress.com
Tools, spare parts & technical knowledge
CRASSH Seminar Series | Jon Sumanik-Leary | [email protected] | thewindyboy.wordpress.com
Tools, spare parts & technical knowledge
CRASSH Seminar Series | Jon Sumanik-Leary | [email protected] | thewindyboy.wordpress.com
Maintenance: Peru
CRASSH Seminar Series | Jon Sumanik-Leary | [email protected] | thewindyboy.wordpress.com
Maintenance: Peru
Cajamarca
H.Q. TRUJILLO
Canlle (car) 3h
2h (car) (car) 2h
5h (car)
Huamachuco
(car) 4h
La Florida El Olivo
(car) 1h
(car) 1h
2h (car)
Nueva Manzanilla San Carlos
Paranchique
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Maintenance: Peru
2009 2010 2011 2012
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Maintenance: Peru
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Maintenance: Peru
Service centre Cajamarca
H.Q. LIMA
Campo Alegre
3h (car/lechero)
1h (car/lechero) (car/lechero) 2h
(bus) 16h
1h (car/lechero)
El Alumbre Alto Perú
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Maintenance: Peru
2008 2009 2010 2011
Solu
cion
es P
ráct
icas
2009 2010 2011 2012
Win
dAid
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Maintenance: Nicaragua
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Maintenance: Nicaragua
Cuajinicuil Previous
blueEnergy
SWT
installations
Monkey Point
Pearl Lagoon
Kakhabila
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Maintenance: Nicaragua
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Maintenance: Nicaragua
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Maintenance: Nicaragua
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2010 2011 2012
US$
C$
TariffConsumables for preventative maintenanceSpare parts for corrective maintenaceBalance of maintence fund
Fuse Wind system INSTALLATION FAULT ASOFENIX PAID
Dump load Wind system DESIGN FAULT BLUEENERGY PAID
Rectifier Wind system
DESIGN FAULT BLUEENERGY PAID
Rotor & stator Wind system DEISGN FAULT BLUEENERGY PAID
Charge cotroller Solar system
COMMUNITY TO PAY
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Maintenance: Scotland
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• Network of service centres – Government sponsored – Every county
• Printed manuals • Most successful counties
also trained community technicians
Maintenance: Inner Mongolia
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Wind Resource
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• Highly variable resource – Space – Time
• 𝑃 = 12⁄ 𝜌𝐴𝐴3
Wind Resource
CRASSH Seminar Series | Jon Sumanik-Leary | [email protected] | thewindyboy.wordpress.com
Wind resource: Peru
CRASSH Seminar Series | Jon Sumanik-Leary | [email protected] | thewindyboy.wordpress.com
4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6
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Annual Average Radiation (kWh/m2/day)
Leve
lised
Gen
erat
ing
Cost
($/k
Wh)
Mean annual wind speed (m/s)
1kW Wind Local Manufacture(blueEnergy BD4)
1kW PV with MPPT Imported(SuniSolar & Ecami)
Wind resource: Nicaragua
𝑃 = 12� 𝜌𝐴𝐴3
CRASSH Seminar Series | Jon Sumanik-Leary | [email protected] | thewindyboy.wordpress.com
Wind resource: Nicaragua
CRASSH Seminar Series | Jon Sumanik-Leary | [email protected] | thewindyboy.wordpress.com
Wind resource: Nicaragua
CRASSH Seminar Series | Jon Sumanik-Leary | [email protected] | thewindyboy.wordpress.com
Wind resource: Nicaragua
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Wind resource
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Scoraig: a case study in Scotland
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• High temporal variation
Wind resource
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Wind resource: PV-wind hybrids in Scotland
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Ener
gy y
ield
(kW
h/m
onth
) PV Piggott 3N
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CRASSH Seminar Series | Jon Sumanik-Leary | [email protected] | thewindyboy.wordpress.com
Wind resource: global
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• Small wind has a role to play in rural electrification – Very niche technology. Potential limited by:
• Resource availability • Social infrastructure
– Maintenance services – Resource assessment
Conclusion
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• People have a vital role to play in ensuring the sustainability of ‘sustainable’ energy technologies – Holistic, systems-level view – Every local context different – Establishment of social infrastructure – Long term support for new technologies
Conclusion
CRASSH Seminar Series | Jon Sumanik-Leary | [email protected] | thewindyboy.wordpress.com
Questions?
Thanks for listening!
www.thewindyboy.wordpress.com
CRASSH Seminar Series | Jon Sumanik-Leary | [email protected] | thewindyboy.wordpress.com
• Piggott, H. (2013). A Wind Turbine Recipe Book. Scoraig, Scotland, Scoraig Wind Electric. • HDI vs kWh map:
– Data source: UNDP (2006). Energy for Sustainable Development: Linkages, Impacts and Indicators, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
• Global wind, solar and hydro maps: – © 3Tier
• Peru community training photo: – Ferrer-Martí, L., R. Pastor, M. Ranaboldo, G. M. Capó and E. Velo (2010). Procedimiento para la evaluación del recurso y diseño de sistemas
microeólicos. XIII Encuentro Latinoamericano y del Caribe sobre pequeños aprovechamientos hidroenergéticos, Cajamarca, Peru. • Peru volunteer turbine photo:
– Courtesy of James Low • Nicaragua cracked turbine photo:
– Neves, P. (2011). Lecciones técnicas en fabricación y mantenimiento de turbinas tipo Hugh Piggott (blueEnergy - Nicaragua). Simposio internacional de energia eólica de pequeña escala. Lima, Peru.
• 1950 Scoraig photo: – Courtesy of Scoraig.com
• All Inner Mongolia images: – Batchelor, S., N. Scott, L. Daoqi and Bagen (1999). Evaluating the Impact of Wind Generators in Inner Mongolia - Project Technical Report.
Reading, UK, DfID, Gamos Ltd. • Car and bicycle repair images:
– Google images • Peru topographical map:
– MEM (2003). Atlas de Energía Solar del Perú. Lima, Perú, Ministerio de Energía y Minas, Dirección General de Electrificación Rural. • Peru small wind users’ guide:
– Chiroque, J. (2008). Manual Para Usarios - Micro aerogeneradores de 100W para uso doméstico en zonas rurales. S. Prácticas. Lima, Perú.
References.
CRASSH Seminar Series | Jon Sumanik-Leary | [email protected] | thewindyboy.wordpress.com
• Lightning map: – Dreyer, A. (2010). Lightning Protection study, National Lightning Protection Institute.
• Nicaragua wind map: – ENCO. (2013). "Wind Map of Nicaragua." Retrieved 14th November, 2013, from
http://www.encocentam.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20&Itemid=13&lang=en. • Nicaragua wind turbine construction workshop:
– O'Toole, J. (2010). Taller de Turbinas Eólicas, blueEnergy (Informe Interna). • Peru and Cajamarca wind maps:
– Ferrer-Martí, L., R. Pastor, M. Ranaboldo, G. M. Capó and E. Velo (2010). Procedimiento para la evaluación del recurso y diseño de sistemas microeólicos. XIII Encuentro Latinoamericano y del Caribe sobre pequeños aprovechamientos hidroenergéticos, Cajamarca, Peru.
– Original data from: Meteosim Truewind S.L. Latin Bridge Business S.A. (2008). "Atlas Eólico del Perú." Retrieved 27th March, 2012, from http://dger.minem.gob.pe/atlaseolico/PeruViento.html
• El Alumbre wind map: – Ferrer-Martí, L., A. Garwood, J. Chiroque, B. Ramirez, O. Marcelo, M. Garfí and E. Velo (2012). "Evaluating and comparing three community small-
scale wind electrification projects." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16(7): 5379-5390. • Nicaragua solar map:
– SWERA. (2008). "Wind atlas of Nicaragua." Retrieved 14th November, 2013, from http://maps.nrel.gov/swera. • UK and Scoraig map:
– SWERA. (2008). "Wind atlas of Nicaragua." Retrieved 14th November, 2013, from http://maps.nrel.gov/swera. • El Alumbre seasonal variation plot:
– Chiroque, J., R. Escobar, L. Ferrer-Martí and A. Garwood (2009). El Alumbre: Design, Implementation and Management of a Community Small-Scale Wind Generation Project. International Workshop on Small Wind Energy for Developing Countries. Nairobi, Kenya.
• Access to electricity map: – EGG-energy. (2013). "When darkness falls." Retrieved 15th November, 2013, from www.egg-energy.com.
References.