small is beautiful_ economics as if people mattered - e. f. schumacher

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SALL IS BEUIFUL

Economic a f Popl Mattrd

E F. SCHUMCHE

PRNNIL LBRRYHarper Row PublishersNe Yok, agerstown, San Facsco Londo



Ths book was ora pubse b Bo Bs Ld,Lodo n 93 is re eie b amet A dcv diio i publihed y Hap & Row Pubshs c

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Few an onemae wou a sense of eaion e spendd aeveens o raa eneyand enial sl w from e laer o

he seveneen enuy were ransformg eae o aera iisaon and of wh Enganda e darng no oo srupous oneer owever eonomi ambons re good seanshey ae bad masers

The mos obviou fas are e mos sy

oroen. Boh he exisig eono order andoo any of e projes advaned o reonsrung i brea down rough heir nege o heism a se evn quie ommon men avesouls, no inree in maea wea wil omensae hem for arrangemens wi nsu e

sefrespe and mar eir freedom. A reasonable esimae o eonom organsaion musallo for he fa a, uness dusry s o bearalysed by reuen revols on e a o ouraed umn naure m saisy era wiare no purely eonom.

R. . Tawneyego d h e o Cl

By d large ou resen proble is one o aiudes and pemens. We are remodelling eabra wih a seamsoel and ae roud oou yardage We sal ardly relnuis he shoel afer al h my good pons, bu we arn need of gener d more objeie rera os suessul use

ldo opoldA S1d o Alm



Contnt

ntrodcton heodoe Roak

PART I THE MODERN WORLD

Probm o Pro<o

2 P a Prm 3

3. T Ro of Eoomc s Eonomi 53

5 Qion o S

PART II ROURCE

ratt Ror-Edcatio 7

T Propr o Lan 2

3 Ror or n try 8

N Enrgy-Slton or Danaon

Tcnology wh Hm

ART III TH THRD WORLD

Dvlopmnt

Socl n conomc Problm lng

or Dlopmn o

Inrmit Tnoogy3 To Miion Vllag

4 Problm o nploymn n nd

7 9



PAR IV ORGANSAON AN OWNERSH

1 A Ma e e ? 223

Twads a T f age-Sal

Ogasai 241

3. Sas 25

4 Owesp 262

Nw as Ows 272

pg 293

e Awedn299

vi



IodcoTheodor Roszak

Fo y tw tssi Adam mith pblshd hWeth o Nos 776oosts hv b advtis thmslvs t th wold as th mst oos dsssfl of l th soial ststs. aspatio has

sdd idogal bdais. Whatv ax adEls y hav jtd th "dsmal si of Davidad ad Nsa io thy v fo omtdobtd tht ms did dd m th sis o thy amd th slsm "siti d hilt s a bath iv Dws hv

iooyI sppos w mst, as f t 970s, gad th omists' ogstdig lim as vdatd, at last thopo of as oil a tlt osss s th wodv msts s matts F 69 th Nobl Po "om s ws stablishd vt that

aly llows th oomsts t tak th p bsd tphysists, hmists ad biologsts Jstiyi th wawad o bha f th Nl Committ, Posso ELdb bsd tht "oi si hs dvlopdsgy i t dt f a mathmail satid statisl qatatio o om otxts. ts

thqs of mathmtil d statstil alysis,Ldb pad hv "povd sssl d hvft f bhd th va o lt typ of o



ics wih which mos aymen may be amiia. The iniiapz was hen gien o wo Euopean economiss whoseaim ad ben "o ed economic ho mahemacasgncy and o ende i i a fom ha peis mpca

uanicaon and a aisica esng o hypohesesn so honoing he economiss h Nobe Commieas doing no moe han endosing a concepon o ecnomics ha decision mes in goemen and busnesha hed an aced upon a eas since Wod Wa .Ohe noyescienicenough behioa scieniss migh

env h conomiss ei saus Nobe aueaes buen moe so ey ae ap o co em he pigedaccess he coidos o powe Today hee is no omen in any ndia sociey whch does no ha icounpa o he Aeican Counci o Ecnomc Adsos whe conom poicy can supposedy be ouad

ih poessiona pecison aending he discussiono puey echnica o cienic uesions Und h uag o he conomic counseos poiica eades manipua discou as and h money suppy wih hcodenc o spac scienis a Cap Kennedy pushing hbuo ad howing he swches whic guid ocke shp

o h moon and hom ike he physiciss engies andopaions anayss h economiss ha bom an ndispensabe pa o he new indusia sae's panopy oexpeis How my o us can een magine a psideniapess conenc on h sae o he conomy whee asuus o Poesso Lundbegs mahemaica specca

on and saisica quicaion is no he ode o day?

Fo hos whom conomics mans a book ed winumbes chas gaphs and omuae ogehe wih mucheady dscussio o absac ecicaiis ike he baanco paymens and goss naiona poduc his emakab

coecion o essays ceain o come eihe as a shock oa ie E Schumaches economics is no pa o hdoman sy On he cony hs deibea nnion

2



o subvet "ecnic science by calling its ee assumpin ino quesin, righ dwn t is psychlgca andmeaphysica fundains

Pehaps his suds ike prject ha only a brash

aateu wud ake n But this bk is he wk o aspoessina and experienced an ecnms as ay hbears the credenials he ud Schumache h been aRhdes Scha in ecnmics an ecnomic adviso theBish Cnrl Cissin n pswar Geany and rhe wenty yes prir o 7 the p ecns and

ead o panning a the Briis Ca Bard is backgound ta mght sugges suy orhodoy bu ha oudbe eacy rng F thee is anthe side o Schumacherand i is thee e nd he visin ecnmics reeced inhese pages t is an intriung m: te pesiden o te Asscain one o Biain's odes organic arng

oganizatins he under d chai o the nermdiae Technog Deepmen Group hch specizes inaing ts smal-scae macnes nd methds o prduction o he needs o deeopng counies; spnso he Futh Word Moemen a Btsh-bed campaio pica decenalzain and regnaism drecr

e Scot Bader Company a pineeng er a cmmnersp and kers conro a cse studen o Gandhinnvience and eclg For mre han wo decadesSchumache has been eaing his ecnmics ou so-ea cnstelain o ineress and cmimens andging s ideas away rom the par peace socia

usice dgd and thid rd ganzations a overEupe i e ecptns he prcipa oums hisring have been thse ittl nensely alive pandnguals (ke MANAS in erca and Regee Engand) wch me than make up f their imiedaudienc by beg ten yeas aead o he eld he

uaty o he thught As al his shud make clea Schmachers ok

bengs to a subenean aditin o organc and

3



decentrast economics whose majo spokesme icudePrce Kropok, Gusav Laauer Tosoy WiiamMorr Gani ewis Mumford ad mos recey AexComfo Pau Goodman an Murray Boochn. is he

tradii we igh ca aarcsm we mea by hamuch abused word a bertarian politica ecoomy adisnguish ief from orhoo sociasm a caaism by nsisg ha he a of organzaion mus be eae an ndepende nd prmay pobem The radiionwhe cosey ate wh socias vaues noeheess

prefers mxe o "pure ecoomic systems is heeforehospibe many fos of free eerrise a pivaeownershp pove ways ha he sz of privae enteprise o s arge o ivorce ownesp from peronvovemen whch of course ow he e mos ofhe wo's dseed piasms Bgess is he nemesis

of ncs whehe e bigness ha of pubc priae bureauccies because from bigess comes mpersoni ensiiviy and us o cocrate abscpowe Henc Schumaches ie ma I Bauf Hemig us we have said sa s free ecie creaive enjoyabe edurng-for such is te narcist faih

Reacn bacwd diion embace comunhaif ba, gu a vage ifesyes as od as heeoihic cuures In ha sense i is o a ideoogy aa bu a wsdom gahered from hisorca epeece ou wn ime i has reemerge sponaneousy in he commniaran epeimens ad hones caftsmanshp f he

counercue where we nd so may desperae ad oftenesouceu eors amog youg ropous o mae do simpe free a sefespecg ways amid he cawase ad mageri coesio How strage ha senewed iees acien ways of vehood commuy shoud reappea even as our operaions esearcher

begn o onceive e ms ambiious reams of cybernate gory. And ye how apropae For ere is o b huany oeabe wor on ar side f he eme

4



gent tecnocatc world-system, it sey have toowe fom this st age enaissance o ogaic husbandy communa househods, and dotyouse tecwhose st fan outes we cn tace though the pages

o pubcatons ke the Wo Eath Caao the Motath Nws and the Po's Yow Pa An thateassance is to have an economst to mae it case beoethe wo E F. Schumace is the ma Aeady hsbrit essay "Buddhst Ecoomcs has become a muchea d otenrepnte stape o the undergroun pess.

It wou be no exaggeraton to ca hm the Keyes ofpostdusta socey, by hic I mean ( Scuachemeas) a socety that has et behd its etha obsessio hose vey megasytems o poductio a distibutio hch Keyne tie so a to mae mageabe

Te st exampe o chumache's wo I cme across

as a ifoma tal he gave the mdsxties o tepactcay o Gandh's econoc pogam India I wasa e tme editng a sma pa weey LononP Nw d was o the looout o aythg aboutdh I coud nd But hee was a vewpot I had neveea epounded even by adent Gandhians most of

hom brushed ove Gands coce fo vage e anhe sping wee as f t ee the once egettabe foyof a othese geat and impotant man Not so ochumache. Step by step, he spele out the essentagoo sense o a thr wo ecoomc poicy that ejecte

itatio o Weste modes: beaknec ubanation

heav capita investments, mass poducton cetazeeveopment planng nd advaced tecnoogy In coast adhs scheme as to begn th the vages tostbi d enich the taditoa way o ie by use ofabointensve manactue and handcats ad to eepthe ato's economic decson mag decentazed as

possbe even thi soed the pace of ub a dusia goth to a caw.

Fom the standpot o coventona ecoocs th

5



od k a prrption or tvto I ot tt t Smr' pot w tt Gd oom orall t lack o proon optito (or pp for ve ro) not te prodct o a ie

o oe wi rdy iitd on modrtion prrvton nd gdlm o t mpton tt o eekpror" by rling ctlym ol cage ony ay o demoral e ay ad ke e te elledpndnt of e rc ad exe ew Ad vn tn my be a wy to feed t ngry Gd onomic

trtd (d ed) w peole, wit t n ortrong morl ad ir dee o be elfdeergobjev whc eadlog develomen can only war. Scuacer o ou "poo counre lp ad eued o te adoon o poducon eod ad conon andard wc do e pobe o e

relc d -ep rs are uenonaneocoloa nd oelen ypca o Scumacer e od ae Gand's

cnoc prce rouy muc den eadvancd du cous c e dword do endoe uc proeon

a en o w unexamed eaurc Bu enecno or e puoe obcvy are e sowly enocerc o ope Sn ey ae uverally rba nellectual wo undertd e o rway ey eay coe o regard e ld and v and o pon nog ore oer

tor o prodton Hn eem o e no lo buded a ga o u al word fan ghyeld ag-dt o deouae e aea and ocrod e ce e o o coc breakdo ndcr Sc ey er e con o work ro edarke y o early daon, ey d mo

ble o beleve a abor mg ever be a reelycoenonpoitiv d creatve vl own rg He eem o em eevden a ork m be ed



fao of machis o cbeatd systems Wost of asce thir world iw is a cultura bprodct of idstialism ty automatica dos te coogica stpidtyof dl ad s o aair wth te trrib sim-

plicites of quatcaton Th thus orook or distor thcommesurb qulitis of life spcal Schumach'shol trity of heath bauty, and permace

Such an ethnocentric Wstr conomics must cearlybe as dastating fo th drdeloped coutis hichmpo its ision of ife as for t deloped societies

which orgnatd it Today n poo ations whe wend fa too man Wst and Sot ancd projectslke the rca textie facto Schumacher descibes:ndusties demadig sc aacd prtis and scheed atrias to ish thi uxuios products that thecot emplo ocal labor o use local rsourcs, but must

mpot skls and goods from Euope ad merica. InGhana e ast Volta Rier powe poject buit withAmrcan oe at high tst poides Kais num wth stpndously chap ecticity cotracted at aongt low prce But no Ghanaian bauit has beesed b Kais, ad no aumnm plants hae be buil

the coutr. Instead, Kais impots ts aumium fopocessg and sends it to emay fo shig. Esewhee we d prstigious megaprojcts like Egypts Aswangh dam built by Rssan mone ad bains to poduce e o pow fa beyond the nds of the natosecono, that mawhe bigts the enonment and the

oca agcultre a dozen oeseen and possb souble was O cosid th poo countis tht sel thmseles to the itational tourst indust n pusut ofthose symbos of wath d pogess the Wst has taughthem to oet uros airpors, hghrise hotes, sxlemoto was Ther peope wid up as belhops and soue

n sles desk cks and nteainrs ad thei poudesttraditons soon degenate to cude caicatures But thebace sheet ma show a aeous crease foeig

7



excange eanngs As fo te deveoped countres fromwc ts coptng etos of pogress goes out moeand more ter grotman dstorts te envronmentsand robs te wod of ts nonenewabe resources for no

bette end tan to ncese te output of balstc msseseectrc adrers and egt-trac steeoponc apercorders. But n te statstcs of e economc nde sucmad waste measues out s poductvt and a loosros

Wat nd of economcs cn tet al ts as antng

more tan cds nonsense o cmna prodgat Teanswe s an economcs tat as no ge dea of watpeople are ee on eat to be and to do tan wasbeueated to t b Andew Ue and Samue Smiles andat as long snce tansted tat debased concepton ofumant nto te obectve quanttes of s scence as

to quantf bengtedness wee to dgnf tTe geat maort of economsts" Scumacer

laments ae stl pusung te absud deal of mangter 'scence as scentc and precse as pscs as ftere wee no utatve deence between mndlessatoms and men made n te mage of God He remnds

us tat economcs as on become scentc b becomngstatstca But at te botto of ts statstcs sun we outof sgt ae so man sweepng assumptons about peopee ou and meabout our needs and motvatons ande pupose we ave gve our ves gan and aganScumacer inssts tat economcs as t s pactced oda

weter t is socast o captast econocss derved bod o tougt t s deved fo dubousmeta-economc preconceptons regardng man andnture tat are neve questoned tat dare not be questoned f economc scence s to be te scece t purposto be rate tn (as t sould be) a umanstc soca

wsdom tat tusts to experenced nuton plas b eand ss a moa eotaton o two

Wat ten f tose peconceptons are obsoete? Wa

8



i tey were neer rre Wat ere sir in l tseepertly qatie mlns lvig ss eneat thesatistial sra aspirains reatiity gnersiy,rerly ad siserly perain natral any and

se-rnsendene w nenna enmis by virte a aal msantrpy i misaes r beg reals" ny wrs t destry a is s ad there is ndt in my mnd that it is ten it is n wnder tepliies wh sem rm at enms mst s en emade t wr mst e red dwn agaist resistae

pn a nsed and reatrat man aeral wnne dare eer nsl eep by way te pny pleiste te maretpae w aways trs t as preded base i is rgged p y yns ted ydemraed masses, and taated by pprnsts ndwat srt sene is it at mst r the sae i

predite sess hpe and pray hat peple w neerbe teir beter seles t always e greedy sal idsih ntng ner t d tan getng and spendng gettngad spendig? s as Smaher es s when teavaiabe spira spae is nt ed y sme hgemtiatins ten t wil neessariy e ed by smeng

wery te small, mean alaing attde liehi is ratnalzed e enm als

that is s then we eed a nber enms that isn araid t ds sprit ad nsene mral prseand te meanig e, an enms that ams t edae ad eeate pepe nt merely t measre the

grade beair ere it is



The Poble of Podco

o t mot atu rro o our ag t b tatt probm o producto a bn od. Not o t b m d b pop mot om podctoad tror proo acquatd wt t actt d b tua a t pt, t capta o

dut t coomc manag t got ot wod t acadmc ad otoacadmc coomt,ot to mnto t conomc joua. T ma d-ag o ma tg but t a agr tat t prob producton a b od; tat mankd a at atcom o ag For t c coutr, t a t mot

poat tak ow ducaton or ad or thpoor ut t trar o tcnoogy"

Tat tg a ot gog a w a t ougt t bgog mt b du to uman wckd W mut tor cotct a potca tm o pct ta uawckd dappar ad rbd ba w,

mattr ow muc wckd t ma b m o r at t wd d tat bod bor good o tu to a crma or potr t t uto t tm. No doub t tm a wabad ad mut b cagd O o t man o wt bad ad w t ca t u pt o t badn

t oou w tat t probm o producto"a bn od. A t ro pad a pta

1



o te coiion coure on wic we are ong weernreag peed-e appiy tak o united prog aong te beaten track o "education or eiue te c countie and o te traner o tenoogy

to te poor countriee iquidation o tee capita aet i proeedingo rapidy tat een te aegedy ricet count inte word te United Sae o Aerica tere ae anyorried en igt up to e Wite Houe cang or teaie coneron o coa nto oi and ga deandng

eer ore gigant eo to ear or and expoit teeainig treaue o te eart ook at te gue tatare eig put orward under te eading "Word FueRequireent n te Year 2000 e are now uigoeting ike 7000 iion ton o oa equiaent teneed in tentegt year tie be tee tie a

argearound 20000 ion ton! Wat are twenteigtear? Lookg backwad te take u rougy to teend o Wod War I and o oure ince ten ueconupton a trebed; bt te trebing inoed anicreae o e tan 5000 ion ton o coa equiaentNow e are cay taking about an inceae tee te

a argeeope k: Can it be done And te ane coe

bak t ut be done and teeore t a be done Onegt ay (wi apoogie to Jon Kennet Gabrat)tat it i a cae o te band eadng te bind But ycat aperon Te queon te i ongeaded

becaue it carre te ipct apton tat we aredeag it inoe and not it capita at i opecia about te ea 2000 Wat about te year 2028wen itte dren uning about today w be pannigor teir retireent Anoter trebing by ten? A teequetion and aner are een to be abud te oent

we reaie tat e e deaing it apita and not wtncoe oi ue are not ade by en tey aotbe recyced Once tey are gone ey e gone or eer

1



But wht-it il be se-bout the ncome fuelses, inee wht bout them Currenty, they contbuterecoe n clores less thn four per cent to the worltotl. In the foreseeble future they wil hve to contb

ute seventy eihty, ninety pe cn To o sometin on sm scle is one thin to o t on ntic scle isuite nother n to me n impct on the wol fuelpoblem contibutons hve to be tuly ntc Who wllsy tht the problem of poucton hs been sovewhen it comes to come fuels require on truly intic

scleossi fels re merey pt of te ntu cpitlwhch we stesly sist on tretn s expenbe s it were ncome n y no mens te most impor�ntp If we sque our fossi fuels we threten civiston but we suner the cpitl represente by livin

nture rou us we threten lfe tself. Peope rwin up to ths thet n they emn tht pollutonust stop They thn of polluton s rther nsy hbitnule in by ceess or eey peope who, s t were,how thei rubbs over te fence into the neihboursren. A more civlse behvour, they relise, wou

cur some extr cost, n therefore we nee fstete of economc owth to be be to py for t onow on, they sy we shoul use t les some of thfuts of our everncresn prouctivty to improve ·theulity of le not merely to incese the untityof cosumpton. ts s f enouh, but it touche

only the outer fne of te probemTo et to the ux of te mtter we o well to s

why it is tht ll these terms-polluton, environmentecoloy, etc.-ve sudey come nto pominenceAfter l, we e h n nustl system for quitesome tme yet only ve or ten yes o these wors

were virtuy unnown Is this suen f sllyfshon or perhps suen fiure of nee

The explnton s not ct to n. As wth fossl

17



ues we have ndeed been lv on the catal o vnnature or some te but at a ary modes rate It sonly snce the end o World War II at we havesucceede n ncreasn ts rate to alarmn rooron

In comaon wth wha s o on now nd wha hasbee on on roressvely durn the last quarer o a

centu al the ndustral acvtes o manknd u to andncud World War are as oth The next our ove year are lkely to see more ndustr roductont the world as a whoe tha a o maknd accom

shed u to 15 other words, qute recentlyecenly that most o us have hardly yet become conscous o tthere has been a uque quanttave j ndustral roducton

Partly as a cause and aso as an eect there has asobeen a unque qualtave mp Our scentss and tech-

nolosts have learned to compoud subsances unnownto naue. Anst any o them nature s rtualydeenceless There are o atura aents o atack andbreak them do. t s as aboes were suddenyattacked wh mchnen e ther bows and arrowsare o no aval. These substaces unown to nature

owe the amost maca eectvenes recsely tonatures deeceessessand hat accounts aso or thedanerous ecolocal pact t s oy the ast tentyyears or so hat they have made t er appearance bBecause they have no naural eemes they tend toaccumuate ad the loerm cosequeces o t

accmuaton are n may cases o to be extremelydaneous and n oher cases toaly upredctable.

In oher words the chaes o the as teyve yearsboh the qay ad the quay o mas ndustalprocesses have produced a etrey e stuaoa suato resu o rom o ares bt rom hat e

thout ere our reaest successes And ths has come sosudey h e hady oced he act that we ee veyrapdy us u a cetan nd o repaceabe cata

18



asset, namely the orc rg wc bengn naualways povdes.

Now le me e to e qeston of "ncome feswi wc I ad pevosy de n a somewa cavaler

manne No one s suggestg tha the wold-wde ndusa system whic s beng nvsag to opeae in te yea2000 a geneaon aead wou ssaned paly bywae o ind powe o we ae told ha we ae movingapdly nto he nclea age O cose is as bn thesoy fo qie some tme fo ove twenty yeas nd yet

te contibion o ncea enegy o man's toa fue ndnegy equements s st me In 1970 t aounedto 27 pe cent n Ban; 06 pe cent n he EopeanComm and 03 pe cen n he Unied Staes to menton ony the cones tat hae gone te thest Peapswe can assme ta naes oeance mgins w b abe

to cope wi sch sma mposons aogh tee aemany people even oday wo ae deeply woed and DEdwad D. David Pesden Nxons Scence Advsetang abo te soage o adioactve wases says tatone as a qeas eeg abo somethg at as o sayundegond and be pey we seaed o fo 25000

yeas beoe s amlessHoweve that may be the pon I am making s vey

pe one: e poposion o epace tosnds o ons of tons o ossi fels ee yea by nclea enegymeans to solve he e pobem by ceating an envonmena and ecoogica pobem of sch a monstous mag

nide tat D Daid w not be e only one to ave aqueasy feeing means solvng one pobem by sfg

t to anote spheethee o ceae an ney bggepobem.

Having sad ths I am se ta I sal be cononedwi nohe even moe dag poposition name ha

fue scieniss and echologss w be abe o devsesafety es and pecautons o sc peecton a heusg tanspong pocessng and song of adoacie

9



maal n vrncrang an l b ad nrlyaf alo a ll b a of olcan and ocalcn o ca a orld ocy n ch a o cvdbanc can nvr an gan, a rooon

o olv on robl ly by fng o anorhr h hr of vryday an bhavor nd ha o rd cagoy of naa caal ch a cklly andrng bca ra a r nco a f ong had mad orlv and cod a rac o of or chvand

and radly ng rodcvy. no vdn a or crn od of odcona alrady ang no vry banc of ndralman? To many ol no a al vdn No ha hav olvd rob of rodcon y ay have vr ad o good r no br fd b

clohd and b od an v bforand bdcad Of cor a mo b by no man allof n h rch conr B no a man bybanc T banc of an canno b ard byGo Naonal rodc ra canno b ard aall c fo can yo of o Hov h

o h lac o o no ac of h ymom,c a crm drg addcon vandam nal brakdon bllon and o fo Sac nv roveanyng.

I ad by ayng a on of o afl ro ofor ag h bf a obl of rodcon a

bn olvd. T on ggd, any d o onaby o cog a modrn ndal ym all nlcal ocaon conm vryba on c a bn cd o langa of conom, lv on rracabl caa c crly ra a nco cd r cagor of

c caa fo f oanc argn of nar,and h an banc vn om radr old

0



t hater wll have to be he elaborated a we goalog. Few peope w be eail onvined tha the llenge to man fte annot be met b makng maginaladmen hee or thee or pobl b hngng he

politia temThe folowing hapter an aemt o loo a he wholetation again from the angle of peae and permaneneow hat man ha aqred the hal mean of elfobleaton the queton of peae obviol loom argerthan ee before in huan hitor nd how old peae

be bit witho ome aane of pemanene withregard to or eonom life?

22



Peace ad Peae

he domi moder lief i h he ode fod-io of ece wod be iverl roey Oe my ooki for horc eidence h he rch hve reglrybee more ecefl h he oor, b he i c berged h he he eer fel ee g he oo

h heir ggreiee emmed from fer; d h heio wod be ie diere eebody were rchh hold rch m go o wr? He h ohg ogi Are o he oor he eloed he oreed molkel o do o, he hve ohg o loe b hechi? he rod o ece i rged, i o foow he

od o rcheh domi mode beief h lmo irreible

rcio gge h he fer o ge oe deible g he moe ecey do o i oher idoby rcve bece comleey be he wholeeo of ehc here i o eed for reco o

crice o he co! e he cece d ecologo hel log he rod o ece d e, d hi eeded h we hod o behve d rol cg o or ow eh he mege o he ood dcoeed h he m o ely eor k he gooe h wll edl de core,

gode egg o for hem d he mege o he rch ih he m be iegen eogh from me o ime o

23



TABLE I

R (% Poo (% ) (% )

POULATION (mlios1060 ( 3 1 28 69) 338 00)

FUE CONSUMON lon to c.e4788 8 2 13) 509 )

FUE CONSON ER HEAD 4 03 65

Bu hs ano happe, as eveythg takes ie Ad me boh he "h d he poo ae gowig dsres

ad ube So le us make a expoao aulao

If he h popuaos gow a he ae of 1 pe en

he poo a he ae of 2\ pe e a yea old

populao go o abou 6900 mo by D 200

a gue o e dee fom he mos ahoae u e foeass I a he same me he fue osmpo

r had of he "h oulao gows by 2Y e e

hle ha of he "oo gows by 4 pe e a yea thfoowg gues emege fo he yea D 20:

TALE I (D 2000)

Rc (% ) oor % o %

POUATON o6 23 59 (77) 6909 00)

FUE CoNSUMON on on 5588 6 568 33) 356 00)

FUE CONSON ER HEAD os 9.6 3 .35

The oa esul o wold fue osumpo would be

oh om 55 mad os e 166 o 232 mlad e yea 200-a ease by a fao of moe h

26



our h o wc woud e rue o popuonncrese nd hl o ncesed consumpon per hed

hs hndh sp s neresng enough Bu hsp eween he c nd he "poor s even moe ner

esng O he ol cese n word ue consumponrom 5.5 mrd o 3 mrd ons ce. e n ncreseb 17.7 mrd ons he ch woud ccoun or newohrds nd he poor or on le over onedOver he whole hrourer perod he word wouduse 425 md ons o co equven, w "rc

usng 321 mds or sevenve per cen nd e"poor 04 mlrdsNow does no hs pu ve eresg g on he

o suon hese gures re no, o course, predcons : h re w mg e clled exporor cculons I ve ssumed ver modes popuon grow

on he pr o he rc nd populon grow ewce s hg on he p o he "poor; e s e rcnd no he "poor who do r e gees pr o edmge- dmge e cled Even e popuons clssed s "poo grew on e re sumedor e rc he eec on ol word ue requeens

woud e hrd sgncn- reducon o jus over enper cen. Bu e ch decded-nd I m no sngh s s lkel- er presen per p uel consumpon ws re hg enoug nd e soud noow o grow n urher, consderng s lredoureen es s g s h o e poornow

wold mke derence n spe o e ssumed se he rc populons would cu ol word ulequremens e er 2000 over onerd

e mos mporn coen, owever, s quesonIs pusle o ssume h world ue consumpon olgrow o nhg ke 23,000 mlon ons c. er

he er 2000 usng 45000 mllon ons c.e. dug ethou ers ueson? e lg o ou pesn

7



al ga, o vn a And why hud nuca nry bcnnd o uppying n-qua nid of taqumns? Th pobm cn thu b ift t anhpan bu it fu to go away. F th conumpin of

fu n indcatd caauming no inumuntabdiui of fue uppywoud pdu nvinmnaazad of an unpdnd kin.

Tak nu ngy Sm pop ay ta t wo'c f ativy cncntatd uu a nucint to utain a ay ag nuca pgammag

nugh to av a ignant pact on h od fuiuaion w w av o kn wit tud fmn n impy wit min of n of ca quivant But aum tat th pop a wong Enughuanium w ! fund; it wi b ga tgt ft mott f t ar bug n main

cnt of ppuain ad ighy aiactv t ad to imagin a gat bioogica tat, nt to mntion th poica dang that omon might u a tiny bitof t tib uban f pupo nt atogtpafu

On h oh hand f fanat nw div f f

fu houd ma it unnca to foc th pa fnua ngy h wud b a pbm of tha pution on quit a dnt ca fom anyting ncount

Watv th u inc n fu conumpin by afac f fu an thn v and tn t n

pauib anw o th pbm of pouionI av akn fu my a an xap t tat

vy p ti : that onmic gwt w viwf t pnt of viw f conomi pyic cmitan cnogy a n dcb it mu ncyn ino civ btnek wn viwd fom th pint

f viw f t nvnmna cinc A attud to h fumnt in h ingnd puuit owt ho atii n t ti



fer a wle even e Gross Naional Prou refuses ose ay fue o eause of sieni o eoogialfalure u eause of a eepng parayss of no-oopeaion as epresse n vaious ypes of esaps o e par

o oy of e oppresse a expoie u eve of gypvlege groups.One go on for a long e eplorng e iaonaliy

an supy of en an woe n g posiions or lowf oy peope wou ease were er rea ieesslie! Bu wy o ey o realise is? Eie eause eir

ieigene as een ie y gree an env oreause i er ea of eas ey unersa a eirreal inerss e soewere que ieren ere is arevoluiona sayng a Ma sal no live y reaalone u y eve wor of Go

Here aga ning an e prove. Bu oes i si

look proale or pause a e grave soal seasesifeig ay ri soeies oay are erely passgpenoena w a ale goverenf only we ouge a really ale governenou eraae y sipyakig fase use of sene an ology or a oraial use of e peal syse?

I sugges a e fouaons of peae ao e lay unvesal prospery e oer sese eause suprospery aanae a al is aanale only y uvag su ives of ua naure as gee an envyi sroy neigene appiess ereniy an ereye peaefulness o an I ou well e a ri peope

reasue peae oe gy a poo people u ony ey feel uery seurean s is a onraio iers e weal epes o akg onaey argeeans o le wor resoes a us pus o an uavoale oson oursno priariy we poor (wo are weak efeneless) u wi oer

r peopeI sr we n say oay a a s far oo lever o

e ae o survve wiou iso o oe is realy wok

32



owr a w hads ad h masss ito mrmach mirs idd th o o ma thmmoyd.

Sos t boms h akowgd ros of i

ors a grs obsd Ados Hxy, o roidorar o wth h mas of "og rotab arsica sgica wok of hg m ad womo ac idc from bosss so ha th mabcom thir ow moyrs, or mmbrs o a sgog coorat gro workg o sbsstc a

a oca mark . hs y oritatd tchoogicarogrss [od s ] a rogssi dctrasaoo oao o accssibit o a, o owrsh of thmas of rodcio o oca ad coomc owr.hr aaags sid Hy wod b "a mor hmasasyg for mor o a gratr mar of g-

sfgorg dmocracy ad a bss from romh sy or icos ad cato roid by hmass rocrs o cosmr goods throgh h mm ofasms "1

If mhods ad macs ar to b cha og o bray accssb ths mas hat hr cos ms sta

som ab raoshi o h o icoms soc whch hy ar o b s ha mysfcom o h cocsio ha h r mi for h ar-ag mo of cata sm ce s robaby g by h aa args o a ab ad ambiossra workr. Tha s to say f sch a ma ca or-

may ar say $5000 a yar h arag cos of stabshg s workac shod o o acco b css of50 th cost s sigicaty highr, th soci so s ky o o sros robs, sch as coctatio of wath a owr amog th g fw a icrasig obm of droos who

cao b tgatd io socy ad cost a r-growg ha stca moym mastrbo of h olao d o xcssi rbasao a

35



The Rle f cnmcs

To sy h o economc fure s beng deemned yhe economss woud be n eggeron bu h hnuenc o n n cs h nunce o economcs, sfrechng cn hrdly be dobed. Economcs pys cen oe n shg he cs of he modrn wold

nsmch s sppes ce o wh s conomcnd wh s uneconomc, nd hre s no ohe se ofcrer h eercses geer nunce oe he cons

of ndduls nd goups s we s oer hose o goernmes I my be hogh herefore, h we shoud ooko he economss for dc on how o oercome he

d nges nd d cue n whch he modrn word ndsse, nd ow o chee economc ngemens houchse pece nd permnence

How doe economcs ee o he probems dscsed nhe preos chpers hen he economs dees edc h hs r h cy s economcly sound

o neconomc wo mporn nd cosey eled quesons se Frs wh dos hs erdc mn And second, s he edc concse n he sense h prcccon c resonby be bsed on

Gong bck no hso we recll h whn herews k o oundng prossorhp o pocl econ-

om Ood 150 yes go my peope were nomens hppy bo poc dwrd Copeson hege Proos of Ore og dd o wn o dm no

0



wheher n acivy caed o by a grou wihi socieyelds rot to socety as a whole Eve naioisedndustries are ot considered from is more comreesve ont of view Every oe of hem is give a acial

argewhch is in fact a ogaionad is execedo ursue is get wiout regard o y dge tmgh be incing o other as of he ecoomy I fche revaing creed held wih eqa feour by all olical aies is hat he common good w necessrily bemaxsed if eveody eve idusry and rade weter

atolsed or no srives o ea an ccetble retuon the caal emloyed No even Adam Smith hd moe mlict fah in the dden hand to ensure twhat is good for Geeral Moors s good for the UiedSes

However tat ay be, bout the amnta naure

the judgemes f ecoomics tere c be do whever Eve witi he ow css f e eccus ese jdgeets re essay d mtdcay ow r oe ti tey ive vly more eio te so t e lo ter becae e oer Keye it wit ceerful blty e e

e Ad the cod ey re sed o deti ofcost wc ecludes ll free oods, that s sy eeire God-given eviromen ecet for hose s ofi hat have bee ivately aroriaed hi mes thta activiy can e ecoomc athough it lays hell wih heeviromen d tht comein acviy, a some

cos i roecs and coserves e envrome wl beneconomic

Economics moreover deas wih goods accordcewi heir maket value and no i accordce wih whatey realy are he same rules d crieri re alied toma goods whch ma has o win from aure d

secodary oods which resuose he esece of rimay goods ad are manufacured fom them goodsare eaed he same, because he ot of vew s funda

43



a procedue y whch he hghe is reduced to the eve othe ower and e ceess s gven a pice. can theefoeneer see to carify te siuaon nd ead to an enighened decson A i an do s ead o sef-deception o he

decepion of others; for to undeake to measure hemmeasuabe s absud and consiues bu an eaboratemethod of moing fom peconceived notions to foregoneconcusions a one has to do to otan the desed resusis to imue suiabe aues to the immeasurae costs andbenes The ogca absudy, howeer, is not the geaes

faut of the undetaking: what is wose and desrucve ofciviisation is he peence ha eerng has a price orin other words tha oney is he highest of a aues

Econois opees egtimatey ad usefuy wihin agiven" fewor which ies atogeher outside the econoic cacuus We mgt say that economics does no

stand on s own feet, o tha it is a derived" body ofthoughtderved fom metaeconoics If e economstfais o sudy meta-economics or even worse if hereais unaware of he fa that thee are oundaries tothe appicaity of the economic cacuus he is ikey ofa to a sar nd of ero as hat of cetain medieva

theoogians who tred to see questions of hysics ymeas of ca quotations Eve science is benecawith its proper imis bu ecomes e and destructieas soon as tansgesses them

The science of economics is so pone to usup the esten moe so oday than it was 50 yeas ago when

dward Copeson pointed to this dangerecause ireates to cetain er stong drives of human nature suchas eny and geed A the gea is the duy of isexpets the economss, to undestand and cary its iitations tha is to say to undesand metaeconomcs

at, then, is etaeconocs? As economics deas wth

man s envionent we may expect that meaeconomcs consists of wo patsone deang wh manand the othe deaing wih he environment In other

6



b to dlo any onom thoy at al uss o wad to disad a vst a of quatatv dstnios. But t shoud b ust as obvous that th totasussio of qualtativ distintios whi t mas

thoisng as, at th sam tm mas t totay sti.Mst of th onsiuous dvlomnts of oms ith ast quat of a ntuy (fd to b PofssoPhs Bow) a n th diton of quantiation atth s of th udstanding of quaitatv dinsIdd o ght s that onomis has bom inas-

ing ntoant of th latt baus th do ot t itots mthod ad m dmands o th atal und-stadig ad t ow of nsght of oomsts whhthy a uwin o uab to fl Fo aml havigstabishd by his u quantitatv mthods that thGoss Natioa odut of a ont has s y sa, v

t th onomisttndootia s unwg ad gal unab to fa th qustio of whthths is to b tan as a good thing o a bad thing. Hwoud os al his taintis h vn nttaid suh austo: gowth of GNP must b a good thng stv of what has gown ad who if anyon has bntd.

h da that th oud b athologia gowthuat gowth distv o dstutv gowth, is tom a vs da whih must not b alowd to sufa.A sma minoty of oomists s at snt bgiing toquston how muh futh gowth wil b ossibs innt gowth in a it nviomt is a obvious

ossbity; but vn th not gt away fom thuy quanttativ gowth ont Instad of nssting oh pacy f qlave dnn, thy siml sub-stitut nongowh fo gowth that is to say on mt-ss fo aoth

It is of ous tu that quat s muh mo dut to

handl than quantt ust as th s of judmts a hih funtion than th abiity to out and aaQuatitatv d s a b mo asil gasd ad

48



4

Bddhs cmcs

Rgh Lelhoo s oe of he equemes of heBha's Noble Eghfol Pah. s lea heefoe hatee s sh a ig s Buhis eoos

Bs oes hae ofe sae ha e wish oema faifl o hei heage. So Bma The New

Bma sees o o bewee eligos alues a eoomi ogess. Sal healh a maeial wellbegae o emies he ae aal allies1 O We able sessfull he elgious siual ales of ouheage ih he bees of moe eholog2 We Bmas hae a sae o oo bo o

e a ou as o ou fah s we shal ee o.3l he same, sh oes aabl assme ha he

a oe hei eoom eelome ls i aoa wh moe eoomis, a he all o moeeooiss fom soale aae oes o aisehe o fomlae e olies o be usue a o

ost he ga esg fo eelome he FeYeala o whaeve i ma be alle No oe seems o kha a Bhis wa of lfe woul all fo Buseooms, jus as he moe maeals wa of le hasbogh foh moe eoomis

Eoomiss emselves, lke mos seialss, omal

se fom a k of measal bliess assumgha hes s a see of absolue a ivaable hswhou a esosos Some go as fa as o laim

5



a cmg snc ga cnsqcs ha fm hs vw a ndss. T rgans wr n sc ar ha bcms manglss bng sfyg,r nracng fr wrkr wd s f

cra d ndca a grar cnc wh gdshan wh ppl an v Jack f cpassn and a sdsryng dg f aachn h ms pmv sdof hs rdy xsnc. Eqay srv fr ss n av wr wd b cnsdrd a cmpsndrsandng f n f h bsc hs f an

snc nam a and sr ar cmpmnar pars f h sa vng prcss and cann bsparad wh dsryng h jy f w and ss f sr

F h Bdds pn f v, h ar fo yps f mchansan wch ms b caly ds

ngshd n ha nancs a man's sk and pwr andn ha rns h wr f man vr a mchancalsav avg man n a psn f avng s hslav H h n frm hr? T crafsmanmsf says anda Cmaaswamy a man qaycmpn a ab d s as ancn

as can aways f wd draw h dca dsncn wn macn and h Th carp s l a cnvanc fr hdng warp ads a asrc f p b wvn nd by cafsmns ngrs b h pwr m s a machn ands sgncanc as a dsryr f c s fac

ha ds h ssnay hman par f h wrk.5 s ca hf a Bdds cncs s b ydrn fm cncs f drn maasm snch Bdds ss ssnc f cvsan n n amlpcan f wans b n h prcan f hancharac Chaac a h s m, s frmd pa

y by mans w nd wr pply cndcd cndns f an dgny and fd bsss sw d and qay prdcs T ndan

55



pag o ful mpoymt ad h primy pupo of woud i fac b ploy fo vryo who da ouid job i would o b th aiiatio omoy o th maimiaio of poductio Wom

o h who do ot d a outid job, ad harg-ca ploym of wom i o o factowould b coidd a ig of riou cooic ailu.I paticua to oth of youg chidr work ifactori whil th childr u wid would b ucoomic i h of a Buddhit cooi a th ploy

t of a killd wor a a oldi i h y of aodr cooit.hil h atiait i aly itd i good th

Budd i maily ittd i libraio But Buddhii Th Middl Wa ad hrfor o wa atagoitico phyica wlbig t i ot walth hat tad i h

way of ibraio bu th ttacht to walth; o hjot of paual thig but th cavig fo thTh kot of Buddhit cooic thrfo i ipliciy ad oviolc From a coomi' poit of viwth a of th Buddhit way of lif i h utratioaity of it pattramazgly mal a adg

o aodiariy atifacoy rul.Fo th mod cooit hi vry dicu to ud

d H i ud to mauig th tadad of ivig b yh amout of aual couptio auig ll th tihat a a who cou or i btt o ha a awho coum l A Buddhit cooi wul coid

hi appoach civ iraoal : ic couptio iy a a o huma wllbig th ai houd bto obtai h aimum of wlbig with th miimuof couptio hu if h purpo of clothg i a cai aou of pratu cofot ad attcivapparac, th tak i to attai th prpo with th

mallt pob or that i wih h alt auadrucio of coth ad wth th hlp of dig thaivov th at poibl iput of oi h to

57



neous "qusi-rms. The monolith ws trnsformed

into a wellcoodinted ssembly of lively, semiutoo

mous its ech wi ts own dve d sense ofcevemen. Wle my theoretinswho my not beoo closely touch wth rel lifere si engging inhe idoltry of lrge se wth prticl people in thectu world here s tremedous longg nd stvg topo t ll possible fro he conveniece hum

ad ngeblity of smlness This lso is tendencywhch anyone cn esy obsee for hmself

Lt us now pproch our subjet from other gled k wht is ctlly dd. the irs of men

there wys ppers to be a need for t let two thgs

smulteously whih on he fce of t seem to becompible nd to exclude one another We wy need

bot fredom d oder We need the freedo of ots

and lots of smll utonomous units d at the smeie he orderless of lrgesle possibly globl ui

and coordinion When it comes to cton we obviously

eed sma nits bece cton is highy personl rd one cnot be touch th mor t very limiteduber of persons t ny one tme Bu when it omes t

he wold of ides to pniples or o eths to theindivsibily of pece nd lso of elog we eed toeconise he uy of nnd d bse our tions upon

hs eotn Or to put it deently t is te t en e brothers but it lso tre tht o ctiveperson eltionshps we cn n fct be broters o oy

few of them d we re clled upon to show morebrotherliess to tm tn we could possbly show to he

whole of m We know people who freely tlabou he brotherhood of we treng the neighbours s enemes ust s we lso know people who hve

fct exlent reltions with the nebors whe

hboug t the sme time ppg preudices bouthumn groups outside the picur ccle

I wish to empsise is te d o the

65



d ommuos. A hghy dvopd trspo ndouitions sysm hs o mmsy powrut: t mks pop oooo

Mos of pop str movig bout, dstg th

u nd th smr tow to foow t ity ghtsto go to th big ty usng poo growth Tkth oun n wh ti s pps most xmpdth Uid Stts Soioogss sudyig th probmof mgopois T word "mtopoi s n ogr bgoug; hn mgopois y fry tk bout th

poristion of h poption of th Unitd Stts tohr mms mgopon s o xdg fromBoston to Wshto, otnuo butup r wtsty mon pp on round Cgo notr symon d on on Wst Cost fro S Fiso S Digo, gn o·iuous buiup r wh sixy

mio pop th rst of t ou g ft prty mpy dsd provni towns d th duvtd wi vst tos omb strs dms out of hms

f s s sombody's opto of th fuu of tUid Ss t s hdy fuur woh hvg But

wht w k t o ot thi rsut of pp vig om footoos t s t rsut of tht mousmobiy of bour hh onoms tsu bov s

Evthg ts wod s to v a uur or-ws t s hos Bo th dvt of mss trspo d

ms ommuitios th stu ws smpy tbus pop wr rtivy mmob op whownd to mov did s witss th ood of sits fomd moig ovr op w ommuitios hr ws moby, but o footoosss. Now, gt d of strut hs psd d outy s ik

bg rgo shp i whih th od s o wy sur. Ittits d th od sps ov d t sip oudrs

O of hf mts of stt o wo of

68



population of 17,000 in the early 920s just fty yearsao. ts popuation s now appocng t mon Teonce beautfu Spanis cy is no ifested by sums suroded by misey-ts at ae cawlin up te Andes

But i is not a Peope ae avin fom e ua aeasat te ate of a thousand a dayand nobody ows watto do th tem Te soal o psychooca stctue ofle in te hntend has colapsed; eope ave becomefotloose and arive i te captal cty at te ate of tousnd a day to squt on some empty land aaist the

polce o come to at tem out to bud the mudovels and look fo a ob Ad obod o o do h Nobody nos o to stop t

Iane that 864 Bsmarc ad annexed te oleof Dema instead of oly a small part of t and thatotn ad hppened snce Te Danes would e etic

no Gemany, peaps stuln to aintan telanuae by becoin binual te ocial lanue ofo ben Gean Oy by toou Geanisinemlves could they avod becon second-class ctzes ee wod be n iesstibe ft of e mostbtous d entepn Danes toouhly Gemasd

to te manand in the sout nd at ten oud e testatus of Coenaen? That of a emote povcial ctyO iane Bel pat of Fance. Wat o)d be testat of Busses Aain tat of an umpont pocil cty I don't hae to ae on it ane no thatDe a pat of Gemany ad lum a pa of

ance suddenly ted what is now chaiy called"nats want deendence Thee woud b endesseated rguments tat tese nonotes cod not beeconomay vable that the dese fo indepedencew, uote a famous politic cmentato adolescentemotionasm potic naivety pone econocs and

see befaced oppoismHow can one talk aout the economcs of small nde

pendent ountes How c one dscuss poble tat s

7



v h wl hs n n h h h wh wl in s

Wh u h su ncssy hvng ginl mk? hs gn s n picl lusn f h

mnng f lg s cncv n ms f pcundis. Ndss sy pspus mk s hn p n u whh h mk s usi hpic ·uns insi mks n h whl vlil nc I m n w f nsn, h Gmny xp g num f Vlkswgns

h ni s vy pspus mk cu nlyd s f nxng ni s u i s k l f dn p cmmuny pc nsslf pcly ul y ch cmmuniy pvinc Wy cus n mil fs sciy hw f squiiiu is nniy sng hn h

scl lw f qul. Nhg sucs lk succssn nhng sgns li sgnn. h succssful pvnc ns h lf u h usuccssul, n wihupcn gs h sng h w h n chnc;ih y min wk hy mu mg n jh sng hy cnn cly hlp hmsls

A ms mpn p n h scon hf f hwnh cnuy is h ggphicl disuin f ppuln h qusn f nism u gnlsm n

h sns cmning f ss n fdsysms u in h pps sns dlpng l hgns wihn ch cuny. Th, n fc, s h ms

p suc n gn f l h lg cunisy An l f h nnsm f sml nins y h si f slfgvnmn n s-cll npnnc s smpy gcl nd inl spns h nf gnl lpmn h p cus pcul h s n hp f h p unss h s succsu

gnl vpmn lpmn usi hcpil cy cvn l h ul wh pplhppn

73



If s eo s no brought fo, e ony coce isee o eman n he mseable condo wee heyae o o mgae o he bg cy wee he cononwl be even moe mserabe. I s a sange phenomeno

dee ha he convenona wsdom of ese-y ecoomcs can o nohg o hep he poo

Invaaby roves a ony suc oces ae vabe asave fac he esu of mag hose aeay ic anowel che d moe powefu I oves a dusa evelomen ony ays s as ne as ossble o

he capal cy o anohe vey ge ow no hea aeas I proves ha arge ojecs ae vaabyore economc han smal ones and poves ha capaensve oecs ae nvaraby o be pefee as agansabounensve ones Te econoc cacuus as appe byeseday economcs foces e usias o emnae

he a faco ecaue ache o o make swch eople do Hen he enoous eo a auomao he ve fo evelarge uns s meas ha hoseo have ohg o se bu he abou ema teees possbe baganng oson Te covenonasom of wha s now aug ecoomcs bypasses e

oo e vey peope fo whom eveopmen s eayeede e economcs of gasm ad auomao s aeove of nneeehcenuy condos an eeehcenury hg s oay ncapabe of sovg anyof e ea pobems of oay An eney new sysem ofough s needed a sysem base o aeno o eope

nd o pra aenon o goos( he goos wook afe hemseves! ) I cou be smed up tehase "ucon b he asses ae han mass proucon Wa wa mpossbe howeve n he neeenhcenuy s possble ow Ad wha was n fac oecessy a eas undersanabyegece e ne

eenh cenuy s unbevaby ge now Ta s hecoco usaon of ou enoo ecoogca adscenc oena fo he h agans se

74



f Wee cvaton is n stae of ermanen cr no fa-feced o ugget at tee may be oehng wrong wt educaon. No ciaon I ur,a ever devoed more energy ad reourc o organed

educaon and f we eleve notg ele we cerayeeve a educaton or oud e e key o everyg n fac e elef n educaton o ong !a ereat a e redual egaee of ou poe enucear age rng new danger; he advance of genecengneerg open the door o new aue comerca

m g new tepaone awer ut e more andbeter educaon e mode wy of e ecog evermore compex: t me tha everyody mu becomemoe gy educaed "By 84 wa d receny w e deae tha he ot ordnay o mn noemaed y e ue of ogar ae, e eeen

a concep of te calcuu and y he deo due of uc word a eecon couom nd o He

od furer ave ecome ae no oly o ande penpenc and er bu o magnetc a

· vave d

trano The povement of comuncatn betwedvidu d group depends on Mo of a

appear he nernatonal uaton ca for podgoueducaona eot he claca tateen on potwa delvered y Sr Ce (now Lod) Snow n

Rede Lecture oe yea go o ay ta we mueducate oureve or per a te more meodramacan e fac waan o ay we ave o educae our

eve o watc a teep decne n our feme aoig Accordng o Lod Snow e Ran re pparently dong muc eter han anyone ele and w have cea edge une and un te Amercn and we educae ourelve o eny and avey

Lord Snow w e recalled led aout Te wo

uue and the Scentc Revouton d expeed conce a he neecu fe of e whoe of weeocety ncreany en p no wo poar goup

80



a udgmt oths ag a ac asuto or rsuositions which may b r dicu o cogis.

I say hfor that w k o idas andhat wha w cl hnkig s gray h acao of

rxistg idas o a gi situatio o st of facts Wn h about say th oitica situaio w ay otha stuatio ou oitica idas mo o ss sysmaticay ad atmt to mak that situaion iigib oouss y mans of ths idas Simay whs Som o t idas a idas of au that is o say

w uat th suati th ight of ou audasTh way whch w xnc and itt th wodoiousy dds ry much idd on t kid of idhat ou id If thy a any sma ak su

cia and ncoht i w aa nsid uisig tty ad chaoic It is dct o ba h sua

fing of miss ad t vacuum o ou nds mayoy oo asiy b d by so big faastic oionoiica o othrwswhich suddy sms o luneyhg and to gi anig ad uos o ou xisc It nds o mhasis tha hin is on of th gatdagrs of ou ti.

Wh o ask fo ducaio hy noay mansomtg or tha m aing somthg mo han

mr kowdg of facts ad somthig mo tha a mdision ayb thy canot thmss foua r-cisy what thy a ookig fo; bu I thk wha ya ray ookg for is idas hat woud mak th ord

ad thi own s tigib to thm Whn a thig sitigb you ha a ss o artciao h a thigs uinigib you ha a ss of stagmt ,I do ow you hr o say as a imo rotstagast t unigibiity of h wod s ty m it th mind caot bng h wod a st sha w

say toobox owrfu id th wod must ao it s chos a mss of utd phoma ofmanigss ts Such a is k a so in a

84



sage ad wo y sis of civiisaio omaps o sgposs o diors o ay kid. Nohig sa mig o m; og c hod s via ieres; es o meas o mag ahg eigbe o hs

adiioa posophy is a amp o creae odery sysem o ids by whic o ve ad o ierph ord "Piosop as he Grks oceived i wesPoessor Kuh is o sig eor o e uma mido epr h sysem of sis ad so o reae ma o heord as a comprsiv orde i h pace is

assiged o hm The cssiCsia ue o eae Midde Ages supid ma i ver compee adasoisgy coh eaio o sigs .. a sysmo via ide givg a mos ded piue o m everse, ad ma's pace i ·e uverse Ths sysem,owever as saerd d ragmed ad he

res is beidrm d srageme evr more dramaicay p by Krgaad i mdde o ascer:

One c oe' er o e o to tel te el at ld one : I my ger to eee-mel of nog ee I? Who I? ow came I

ere? Wat t g ad e wold? Wat doe torld ean? Wo t a a lred me no ng adnow leave e tee? . How dd I ome to te wod?y w I not oled bt a nto e a togh I ad been bot of a dnapper, a dealer nol? o dd I oban an ntee n eee

ey cal rea? Wh old I hae an nteet n t? tnot a volntry oe? d f I eed to taeat n t, ee e dreor? . Whter al I th y compnt?

Perhaps e is o ev a direcor Bad Russsaid ha e wo v smpy e ouom of

acidea ooaios o aoms ad aimd a hsciic hores adig o hs ocusio i o qiebeyod dispu a y so y a ha o pos

8



phy ees e e sd Oy di iedi desi he ss i eerh e sey i r Fred Hoye hrome ls f h rly dred sio w

we d seles ee we e i his whlly serse wih sy e s o wehe or ss y rel siie

srem eeds eliess d dsp heoer wih iss ism epy esr dee s we see i he eer p exse

is phisophy d ee lier ody. r sddeys I he meied eorei rddp o f e wh y mosossmpii o reiy preeds swer esos w s h s f esreme? se mo rmp ee hs ms oe o

rome ee more mpl o s pogss s o e of koo s so oy of eos s k rk so oled mm d ses R Hoy ko w do my s o kow o do? y Gsse p sy W o

o m e o e Uo m esw e o L s o mo o ss o oh sd of er W h s o? e rsmss of des whih e m o ooseewee oe i d er or o o re o fe w s sme me

ed r iwrd disreHw od o s kowd of Sod Lw

f Trmodyms ep s s? r So es s we ede pop dploe e ery of se-iss e somems Ho my of desr eod w o Tmoys T

respose pos s y d e Yehe sys "I ws s sme w s o se e of H yo e o o Sk

86



sars? Suc a statment chngs th ntr basis oour civisation What matters s t toobo o idas whwhch b wch throug whch we exprnc and ntr-prt the word Scond Law o Terodynamcs s

nothing more th a worg hypotess sutab o varou tys o scientc resarch On the other andawor by Shaksear temg ith the most vta ideasabout the e dvopment o man showng t whoegrandur and sr huan xistence. How coud thestwo thngs b euivant? Wht do I iss, as a human

beng i I hav never heard o th Scond Law o eodnacs Te answr s Nothg. d what do I ssb not knowng Sasare? Uness I get my understandng rom anor sourc I spy mss i Swe t our cidrn tat one thig is go nothrhre a bit o kowedge o physics and tre a bt o

kowedg o trtur? I we do so th sins o thathers w b vsitd upon the cidren unto the td andouh gnration becaus tat noa is th tim ttaes ro the b o a ida to i u atuit whn its e nds o a nw generation and maes th th

cnc cannot produc idas by whch we coud iveEvn th greatst deas o scic are nothng more thanworkig hyotss usu or puroses o sca resarchbut compete inaicabe to the conduct o our ives orth trrtaton o th word tror a an ssducation bcaus es strngd and bwdered

becaus hs i sms to him mpy d agss hecannot get what h is sn by studig ny o the atura scences i.. b acuring "nowhow Tat stud hsts o vaue wich I not icnd to beit it ts a great dea about how thgs work natur or nngnerng but it ts hm noting about th meang

o i and c n no way cr s estrangemnt and secrtdpai

Whr thn sha h turn? ayb in spt o a that

87



e eas abu te scec eut a us eg ge f scece e tus t e scae ues. Heeee e can f e s ucky ge e ll s ies w wc n tug wc

ae e w, scey a s w fe ellgbe Lus see wa ae e a es e s ely y. Icn tep t e a cplee ist s s ceyself e eue f sx eg eas, steg f e netet cenuy wc sl ne, f s c see e s f eucae pepe y

8

1 Tee s e ea f euta ge fscualy eep t f lwe fs s fau a utc pcess Te st unre yes s ae seen e systeac applc f s e specs f eaity wtu eceptn

2 T s e e f cpe, atu selecn e sua f te es wc pups explate ntua a uac pcess f elun epe

3 Tee e ea l e ge aifessf ua fe suc s elig, pspy a etc.

w Ma cals te pasgas s feare ng u ecesy suppleets f etea fe pcess supescue eece sguse a pre ecc teests e we fu sy eg te sy f class srugges

4 I cpeti, e gt tk wt te Mas

epet f all ge nfes� f ua eee s futy, e Feu nepe wceuces te e ar strgs f ucscusn expans e any as e esults f ufue nces-wses uig ci a eyaescence

Tee s genea e f ets, enyg bsutes sslng l ns n sns, eg te t enng f te ie f u pg-



msm nd cg n mthemcs, whch hs bdened by d Rss s th sbjct i whcwe ne knw wht we e tkig bt whehwht w sy s te"

6 Fny thee is he tmphn id f psiismtht lid nwledg n be ttned y hgh themthds f h l scencs nd hnce tht nknwedge is genin nlss it is bsd n genelybsevbl c Psism i th wds, s sllytsd i knwhw nd dnies th pssibty f

bece wege b meig nd ppse f knd

N ne hi wl be dspsed t deny h swep dw es sx ge ds hy e th est fny nw mpics. n f fc q

cld he ed ny f hm hey pesent e-mends lep f the imgnt the w dnwbl Of cse he ep is ke fm mpltfm f bsd fct. hs d cld t vedged themsles s y i me's s they hene, if they dd nt cn mp elmets f tt

the esen chct is thi cim f tyEvti s evehig is sid y tephemen fm ebe homo e bt s men phenmen sch s gi gge Cmpi- nt selct d th s f e est e pesd s ne set f stins mg hes bt s

nies ws M ds nt sy tht sme ps fhsty e mde p f clss sggl; n scetc me-lsm t ey scinicy xnd ts pl bse- nhg ess th whle f the hst f lhe xsng scy Fed gin s ctent tpt nmb f clnc bse bt es

nis th f m mtn, sseig fstc ht l eligin s thg bt n bsessiss tism d psitism f cse e p

8



metaphyia dotre with the euliar and ironia ditcton tat te e the vaidt o a meaphycncudng themeve

What do thee lage idea have in coonbeie thei nonempica metapycal nature? Tey al

e hat wha had reviouly been taken to be omehgo a hgher oder ealy nohg u" a more ube

manetaton o the lower"ue, ineed the ve -tition between hger a lower i ened Thu manlke the re o te unvee reay nong but an acci

dental ooaton o atom The erence between manan one i te more a deepve appearanceMan' hghet cutu aevemen are nohg but -guied economic eed o te outow o eual rura-tion. any ae it meagle to ay that man hou at the hge" rather tan e ower beaue no

telliibe meanng can be atached to purely ubjetvenotion le higher" or lower" wle te wor houd ut a i o autotaan megalomana

he idea o the aher in the nneteenth entu havebeen viited on the trd and outh generaon ivg eond ha o the twenet enury To their origna-

or thee idea were mply the reult o ther teletarocee In te d and ourth generation, tey havebeome the very tool and ument throug whih theword being expeen and erpreted Thoe that

brng foth new idea e eom ruled by them But thedea obtai power ove en ve in the td and ourh

generation wen they have become pa o tat greatma o dea cung aguage whc eep nto a peron mnd dng h Da Age

Thee neteenthentury dea ae rmy lodged i themd o ratay eveybody the Wetern word todaywhether educaed or neucated. the uneducated mnd

hey are ti raher mudled an nebulou, too wea tomae te wor ntelge. Hece the ogg o edua-on tat to ay or oethng w ea u out o



the da d dded gae he ght oudestadg

I have aid at a puey scieic educa no do

his because it deals w deas f kwwwhereas we eed to udestad wh hgs ae as he aead wha we are o d wth or ves. Wat e lear bsudyig a pacua sciece is ay case t specc adspecaised fr u wde pses we tu to hehaiies to bai a ca view f he large ad viaideas f ag Ev the haies we ay getgged dw a ss f speciaised clashp fuishig ur ids wih s f sall deas jus a usuae as

he das whch we ght pick up f the natl s-eces. But we a as e e fuae (f frtuate is) ad d a teacr wh wl "lea o ids lay

he deathe age" and nvesal deas lready exse

i ur idsad tu me e wold tegble fo .Suc process wold dd dee t e cae daio Ad wa do e ge o oda? A ew othe wod a wslad wc ee o e rpupse w a's ooes foae

os ade, n w s d esp e e

on eates e o e do aages o lm o wa Oega cal e He of Ties he Hegt f he Ies o or es e sef a abs f tgess He a eel ke eong By:

oo knod; hy o kno h o

! on h dp o' h faa

Th r of Knodg no o Lf.

othr wrds een mait edaton ltg s the e o the deas o o e ao dele eods " cause a e are qe eiae oog

f s le e abuda d o orowWa has happeed? w uc a tin posle?Te eadn da o e eee ey, w

91



ced to do wy wh ethyss e theseves d vos edesoyg type mephyss. e eseg o the s o a t dsese t s not tett owedge s soow Bt posons eos ng n

ted soow te thd d oh geneton Theeos e no see t n the posopy pt owd the ne o see Etee Gson pt t oethn twety yes go

Such dlopmnt was by no ans inb, but throgv groh o naa scnc had ad it or

nd or obabl T gowng ntrst takn by n nh cica rults of cnc was i both naturand tat but t hd o ot hat scnc i

owdg and actca ults but ts by-oduc Bo r xtd succs in ndng concus xlanatons o ata wod n had bgun tho dps a dcpli which ch dontaons oud

not be on o to bd ho dscps at h pat o th hy scncs As onsqunc tahy and t had to b h ignord o t tpac by w i cncs; thr ca thywoud b natd. A e dngro o indd wchccou or th ou poon wch wt cut

h now ound itl.It not een e ht metphyss and ts wod e

emted O n the onty, w e got ws d etphys-s nd ppng ehs

Hstons kow ht mepys eos n ed todet R G. Congwood wote

e Patstc dago o th dca o GrcoRoan ciaton ab that nt to phyca as. tws not barbaan attacks ha dstroyd h GrcRoaword cau w taphy c Th "agawod w ag to o ndanl cocton [th patc wt] sad, bcaus owg to

ats n taphyc anays t had bco conud as towhat h ncon taphyc h bn a uxury o intt wod not ha attd

2



aage cn be aled ot ange, oreentday civaton. We have becoe coned a toat or conction eally ae. he great dea of teneteent ceny ay l or nd n one ay or

ante, bt or eat do not beee n te teame. nd and ea are at ar it one anote, nota i coony aeted, eaon and ait Or reaon abecoe becoded by an exraordinary, bnd d eaonable ai n a et of fantatc and lfedetroying deainerted o te nneteent centy. It te foreot

tak of or reaon to recover a trer at tan tat

Edcation canot e a ong a it acod no lace toetay. Weter te bect agt e bjt ofcence or o te hmanite te teacng doe not eadto a clarcation of etahy tat to ay, of or

fndaen convcton nnot edcae a an andcoeenty cot be o real vale to ocety

It i oten aered tat edcaton i breakng donbecae of over-ecilation Bt th i ony a artaand leadng diagoi. Secaaton not ef afaly rcle of edcaton What od be te altea

tive aateh ttng of al ajor bject O lengty d nral hc en are force end ter te nng at bject c tey do not to re e they are eing et aay fro a

ey ant o lea T cannot be te rgt er ncet c oy ead to e tye of tecta a ho

Cadnal Neman catgated"an ntelect a, teorld no conceve o . one ho fll o 'veon al bject o ooy, on all atter o te daySc veine a ign o oance ate tan oedge "Sal I teh yo te eanng o knoledge? adCoc. "When yo kno a ng to recgne tat yo

kno t and en yo do not to no tat yo do nonotat knoledge

What at fa not ecaliaton bt te l of

3



epth wth whch the subjects are usuay pesete, adthe absece of metaphysca awareess. Te sceces aebeig taht wthout ay awareess of the pesuppositos of scee of the men a scace of sc

etc laws a of the pace oupie y the aturascieces wth the whoe cosmos of huma thouht heesut s that the presupposos of siece e oaymistake for ts s Eoms is ei tauht wthout ay aaeess of e ew of huma ature thatees peset-ay ecoo theory. fact, may

eoomsts are themseves uawae of the fact that suh aew is mpct he teach a that ey thetheores woud have to chae that ew chaed Howou thee e a ratoa teach of poits withotpressg a questios ak to ther metphysa oots?Potica thg mut ecesay ome ofused

ed "oubetk there is a otue efusal toadmt the serous suy of the metaphysa ad talobems ivoved The ofusio aready o geat att is egitimate to out the euatoa vae of suymay of th socaled humasti sbet I saysocaed ecause a subect that oes ot make expt

ts ew of hua atue ca hay e ed mstAl subjets o mater how spease are oete

wih a cetre; they are ke ays emaa from a suThe ee is osttue by ou most basic ovctos ythose eas wch reay have the power t move us Ioer wods the cete cosss of metaphyscs a ets

of ieas hatwheher w ke it o ottasce thewor of fats Bease tey trasce the wor of factsthey aot be poved o sprove y orary setmetho u tt oes ot mea that hey e prey"ubtive o reatve o mere arbtry oveosey mt be te to eay athou tey trased the

wo of factsa apparet prao to ou postvstcers f hey e ot te to reaty the aherece tosuch a set of e must evtaby ea to sste

94



Educion c elp us oly i oduc "whole men.T uly ducad m o a m wo ow a bi ofeveg, ot v m wo kow ll da of ubjec uc a g wr oibl) : wol

ma i fc my a lil dild owledg of fcd hoe may u Enccpa annca beca e ow d e d' bt bu n ouc th t et He wi o b i douabou bic coio bou iw o maig ad uo of lif H my o b abl o xli

mae i wod bu conduc of lif wio c u o ouc wc m o i clty

I a ry to xla lil fu wat a byc um acivty i a rg omg

ougt of good i o mo uology but l u t k ig quo Good fo wom?ood fo vg o So u o ore ou d oodae miold g ud di vig a ly o coud cotdico -fag d oby gy dciv

T c obvously, i lc we oca fo lf a odly ym of ida bout f d wold wc c ul deco of ao vig f e e gie y oug o (bcu i away buy wi mo imoai, o oud o ubl o hl

goic e wil o by y mean b m iwl be ld w l oe val id wc i o way oo a d o mid duig D Ag v ed o ow w id a lly o boday oa di o meg d uo of uxie o r ldig o e ol dei o ayo

wo lly beieve i em Foualy id e i ofe moe eig mid d efuo ac ee id i u wg ma i

5



aed from despair but landed in confsion. is fundmen conctons ae confused; ence his actions, tooare onused and uncertan If e woud only alow tet of consciousness to fal on te ntre and face e

question of hs fundament convictons, e coud createoder were tere is disorde That woud educae" him the sense of leadin out of te dakness of hismeapysca couson.

I do not k, owever tat tis can be successfulydon unless he que conscioly acceptseve f ony po

isionalya number of etahysica idea whic aelmost drey opposie to te ideas (temm from teneteen entuy) at have oded in s mnd I shmenon tee exapes.

e te nineteencenty ideas deny or oblieraete eracy of leves n te uverse, the notion of an

ierarcca order is an ndispensabe nsmen of understandn. Wtout e reconon of Levels of Bei orGrad of Siicance we cnot mae te world ntelble to ourseves no ave we he stest possbiliyto dee ou own positon te positon of man, n thesceme of e uvese I is ony wen we can see the

wod as a ladder, and wen we can see mans postion onte adder ta we ca recose a meainful task formans le on eath Maybe it is m's tasko mpy you lik mans apnessto attain a er deee ofealisaton of s potentiaties a er level of be oade of sncance" t at wc comes to m

naturlly" : we cnot even study ths possby excepty reconsn te estence of a heaccal stctre. oe extent tat we interpet e world trou te reat

vita ideas of te neteent centuy we ae bld to thesederences of eve, because we have been bnded

s soon, owee as we accep the estenc of leves

of bein," we can ready understand fo insance, wye metods of pyscl scence cot be ed o estudy of poltcs or econocs or wy te dns of



p hysicsas Einstn conisdha no posophcaplcatons.

f w accpt th Aistotian vson of taphysisnto ontooy and pstolo th poposton that th

a ls of bin is an ontoloica poposition I nowadd pstmoloca on: th natu o ou thin such that w cnnot hlp tnkn n opposts

t s asy nou to s tat al tou ou ivs wa facd wit t ask of concil oposts whch, oica thouht cannot b concd Th typica pob

s of l a isoub on th lvl of bn on whchw nomally d ouslvs. How can on conci thdand of fdom and discpln in ducaton? Countss ot and tachs, fact do it but no on canwt down a solution Ty do it by bin nto thsituaton a foc that blon to a hih v wh

opposits a tanscnddth pow of lovG N Ty ha put fowad th tms divnt

and "connt to distnuish pobls wic cannot bsovd by loical aon fom thos tat ca L isbin pt oin by dvnt poblms wc ha to bvd and a sold only in dath Convnt poblmson th oth hand a 's ost usful nnton ty donot as suc xist n ality but a catd by a pocsso abstaction. Vn ty a bn sold t solutoncan wittn don and passd on to ots wo canappy t without ndin to poduc t ntal o

ncssa to nd t I this w th cas wth hunationsin fa lif conocs poltics ducationand so fohwll I a at a loss ow to nish t sntnc T wold b no o huan laons but onychanical actons lf woud b a n dat Dint pobs as w fo man to stan slf to a

l abo himsf y dand and tus poo thsupply o focs fo a i tus bin lobauty oodnss and tut into ou Jis t is only wt



he hep of hese igher orces ha he opposie can beeconced n he ivg suao.

The physcal scieces d mhematcs e cedexcusvely wih covegen pobems Tha why hey

ca pogess cumuaivey, ad each ew geneaio cabeg jus where hei orbeas ef o The pce oweve is a heavy one Deag eusvey wih covegen pobems does o ead io e bu away o i

Up h g o hiy, or byond it [wot Chal Dn h uoborphy] potry of my knds . v pu d vn hooy k s d-ht Shkepr pclly n th hstoc py I hvlso d t fomy pctur v onsidb nd

mus vy , dh But ow fo ny yars I no

ndur o d ln o pory: hve y o rd

Shksp nd ound so nobly du t t nustd

I hv lso ost lot y st o pcur or mus My d ms hv bo nd o mchn ornd gnr w ou of clton o c buwhy hi shoud hv cud h ophy o h p of hbr on on wch t hhr t dpnd co

oncv T os of hs tst a oss of hppnss

nd y possby b njurous t intlt nd mor

pobby o h mor chc, by nbln th moionp o ou nu2

Ths impovesmen so movgy descbed by Dwin w ovehem o enire civisaio i we pemh cuen edeces o conne hich Giso cas "he

eesio o posive sciene o oca acs A divegeprobems ca be uned no onvergen pobems by apocess o educon he esu hoeve is he oss oa ghe oces o enobe huma e and he degadao no ony o he emoioa pa o ou ae buaso as Dawi sensed of our ee ad mo chaac

e he sns ae everwhere visbe odayhe e poem of g- poics economis

edcao maage ce aly proems o over

98



coin or recocig opposes ey ar dverge prob

es and ave no souion in e ordiay sense of eord Tey demad of ma no merey e empoyenof s easoni powers bu e come of s woe

pesoaiy. Nauray spurious souons by ay o acever foua e aways ben pu foard bu eyever wor for on, because ey varaby negec oneof e o opposies ad ose vey quay ofun ife. ecoomcs e souon oered ay prode for freedo bu no for pnnng o vce versa In

ndusra orasaon ay provide for dscpe bno for orers' paricipao n anagement o ceversa In pocs ig proide for eadersp woudeocracy or aan for democracy wou eadersp.

To ave o grappe dvergn probems ends oe exausn, worry, d eaisome. Hce peope

ry o avod ad o ru away fro . A busy eecuvewo as bee deai w dverge probes a dayon w read a deecive soy or sove a crosswordpuze on s ouey ome He as been usi s brana day y does e go on usig ? e swer s ae deecve soy ad e crossword puze prese

converge probems d a s e reaxaion Teyrequre a b of brainwor, even dicu braiwork buey do no ca for s stan ad srecig o ager eve wc is e specc caege of a dvernprobem, a probem wc irrecocabe opposes aveo recoced. s oy e aer a are e rea

s of ifenay u o a rd cass of oos wc rey

beon o meapyscs, aou ey are noy considered sepaaey eics.

Te os powerfu deas of e neee cenuy, aswe ave see e ded or a eas obscured e woe

cocep o eves of bei d e dea a some gsare er oes. s, of coure as mea edesco of ecs wc s bed o e dsncon of



good ad ev caimig that ood is hgher ha ev.Aga he sis o the athers are eg visted o the

thid ad ourth geras wo ow d hemselvgrowig u wthout mora sctio o y id The me

who coceved the idea that moraly s bu" did sowith a mid wellsocked with moral deas B the dso the thrd ad ouh geeratos are o loger well-stocked wth such deas: they are wellstocked with as

coceved the ieteeth cetuy, amey hat mor-ity is buk" that eveyhg that appears to e higher s

reay othg ut somehig ut ea ad garThe resultg couso s idescibabe. at s the

bd, the Gema say the gudig image i

accordace with which youg peope coud to o

ad educate themelves? Tere is oe or ather tere s

such a muddle ad mess o mages tht o sesible

guidace sses rom them. The tellectuas whose u-to it would be to get these thigs sorted out sped

their time procag that evethig s reativer

someig to the same eect Or they deal with etica

mates erms o the most uaashed cyicsm.

sha ve a exampe aready auded to aove. It s

siicat ecause t comes om oe o the mos iue

tial me o o time the ae Lord Keyes For at leas

aother hudred years, he wote e must preted ouseves ad to evey oe that ai is ou ad oul is

a; o ou useu ad air is ot. Avarce d usuy

ad peauto mt e our gods or a ie loge sllWhe great ad bin me ak e hs e caot

e sursed there arises a cea cousio bewee

air ad ou whih eads o do a as og as thgs

are uiet, ad o cme h hey get a it moe vely.

Tha avice usuy, d precuio ( eoomic scur

y) shoud be our gods was merey a bigh dea orees he surey had oer gods But d are the most

poweru thgs o eat nd t s hardy a exaggeato

100



t sa that b n the gs he recmmened have eenentne.

ethcs as n s man ther es, e have recklessld fu abanne ur great cassa-Chstan het

age We have even egrae the ve rds thuthch ehca suse ct carr n, rds le vre"ve, "temerance A a resut, e are tta gantttal uneucated the suject that, f a cncevaesubects s the mst mpnt We have n deas t thth an therfre are n t rea t beeve that

ethcs s a e here thg es n g h ksatng ta f the Seven Dea Sns r f the Fudna Vues Wh cud even name them? Ad ese venerae d eas are tught nt t e theng aut, hat ne eas have taken ther place?

Wat s t take the place f the su and ledestr

g metaphscs erted frm te neteenth centu?The task f ur genertn I ave n dubt, s ne fetaphsca recnstctn It s nt as e had tvent ang ne t the se tme t nt gdenugh ere t reve t the ld flatns Our tasand the task f all eucatns t uerstand e

present rld, the r ch e lve and mae chces.

Te prems f eduatn are merel reectns f thedeest prems f u age. Te cat be sved brgasatn adnstratn, r e expendture f neeven hugh the mpanc f a these s nt deed e

are suerng frm a metaphsca sease, an the cureust therere metaphcal Eduatn hch fs tlarf ur centra cnvctns s mere tranng r nugence Fr t s ur cetr cnvctns that are dsrerd, as lng as the present antmetaphsca temper perssts, the srer l g rse dn, far fr

rankg as man's greaest resurce, then e an agentf destctn accrdc the prncpe cptptm pssm

0



The Ppe Use f Lad

Amo mr ou h ga uquoab i S o oct ou ccom o p cocuo a o wa fu

T and ca h opo a opoi carr a

mn ai o i b incud ma 9Tom Da ad Vo G Ca bo y pdooi pubd a book cad Topso Cviso I cao do b fo pupo of capa quo om of op paap:

Cvie man was ly aways ab bcom mastr

of s omt tpoaiy. Hs chf toubls camfom h dio that h tpoa mthp wa pmat thought of hf "mst of wo,whi f to udtad ful th aws of atu.

Ma whh id o aa a hl of at-h i ot th a of tu ut cofom hs

ato to t atua aw f h to ata hsdomac o h ot Wh h ts to cicut th aw of t h ualy dto th ataiomt that sut h A wh hi iotoat ad hs to ds

O ma ha a f out of htoy b ayhat civiid ma h ahd ao th fa of th ath

ad lft a h fott. Th tatt ay bowhat of a xao but t i ot wthout foutio i a h po mot of t a o whch

102



Eugene Rnw edirnie e Bof St

Te only imals [e ays (i ims of 29 Ap, 1972),wose disapparace may reate te biooica viaiiy ma o eart ae te bacteria oaly aig ou boe.For the et ee s o cvci p at maid couo suvve eve e oy im seces o eat! Ioomica ways coud be deveoed o syesisi oodom oac rw maeals-wch key to appeooe o aera may eve be abe to become d

pedet o pas o wic e ow depeds ou o d

I pesoyad I uspc a vas mjoiy o awoud udde at e idea [o a abitat wiout lad plts] But lios o ihais o "cy ueso Ne Yor Cao do o Toyo ave ow uad pet ter woe le a pacicaly azoc abtateavi out ra mice cocroace d ote ooxou pce) ad av uiv

Eugene Rwc uy nide e ainlly jue een. He dele mnyiny unjue ing e een wen n een

yee y ey eue ceniu ecedne nu ecgic ye eir nreniliy d e dnge un inererence wie

W i il ced n e

e nue r cd i ece enc yneie d ng eriwic lky en ner ei we ece indeenden ln e cnnein eween l d iin w e ken O w i e uen ugge e Pe Ue Lnd e n ecnicl

n n enic u rrily ey ee le uly e e lee



raona hkg a a epesed by e las woquoios

Thee ae aays some ngs whc we do for eow sae, and ee are oe ngs wc we do fo

some ohe pupose Oe of e mos mpoa asks foany socey s o dsigus ewee ends and measoeds ad o ave some so of coesve vew ad ageemn abou hs s he and mey a meas of poducoor s i someig moe somehg a is a ed i isef?Ad whe I say lad I cude e creaues upo

nyg we do jus o he sae of dog does oed sef o uaa caculaio or isace mos ofus y o keep ouselves easoaby cea Wy Smpyfor hygieic reasos o e hygec apec is seodywe ecogse cleaness as a value n sef e do ocacuae is vaue he ecoomc cacuus simply does o

come I could be agd a o was s unecoomic: coss e ad money ad poduces ohigexcepceaess ee ae many acives wch ae oalyuneomc, bu ey ae caed on fo e ow saesTe ecoomiss have an easy way of dealng w emey dvde a uma acves bewee poduco ad

cosumpo. Ayg e do ude e eadg ofpoduco s subec o e ecoomic cacuus adyg we do uder e eadg of cosumpio" iso Bu ea ife s vey refacory o suc casscaios, because maaspoduce and maascosume is ac he same a wo s aways producg ad co-

sumg t e Eve a wore i s facocosumes ceai ameiies" comoly refeed o asworg codios, and we sucen ameese povided he canoor efuses oay o Adeve e ma wo cosumes waer a soap may be sado be poducg ceaiess.

We poduce orde o be abe o aod ceai amees ad comos as cosumers. f oweve, somebody

0



as a statement at tat tey ae in a ertain sesesaed Man as nt made tem and it s iratina mt treat tngs tat e as t made and annt mae adannt reeate ne e as spit tem in te sae

mane ad spirit as e s etted t eat ts isn magTe ige anmals ave an enmi vale eae

tei tlty bt tey ave a meta-enm vale i temselves I I ave a ar a mamade tg I mgt qtelegitimatey are tat te best ay t se it s eve t

bte abt matenne and simpy n it t in. I aydeed ave alate tat ts s te mst emiametd se I te alati s et nbdy aitiise me ating ardingy tee is ntgsared abt a man-made tng ke a ar Bt avean aimalbe t ly a a r a ea ivg sensitive

reatre I alled t tt t as tng a tyAm I aled t n t t riIt s se trying t anse s qestins siet

ally. ey are metapysial nt set qestins It sa metapysial e iely t prde te gavest pata seqenes t eqate a" and aima

ant ter tility ile aiing t egise e mstndamental dieree etee tem tat eve beng" reigs age s it amsed temptp te aled statement by eligin elped rbeas t appeiate metpysa trts Ad te dGd tk ma ad pt i in te Gade Ede"t

t be dle bt t dress it and keep t." And e as gavema dmnn er te s n te sa and te in tear, ad e evey lvng being tat mves pn teeart" Wn e ad made e bst te ea ates kind ad atle ater tei kd ad eveytig tateepet pn te ert ate s kind" e sa tat t as

gd Bt e e sa eveytig e ad mae teentie bispee as e say tday bed it as gd Man e iest s eates as give

107



"domon, o he rgh o yrase, o i adexermae. I s us ag about he igty of mahou accpting ha bs og For ma o umsel no a wrogful reaons wth anals ad

aricuarly hose og domesticaed y im has always al raitios bee cosere a horrbe ad nielydagerous g o o. There have been no sages hoymen or n anyboy ese's hsory who were ce omas or who ooked uo hem as nog u uesd innumerabe are e legs ad sores whic i

sancy as wel as hess with a lovg nessowars lower creaioI is eresg o note ha oe man s bng od

ame f cic ha he s realy og u aaked ae or eve a acceal coocaon of �tosNow we ca ee a says Professor Joshua Ler

berg. "Geoycly at east e s s fee a aricularmoecuar sequence of ca hydroge oxygen nitrogead hoshos atoms"2 A oe ma hs so"humy of hmsef, he thk eve more ;hby ohe aias ch seve hs ees: an reats hem as ey wer maches. Other, less sohscaedr s i

ess derave?-eoe take a er aude AsH eg Hal rorted from Bua

To [the Burmese] men ae me and ae anmal

nd e e fa he hihe. B he does no dece fom ha ma's spey give eson o -rea amas I js he evere because man is

ch hhe ha e ma ha he can d ms oseveow amas he vey eaes ce, fee fo hem he eaes comasso be od o hem in ee way hea Bumeses moo sho be nb obg How he mea if he kows o he wod

In Pro we ea tht e jus ma kes care of i

eas bu he hea of h wcke s erciess a Stma Aia w I is evet ha f a a racses a comssoat aecto for anmals h s a te

08



mor disposd o f compasso fo hs lowe." No

on vr rasd quston of w y could ordo accordc w s covcos A of vaus, o ds-nmsvs r s o quso oaordg

Wh apps o aimas upon h ad appsquay, and ou any suspco of say o ad sf ou iorac ad grd aga daga dsroyd fy o so o suc a xna wol cviisaons foundrd, av b o

ado acgs wc ad to ros macoomc au ad scac of rous atAd wr s tacs r dd o oy agcu

u bu aso a ot cors of csao acda d onss Covrsy wr pop madha y could not aord o ca fo so ad work

w atur nsad o aas rsuan sckss f soi as arably mpad scss o a oh

factors of clsato

I our , ma danr to so, ad hwo ony o aculu but o cvsao as wol, smsfrom th oman's dtrmatio to appy o arcuur

h prcps of dus No mor c prsaof s tndncy coud b foud tan Dr Scco Maso o, as VcPrsdn of h Europa E

omic Couny aucd Maso la foruropa Acuur H bvs a fas ara roup a as st no gaspd rapd cgs

socy" Mos of tm ou o g ou of fag adbcom ndustal laours n cts bcau facoworkrs m o budn ss ad os dmsrav jobsav a v-day wk and wo ws auaoday ardy Soo y my av a ourday wkad our ws oday p yar d fam: he

condemed o wokn evendy eek bece he edy co h no e been inened nd he ge no holdy ."4 T Msot a accordy s dsgd o

09



acheve as qky as haney possbe, te amagamaton of many sma fiy fams nto arge agictaunts opeated as f they wee fates and the maxmate f edcton n the ommnty's agclta popa

ton. Ad s to be gen "whh wd enabe the de aswe as the yoge faes to eave agctre5

the dscsson f the Manshot Pan agc sgeneay efeed to as one f Epe's dstes eueston ases f whethe agcte s n fat an ndsty whethe t mght e someting ess de

ent Not ssngy as ts s a metaphysca eteconcestn t s neve ased by enomsts

Nw the fndamenta prncpe of agte s thatt deas wth fe that s to say wth ving sstaces spodct e the es of pesses f fe and measf podctn s the vng so A cbc centmete f

fele soi ontas mards of vng ogansms the fexpoaton f wch s fa eyond the apactes of man.The fndaent pnpe f mde ndsty on thete hd s that t deas wth an-devsed poessswch wok eay ony whe apped t mndevsednonvg mateas he dea of ndsty s the ea

ton f vng sbstces Manmade mateas ae pefeabe t natra mateas eca we can mae them tomease and appy pefet aty onto Mamademanes wo me eaby and moe predtaby thdo sh vng sbstanes as men The dea of ndsty sto eate the ng fato een ncdg the hm

facto nd to t the podctve pocess ove tomaches. s red oth Wtehead dened fe as anensve dreted agast the epttos mehansm ofthe nvese so we may dene mde dstry as anensve agast the npedtabty npntaty ena waywadness ad cssdness of vng nate ncd

ing mnIn ote wrds thee an e n dt tht the nd

enta pnes f agtre and of ndsty fa

0



produton." A wde ew see agulte a ang tfu at leat thee tak:

-to ep man n toc t ing natue, of c e and ea a y vlneabe a;

to uae d enole ' de atat andto ng fot te oodt d ote matea c

ae needed fo a econg le.

I do not eee tat a caton wc eone onyte td of tee ta and w e t wt c

tene ad oence tat te ote two tak ae noteey nelected t teataly oteated a any

anc of longte alToday, we take de n te fact tat te poorton of

ole enaged n acte a fle to e low leeand onte to fal Geat Btan oduce oe ixt

e cent o t ood eqeent we oly tee per entof t okng oaton ae wog on fam teUnted State tee wee tl twentyeven e ent f tenaton woke n ate at te end of Wod Wa Iand fourteen e ent at te end of Wod Wa II teetate fo 1 7 ow ony 44 pe ent ee dene

te ootion of woke engaged n agculte aegenealy oated wt a ae gt fo te landand a geong of cte At te ae te, oweve toote Lew Hebe

Metropo lfe is bekng down, ycholocy eco-

omy d oocay. o of peope hve coeded rekdon by otg t ei fee ey eped up her beo d If they hve eebe o ever he conecto th te metrop t ehey he tred oc ymptom he eo i�cntO

te at oden town ay M Hee te an

dwee oe oated tan ceto wee n teontde: e cty an a moden etoo areaced a degee of anony, oa atoaton and

3



sprtual solat( that s virtaWy unecedented humhsto."

wat does he do? He res to get nto the suburbs

becomes a comuter Beuse ra cutre brokedon, the ra peope are eeg rom the ad; andecause metropotan e s beang dow, ur peopfeae eeng rom the ctes Nobody accordng to DrManshot, " od te xuy o ot ag economcay12 wth the resut that evewhere e teds to

become toerabe or yone except te ve rchI agree wth Mr Herber's assetion tat reconcatoo m ith the na word s o oger erely desrabe t has become a necesst And ths caot eacheved by toursm, sghtseeg or other ese-teactvtes but oy by caging the stucture o agrtue

a decton exactly opposite to that poposed by DrMahot and supported by the expes quoted above:std o seachng or mea to aceerate the dt outo agrculture we sod be searchg or poces toreconstruct ra cuture to ope te and or the gauoccupaton to ager numbes· o people, whether t e o

a utme or a pattme bass d t orette a ouactons on the d towards te theeod dea o hetbeauty ad peaence

Te soc sctu o agctue wc as bee produced byd s genery hed to otan justcatonomagescae mecansaton ad eav checsa

to, maes t possbe to eep ma n rea touch wthvng natue act t supports a the most dangerousoden tendeces o vioece aleato, ad envonmenta destrcto Heah, beauty, and permaence aehardy eve respectabe subects or dusson and ths syet aothe exampe o te dsregard o hu values

and ts mes a dsregard o mawich evtabyresus om e oat o ecoosm

auty is the spendour o tuth, arcture canot

1



l s second tak, which o humn nd enoben's wder b ue cngs fthuy and asiduousy o he s eveed by nue ng pocees.One of em s he w of etu; anthe dvecaon-as agans ny kd of mncutue anohe deeson, so hat me ue c be found f even quteeor euce whch would ever be aona oanspo ver ong dstances Hee gn, both e tendof gs nd he dce f the expe s he eclyoppose decnowads e duaton nd

depersonaston of agcutue wds concenraonscson and any kd f mtea wae h proeo sve abou As a eu the wd humn hba ff beg umaned and ebed by ans gcuuaace becomes sddsed o eares or evendegraded o uges

s s g doe becae mspducer cnaod "he uu no acg econcy and theefore canno pduce the ve necey uueseea beauy, nd peencewch maacoedesre oe thn thg ee I woud co o mucd e che we become, he e we can ad Te

afoemened epes cacue th he buden fcr sppo w he Cmmunty o he Samouts neay thee pe cent f Goss NtlPduc a mout he cnide fa fm neggbeW an annu gwth te of ve th pe ce ofoss Naona duct, e mgh have thogh hat uch

a buden coud be ced whu dcuty bu theepets pot out th naon euces ae gey cmtted to pel conump nement ad pubcserces By ug s age popon f eouces prop up declg entep, whethe agcuue r dut, he Comunty fege te oppouy o

undere neces povement3 ee otheed

Ntg coud be ceae gcute does not pay,

1 1 5



s jus a "decnng enerprse. Why prop up? There eno necessay mpovemens as regards the lad, buoy as regds faers' comes nd ese can be ade here are ewer armers s is the posophy o teownan aenated fro lvng nature, wo prooe ow scale of prores by argug economc ems hae cao ord any oer In fac any socey canaod o oo ater s and and keep helthy and beau i erpeuy There are no ecca dcues nhee s no ac o reevant owedge There s no need

o consu economc expes when he queson s one ofrotes. We now oo uch abou eog oday o aeany ecuse for e y abuses ·tha e cuenly gogon he anagemen of e an e ageen as, food sorage ood processg, nd heedeurbansaton we perm he hs s no due o poey

we coud no ord sto he; i s u o efact tha a socey we have no r b of belef nany eaeconomc vues d when here is no cbeef he ecnomc cacuus akes over. Ts s ueneabe How could be ohese Naure, ensad abhors a vacuum d when he avaabe "s

ua space s no ed by soe hger ovaon hen wl necessary be ed by soehng ower-by he saea cacuang atttude o e whch s ratonased he economc cacuu

I have no doub ha a calous tude o he an and he anmas ereon is coced wh d sypomatc

of a grea any other attudes such as hose producng anatcsm o rapd change and a ascnaon wh noveesechca orgasatona chemca bioogca so forhwhh sss on her appcaton ong beoreer onge cosequences are even reoey undesood n he smpe queson o ow we rea he

ne o eole our ost precous resource our enre wayo le s vovd ad beore our poces wh eard he and wl reay be change ere wl have o be

1 6



e e f posoc o s eus cgeI s queso f w we c o bu f w wecoose spe ou moey o If we cu e eeou ec f meecomc vue ou

scs wu becme ey beu g upepe wu eg e gy f m w ows e s e e bu eve foes b b



Resoces fo Ids

The most skin th about mode indstry is tha iteqres so mh and aompishes so ltte Modeindsty see to be ineient to a deee that spassesone's odnar poes of ainaton s eien

theefore remns unnoted

ndstrily the most adaned ounty today isudobtedy the Unted Sttes of mea Wi a poplaton of abot 20 o it otas 56 pe ent of man-knd ith only abot ftyseen peope pe sqare mes aanst a od aeae of oer seentyand bestted holy it the nothern tempeate zone t

aks as one of the et sparsey poplated aeas of theold It has been lated that if the entre odpopuaton ee pt into the Unte Sates it densit opopuation old te be jst abot that of Enand nowThis may be thouht to be n far" ompaison bteen f e take the Uned Kndom as a hole e nd a

poplaton density that is more than ten times that o theUited States (h means that the Unted Stats odaommodate moe thn half the present old popa-tion befoe it attained a density eqal to tha o teUnted Kndom no and thee are man othe idtialised onties hee densties e een hiher Takin

the hole of Erope, exsie of the USSR e d apopuation desity of 247 pesons P! sqare mle o4 tmes ht o the United States t annot be sid

1 8



hereore thatrelavely speangthe Unted Staes isisadvataged by having oo many people and too ltlespace

Nor coud t be sad that te teriory o the UniedStates was poorly endowed with natura esources On hecontrary, in all hua hsory no large terto has eerbeen opened up whch as moe excellent and wonderulresources and although much has been exploted andied snce this sl remains true today

the sae, the idustra! syste of the Unted Sttes

caot subsst o nteal resources aoe and has hee-fore had to etend its teacles rgt aound the globe tsecure ts raw mateal supplies For the 6 per cet ofhe world populaton whch lve the Unted atesreure somehng o the order of oty per cent o heworl's primary resources to eep gng Whenever est-

mates are produced whc relae o te next ten, weny,or y years the message that eees is one of evercreasng dependece o the Unted States economy onraw atera and fuel supples from outsde the unte National Peoleum Council, for stance alculatestha y 1985 the Unted Saes w have o cover f

seven per cent o its total o reureen fro portswhch woud then reatly exceedat 80 iin tonshe ot o po which Western Europe and Japancuently oban from the Middle as nd Afica

dusral sysem wch uses forty pe cen of heworld's primry esources to supply less than sx per cent

o he word popuation could be caed ecien ony itobtaned stnly successful resu n tes o umhappess, webng, cuture ace and amony I donot need to dwel on te fac that he eic systefais o o hs or hat ere ae no the slightest pospectshat i u do so y i aceved a higher rae of

row of producion, associated as i be wit everreater cal upon the wols nite resources Pro-fesso Wter Heler foe hian of he US Presi

19



de's Cou of oom dvises o dobt eeedthe opiio of mos mode eoomsts he he epressets ve

We ee exo to ul o to' spros. In

ly poyed g-gowth ecoomy yo hve etcce to fe lc d pte soucs o gh the ble

o , wte oe ouon owgowtecoomy.

" o oeve e ss " suessful eoomy h

ou goh. Bu if e Uited Ses eoom otoeb be suessfu out fure id gothd f th goth depeds o beg be to d everesig resoures fom e rest of the od tbout e oter 944 pe et of mkd ih e so fr"bed meri

If ghgoh eoomy eeded to gh e btegst pouto ih isef ppes to be e resu ofhgh oth ht hope s tere of ever brekig out ofths extrordi rle I y se the questio eedso be sed heher the erths resoues re ikey to edeque or te fuer deelopmet of dustrl sys

tem h osume so mu d omplishes so ittleMore d moe voies re beig herd tod h

lm th they re o. Perps e mos prometmog these oes s t of sud group t te Msshuset Istue of Teoo produed Li o Gow, repot for he b of Romes proe

o the pedmet of mkid. Te report smog oter mtel eesg tbe ih sosthe o globl rsees the umber of ers ogob esees il lst urre glob osumptiortes; te umbe of es o gobl esees il sti osumpto oug o go expoetly d

te umber of yers te oud meet gog osupio the re ve tmes ger th the e

12



o to b: all s o ora tuarsors o va poac to dusta socts. Ofpatca tst s t st cou o t tab csos US. ospto % o od oa

grs a as foosAln 4% Mbdenm 40%hmm 9% Nl G 6 3 %C 4% Nikel %C 32% Peem %Cppe Pnm G %

Gd 26% Se 26%Irn 2 in 24%Led 2% Tngte 22%Mngnee % Znc 26%Merc 2%

o o o o of ts coodts s U.S producton

sc o co U.S cospto. Havg calclatd dr ca assuptons ac of s coodts b aud t autos v gna conclso caousl olos

Gven peen ree nmn e nd e rjecenree n hee e the e mjri h cel

prn nnenebe ee ill be eeel cl100 e fm n.

act do not lv ta v c bo odr dt, av dpdn on a norof ntrnatoa ags t t poducg cots

fo t sup o a atras g acd css o uado propoos.

Added t the dlt enmc qein e e

indie ee fe ee beme pbiiel epenive te pndbe pll ef e ep beeen pe nd nme ni

the remnin ere eme nened n meed e e Ree niln S

2



A n n susfu d Et u o pre get h e pi quetn y rlng bf t utt cni n

I a pehp usefu, bu hdl eei, fo he

M.I.T goup o mke o m elboae ad hpoheilulo e d, he goups oluio devefom i umpo d doe o equie moe h asimple a of iig o elise iie goh ofmeil oumpio i e old is mpobNo does i equie he ud of lge umbe of om-

modiie, of ed eedbk loops sem dmi adso foh, o ome o e oluio i is Mbe i s uefu o empo ompue fo obigeuls hih a eige peo eh ih hehelp of fe uos o e bak of evelopebeuse he mode old beees i ompues ad

mae of fs d i abho impi Bu i i alageous d oml efdfeig o ad as odes b Beelzebub e pe of he devls

Fo he mode idusl em i o ge heaeed b posible sie ad g pie of mo of hemaeals o hh he MIT ud deoe suh pode-

ou aeio Who od s ho muh of hese ommodiies ee mig be i he us of he eah; homuh l eed b ee moe igeious mehodsbefoe is megfu o a of gobl ehaio homuh migh be o fom he oe d ho muh

migh be eed? Neesi is deed he mohe oiveio ad e eiees of du, melloulsuppoed b mode iee is ulel o be edefeaed o ee fos

It ould e bee bee fo he fuheae of ighif he MI.T em hd oeed is s o e oe

meil fo he vibi of hih i e peodio of l oe d o b

I ve aead auded o e eegy pobem some of

2



whch a b a i igy pricab, ahoro amo varay ook a imra coi pa of oa aio, o of wich ipaay prca c par cao b

oo wo rooo giv oy o xamp, a aboa y y opa Coa a S Commiy, rak 1 9 6 0 / 6 povi pci qaaiv awr o vray v qo ayo mg hav w o ak abof a rgy i Commo Mark co p o

7 I a occao o rviw rpo hory frpbicao a i may o b o of pac o qo afw paag from h rviw: 1

t may eem aohg enough tha ayoe shod be ble

o pedic the deeopmet o mier' wage d prodcy hs ow couny teen yeas aead: een more

toniing o d him pedictin e prices and satlantcreight rates o Amecan coal A ceta qalty o coal, e are od wl cos "aout $50 per ton ee Noth

Sa rt 1 970 ad a little more' 975 "out $ 50,he epo ay shod e tae meang yhig

beee $3.75 d $5.5 a margn of nceranty o$50 o ± e pe cent

( fac, h c pic o U.S. coa i ropa poro o b $24 a $2 p o fo w coraccoc Ocor 1970!)

Simialy te pe o uel oil wil e omethig of oder o $ 17-1 9 pe to ie estimaes of aious knae ge fo naura g ad uclea enegy Beg in

he possesion o tese (and my ote act, eahos d t an easy matte to caclate how much ohe Coutys coa poducto l e competitie in1 970 ad te ae s aot 125 mon i a ltte oeha he peset poducto

It fasoa tody to assue a ay ue aout

* Caage ise, eit; e. pce on dele

124



fuu puc us u ukw e cu i a u u up f u ccu T i s p u f sc i

i a upi uw Ti a pciucic wic c c pig cu w w i fc pu ju is qui

e su u w p v o up w w pu i accu c pu cic u I wuv cp i ip u u.

s t happeed, the peos paie dd asethe paig eos; the pt of he este opeaoa dus as v ut do to haf s foe

z ot o the Cot t Btai as eBeee 1960 a 970 the epedee o fue poso he Euopea ou ge fo h pe e toove sixt pe et a ht of he Ute Kgdo foteve pe e o oyo pe et Ahoh tas pefet psbe to foesee the toa suato hat

od have e et dug he 90s a heeaftethe goveets of este ope sppoe thegeat aoi of eooss eeae destoyed ealha of he oa ustes as if oa as g bt oeof ueae aeae ootes to e podedas og as it as potae to o so a to e sapped

as soo as podio eased o e potae he questoof hat as o te he pae o igeos oa sppies e g er w ase y ssuaes ha theeoud e auat sppes o ohe ues at o peso the feseae e these asuaes eg asedo ohg othe ha ishl hg

is o as f the as s oa Ja o ioato o hat the poaes happee to have ove-ooed potat as No hee as pety aequate

25



of large ol depoit he Shar (whch h duced myeope o believe h he uure propec of oi hve bnudmely ched heeby) ould hry ec hu oe y or oer Pee oio o he expespe o h he hr oil eld my uimey yied

much millio o. Th i impreive uehe hed, e u y he pree u o equirm of Fce; bu i ue iic cobuoo he 6 millio o hich e ume il be dcoved i he foeeeb fuure Th i hy I id "lmoumble becue 6 uch dicoverie h of

h oil re ideed dicu o mie All he e eu ume ey c be mde d ill be mde k herefoe f poved ol reerve houd be

eouh for fory er nd ol o ree or yer- he cure e of coumio Uforuey hoeve he e of oumo i o ble bu ha a lohiory of ro e of i o eve er ce ye

Idee f hi roh opped from o o e could bo queo of ol dpc coal d everybody ppeo be quie code h he oh of ol-e re pekio orld le-ill coiue e ebihed reIdurio i pedi co he old d be crie forrd my y he power of oi Doe y

body ume h hi roe ould uddely ce? If oi mh be orh our hle o coide puey imeicalho lo i could coiue

W propoe o mke o i o redcio buimly elooy lculio or he ee micll i feibiliy udy roh e of eve e me doubl i e yer 97 herefore ord ocoumpio mh be he e of 2 millio o eum [ he eve moued o 2 milio o]he mou ke dur he dcde woud be ouh5 mllo o To mi proved rve mlo o e rovi d he decde ould hve omou o bou o o roved reee hch

re pree or im ul ke would he be olye ime he u e hvg doubl There ouldbe oh iherely abud or 1poble i uch develop



me Te years, however i a ve sho ie whe we are

deang wth probles o fue suppl. So Je us look a the

olowig te ears eadg up o abou 980 oi osuptio otued o gow at ough see per cet rau i woud rse to abou 0 lo tos a ea

980 he tota ae duig his secod deade woud beoughl 0000 ilio os e "e of poed resees

ere o be aitaed at wet ears-ad few peope

oud are o eage bg ieste withou beig ableo oo o a east wet eas or wrti� the o

woud ot sue erel o repae e ae o 0000 io

os; woud be eessa o ed up with proed esevea 80000 lo tos (wet tes 4000 New dsoees

du tha seod deade woud hereore hae o aou

o o less ha 70000 illio to Suh a ue I sugges alead oos pret fatasti Wha is ore b ha

ie we woud hae used up abou 5000 o os ou oour oral 0000 io tos tota he reaiig

55000 llo tos disoered d otedsoeredould allow a otiuatio of the 1980 rate o osup

io o es tha fot ears No futher atheiadeostratio s eeded to a us rease tha a otua

o o rapd beod 90 woud the be tuall

possbe

hs he he resu o our easbiit sd: here s a uth at all i the estiates o toa eseve

wh hae bee pubsed b the leadg i eoogists

here a be o doubt tha he o dustr wl be abe o

u3ai s estabshed rae o growth for aothe e ears

ere s osdeabe doub wheter t will be able to do so

o twe eas ad hee is alst a etat ta it wi

ot be abe to oue rapd rowth beod 1980 I that

ea or raher aod hat te wold o osutio

would be greaer tha eer beore ad proed oil resees,

absoute aout woud also e the hghes eer here is

o suggestio a the world would hae reahed the ed o

ts oil resoures but t wold hae reed the ed o oil

gowh As a atter o iterst, I t add tha hs ep apps t h ad lad toda wth

aural gas te Ued taes t has eahed ts alte

128



Eve today soothsyers e stll at work suggestig thathere s o robem Durg the 96s it was the oilompaes who were the mai dispesers of b assaes athough the gures they provded totaly disproved

their ase Now after eary half the aacity ad muhmore than haf the workabe resees of the westeEroea oal dustries have been destroyed they havehaged their tue t used to be sad that O.ECtheOrgasato of Petroleum Epong Coutreswouever amout to ayhig beause Aabs cou eve

agree with eah other let aoe with noArabs; today its ear that OPE.C s th eatest ctemoooy theworld has ever seen. It used to be sad that the o expong outies dd on the ol oting coutres justas muh as the latter depeded o the former; today it islear that this s based o othg but wsu tkg

eause the eed of the oi osumers is so geat ad theemand so nelstic that the ol eortng coutries atg unson ca fct raise ther reveues by the sledevce of uaing outut There are stil eople who saythat f oil pres rose too muh (whatever that may meaol woud rce tsef out of the market but it s erfecty

obvious that there s o ready substtute for o to take itsplae o a quantitatively sigicat scae so that o iat aot rie itsef out of the maret

he o producg countries meahle are begigto realse that money aloe aot buid ew soures ofliveod for thei opuations To ud them eeds i

addto to moey mmense eots ad a great dea of tme is a "wastig asset ad the faster t is alowe towaste the shorter s the te avaiable for the develoment of a new basis of eonomc existence The ocu-sios ae obvious : it is the rea longerterm interest ofbo the ol eorng d the ol mortig countes that

the lifesa of oi shoud be prologed as much as possi-be e former ed time to deeo ateratve soucesof liveood ad he later eed tme to adust thei o



t s t stut-w s bsutlyrt t rs wt t lt st gtywh l wl b sr v r Th grtstgr t bth s tut r grwth l

ut sut tugut wtstr vlts t rt ul v l t ba ny e longrm ners o b group o con t b u rls t w t t sts grulyu t u w t sut.

s r t g utrs r trbl s bvus st sus r wst Eur J. s tw s gr bg trsury lgt r l r. N rt ut stu r ru t stbsh ts st . Utlut t wst u lv t tb

us tht w r tg th g ltlss, hg us ststs g ts gv t st s tt utur wl b ug th rt Bts Wt lP ssu Nvb 1967 rl tt

dicov o r g i h Not mjorvt i volio o Biis g t follo

clol uo cog o g o clr o oi mo oc o g. or t

dvlopmt l ld o udml cg t tro g dmd d upl coig

ys tr tt s t b s s tt Bt smr t t l t v b A rs t t St Stt r t t b 972 trus s tr g wt t ws

i dd r dc

ut tur r rourc, o or co or t o ol. m v ou g o t l r o x

32



austed, bu s crengly recoied ha her fe e ad sasfaory aeaves must be fod. The uge

ipe eeds of deveopg ourie, he rease opuao he ae a whh ome oue o ery aebg ed up whou muh apae ought of the oe

quee he bee a fuure reoe be avaabeo a eve-eg oom o ad he hard whuear power ma brg s a are a fato whctrbute o the owng o

s a y "gwg cncr dd n s s 1960s, ug c ny Bs cndusy ws bndnd s "uncnmcnd ncbdnd, s uy s -nd s snsng dspt ng cnc, s cnnungssu m gy u qurs g n pcsus "cnc sns

1 3 3



dvopd ovr mo of yas ms b osdd o hav

som mr yg so ompad a pa abd

y mo han a mo and a haf sps of as d

ama a of m vng oghr a mo o ss bacdbum hh hy onuousy s and us h

am mo of h so d a ano b mpovd byamss ad nfomd kg A hang n a ompx

mhasm nvov som s ad shoud b drak onyafr arf sudy of a fa avaab Chan shod mad o a sma sa s so as o provd a bfoy a dy appd Wn nfoao omp

hags shoud say os o h aua poss hav h favor h dspab vd of av�ppor f fo a vy ong

Th agun s yas ago odd as foowsOf a h changs noducd by an no h hohod

of nau agsa nuca sson s undoubdy

os dangous and ofound. As a su onsng adaon has bco h o sous agn of ouon of hnvon and h gas a o an's suvva ona Th anon of h ayan no susngy hasbn caud by ao bob ahough h s aas a chanc ha ay nv b usd gan Th

dg o huany cad by h socad acfu ussof aoc ngy ay b uh ga T codndd b no ca a of h vag dcaosh of conocs h o bud convnona owsaons basd on coa o o o nuca saons s bngdcdd on conoc gounds has a sa

n of gd fo h �oca consquncs ha ghas fo an osdy cuan of h coa ndusyBu ha nuca sson n an ncdb coaab and unqu had fo uan f dos no nany cacuaon d s nv nond Po whosbusnss s o judg hazads nsuanc coans

a uc o nsu nuca ow saons anwhn h wod fo d ay sk h h su ha sa gsaon has had o b sd whby h Sa

35



ap bg lablt Y ud o o hazadmai, ad uh haldom o th gio o o-omi ha h oly qto ta appa to h govm o th publ whth pay

no a h w ay la o uthotativ voo wa u t o lpha bta, ad gamma ay onliig tiu a py wll ow : adatiopati a ik bull tag to a oam ad th

damag hy do dpd pimaly o th doag ad hyp o l y ht. A log ago a 92 th Aan

bolog H J Mull pubid amou pap og muatio podud by Xay bombadm andi h y 90 th gt haad o xpou hab ogid alo by nogti I i la thah i a aad th a ito uxpd dimo dagg ot oly to who mght b dtly

ad by h adao but thi opi a wll.A w dmno i giv ao by h a tha w

a now aad doa adioat lh nohng h a do o du th adioativo h ha ad m No hmial ato, o phy-

a tn, oly h pag o m du h

iy o adao o it ha bn t gog. Cabon4h a hall o 5900 ya, whh man tha aaly 600 ya o t adoavty o d to o-hal o wha t wa bo. Th hai o tontum90 iwygh ya But at t lgth o th hal- om adiaion onnu almot dity ad

th ohg ha a b do abou t xpt o yad pu th adioat uban to a a pla.

Bu wha i a a pla l u ay, o h noouamou o adoaiv wa podut' ad by ulaato? No pla o ah a b hown to b a. Itwa hough at o ha th wt ou aly b

dumpd o h dpt pa o th o on thaumpio at no li oud ubi a uh dpt 0 Bhi ha n bn dipod by So dpa xploa

13



og but rauiy, fm o stretces befoe ese-at e fuue cous as ig cmpaei e sges ecmc ga o

Meae, a umber of aurties are eage

eg maximu permssbe coceraos (MPs)a maxmum permssbe eves (MPLs) f varusaacive eees. Te PC puts t ee equatiy f a gve aactve substace a e umaby ca be o accumae. Bt i is k aay accumuati pruces bogica amage Sice e

't ko ta ese eecs ca be competey recveerm, bves te U Nava Raoogca Laboatye ave to a back o a bira ecis abou uc e put up t; ie. at s accpabe" o persse"-t a sceic ig bu a amstaiveecisi0 We ca arly be suprise e e o

ustag ielligece a egrty suc as bertceitzer refuse o accept suc amsraive ecisosi equaiy: W as give em e rgt t ts? is eve etile o gve suc a pemssi Testr of ese ecisos is o say te eas isquetge Brs Meica esearc Cuc e sme teve

ears ago tat

m bl l o rom90 huma kln p b Iaol Commonn Raooga Po p o 0 am f alu ( = 0 SU ) B s haxm pmb l fo auls pa upaos s uabl fo aplao o popua as a r h w r ar y oa12

A tle aer te PC fo strtum9 as far as tegeera popuato as ccee as reuce by ey

per ce, a e by aer r t syseve UMeae e f orr uea pas asase t 2000 U18

1 3 8



e mt be ca oev o to gt ot ejge o cotov ta a ow p t ed. epot ta vy o azad ave aady bceatd by pce o atoc e ac-

g ot mey t ope v today b teeato to o a cea g beg doly o a tattcay t T a deeopm yt to come o a c wc w pope aecpab o ma t y gog to appee w b a cot tac o doacve b-

tace om te o cemca pat o te ceaato ad back aa om tato to watepoceg pat; ad om ee o dpoa t Ao accdt et dg tapot o podco,ca c a majo caatoe ad e adato evogo wod w e eetey om geeato

o geeato. U a vg geect ae eotee w be a ay eete tog o dob omewat dad ceae te mbe o a mtao. Z Moga o t Ok Rdg Laboatoepae a te da ma ca be vey bte a

deoato o a kd o oac at, c a

moby etty ad cecy o eo oga a ma doe a ay eect at a a a ta o e ecyc o a ogam, coc adato a eveca be moe damagg ta a g ave doe Fay e ad ca mtato at may be podced ev w tee o mmedate obvo eec on

vva o adted dvda4Leadg etct av give te w ta

v pobe od be de to avod ay ceae mtato te;15 ad mdca m av itda e te o ca e mt dped pmayo eace to adato booy c a a yt t

otay compete; eadg pct ave geda mea mc e oc t bd caeaco od be ed o ov e pobem o e

1 3 9



or choc wth w cn cop with h hzrds oot

I s cr tt ctin scintic nd tchnoogicdncs of th st irty yrs hv rodcd nd

ontng to prodc, zrds of n togthr intorn At th Foh Nionl Cncr Confnc in Amric in Spmr 190 Lstr Bsow of th Clfott Drtmnt of c Hh rportd tht tns ofhonds of trot n wst htchr sddly idi cncs nd contnd ths:

hooal has a a's ro b ou� a uh rapd ra wh o lorol ha a wo ma a hus fa ad ht of ca d u hs ya o htrot23

ntion ths ting, no dot mn ying onsfpn to th chg of ng ginst scinc tcnoogynd rogss. Lt m tfor in concsion dd fods ot fr scntc sch Mn cnnot ivio scinc nd chnoogy ny mor thn h c ivgint ntur. nds th mos cf considr

ton, howr is t dreto of scintic rsch Wcot v tis to t scintists on As Einsn himsf sid, 24 most l scintit conoicy cmty dpndnt nd nmr of scintists whoossss sns of soci sonsity is so sml" thtty cnnot· dt dircon of rsrch T lt

tr dictm ppls no dot o l spcists, nd tts tfo fls to t intllignt ymn to opl ikthos wo fo Ntion Socty for Cln Air ndothr simir sociis concd wt cortion Tyst wo on plic opnion so tht th politicinsdndg on pic opinion wil fr thsvs ro

th thrldom of conosm nd ttnd to tings ttrlly tr Wt mts s I sid, s th diro ofsch tt t dction sod b towd non



violence athe than vio: toa an hmonioscoopeatio wth ntue the thn a wae aginstnatue towas the noseless loneg elegan anconomical soluions noa applie in nate athethan the noisy highenegy butal wasteful an clusysolutons of ou pesentay scien.

The continuation of scientic avnce in the iectoof eve-iceasing violence culmiaing i nucea ssionan moving on to nuclea fusion is a pospect of teothateing the abolition of man. Yet it is not tten inthe ss that ths must be the iectio hee is also alife-gvng an lifeenhancing possibility he consousexploatio an cultivation of all elatively no-violent,haonous, oganic methos of coopeting with thatenoous oneful compehensibe system of Gogven nate, of which we ae a pa an which e ce

tainly hve not ae ouselves.his statemet which wa pat of a lectue give befoethe National Society o Clean in Otobe 7 waseceve th thoughtful applause by a highly esposbleauence but was subsequey feciousy attacke bythe authoities the height of esponsibility" The ost

pceless emak was epoey mae by Richa Mashthe He Majesty's Ministe of Powe who felt it e

sa to ebuke the autho. he lectue he sai s neo e ore ordinr nd obe onribons o e ren debe on e n o s(il eer 21 Octob 7.)

Howeve times change epo on the Contl ofPollution pesente in Febu 7 to he Seceta ofState fo the Envionent y n ocialy appointeWoking Py pubishe by He Majestys StioeyOce an entie Poion: Nuine or Nemis? hasthis to sy

Th mi wor s about te ftr, d in h olcotx oo poey o or o

k w u g. A ot uc r

3



provd only o cn of t oal lctcty �natn wold. By h ya 0, sn lans g aa wl av icasd o wl ov fy cn and quvalnt of wo nw 50 MW actoac o sz of t o at Trwyyd Sowdona-w

o evy day2

On ioaive e of e eo

bggs ca of woy fo t f orag of onglvd radioacv wa . Unlk o llut no way of dstoyng adoacvy So

no altnaiv to rmann soag t Ud Kngdom ront9 at rsn od as a d n ug al l ta at Wndal n Cumand y hav to conualy coodw wa sic t a gvn o y t adao woldotws ras ma to aov oiln� ont. Wsal av to go o coong s ans fo may yas vn

w ud o mo nuclar raco Bt w vcas of sontm xcd t fut omay pov fa mo dcult. Morov t xcd swco fas d racors w agrava taon vnurt for y oduc ag uan of adoactvutanc w vy ong alfv.

c w a conscously d dliay accumuaga oxc susanc o ocanc tat may osso g d of a a a da. W a commtng fgnaion o ack a rolm wc w o o ow owto andl

Fi ot sss a v lar a:

vdn danr a man may av u al gn ucar ak for dcov at a soonnot fod. Th would n owfl ocalpssus o no adiaon aads and coi usingt aco whc ad i. I wod ony no slow down h nc ow oam l w hav

sovd t was disosal om Many ronsipo wod go fh hy f hat o mo car

44



recos shoud be built un we kow ow to ono the

wste.

Ad ow is e eecreaig dead o eerg o esaised?

Sie ped demd fo eletiy ot be stsed

witou ule powe, y onsde mankd must deveop

sieies wh e ess exvgt n thei use o e

iy d ohe oms o eegy. Moeoe ey see h

ee o ts ange o eon s mmedie nd uget

No degree o proer cod ut e accumulatoo large aot o g toxc aces wc oodo ow to ae ae ad wc reai a calcuale dager to e woe o creatio or toical oeve geoogcal age. o do sc a tg s a trasgressoagait le ie a trageo tel ore serou

ta a cre eer perperaed a Te idea at acilsatio cud uai ie o e a o suc a trasgessio s a ec sa ad etapsca o-sro I meas codctg te ecoomc aais o aas eoe ea dd o mater a a



Techgy wth

Huma FaceTe moden world as ben aed by is meapyssw as saed ts edaon n as bougtfor is see ad enooy o wot gon bk tometpyss nd ato we a say tat e modworld as been sapd by eholoy. It tbles romriss to rss o al sds ee a popeies of disasternd, ndeed vsbe sigs of bedown

If at w b sad by oloy and onts o b so sad ooks sk, t gt b wise to ave ook at chnoogy itef I eoogy is f o beong oe ad oe a we gt do well toosd wt it s ossb o have soetng betr tecooy w a a

nge to say eoog atoug of ourse the pr

t of , teds to deveop by its ow laws nd prin

iples d tese re ve dierent from hose of hmtre or of iving nte n geer Nre lwys so to

pe kows where nd wen to stop Greater eve thn

e myster of ntrl growt is te mystey of the

trl esston of growt. There is esre i tral thigsin their sze speed or violee. As

resut te sysem of ntre of w m is pt tendto be selfblang, seadustg, selfensng. Not sowit tehnoogy or perhps should sy not so wt

146



man domiated by echology and speciasaon Techology recogses o seflimiing pncipe erms, forsace of size speed, or iolece I erefore does oossess the irtes of beig -balancing, self-adsg,and elfcleansng n the sbtle sysem of atre ecology, and n paticlar h sperechnology of themode orld ac lke a foregn body nd tere areo nmeros signs of rejecto

Sddenly f not altogeher srprisngly he modeold shad by mode tecology nds self noled

hee cses smltaeosly. First hma are reoltagais hman techologcal, orgaisaoal, and polical pars wch i epeencs as socatg addebiating secod he ling enronet hich spposma life aches ad goas and ges sgns of parabreakdo; and hd i is cear o ayone flly kowl

edgeable the sbject matter ha the nroads being madeto he orld's nonreneabe resorces paclayhose of fossi fels are sc ha sero boteeck adia exason loom aad he qe foreseeablefe

Ay one of hese thee cises or esses ca rn o

o be deadly I do o ko which of the three s the moslikely o be he diec case of colape Wha is qieclear s ha a ay of lfe that bases tsel omaerism o pemaen imiss epansioism in ane eonmen canot lat lo ad hat s lfeepectaio s the shore he more sccessfy prses

s expasonst objeces.If e ask whee he empeos deelopmens ofod ndy dng he la aercenry hae taens the awer is somewha scoraig Eeyhere hpobems sem o be growig faser ha e soosls seems o aply o he rich coes jt as mch as

o the po hee is othi he epeienc of he aseye years o s a mode coogy as weko ca reay hep s o aleae ord poery ot

47



to mention the poblem of unemloyment whic aeady

reach levels ke tiy pe cent in may so-cadeveloping coutes, and now teatens to bomeendemic also in many of he ch counies. In any case,

he apaent yet illuso successes of the last wenyveyeas canot be epeated : the hreefol cisis f whic I

ae spoken wi see to that. So we had bette fa tequesion of technologwha does t do and what sould do? Can we develo a technoloy whic eally helps us

to solve ou problemsa echnology wih a um ace

The ma tas of echnolo it would seem is tolighten te bden of wok man has to cary n oder to

stay aive and develop his otenial is eas enoug tosee at techolog fls ts pupose when we watc y

paticula piece of macne at woka compute, fo

ice can do in seconds wha it would take cleks or

even mathemaicians a vey long ime, if they can do aal. It is oe diclt to convin onself of the tt o

hs simple oosiin when one loos at whole socetes

Wen I st began o tavel the wold, visiting ich and

poo cuntes alike I was emed fomulate the

aw of economics as follows "The amont of eal lesue

a society enjoys tends to be in invee pooion to teamount of labosaving machne it employs It mi

be a good idea fo the ofessos of economics o u hisoostion into hei examinaion as and ask theirpul to dicuss i Howeve hat may be the evidence s

ey sog indeed If you go fom easy-going England to

say, Geany o he Unied as you nd that eoplehee live unde mch o stain han he And if youmove to a count le Bm which is vey nea to heboom of he league able o inusal ogess, yo ndthat eole have an enomous amoun of leisure eally toenoy themselves Of couse, as hee is so much less

labousaving machine o help them hey accomplishmuch ess tan we do; but tha is a deent o Te

8



fact remain that the buden of lvng rt muc more

lghtly on thir houde than on our.

h quton of what technology actualy doe for u sthrefore wothy of nvetgaton t obvouly aty

reduce om knd of work whl t ncrea other kndThe type of ork whch mode technology i mot ucful reducing or ven elmnatng klful, productv work of human hd, n touch t real matra ofon knd o another In an advanced dutral octuch work ha becom exceedngly rar d to ma a

decnt lvg by doing uch ork ha becom vrtuallympobl. A great pat of th mode neroi may bedue to thi vry fact; for the human beng, deed byoma Auna a a bng wth bra nd andenjoy nothing mor than to b creatvly uefully pductvely engaged th both hi hand and bran

oday, a peron ha to be ealthy to b able to enjoy thmple g, th v great luury : e h to be abl toaord pac and good tool e ha to be lucky noughto nd a good acher and pleny of fee tm to leaand practe He rally ha to be rch nough not to nda job for the numbr of job that would b afactoy

tee rpct ve mal ndeed extent to whc mode technoogy takn over

the work of human and may b lutrated follow

W may k how much of "total ocia tm-tt toy th tim al of u have togethr, wentyfour hou a

day each actually engaged rel roducton Rther

e than onehalf of th total populaton of t country a thy ay, gainfully ocupied d about onethrd of are actual producer n agcultr, ng contcton, and dutry do mean c c notopl ho tel other peopl hat to do or account forth pat, or plan fr the futue o dtut at other

ople have poduced In oter od rather le thanont of th tota populaton i engagd n actu

149



roduion o r o m uppo ve obid im o wi wo giu mpo oning o r poduion nd r no gin-u mpod ow u mpod po owig

o oid ikn d o n pnd oon o i o im on o I oow popoion o o oi im p o u ou-ionin te ow n wi I m uig i oug, o o onid o onf ie. 3

pr n. T o 96 p n o oi te" is

pn in o w ding ping ing wniion doing ob not diecy produiv ou k ii n im mo or um

Aoug i i of gurig wok nd no be taketoo i, i qui dqu sevs to sho hat

tecoogy h eabed us to do: aey, to edu the

amout of time actuay spet o pducto its mostelemetary sese to such a ty pecetage o a oc

tie that it paes ito sgcace that t caries o eeght et oe prestige. Whe yo oo at dsti

socey ths way yo caot e supe o d th

prestge is cared y tose ho hp the ohe 96 pe

cet o o soc time praiy the ettae taso the executors o Priso's Law act oe mgh

pt the ooig poosto to studts o socoogT pi rid by pop n mod idu soci-

i in in propoion o i n to actuapoduio

T i ur ron fo i T process of co-ing podui im o 3 1/2 pr n o o oi tmhas d ini eect of k a oa huapu d tisation ot o the te spet o this

wok Viu rea produon has ee tued to aium co hc do ot erich a a t epties

im From fo it hs ee d dd go o impod, wher me there are corrupted ddegradd

15



We may say, therefore tat mode tecnoloy aepre man o te kin of work tat e ejoy most,creatve uefu ork wt ands ad ba and vem penty of ok of a amented knd most of c e

oes ot enoy at a t a mutped te umbe ofpeope o are exceegy busy dn kids of orkwc f it s productve at a, so ony a drect or"rouabout way and muc of c ou ot beecesa at a f tecnooy ere rater ess mode.Kar Ma apear to ae foresee muc of t we e

wrote : Tey ant pouctio to be mte to usefutn but tey oret ta te producton of too manyuefu tins resuts too many usess people to cwe mt add parcuary en te proceses of produco are oes an borin A tis com our supcotat moer tecnooy te ay t a deeope,

eveopn an proses furter to deeop o ancrey uma face, ad tat e mt o we to tock a reconsde our oa

stock e ca say tat we possess a v accaon of ew knowede, spedid centc tecnquesto crease t fuer and mese eperece t

appcato A tis tt of a knd is ttfuowede a uc oes o cot us to a tecooyof ants sup�rsoic speed ioence an te destucto of uman work-noyment e use we ae mae oor koede ony one of its posibe use an sow becomn eer ore appet ofte se a

eucve eA I ave son diecty producte tme ou soce

as aready bee reduced to bout 3 per cent of totasoca time and te oe drft of moer tecoocaevepmet is to ruce t fute asymptoticay* tozero ae e set outseves a oa te opposite

* Apoe: A aec lne ual aproachoe cre bu ee e w a e dance

1 5 1



deono nese sxfold o bou wenty pe en,so h weny pe en of ol soil me would be useor lly produing thns epoyin hnds nd brnsnd nlly, exellen ools nredble hou!

Even hlden wold be llowed to mke theeles usef even old peole onesih of presendy produ-vy we should be proding s mh s pesnThere would be si imes s mh ime for ny ee ofwork we hose o ndrtkenogh o ke ellygood ob of o enoy oneself o podue rel qly

even o me hings beufl hnk of the herpevlue o rl work thnk of ts edion vle. No onewould hen wn o rise te shoollevng ge or olower he retremen ge so s o keep peopl o hebour mrke verybody woud b welome to lend hnd Eveybody would be dmited o wh s now he

res pviege he opotnty of workng sefuly re-vely with hs own hns nd br n hs own me s own pend wh exelen ools Wold hs men enomous exenson of workng hors? No, eoplewho work n ths wy do no kow he deene beweewok nd leisre. Unless hey sleep o e o osonl

hoose o do nohng l hey re lwys geeby,rodively engged Mny of he "onos jobs wodsply dspper leve o he eder's mgnon odenfy hem. hre woud be ltte need for mndlessenertnmen or othe drugs nd nquestonby mess ness

Now mgh be sid tt ths s omn opvson e enoh. W we hve ody n modendsrl soiey is no romn nd eny noopin s we hve rgh hee. Bu s in vey deeoble nd olds no pome of srvivl We olly welhve o hve he orge o drem w wn o suive

nd gve ou ilden ne of survil he threoldss of whh hve spokn w not go y if we smly y o s befoe. wil beome worse nd end

152



dsa unl or un we dop n lf-y

hch cmtbl ih h l n o humn nu,

h h hh o ng nu ound u nd h h

oc ndomn o h old.

No h ndd l od no bcus n y o m h ccl qumns nd c

mossb o concv bu bcu h n consumoc l d dc ho no m ho mbl

h my nds xmly dcul o g o h hook

h oblm chldn of h oldom h on o

nd n o mny oh consdon h couldb dducd h ch oce nd no h oo

mos l odnl bn h h chcoun h found n ou h l o cond

h hd Wold nd o o m o I o h u o o nd h snc o

o c I n h h cndomn n h ouloo o h ch n honoubon And coud u; o h oy o h oo

n ny cs mobl o m uccul o

do ou chnooy O cou h on o do ond hn h o b h mos d conunc n m

o m unmloymn ms mon no c dcy nd nolbl oc non ey nd n ch y hn I m lng bou hch so nd: aent nd o chnoloy cnolog h hmn

fc hch nd of mn hun hnds nd bndundn h hm o bcom mo oduc

n hy h n bfoA Gndh d h oo o h old cnno b hld

by m oducon only b oducon by h ms

Th ysm ss d bsd on ohcdhhly clnns hh nyiu dndn ndhumn bousn chnoloy uo h you

dy ch o d o c nmn ndd o bl on ngl okc h ymo by te mobs h cl

53



o the ewspape heades eve day h the messagea beakrouh a day kees e ss t bay.

Ad what abot the oher sde? Ths s made up ofeople who ae deepy onvned that ehoogal devel

opment has take a wog un and eeds to be edeed he te homeomer has of ouse a regous onoao Fo aks a good deal of ourage osay o" to the fasions ad fsaons of the age ad toquesto te presuposons of a vsao whh appeasdesed to oque he hole wod the reuste

teh a be deved ony om dee ovtos. f twere derved from ohg moe tha fea of the fuuet woud be lkely to dsappear at he desve momethe geune homeomer" does ot have the best tesbut he has he most exalted text ohig less tha theGospels For m tee oud ot be a moe oie

ateet of hs stuato of our suato ha the parableof the prodgal so. Srage to say the Seo o theMout gve prety pese nsros o how to osut a outloo that ould lead to a Eom ofSuva

-How blesse re those who kno that they e poor:

the Kgdom of Have s hes.-How blessed ae the soowf;

they shall nd osolato.-How blessed re those of a gete sprt

they shall have the ath fo the possesso-How bessed re those who hue ad trst to see

rght prevathey sh be sased

How bled e the peaemakesGod sha al the hs so

It ay see darg to onet hese beattudes wh mat

ters of teoogy ad eooms But ay t ot be thatwe ae trouble presey beause we have faed fo o

15



on o mke th connecon? t no dc o dc

ee eide my me o us ody:

We e poo o degodW e pley o be ool bo e nt

eegig o goe geWe eed gee appach, a oole p

ll be.

We m coce oee w jce ee g

prea.Ad ll h, y , c ebe o m

ecee.

e ome-ce be ee po ee pi-e o m o mvaes he people of h

o pede I od be ey pe o y he lte beee n owth whe the ome do o In

ee, eeyoy eee n owth nd hy oece owth n ent ete o e The whoepon howee to e to he de o owh qte etemnton; o hee e wy mny thn th

oh to e ow d mny thn oht o edimnhn

Ey wod e e pec o y h heomecome do no ee poe whch o cn bed to en ete o le Te whole po o detmn wht conttte poe nd e homecome eee h the dcon whch moe echnoloy h ken conn to petow

ee-ete ze h ped eeceedoence n nc o w o nt hmoyhe opote o poe Hece the o tn tocknd n ew oento he tockk ce

h we e deoyn o ey o xtece ndhe eoenton ed o ememe wh hm

le ey o.

oe wy o noh eeyody w he o e de

157



modern technological progress. Te methods ber the

mrk of non-violence nd mly owrds the nly

sble sysem of nl hony, nd this stnds n oppston to the lestyle o the modern wold But we

now rese h he modern lfe-style s ptng s nomorl dnger we my nd it n or hets to spportnd even jon these ones rher hn to gnore or

dcle temOn te ndstil sde here s the Inermedte Te

ology Development Grop It s engged n the system

tc stdy on how o help people to elp themsee Wies wor s pmly concened wh gvng techniclsssnce o he Thid Word, the reslts o ts resercre trcting ncesing tenon lso rom those who

re conceed bo the tre of he rc socetes Fortey show h n nteede technology tecnology

wh hmn ce s n c possibe; tht it viblend ht t reinges he hmn beg wth his sllnds nd ceie brin no he poduc process seres prd b te ss nsed of ss pr Lie he Sol Aocton is prvte vonty

orgnston dependng on pblic support

I hve no dobt ht t s possbe to gve new drecion to ecnologcl deopment drection tht shllled t bc to the re needs o mn nd tt lso

mens: t te al ize mn Mn s smll ndeefor smll s befl To go or ginsm to o

or sel-desco Ad wt te ost o reoen

on? We rend oelves tt to e te co svl s eerse No dobt prie to be dor nytng wor whle o redrec tecology so

e n nsted o destoyng hm reqres pry eo o e gnton nd bndoe o e

15



ART l

T W



1

Development

A Bs Goveen Wt Paper o Oveseas Devome som yeas o sad h ams of fo ad as

olows:

o o wha le i o pow to hp the dvopgcounrs t prod th pop wih th mat oppo-

ns fo n th a, o livin� a f ad hppf and sady impov h lo.

I may b doubful hehe equaly opmsc anaoud b us oday bu he basc phosopy emains sa. The s, ehaps so dslusoen h as

s ou o b muc had an may hav been houhad th ewy dpede cous a dn sa Two phenoena i acu, a v to

oldwide cocr-ass ueploye ad assmato no ciis Fo ohrds of mand h amof a "full ad appy life wit steady mpovmens of

e o i no acuay cdi sees o be as fa awaas evr So w had bete have a ew look a h hoobe

May people ae ha a ew look ad soe say oue s ha tr s oo ttl ad hy ad a heae may unhealhy ad dsupi edences but sues

ha wh oe assve ad oe ouh o be abl o ovecopae e th aaa ad caot msivough fo evyody he sues ha shoud b

163



conceaed o e coie wher he pomie of uce eem o cdbe o upngly h propoalha failed o w geea accepanc

One of he unheahy ad drupv edece vi

ally a he deveopng couie h emegec i aver ore acced fom of he "dua oy, nwhich hee ae wo dien pae of lvng a wdeypaad fo each oe a wo diee wod ino a maer of ome people beig c ad oher igpoor oh eig ued by a common way of if : i i a

aer of wo way of ie exing ide y ide uch aanner ha eve he hume ember o he on dipo of a diy income which i a high ip of hencoe accg o ven he ad workng emer ofh ohr h ocal and polcal o ag froh dual coomy are oo oviou o reqi dcrpon

I he dal ecoomy of a pca deveopg ounryw ay d een per cen o h popuaion hoden eco maiy coed o o o wo g ciiehe oe igy-v per ce ex i h rral aaand al ow. For eaon wch wil b dcud, oof dvelopen eo goe no h bg ce whch

an ha eighyve pe cn o h popuaon alargey bypad ha o become of e? Smpy oaume ha he moder ecor in e big ci wl gowil i ha aboed amo he enie popuaiowhichi of coue w ha appened i many of he hghydeveoped couei uy ueaic Eve he ic

coe ae goanng und e bude whch uch amadiibuio o popuaion ieviaby poe

n every brach o mode hough e concep ofeolo pay a cn oe. No o dveopmeconomc, ahoug wod develope and 'ouon wod ee o b vualy ynonym<u Whave

may be h i o h heo of evoluon in peccc cany ec ou epece o eoomc ndecical developmen L agne a v o a moden

164



dsra esablshmen, say a grea ree. As we walkarod s vaess, ogh al s fatasc compexywe mg we woder o i was possble for he hummd o coceve sc a hng Wha mesy o

noledge gey and expeece s ere caaed eqpme! How is possible? Te aswer s ha ddno sprg read-made ou of ay person's mnd camey a process of evoluo I saed e smply ens was added and ha was moded and so he whoehng becme moe and more comple B even wha

we acaly see hs ree is on as we mg say ep o an cebergWa we cano see on ou vis s far greaer an wha

we can see: he mens and comple of he arrangemens ha alow crude o o ow o e ree andensue ha a mulude o consme o reed rod

ucs propey prepaed paced ad aee ecnmerable cosume hrough a mos elabora dsrbo sysem s we canno see Nor ca we see heneeca achevemes bed e pang he organsg e acg ad areg Lea of can we seehe gea educaoa bcgond wch s he precondon

o al eendig rom piary schoos o unveses adspecalsed reseach esabsens ad ho whcnohig o wha w acaly see wold be ere A sade vsor sees o e p of he cebeg hee is enes as much somewhee else wc he cno see adwho he "e he one s wores nd he en

s no suppled by he cou or socey whc heeery as been eeced ee he ee spl doeno wor or s, ac a oregn body depeg omos of s le o some oer socey No al s ieasy orgote becaue he mode edenc o seend become coscos o o he vsble ad o orge

he nvsble ngs ha are mang he vsble possbe deep i gog

Cod be a e eave ae o ad o a eas

65



ou disapponmnt wth the eecveness of ad ha somethng to do wih or mateas phiosophy whch maes usiab to oveook the most mpon pecondtons osccss whch ae eneraly nvsble? O we do no

nty ooo h w tend to teat tem jst as weeat atea things-thngs hat can be planed anschedd and pchased wth ony accodg to someacompehensive dvelopmn pan n ohe words wetend o thnk o dvelopmnt not n ers of evolton,but in ms o caon

O scenss ncessantly el s wh he tmost assunce tha eeyhing aond has evovd by smal muatons sieved o hrogh natal secion Even theghy is not cedted wth havng been abe o creae

anythng comple Evey complexty, we ae tod is heest o eoton Yet o deelopment pannes seem to

n that thy can do bett than the ghty that theycan creae the mos complex thngs a on thow by a pocess caed plannng letn Athene spring no ot o teead o Zeus, bt out o nohnness uy amed

espenden and vable

Now o corse, aorda and untng tings c

ccasonally be done On can sccessy carr ou apoect hee o there It is aways possibe to ceate sma

ramodern sands n a prendstia socity Bt suchsads wil thn have to be dfended ie oesses dpovsioned, as i wee by hecopte om far away ohey w be ooded by he sonding sea Whaev

appens, wheher tey do wel or bady, they poduce hda economy of whch I have spoen hey canno benegaed ino h srondng socey nd end todestroy coheson

We may oseve n passng hat sma tendnce aat wo evn n some o he ches conis whee hy

manfes s a nd owas excssiv banisationtowds megaopolis" d eave n te midst o unce

16



lage pockes of povey-sticen people, "dopusunemployed and unemploybles.

Uni recenly he develoen expes arely efeeo he dual economy and s wn evs of mas employ

en d mass mgaon no cie hen hey dd shey meey depoed he and eaed hem a ansonal Menwe has become wdey ecogsed hame aone wil no be he heale On he con hedual economy unless conscouly couneaced poduceswha have calle a pocess of muual posong

heeby successu ndusal developen e cesdesoys he economc scue of he neld ad henead akes s evenge by ass gaon no heces poisonng hem and mag em uey manageable. Forrd esmaes ade by he Wold Healhgansaion and by epes lie ngsley Daves pedc

ces of weny foy d even sy on nabs pospec of mseaon fo muudes of people habeggars he maginaio

hee a aleave? Ta he developg coesanno do hou a mode secor pacuary ehey ae dec onac h e ch oures s dy

open o doub Wa needs o be quesoned s e mplcassumpon a he mode seco can be epnded absob vuay he enie popuaon nd ha s c bedone faiy qucy Te ng phosopy of developmenover he las eny yeas as been: a s bes foe ch mus be bes fo he poo belief h ben

cae o uly aonshg lenghs as c be sn bynspecng he of developing coues ch heAecans nd he aes and n some cases so eRussans have found neessay and we o esablshpeacefu nucea eacosTaian Souh Koea Pppes Venam Tand Idonesa an Tey

Pouga Venezuelaa of he counes hose oveheg poblems ae agcue d he ejuvenao

7



rrl le snce the reat rity their very-sricke ee live in rl ares

he srtin in cnsidea vey,r rather deree vety whch ea iey d

derde and ties the h rn d r stta i t ecnse n ndetnd the bndaie ndlitti which this deee vety se ir cdey aeriisc hshy e s ibe seeny the er nes (t se he wd heWte er which I hve redy qed) nd t ve-

the iter cs n the ces vy,I se, te aerl acrs e erey ecndaysch th ra weth r a c citl nciency nstctre The yses eree verty are itel, hey ie er deciecies n edc, nii ad

isceDeveet de nt wh d t tarts wh

ee d their edci, rasa, d dsceWitht these thee esces ein lent ted,teial Thre e rser cetes wth bt tecaest bass tr we d we have had eny

rty beve the rcy he invisbeactrs aer he wr Evey c tter hwdevstated whch hd a hh level edcat na-ti, nd disciie rdced ecic irace Ict thee were race ny ee whe eti csed te ti the ceber The ti hd bee

sashed t ece bt the be which s edcai, sat ad dscie ws hee

Here the les the cena rbe deveeI the ray case ety e decencie thesethree reects hen the evti vety deedsray the rev thee decencis ee le

the re why devet cn be a ct creiwhy t cn be dered bht cehesveyaned why t eqies rces evltin Edca

68



n des nt ju; t s gdu rcss gresubtlt Ognstn des nt ju it ut grdulevv t cngng crcustnces. And uc te s

gs f dicplin l te ust evve ste b ste d

te frst tsk f devlent pc ust be t seedths vutn All th ust bce t prpt ntre f n int, but f the e scit.

If id s gvn t intduce crti ne ecnc ctvtes ts l be bc nd v the c bsustind b t red xisting ductnl ve

r bd gups epl, d the i b tru vlube te te nd spred dvncs n ductin gnistn nd dscipne Tr cn be pcessf setchng-er rcss uping. If e ecc ctivtis r ntrducd c dend n ieducn rgnstn nd dscilne suc

re n n irnt n t rcipt sciet, tectivit l nt te et dlpent but l be lk t hnder i It rn reign bd ttcnnt ntged nd uter excbt t rbles f th du c.

It lls f ths tht devepet s nt l

rble ecsts est f l r cnstshse pise s fude n cudl tr lsh. dut ecsts f tevr sc

psus hv t ufulnss t crt stgs devlnt nd r srctl crcuscrbd tecicl b,but nl f h gnl gudlns f devlpen plc

o o h r popuo e lrd rstblid.

Te n thnig tt s rquied fr d d dvpnt l b det f t ld cuse t l tkevet srusl L ill t g n ecnc, sg :Wht is gd r te c ust s be gd r t

r. It cre r pepe-fr svre rcticnt vie. h ce fr pl Becuse pl t r d utie suce n t

1 6 9



ever. I hy are lef� u, he ar pushd aound byslf-stled exs ad highhanded laers the oa ever ild real fit

e foow aper is a sighy soeed vrsio

a papr preed i 965 for a Confnce o the Apliatio f Siec ad Tology o the Deveomet oLai Ameria orgased y UNESCO Saago Ci.A at tme dcussions o eoo dveopent alsivaiabl tdd o take echology simly as "giv; qusti wa ow asfer th ive tlog o

hos ot yet i possesso of i The laest wa obviouslythe bes ad t idea tat it gt o se e ugeeds of dveping outes baus t faid to ih acl diios ad limiaios o pv wasrae wih rdicul However th par bea teasi o whch h diat ecolo veope

Grup w e Ld

7



Scal and Ecnmc PblmsCallng f h vlpmn Inmda chnlg

NTRODUCON

In an places he wr a he pr e gegpre whle he rch ae geig icher a e esashe prcesses f freign a an eelpe planppea be unable verce hs enenc fache fen see e fr i s alwas easie help hse wh c he heseve ha hep he

helpless Near all he s-ale evlpig cnres hvea e sec whee he aes f ving an wae siar hse f he evele cnes bu heas have a nen sec acng f he vasajr he al ppuan where he paes f lvng wng e n l fu unsasac b

s n a cess f accelerag ecaI a ncee here exclusvel wih he prble

heling he pee he n-ern secr. is es p he suggesin ha cnscive r heern secr shl be scne a here can ben b ha l ciue n an case. B e

p he cvci a a successes n e e secr are lie be lr uess here s s healhrwr a le heah cn f sabl

1



mas mgato ito ead to a at o uagowt wc woud tax te soucs of v te ictsocties. Ra umoymnt coms ua uemoymt

H o W eed Mo

Th oem may tfoe be tatd quit sim tswat ca b oe to bg at to coomic ie otsd

t big cities, in te sma tows ad vias c ticota most caseigty to ity cet of ttota oatio As og as t domet o socntatd maiy o te b cte, e it is sstto ash nw nts to st them wi maaesa mn, an to d na a aets to ee thm

gog, th omtton fom ts dstes w futist and destoy oagicutua oction in t sto t ot w caus addtoa moymet outs, ad wi f acate te mgaio o dituteoe ito tows tat aot abob tm Te ocessof mt osonng wi not ate

It is nssa tho tat at east an oant aof th eomnt o so yass th g its ad icty conen with t caton of an agosta stt th a and sma-town aas nths oncton t s nssa to mhass tat te a n s woas teay mions of wokas

No on of os wod sggest that ott--ma snott; t te may cosideaton aot toaise ott ma it ust b to mas woootis fo th noye an ne-moo a oo ma th hanc to wok s t gatt o ans an n ooy ai a tiy not

wok s btt than dness Covag mst om foton to s wos of M. Ga ant

73



It iporan a ere o be eoug ok for abeae that is e o a o eae apoereee eae a e ae of a o a oyere aour a beoe preo an u be p o ebe poe e

ote words, te economc cacus wc measressuccess tes of output or ncome, tou consdeatoo te nube o jobs, s qute nappopate te ndtos ere under cosderaton or t mples a stacpproa to e poble o development e dynamc

appoac pays eed to te needs and eactons o people:te st need s to stat ork of soe knd tat bgssoe ed oever sal; t s oy en tey expeene tat e te ad labour s of ale tat tey cabecome nteested n makg t more alube. s teeore moe mpotat tat eveybody soud poduce som

tng tan tat a fe people soud eac- prodce a geadea ad ts emans tue een f some exceptonases te tota output ude te oe arangeeould be sale tan t old be unde te atteaangement t not rean smaer because ts s adyna stuaton apable of geneatng grot

nempoyed ma s a despeate an ad e s pa�caly foed no gaton Ts s anote jstcatoo e sseton at te proson o ok oppotuntess te pma need and soud be te pa objeteo eonomc plang Wtout t, te drft o people nte age ctes cannot be tgated let aone ated

T N of he Tk

e tas ten s o brg o estene mlons o neworkpaces n te ua areas ad sal tons Tat

mode dusty as t as asen n te developed contre cannot possbly f ts task soud be perectlyobos as aen soetes wc e c cat

74



a sort o labor a teeore caot possbly beapproprate or societes sot o captal a rich labor. Prto Rco ses a goo lstratio o thepot To quoe rom a ecent sty

Dvopmn o mo oy-s mnufun

ony im onibuon o mpoymn T Puo Rn

opmn pom bn uusuy voos n

susfu; bu fom 156 in of

oymn in EAsponso pns s bo 5 y

W psn bou fo piipion s n i e

bsn of n miion o i nnu aons o Po n bo o wou b of o of 4

Win mnui so b inv

oion of smls mo ns, mo bou

usn foms o onso s s v psis n

Jpns onoy o ps y n onibu

y o is oous o2

qay poweu ilustratos cou be raw rom mayoter cotries otably a a Tkey were higlyambtos veyear pa regaly sow a greater volmeo empoymet at te e o the veyear pero tha

at te begig eve assuig that the pla s ympmete

Te rea t may be ormulte or popostos

Frst, that wopaces ave to be create theareas wee te pope are livg ow a

ot pmariy i metopolta ae to whichte te migrate.

c at tse wopaces mst be, o averaeceap eog so at ey ca be ceate arg umbes wout ts caig or a uataible lee o captal ormato a

potsThird tt te prouctio metos empoye ms

be eltvely smpe so tat th eas or

175



g ki e iied o oy oducto poce e u o mef go me uly -g mkeig, d o fo

o podcio hould e miy fom ocmerl d my fo oc ue

ee fou eueme c e met oy f ee egio ppoch to deeopmet d eod f he cocou eor o delo d pply w mgh elled itemedite ecolo ee w codo ow coded u

Ro o Dtt Approa

A gie polic ui i ot cey of he g izfo ecoomc deelopme o ee toe whoe eed e gee. I me ce i my e too ml u geeiy of ce ody t too lrg Tke fo mle e ce of di. I i e lrge poltic ut d o dou dere fom my pot of ew

uty od e mtied Bt deelopme poic coed meelyo prmryith "Idoe the tul dif of tig wl cocete deeopme miy few meopoi e t modeecto V r wi the coutry cotg egype cet of he popuio o ore will ee itle d

my deed ue Hece e w ei of m uempoy-me d m migro io the meopol e. Tel of deelopme t fortute moy ee fotue getly iceed wile hoe wo elyed elp e left moe helpl th ee efoe f eupoe of deelopmet i o rg elp o hoe wo eed

i mot ec egio o dict wi e cotyeed ow deelopm wt me egio ppoc

76



bigger e couy te geae s e need fo nternasrucure ad for a decenaised appoac o deveope f s eed is egected ee is o ope fo epoo

Th fo pop Tchoo

I s obvous tat tis regioal" or dstc appoac ao cac of success uess i s based o e empoyme

of a suiable tecology Te esabismen of eac worplace i moder idust costs a gea dea of capia

oeig of e ode of say £2000 o aveage A pooouy aturay can eer aord o esabs more ta

a e lied umbe of suc workpaces win any ge

perod of me A moder wokpace moeover can be

ealy producve ony wti a mode evrome adfo s reaso aloe s uley o to a dstrc con

stng o ural areas ad a few smal ows eve

deeloping couny" oe can nd dustra estates se up

ral areas wee ig-grade mode equipm isadg ile mos of e tme bcause of a ac of oga

ao ance aw maera suppies anspot mareg faces, ad e Tee ae en compans andeciations but ey do not atr te fct a a ot ofcace capita esourcesormay mpots pad fromcarce forei caeare vualy wasted

e dsctio bewee capiaiesie a abou

ee" idusies i of couse a famla oe i devepe eo. Alou as an doubted vadty ios o ealy ae cotac wt te essece of epoble for i ormally duces peope o accep eecology of any give i of producio as ge andaerabl I is e argued ta deveopg coutes

ould e prefeece o labou-tesve aer acapaleive ndries no ntegent aco ca fol

ow becau e coic of dusy pacice b

7



etemined by quie other mch moe powef criersuch w meial base mets enrepreneul inerest etc The choice of ndust is one g but te coiceof tecnoogy to be emploed fer te coice of ids

a been mde is que anoer t i teefore beter tspek directly of tecnology nd not clod e dcussoby chosing em le capial intensy or bor ineny s one's pot of deptre Mc te sme pliesto noer distinction freqenly mde tese scussion between agescle nd sml-ce ndut t i

te tat modern dsry is often orgnised n ey largeuns bt large-scae s by no means one of i essenaland uerl featres. Weer a gven indsral aciityi approprae to te condtions of a deeopng disrictdoe not direcly depend on cae" bt on te technoogempoyed A sma-sca enterpise wi n aerge cot

per wokplce of £2 is jst s pproprte as a largesce enterprise w equly cosy worplcesI beee therefore ht the bet wy to mke cntac

ih te essenia problem is by spekg of echoogy:economc deelopment in poetyricken ae c befitful only on te bai of what e caed interme

diae technoogy." he end termedite tecologil be lbour-intense" and wil ed itself to ue imallcae establisnents But nehe labointenitor smalcale" implie iteediate tecolog

Denon Iermede Teolo

we dene the eel of tecnoogy in term of euipent co pe woace" we ca cl the indigenou techoogy of ypcal deeopng countsymbolicayspekig £ ! tecnoogy, wle at of the deelope

conties coud e called £ 1 ecnoog Te gapbetwee tese wo nologs s so enoos that aition from the one to the oher i smpl imposibe

17



In fact te current attempt o the developng countre

to trate te £ 0technoog nto ter economenevtabl kl o te £ ! -tholo at an aarming atedetrong tradtonal workplace mc fater tan mod

e workpace can be creted, and tu eave e poor a moe deperate and elpe poton than ever before. eetve help to be brought to thoe wo need tmot a tecnoog reqred whch wod range n omentermedate poton between te £ ! -technoloy and te£ 000tecnoog Let cal tagn mbocal

peaknga £ D-tecnooguch an ntemedate tecnoog wod be mmeneor prodctve tan te ndgeno tecnoo (wch often n a condton of deca ) but t woud alo bemene cheaper tn the ophtcad hgh captatenve technolog o modern ndt At c a evel

o captaaton vey arge nmber of workplace codbe created wth a farl o tme and the creaton ofc workpace woud be "wthn reac for the morenterprng mnort wthn he dtrct, not on ancal erm but alo n term of ther educaton apttudeorganng kl and o fot

Th lat po ma perhap e ecdated a folowThe average annua ncoe pr worke and te average

capta per workplace n te deveoped contre appear atpreent to tand n a reatonp of rog 1 : 1 ple n general rm tat t tke one an-ear tocreate one workplace or that a mn wo ave to av

one monh' eang ear fo tweve yar to e le toown a workplace f te reatonp wee 1 0 t wodrere ten man-ear to create one workpce and a manwoud hae to ave a month earnng a ear for 0ear before he cold mke ef owner of a wokplaceT of coe an pob and t oow hat te

£ 000-tecnoog tranpanted nto a dtrct wc tuk on le of a £ 1-nooy p cannot preadb an poce o noma growth t cannot have a potve

80



emonsaon eect on the conta can beoseve a ove he wol s emostton eec" soly negave The people to om the £ 1 000ecnoog s accessbe smpy gve up an often cease

og even tose ngs hch hey ha oe pevousThe emeae ecoogy wou so t muc moesmoohl no he eatvel unsophscate envonmen hch t s to e use e eupment ou e falsmpe n theefoe unestnabe suabe fo maenace epa on the spot Smple equpmet s no

may fa ess epeent o a maeas of geat puo exact specctons n much moe aape to maket ucuaton than hghy sophstcate equpmen Mene moe easy ae supeson cono an ogns

ton e smpe; an thee s less vlne tunoeseen dcues

Objetos ase d Dscsse

Sce the ea o neeate tecoog ws st poa nume of oecons have been se The

os meate obectons a psycologcl: You aeng to who he est an mae us put up w soeng eo a outed. Ts s the voce o ose

who ae not nee ho cn help themselves n wanto be assste n echng a ghe sadad o vn once ot he voce of those th hom e ae hee

conceed the povety-scen mulues ho lc nea ass of exsence hehe ual o n un eswo ve nehe t best no he second st" but oshot of even he mos essea means of susstence. Onesometmes wones o mny eveopment economstsave any el compehenson of the codton of the poo

Thee e econoss an economecans ho elevetat eveopmen pocy ca be eve om ceanlege xed atos such s the capal/ ouput ato

1 8



he nt n w e nt viecptl i vn Nw u nntte t n nube l cpted wplce u ped it thin ve l nube cp wpe

I u d te ltte btin tt tpt th ifu d te te i t eve tict pbe t en wth D Kdf intnce cli tt e wn tt tet dn hne pde ch e utpt peunit cit nveted tn le pticted hin

wich ep e peple t n cpitl bt we d ld t ivn ntit d titt detin te i n we eplet nn cnt t n ven te

If we c empoy oy med mbe of people i webou t le u empoy m o poducve w

ey me e bie poble cotbuio o eo oup ecue wl lo ve e quc eof ecoomic ow You ould o o delbetely ou ofou wy to duce poducy ode o duce emou of cpi pe woe eem to me oeeecue you my d by ice cpl pe woeefold you ice e ouput pe woe wefod ees o quetio fom evey po o view of e upeioiy te tet d moe cplic cooie4

e t thn tt it be id but tee et tht th e evdet ttc in cte nd il ttke nt t dnic devepnt d

tie t te tn it i t nde teectn nd cpbtie pep d nt ne e-lf t chne btct ncpt A w ve eenbee t i wn t u tt the t phtictedpnt tnpntd int nphitited envn-ent wll be ell wed t l cpct nd

cpct utiltn lo tn t ptl tpt ti l w t i fo cu o tet ct

82



utput rati a techlcal fact, whe tey are oagely depeent quite the fact.

The queti mut ake mreve ethe thee uc a a a D Ka aset that the cptautput rat gw if catal i ccetate feerace N e ith te itet iutil expeeceu eve cam t ave tice the etece f uch a"aw i tere y fuat f t i ay ceceMechaat a autmati ae tuce t icreaethe pructviy f abu e te e/ utput rati

the eect the capta/ utput rat may jut e be eative a t may be ptve Cute exampeca be ute hee avace i techlg elimatekpace at the ct f a aitia iput f capitaitut ectg the vume f put It theefe qutetrue t ae that a gve amt f capta vaaby

a eceary puce the biget tta utput he ccetate the maet umbe f wrkpacee eatet weake f the umet weve ie

akg "captl-a eve ae a gvequttie a ueemplye ecmy Hee aate tatc utl vtaby ea t eeu ccu

i Te cetra cce f evelpmet plicy a Ihave rgue alreay mut be the ceati f wk ppuitie f the h bei uempye e cume hwever merable a eveitht ctbutgaytg t the fu f ethe wage "captaEmpmet i the very pect f everythi ee

he utput f a ile ma i il wheea the utput feve a pry equppe ma ca be a ptve ctbuti th cbut ca be t "capital a we a wae g Te tic betwee the tw i by me a ete a he ecmetca ae clet thk becae the et f capital itel eped

ecey te leve f techly empyeLet u cie a vey mpe eampe Sme eat

8 3



mng b h be ne n e hgh nemply-men he we he f hnlge gngfm he m me ehmng eqpmen peyml w wh l f ny n he p

xe by he ne he b qe e he pl/ p wl be hge the p pl ep lwe. he b wee ne wh y he pl/ p wl be nnely lgeb he py pe m wl be eeengy lw.I he b wee ne he hghe leel f me e

gy he pl/ p w be lw py pe mn ey hgh. ehe f hee exeme ele n mle wy h be f. Ame mef e empye men wee e w me ey f lng wheew he le wee wee me pe wge g h

f hee e p l be be e nge ee ehnge fm he mple he m phe. he n eey e w be n n nemee ehnlgy whh bn fee f py w ng e he pe epene n phe eqpe e

me f he whle ente wl be n emeepmen gng f beyn he mpe f e emng pe Wh l p f p fe wh mgh be mh mle h wl hebee e he qn e m e emg eqpmen n p f (pely nem

plye) b mh gee he e mehwl he ee n y ge pe wlhe een mplee b we mmny w hebee e he ph f eepmen

I y heee h he ym pp eepmen whh e he he f pppe emee

ehnlge he nl e pe p ene fne n whh h eepph lly egne

8



T ead t te et bjec whch ha bee aedagat te de o eedate tecolgy. t agedtt al t gh be qe prog f t were t for atou htage of etepreeura abty the der

deveoped ctre. Th cace reurce hd ereore be uted te ot cocetrated way paewher t ha the bet chac of cce ad hld bedowed wth the et capta eqpet the wld caer. dty t th aged hod be etabhed ear e bg cte age tegated t ad the

hge poe evel of capalao pe wrkpace.Te auet hge o the apt that eepeeal abty a ed ad gve qatty ad thaga betray a prey tatc pot vew t f coreether ed r gve beg argey a fcto f thetechlgy t be eplyed. Me qte capable f actg

a etrepreeu the evel mder techolgy ayethele be lly capable f ag a cce f amalcae etepre et p the ba of teedaetechogyfr rea already epaed abve. fact eem t e that the appaet hrtage f etpeer may develpg ce today precey he

e of the egatve detrat eect of a ophced tcogy trated to a phtcated evet he tdco f a apprpate teredateechgy wld ot lkely t fuder ay haef etepreea abty. Nor wud t dh the ppy f eepreer for etere te ode eco;

o he ctra by preadg famaty wth yteatctecca de f pdct over te ete ppat wd dobtedy help t ceae te uppy f thereqred taet.

Tw fer agmet have bee advaced aat tedea o teedate techgythat t podct wold

eqre preco th e cty ad wod be tabe f eport Boh aet are baed eeurme fact a cderable ber of deg tde

5



nd castings, me for specc proucts n specc dsticts, hve unvesly emonsed tt the products ofn inegently chosen termete technology cou ctuy be chepe thn hose of moe fctoes te

neest bg cty. Whethe o not sch poducts coud eexpoted s n open question; the unempoyed e notontbuting to expors now, nd the rmry tk s tot them to work so tht tey w poduce usefu goosfo ocl mtes fo oc use

Ab of Imd o

The ppicbity of ntemedite tecnoogy s of cousenot nves ee re poucts wch e teseveshe typc outcome of gy sphisticted oe ndus

ty n cnnot be poduced except by suc n dustTese poucts, t the sme tme, e not noy ugent n of the poor ht the poo need ost of ssimpe gs-buig mtels cothng oseodgoos gcultu mpements-n ette et fohe gcutu poducts ey so ost genty nee

n mny pces: ts, wte crop stoge fctesMst gicltu poputons wou be heped enseyf they coul themseves o the st stges of pocessithei poducts these e e eds fo nteedtetechnology

ee re, however, so numeous pplctions of

oe bto uote two emples fo a eentepot

T s las o cn ndny [fosd oy of mos Afcn As nd L ic �ovns of havg o s in o os ow all h k] fo tton o dsi

sma olu ns h lo caia invsn un of ouut ad o oa cay sy o 5000 o30000 ls day T uns cn nd o-cos

86



t c gg nd or cpiltiv riorpondig to convnton d cond xp to "pcg plnt for o prodcton, locny dind fo sma rt Acodig to opovisol dt t nvsnt ot pr to n "p

pt wi itytondy pcty y ot 30000dol wr a onvtiony di t wit dlypcity of 100 ton wc fo convtio plnt vryl wod qr an ivt of ppoxty 0000or p ton�

The idea inteedate techg d nt implyimply a "gig back ho t mehd nw udatd, athough a yematc uy mehd empldi the dveped cntie, ay a hnded yea ag cdeed yield ghly ggetie elt. It i too enmed that the aceement o wete ciene puead applied lie mainly in the apparatu ad macherthat hae been deeped m it and hat a ejectin the appaatu d machey wod be tantamnt t aeectn cience Th an exceiely pecia iewThe e achevemet ie the accmaton peciewledge, d thi kwledge can be applied in a eataiety way which the cet appicatin mde dt i nly e. The deepment iteediae techgy theee mea a gene radmement t ew teit whee the eno ct adcmplicain pdctn methd he ake lab

avg and b elan i aided d techlgy

made apppriate ab-lu cetiThat the applicabliy o iteeiate tecog

etemely wie een i nt nieal, wl be bi t

nye who take he toble k it acal appli

caio tay Eampl ca be u n eve deelpig

cont and ineed the advance cre a well

Wat te i ming? t ply that e bae dable pacine o tediate tholgy d nt ow

o ne aohe d ot upport oe ah an ca

87



be of ssistce to those who wnt to foow a simlrod but do not kow how to get ste. They exst, it wee outse the mte of ocil a popurteest "e ctoge issue by te Euopen o UntedSttes expote of mchiey is si the pime soue oftecicl ssst6 d te isttuto ngeentsfo snsig id e geey such tht hee is smountbe bis in fvou of e-sce pojecs nthe eve of te most oe tecooy

If e cou tu oc d popu nteest wy fo

the gndiose pojects nd to the el needs of the pohe btte cou be won A study of ieediate technologes s they eist toy edy woud dscose ht teeis enough kowedge d epece to set eveboy towk n whee thee e gps new desin studies coulbe e e qucky. Pofesso Gg decto f the

Goe Instute of Poics d Ecoomics t Poona hsoute tee possbe ppoches to he eveoe teete tecoogy s foows :

approach may be to ar wth exs� techques inadio indusry ad utse kowled of adced

eches o traform hem aby. Trsfoao -

pe reag some eeme in et eupme d pd hs press of mprovement of adoa echoloy extremey mrt pacuary foa pa of he o whch a hold operao fo

preve added echoogc uemployme appeecessry

Another approach wod be t r from he ed of hemo advace eooy ad t adap d adj o a omee he reqremes of e eedae ome

e he poces wod o vove adsme o pecal

lal ccmce ch a ype o fe o powe avilableA thrd approac may be o condc expemeato ad

reseach drec eo o esabsh needate ech

oo Howeve, for h o be y udetake it ouldbe ecesay o dene fo he cetst d he ecc

18



he iing ecoomc circsas. These are chey thescale of operao med a ad he eave st of caid abou d he le of he -oibe o desrabe Such de eor a eabshg eediae echoo woud doubly d aga he bakgrod

of olede of adce echolo e ed Hoever,it could ce a much der ae of sib h eeo hrough he adjme d adaato roh

Professor Gd goes on to pled tht:

e mai aeo of he rsoe o he aie ide

of Naoa Laboraories hcal se ad he ageery depme m cea o h The adacee of adaced hoog ee eld ibeg adeqaey ued deeod coe; hei adapaios d adjumes reque Ida e od ae o lely o be e aeo ay ohe

They mus heefore oba he ghes roiy o lIeedae ecolog should beoe a aoal coced o a re egd ed ie o a mamber o speiis t part.7

A sr ple ht mde to suprnton enc

ch ould be wel-pld t olect, systete, d

develop the scttered knoede d experenc edyet n ths vt mpornt eld

suy we cn conclude:

The "dl econoy n the developn coute

l ren o the foreseee fuure. The oe secto

l not e to sor the wole2. If the ooe sector ot de he oject of

spc deveopent eos t cotue to dste

te; ts dsnteraton contue to est tsel

ss epoyment d mss gton nto etro

otan es d ths poo econoc le e

en sector s e3 Te poor cn e helped to help teelvs ut oy

8



by mng aable o hem a ecology ha recogns te ecnom ounda d lmtaton f povet-an nteedate echnolog.

4. Acon pogamme o a natoal and supanaon

ba ae neeed to deelop emeae tecologeutable o te pomoton o u emloyment develpg coune

10



3To Mllo Vllaes

ul of h cond dvlomn dcad n han ho of h unl h a concoud dmnd hf of mha fom good olndd who ch a hf h l of ad ocangly dtctv

I w al of omotng dvlomn wa av nnd-good o o? If ol-wc aculaol? o a thy? a hy? Wy do hy ndhl? If thy cao g on tout hl a cly h hl thy nd? o do comunca th? Con wth ol a countl uon

ood on h th and do no a manyuon. Patclay n conomca and tca dal h hm good vn o anhngdnal and om GNP mo o vngvtmnt fatu o wha no mv modla l out of h aacon and ay o

hm o lav y oo fo acual ol Of cououlaton ma gu hm u a nohng ohan a anty o ud a a dvo aft hdvdnd h uany of avalabl good ha ndmnd Th modl hn how dvlomnha h gowh of h dvdnd ld ac and

uad th dvo ow a wI mch a o da wh good ta wh ol

ony cau good hav n md of h o and

9



ase no probems of comunicaton. en th phasis on people, commncations pobms become paramount Who ae the hepes and who ae tho to behped? The hepers by and age are rich edcated (

a somehat spciasd sense) d to-based hosewho most ned hep poo nedcated and raybased This means that thee temendos gfs separatthe for fom the attr: the gf beteen rich andpoor; the gf betwen edcated d unducatd d thegf beteen citymen and contryfok hich ncds

that between indstry and agctre The t probeof deveopnt aid s ho to bidge these three fs Ageat eort of maginaton stdy and copson sneeded to do so The methods of prodction the patsof consmpton th systems of das and of vaus thatst reativey aent ad dcated cty peope r

ukey to st poor semiterate peasan Poo aants canot suddny acqie the otook and habits ofsophstatd city peope the pepe canot adapt tesevs to the mthod hen th methods st be adapteto the peop Ths is the whoe cx of he atter

h ae oreover any feates of h ch an's

conomy hich ae so sonabe themseves d nay cae so nappopriate for poor tes thatsccessfu adaptaton of he pope to these fatres wospe in If the natur of chage sch that noh s

eft for the fathrs to teach th sons or for th sons accept from ther fathes fy fe oapses The fe

wok and happness of a socities depend on ca"psychoogica strctes whch ar nnity precos andhighy vunerabe Soca cohesion coopaton uupct and above sfrspect couage n th face ofadversty and the abiity to bear hardsha ths anmch ese disintegates d dsappar when these psy

choog stctes a gay damaged A an sdstroyed by the nn conction of sessness Noamount of conomc growth c copensat fo suc

92



losses-hough ths may be an ide reection, since ecomic gowth s noay bited by them.

None of these awesome probems gure noteaby the cosy theores of most of ou development eonoms

Te aue of te rst deveopment ecade s attrbutesimpy to an suciency of a appopato or wosesti to cean aeged efects inheent in the societies andpopuations of the deveopng countes stuy of thecuent litratue coud ea one to suppose that the decisive question was wheter aid was dispense mutlateay

o biateay o tat an impovement in the ts oftade for pma comodities a remova of tade baies guaantees for pvate nvestos or the eectiveintoduction of brth contol wee the ony thngs tatreay matteed

ow, am fa fom suggestng tat any of these items

are eevant but they do not seem to go to the hea ofthe matte an thee is n any case pecous ttle costuctve acton oin from the nnumeabe scussionswhch conentrate o them Te ea of te matter Isee it, s the stak fact tat wod povety is prmaly a

pobem of two ion vages, and th a probem of

two thousan miion viager Te soution co befou i the cites of the poo countries Uness ife thenteand can be made toeabe, te pobem o wodpovet s nsoube and w inevtaby get wose

A mpoant nsigts ae missed f we contnue to tof deveopment many in quanttative tems and those

ast abstactios-e GNP investment sangs etcwhch have thi usefuness n the stuy of deveope counties but have vituay no eevance to deveopment poblems as such (or dd they pay the sightest pa i theacua eveopment of the rch counties!) Aid can beconsiee successfu ony f t heps to mobise the

aboupoe of the masses in the eceiving county draises poductvity witout "sav abour Te commocrteo of success namy the owh f GP s uttery

9



eadg ad act ecety lead pheea ch ca ly be decrbed eclal

hetate e th e becae ha a aty dad appea t ply a delbeate e the pa

he adgve hee ch a tet the hle hk hee t B h ake the pble geaeead alle Uteal elal ae d ad ely e dclt cba haeclal tetally ped t elt r theere d thg ppted by he e tet

Methd pdct tadad cp crtera cce ae yte vale ad behavpate eablh theeve p cte hchbeg (dbly) apppae ly t cdt aece aleady acheved he p ctre eve eecapably a cd te depede the

ch The bv eaple ad ypt creag debtede Th dely ecged ad elleag peple dra the ple ccl hat gat aeette tha a ad cheap la bee tha dea eTe egh Bt ceag debtede the te ae. Ate l i a debt ct pa he cee

paya k he ced t alay have had d.Fa e e he depedece ceatd he a

p cy al he pdc ad cptpate the ch A tete l ecetly ved Aca pvde a ellg eaple he aager hede th cdeabe pde th act a a the

hghet echlgcal level t be d ayhee held Why a t ghly aaed? Becae head Arca lab ed t dtral k dake ake heea aated achey d ake ake. The qaly tadad deaded dayhe eplaed are ch that y pdct t be peec

be abe d a arket He d p h pcyby ayg: Srey y tak t eae he haact. N th eca apppate qalty

94



standrs his equipent hd to be pote fo the

ost vced coutes; the sophsticte equpendeme tht l hghe mngemet ite

esonel h to be ported. Even the w teris h

to be poted becuse the ocy ron cotto w toosho o top quit r nd the postute s

dene the use of g ecetge o n-e

bes Ts s ot n ntpic ce oe who htke the toube to ook systetcy t ctu "eveopent projectsnste of eey stdg eveopet

pns d ecooetc oesows o countess uchcses: sop ctoes poucig uuy sop b sch se

tve pocesses tht o gh ree te c used, wich ust be oted t g prces while the

oc w tes e expoe ow pc oopocessng pns pckg sttos; otosto, so

on o the ch 's ptte n cses oct goes to wste becuse the cosue ege

deds quit stnds whch rete soe to ee

pe nd cn be met on b t poe o

Austi o Cifo where the ppctio o mense scence nd ftstc techolo ensues tht

eve pe s of the se sze n wthout te sgtestvsbe bems The exples cou be utile withot

en Poo countes sld e pushedinto he o

to o prouction ethods d consupton stnds

whc destoy the possbtes of sefe se

he e esuts e utento eocoons

hoeessness fo te pooHow then t possibe to he these two o

viges? Fst the quntttve spect If we tke the totof weste id fe eitng cetn tems whch hve

otng to do wth eveopmet, nd dvde t b theumber of peope vng n te deveoi countes, e

e t ered gre of the ess tan £2 eCosdered s ncome supeent ths is o couse

eggbe d deso M people theeoe pe t

95



te ic countres ougt o ae a uc bigger nancialeo-ad i woud be peee to refuse o suppo thsplea But wha is i ta oe could easoably expec toaciee A perhead gue of £ a yea or £ a yea?

a subsidy a sot of "pubic sistance payet een£ 4 a yea is hardy less dersoy tan te pee gureTo lutate the pobe fuer we ay · cosider the

cae of a sall goup of deelopig counties wicheceie suppeeta icoe on a tly agnt scaete oi producig coures of he Midde Eas Libya,

d Veezuea Ther ad oyalty coe fo the ocopan in 968 eaced £23 ion o oughy£50 per ead of their populaion Is s inpu of fudspoducig healhy and stable soceties coneted popuaons te presie elaio of ua ery a ouihng agculte ad wiespread dustralisaio? I

spie of soe e lied successes, te aswer is certy no oey alone does not do the c. The quatitaie aspect is qte seconda o te quaitaie aspect.f te policy s wrong oney wll ot ae i rgt; andi the polcy i ig oey ay not, fact presen an

unduly dicut poble

e u en o he qualtatie pect If we aeent anytng fo the at te o wenty years of deelopet eort t s that te proble pesents an eorouseeu chalege. The aidges-c educaed

obased-ow how to do igs ther ow waybut do they ow how to asist selfelp aong two

ilio lages, aog two tous ilo llagespoor ueducated outrybased They now ow to do afew big tngs i big tows; but do tey know ow o doousads o sal tngs n ral areas Tey now owo do hngs w ots o capia but do tey know owto do the wi o of lbou-itialy unran

abo a hatOn the wole ey do ot kow but tre re ay

expereced peope wo do now ec of the i heir

96



ow lmed eld o exeece I oe wod, he ecey owlede by d le e; bu doe o e oed edy cebe o I cereduyemc uoed d o doub lo comee.

Te be d o e ellecul d o uefukoede A o oede ey eebe o o mel Tee e my eo or No become ly oe' o" ece o he b oome eue eo o cce A o me oodc be oed by he ece ou eo or

cce; eeoe ely become h ow d oo equey d ely eed mee wd A o eecul ood o koede vedee me Wou eue eo o oo o e o e ece ee o To oe e d o mke oe o e me

d ee mo or u do coru Te omel ood mke eole dede bu he oowede mke em eeoded e h o koed o coue e o kowede o h moe eec d moe cloely elevo e coce o develome Ge m , e

y oe d you e el m le b o veo le; ec m e o d e c elm l le O e leel: uy hm w ckle wl co you ood del o moeyd e eu em doubul bu ee u hm cou eood l ll be deede uo

you o eceme Bu ec m o mke o cke d yo e eed m o become o oeuo bu lo ee d deede

e ud become e eece eoccuo o d omme-o mke me ele deede by e eeou uy o e ore

elecul o elev olede o hemeod o e oc cdey lo e de o be elely ce o y o

1 97



makng money go ey lon way For £ 10 you mye e o equip one man w cerain means of proucion; u for e sme money you may well be abe oec unre men o equip emseles Peraps lie

pppg by way of merl goos wi smecases e epful o pee e process bu s ou bepurey cienl an seconay n if e goos arerigy cosen ose wo nee em can probably pay forem

A fumena reoenaion of ai in e irecion I

ocae woul require ony a mgal ealocaion ofuns f Briain s curren g i o e une ofbou £20 milion a year, e iersion o merey oneper cen of is sum o e ognisaion an mobilisaionof s of nowlege wou I am cerain cange alprospec n open new a muc more ofu era in

e iso of eelopmen" One per cen, fer a isbou £ 2 miion sum of money wic woul go ery er lon wy for is pupose if ineligenlyemploye A i mig make e oer nineyne percen mensely more fuil

nce we see e ask of ai s pmarily one of supply

g ree knowlege, expeence knowow ecais o sy inelecual raer n maera goosi isclea e presen oganisaion of e oerseas eelopmen eo far from equae Tis is nura as ong e main ask is seen as oe of mang nd iblefor arey of nes an projecs propose by e ripi

en couny e aaibiiy o e knowege cor beingmore or less aken fo gane Wa I am saying is simply a is aaibiiy canno be aen o gne ai is precisey s knowege fco wic is conspicuousy lcking is is e g e issng link ine woe enerpe I am no sying a no knowege

is cuenly eing suppie is wou b iicuous Noere is a plenifu ow o nowow bu i bas on impici ssumpion a w i goo for e c mus

98



obviously be good fo the poo. A I have aed above,

ts assumption is wog o at east o vey paia

iht a pepodeaty wog

we get back to o two mio vlages ad have

e how we ca make eevat owedge avaiabe t To o so we must rst posses his nowegeouseves Befo we ca ta abot gvig ad we shave someig to gve We do ot have thosads ofpovety-scken vages i ou coty; so what do kow about eectve methods of sefhelp i sch cicum

stances? e beig of wisdom is the admssio ooe's ow ack of owlege As og as we thk weow whe i fact we do ot we sha cotiue to go tothe poo a mosate to them al e eohgs they cou o if ey wee aleady ch his hbee the mai fale of a to a.

Bt we o kow somtg aot the ogiatio dsystemaisao of knowedge a experece we do havefaciities to o almos ay job povied oy tha weceay esa what it s If the ob is fo instace assebe a eectve guie to methos ad ateias foow-cost b i opic coutes ad with the

aid of sch a ge to tai oca bis in deveopcotes i th appopiate techooges d methodoogies thee is o doubt we ca o hs oto sa the e

that we ca imeatey take the steps which weabe us to do h two o tee yeas tie Siaif we cleay uestad hat oe of the bic needs i

may dvelopig coutes i wate ad that io ofviages wou beet oously om the avaiabiiyf sysematc owledge o ow-cost sef-hep method ofwatesoae poteo aspo a so of this icealy uesood ad boght ito focus hee i ooub hat we have the abty ad esouces o sebe

oase a commucate the eque noatios I have sa aleay poo people have eatvey

smple ee ad it is pay wih egad to thei bic

99



euemets and activities that they want assstance. Ithey wee not capable of self-hel and selfeliance theywould not suvve today. Bt thei own ethods ae altoo fequetly too pimitive too inecient and eective;

hese methods eie pgadng by the input of newknowledge new to them but not altogethe ew to evebody. It is qite wong to asse that poo people aegenealy unwling to change bt the poposed changeust stand in some oganic elationshp to what thy aedoing aleady and they ae ightly ssicious of and

esistant to, adca change poposed by townbased andocbod innovatos who appoch them the spiitof: You jst get ot of my way and I shal show yohow useless you ae and how slendidly the ob ca bedoe with a lot of oeign money and outlandishequipment

Because the needs of oo people ae elatively simplethe nge of studes to be undetaken is faly liitd. Is a pefecty anageable task to tacke systematicallybt t eqies a deent oganational setu fom whatwe have at pesent ( a set-up pmay geaed to the disbusement of fns) t peset, the development eo

s may caed o by govenment ocials both in thedoo and te ecipient conty n othe wods bydmistatos They ae not by taining and expeience eithe etepene o nnovato no do theyposess secic tecca kowledge of podctive pocesses, commecial equemts o commnto pob

lems ssudly they have an essental ole to play andone could otand woud otattempt to poceedwiot them Bt they can do othng by themselvesalone hey mst be closey associated with othe socgops wth peope in ndusty and coece who eaned n the iscipe of vabtyf they cannot

pay thei wages on Fidays, hey ae ot!and wthofessional people cadecs eseach wokes, oalists edcato ad so o who have time, acits

200



abiy, ad claion o hk wre ad communcae.

Developme wok s fr oo dcu o be doe success

lly by ay oe o hese e goups workig n sola

on Boh e door ues ad e recpe

ounres s ecessary o acheve wa I cal e A-BCcombaon were A sads for admsraors; B sadsfor busnessme ad sads o commucaosha selectual wokes professonals of vaous desiposI s oly we s AB combao s eecvey

acheved ha a rea mpac o e applgly dcl

probems of developmen ca b madeI he c coues, ere ae hosads o abe peo

ple all hese waks of f wo wod lke o be voved

ad make a corbuon o e g agas word povey a cobuo ha goes beyod fog ou a b of

moey bu ee are o may oues for em Ad n

e poor couies e educaed people a hgy prveged moy a oo ofen folow e fasos se by erc socieesaoer aspec of ueol neo

coloaismad aed o ay poble excep os

drecly coeed w e povery of her fellow

counymen Tey need o be gve srog guidace ad

nspraion o dea w e urge probems of er owsocees

Te oblisao of reeva koedge o ep epoor o help emselves rog e oblsao of e

wilg hepes wo exs eveere bo here ad

oversas ad e yg ogeer of ese epers n

"ABGoups s a ask a reques some money buo ve uch As I sad a mere oe per ce of eBrs ad progamme woud be eougmore hn

enougho gve suc a approc al e cal

sregh could possbly reque for que a log ime ocome ere s eefore o qeso of urg e ad

pogammes upsde dow or sde ou I s he kga as o be caged ad aso e meod o operag

I s o eough merely o ave a ew polcy: ew me

2



ods of orgaisation are requred, because h poi s he tto

To mplement he aproach here advocated acon

grous eed o be formed ot oy he door cou

tres but also ad ts s most morn he develongcoutres emelves. These acto grous o he A-B-C

patte should deally be outsde he govemen

mace oher words they should be nogoveea

voutary agences They may wel be se up by oluaryaences lready engaged n development work

There are many such agences boh relou asecular wh large umbers of workers a he "gass oot

level and hey have ot been slow recogsg ha

"needate ecology s precsely what hey hav

bee tryg o prac n umerous sances bu ha

ey are lackng ay organsed techncal backg to s

ed Confereces have bee held n many coutre todscuss her coo probems and has become evermore apparent hat eve the mos selfsacrcg eor of

the volunay workers cano be proer f uness

there s a sysematc organsato of kowledge an a

equally sysemac organsao of commucatos

oher words uless thee s somethng ha mgh caed a "electua nfrasrucure

Aempts e beg made to creae such a frascure ad they should receve he fues supo fro

govements and from the volunay fundrasng orgasaons A leas four ma fucons have o be fulled:

The ucto of commucaoso eable each el

worker or group of eld worke to kow what oher

work s gog o the geogahca or functoeto wch hey are egaged so as o facae the

drect exchage o fomao

The fuco of ormao brokerago assembeo a ysematc bass ad o dssemae relev formao o aroprate tecolges for develoing cou

22



res. partcuary on ow-cost metods reag to bud

ng, water and poer crop-storage ad pocessig

sascae aufatng het sevces, taspoa

on d so foth Hee e essence of te matte s o

o od a the foao one cete but to hod"foation o nformaton o noho on ko

ow

Te fucton of eedba tat s o say e tas

sson of ecca probems rom te ed woes

deveopg coutres o ose pas e advaced

uries whee utabe acties for e soto exstTe fuction of creang ad coodatg substc

tures at s to say acto groups ad vercao

cenres he deveopg coutres eseves

Thee are atters whch ca be fuy caed oly by

ta ad eo In ts oe does o ave to befrom sacha gea da exsts aeady but t o

as o be pued togehe ad sysematay deveoped

The futue success o deveopme ad depd o the

ogansaton ad ommuao of te gt d o

odgea as ta s maageabe dete ad hoy

wtn he avaabe eurcesWy s so dcu fo he ch to ep the poo? he

apeadg dsease of the mode od s the tota

baa beteen cty ad outysde an baance ntems of weat powe cutue atacton ad hope e

oer has beome veexeded ad the ae has

atophed he ty has become te uvesa magehe a fe as ost s savou Ye t eman

uaerabe tut tat jus s a soud md deds on a

sound body so te eat of te ctes deds o te

heat of te a ae he es wth a e at

ae ey secoday poduce pmay poduc

o e peodto of ecoomc fe taes pace the cosde e pevalg a of baace bsed ote ageod expotato of couma and a matea

0



prodcr, today thratns al cotrs tougho wor th ch vn o than th poor. To rstor apror baac bw city a ra if is prhaps thgast task i rot of mo a It is ot spy a

attr of raisig agrctr yids so as to void orhgr Ther is o aswr to th vis of ass poyt a ass migratio ito citi ss th wov o ra i ca b rais ad this rqs thvopt of a agro-istra ctr so that achdstct ach omt c or a coorf varty o

occpatios to its mbrsTh crcia tak o ts cad thrfor to akth dvopt o appropiat a thrby orc so that it w rach dow to th htand owor povry to two io viags I th isitgrationof rra i cots thr is o way oto matt

ow ch moy is big st Bt i th ral pop oth dvopg cotis ar pd to hp hsvs Ihav o obt that a gi vopt wi withot vast shat tows ad misy bts aro vbig cty a ithot th c stratios of boodyvotio h task is oiab idd bt th

rsorcs that ar wtg to mobis ar asofoiabEcoomic dvopt is sothig ch wid a

pr tha coomi t ao cootrics Its roosi otsid th coomic sphr i catio orgasao iscip a byod tht i poitic idpdc

a tioa coscioss o sfriac caotb "prodcd by sf tig opratos carrd otby orign tchicias or a ios it that has oscotact th th orda pop It can scc oy i itis car foard a broa popar "movmt ocostrctio i prar phas o th f tiisa

tio of th v thsiasm tigc ad aborpowr o vo Sccss cot b obti by so

204



om o g odud b t t oonom nn. It o on toug ogowt iog h uton ogton and di o t wo oution Anthg tn th mut

nd e

2



4

h Poblm oUnmoymn n nd

Talk t h Indi Develpmn Grup L

n spang o umpomnt I man th nonutlsaton or goss undusaon o avalabl labour W ma

thnk o a poducivit scal that xds om zro .th poductiv o a oa umpod pson to 10pr cn i t poduciv o a ul and ost civ occupd prso. ccial quson or an poorsoc s o to mov up on hs scl. n considring productivit a soci i is no s cnt to tak

account ol o thos wo a mplod o splodad o av out o th ckonn al tos who a unplod and whos producivt tor is ro

Econoc dvopnt pimail a usion o gtig mo work do For this, a our ssntiacondtos. Fist h mus b movaton scod hr

must b som knowhow thd th mus b somcapal ad ouh th mus b an ou: addtionaloupu us addiol maks.

As a as h moivaion s conrd h s ltl tob said fom ousi pop do o w o bthmlvs th a bst aon-his shoud b

s prncip o aid nsds ma a a dint viwd aso ca d sposbls. Fo t adgivr hr a awas nouh pol wo o is to

26



bette hemseves, but they do not know how to do t. Sowe come to the queston f knowhow If there are mlos of oe who want to better hemseves but do otkow how to do t who goig to show them? Cde

the sze of the robem Inda We are not talkng abota few housads or a few mos b raher about a fewhded mos of eole. The sze of he robem pt beyod any kd f te ameoraton ay tte forovement o duceent and mak t a mate ofbc oltca hosohy. The whole at c b

smmed he ueson: wha edcaon for Ithk t was the Chese bfoe Wod Wa II whocacaed hat t took the wok of thry easats to keeone an o woma at a uvesy · I that erson at theuvery ook a ve-yea ce by the te he hadshed he wod have consmed 50 aworkyea

How can hs be justed Who h the ght to arpate 150 yeas f easant work to e oe person atnversy fo ve yea ad what do the aants getback fo t These ueso ead s to the artng of heways s eduaon to be a "pso to vege oetg whch eoe tae on themsev almost ke

a monasc vow a saced obgaton to see the eoeTe t oad ake he edcated yg eo o afasonabe dstrct of Bombay where a ot of he hghyedcated eoe have already gone ad whee he cnoi a mtua amato socety a tade o of therved to see t t hat hs iveg ae ot eroed

by the great msses of hs coemorares who have otbeen edcaed Ts s one way The other way woud beembaed o a deet st d wod ead o adeent destaton t wod tae h back to the eoewho afte a dcy o decy had ad fr hs edcaton by 150 asatwoyears; havg cosumed he

frts of he wo he wod fee n honor bond toe soe o hemThe robem s no new Leo Tostoy efeed to t

0



he e rte I sit a a's bak, kig i, aakg ar e ad yet assure ysel a thetat I a ve srr fr him ad wsh t ease s lt ba ea ssible, expt gettig hs bak S ths

he rst qesti I sugget e have t fae Ca eestablis a idelgy r hatever yu lke t al it hisists that the eduated have take up temselves abligat ad have ot simply aured a assprt tvege? This idelg is f ose el supped b althe highe teahigs f akd As a Crstia, I ay be

ermited t qute fr St Luke: Muh wl be expetedf the a t whom uh has bee give Mre ll beasked f hi beause he was etted wth mre." It s ight ell say, a elemetar atter f juste

If this ideology does t preva if t is take ated tat eduato is a passp t privege, te te

otet eduaio wil ot parly be sometg tsee te eple, but smetg t see oselves, theeduate Te privileged morty wl sh t be edated i a aer that sets them apa ad will ievitabllea ad teah the wrg thigs at s o say thigthat d set them apar, wth a otept for aua

labur a tet fr pmary produo a teptr rral life, et et. Uess vtual al eduated peoplesee themselv as sevats of their outy-ad thaeas after all as servats of he ommo people-tereant possby be ough adershp ad eugh omuati f knowhw o sove hs probem f e

ploymet r uprdutive empoymet i the hal iliillages f Ida It is a ater f 500 people Frhelpig pepe to hep heeles yu eed at lest wopersos t lok afer 00 ad that meas a blgao torase te mo heprs that the hle eduaedppulao of Ida Now you may say ths s ipssble

but f t s it is t so beause of ay aws the uniee,but beause o a n bd ng sns othe part the eople who e ute repared to reeie

208



and no prepared o gve A a maer of fact, there i

evdence hat h probem no inoube; but t cn beoved on y t h e polical leve

Now e me u o the hd aco afer mtvaon

ad ae kowo he actoI

have aled capawch o coue cloely relaed o he maer o kohow ccordg o my eimae here n Inda aedae need or omehing ike y mlon ew jobI we agree hat peope canno do poducive ork uneshey have ome capial-i e or of eqpment and

ao o wokng capiae quetion ae: how uchcapa can you ord o eah one ew jo? f co£ 10 o eah a jo you nd £500 mlon for ftlion job If i cot £ 100 o eah job you n£5000 on and co £5000 per ob hch wha mg co n Bain a e US. to et up

y mon jo you requre £250 mlonThe naiona come o e couny we are takg

ao o Inda i aou £ 150 mon a ye Soh r ueion i how much can we aod or eachjo? ad e ecod queion how much ime have we odo n? Le u ay we wan y miion jo n e year

Wha propotion of naona income (wch I dey aabou £ 1 5,000 mon) can one reaonaly exc o beavaae o e eaihmen of i capial und foo creaion? woud ay whou gog o y deaou ae lucky f you can make i ve pe cent Therefore you have ve pe cen o £ 1 500 mion fo en yer

you have a oa o £750 milon for he etbhento job you wan f lon jo n hoe en yearyou ca aod o nd an aveage o £ 5 per okpace a evel o capa veme per wokplan oe wo you could aord o e up ve mowokplace a yea Le u ume oweve ha you y

"No £ 1 5 oo mean w not uy moe h a et of ool e wan £1500 per workpace en you cnothave ve mlon new jo a yea oy haf a mo

9



And f you say Ony he es is good enoug e ana o lie Amerians gh aay and a mns£500 per orplae hen you anno have alf a milon ne jos a year le alone ve million u only aou

10,000 No you have no dou noied aready a Iave simped hs maer ve mu eause n heen years ih nvesmen i jos you oud av anie in he naiona iome; u I have also lef oue reas in he populaion and I oud sugges aese o fao ane one anohr ei ee on my

aulaionI folos I suges ha e igges single oleive

desion a any ounry i he posiion of India a oae is he hoie of ehnoogy. I am no aying don la of h ouh o e. I am simpy saying ha ese arehe ard fas of life A lo o gs you an arue agains

u you anno argue agains arihmei S you an avea fe jos a a gh level of apalisaion or you a av

many os a a eaivey lo level of apiaisaion

No all his o oue i up he oer fao Iave menioned ih duaion moiaion and oo In India here are aou y million pupis in pri

a soo amos en mion in seondary shoosand roughly one and a half mllion in isiuions o higeeaing To mainain an eduaiona mahine on s indof sale oud o ourse e poiness unless a e end ohe pipeine hee a someing o hem o do ahane o apply heir oedge If here is no he

oe ing is nohing u a ghasly urden his roughpiure o he eduaiona eor ses o sho ha onerally does have o h n ers o ve mion ne osa year and no in s o a fe unded housand os

No un quie eenly ha is o say some fy oseveny yeas ago he ay e dd hngs as y presen

sandard que pimv. In hs oeion I should lieo reer o hap o Jon Kenneh Garaih's N Idual e1 onais a fasaig repo on

0



he Fod Moo Cmpany. The Ford Moo panywa se up on 1 6 June 903 h an auhosed pil of$50000 of whch $ 00000 were issued bu ony $28500wee pad fo in ash S e oa h wh wen no

s eneprise was of he ode of $300. ey se upi une 903 and he rs o eah e aketappaed in Ooe 903 ha is o say, afe foumohs. empoyen 903 of os wa smal-25 peope ad he apal ivesmen pe wokpawas somewha eow £ 0. Tha was n 903. f we no

move sxy yea foad o 963 we d ha e FoMoo Compy deded o podue a new model eMusang. Te pepaion equied hee ad a hal yersEgeeg and syig oss wee $9 mion; he osof oong up fo hs new mode wee $50 on Mean-whie e asses employed y e Compay wee $600

mon, whh wok ou a aos £ 0000 pe pesonepoyed, aou a hunde es uh siy yeeae.

Gaa daws eain onusons fom whhae woh sudyig Tey dese wha happene ovehese sxy yeas he s is ha a vay eased sp

of me now sepaaes he egining of an enese fohe ompeio of he jo. The rs Fod a fo eegining of he wok o i apaa o he makeook fou on whie a mee hge of model nowakes fou yas Seond a vas inease i apial ommied o poduio Ivesen p n of oupu e

oigia Fod faory was iniesi maea ad pawee here oy iey; no expesve speiais gave emaeon; oy eemen mahes were used o asseme hem io a a; i heed ha he fae of he oud e fed y oy wo men Thd i hose syyeas a v inease of iexiy. Gaaih oens:

"Had Ford ad his assoaes [i 90] deided a aypo o shf from gasoie o seam powe e maeshop oud have aoodaed isef o he hange a



few hours If they o t to chage ven ne ce, taes tt many month Fourh increaingy eclsedmanower not oly on he machnery but al on theplannng, the foeseeng of he e n the uteot

deti. Fth a vaty dieen tpe of oganton tnete al the nueous pecialts, none o whomcn do anyhing moe thn jus one mall tas nide theomplated whoe complex deed, w be e jobor ogniing specialits that thee wi be cialit ofognton. oe even than machney msive ad

omex buness orgiaios are being taible anes-tation of avanced ecology" Fialy the necsi orlong-ange planing wch ca assue yo, a ghyopsated ob and alo hghy rustatng Galbra

commen: "In the ely days o Ford he ftue w vene at and Only day elased between he coitment

o machie ad materal to poucion and theiappeaance a ca. I the futue s near at hd canbe ased o be vey much like the pet and telang and foecastg s not very dicult

Now wha s he upho of all ths? The upshot i thate moe sophicated he techolog, he gee in gen-

e w be he oegog equeme Wen the methings o le hich is al I am coneed wih e dud by ever more sophiticaed poceses, then the needto met these six euemes moe eve more beyohe capacty o ay poor ociety. As a as simpe proucare conceeoo, cong shele a culuethe

retest age is ha peope should auomaticaly assumetha only he 63 moel is reevant ad ot the 3moel; because he 163 ay o og thigs is accesble to the poor, a t pesupposes grea ealh Nowhou whig o be e o my acadec ens Ihod say hat this poi almos ivesaly ovelooke

by hem. The quesio o ho much you can aod oeah workplac when yu ee mis of thm s halyeve ase o u he euemens that have aien

2 1 2



over the lt ty or sty yes in f nvolves a quanumjmp. Everng w qe conous i mn so abo e beg f s cenu; but te tf-n ere been a nm mp, e so of

jm e cptson of Ford from $0000 t$000 monIn a deveopng cont dcul enoug to et

Heny Fords a e 03 eve To ge Heny supeFords move from praccly nowee n o te level s vrually possble No one cn s t s

eve s mes a no one can do any at evel ness e s edy ebd s already opeat level s absoey cc for our ndeandg f e mode orld A s level no to epossbe oy exensons and s mens h e poor more dependen on e c n ever before m

so hey re wedded o evel hey cn onybe gples for te c for nsnce where low wgeenb em o prodce ceply s ad h e Peopleferre aond nd sy: "Here s or ht poo con wges re so ow t we n get some p of awc o of a crbreor poduced more cheply n

n Br So et be proded Hong Kon o wn or wereve gt be e roe of te poo o be gpers e eemen of he rc I folos s leve of tecnolog s mpossbe n ee f empoymen or dependence e cocof tecolog s e mos mpon of l choces

I s srne fc sme pope sy ere areno ecologcl coces I red n rcle by elknow ecooms from e USA wo sses a eres oy one y of prodcn ny prcr commodye wy of 7 Hd ese comodes never been prodd before? e bsc ngs of e ve been neede

nd prodced s Adm ef re He sys eoy mcne cn be proced s e ve esNo s a deren po d may we be e



only machiney tha can be procured i s he laes.t s e ha a any oe ime tee s ony one d ofacnery ha ends o domnae he mare and thscreaes he mpesson as we had no choce ad as e

aoun of caa n a socty deeied he amoun oemployme could have O course hs s absud. Theauho whom I am quog also nows ha it s absud,and he hen coec himself and ois o xamles oJaan Korea Taiwa ec whee eoe achieve a highlevel o emloymen ad oducion wih very modest

cap equpmenThe moa o enological choce s gadually

eneng he cosciousness of economss and develomeplaners Thee ae fou sages The s sage has beeauer and scofu rejecion o anyone who akeabu ts The second sage has now been eached ad

ope gve ip se to bu o acio follows ad hed coniues The hd sage would be acive wo e mobisaon o e kowledge of his echnologcalchoce; and he fouh sage wl then be he paccaapcao a long oad bu I do no wsh to de hefac tha here ae poicl possiblies of gog saigh

o he ou sage f here s a pocal ideology hass developen a beg abou people hen one canediaely employ e ngenuy of hundeds o iosf ope and go sragh o te orh sage Thee aredeed some counes whch ae going sraigh to heou sage

Howeve s no for me o al olcs i s nowbeg ncreasngly undesood a th ecooccho s of absoluely voa moane how can wege fom sage wo o sage hee namely fom us gvng ece o acualy dog wor? To m owledge thswo beng done yseacally only by one ogana-

on e Inemedae Techoogy Developmen Goup( TDG ) I do not dey ha some wo o begdone o a commecial bis bu no yemaicaly.

24



I.T.DG se tself the ask to d out what e the ecologcal coces I w oy gve oe example out of themay actves o ths puely pvate goup. Take fod

wok d woodwokg metal ad wood beg the wo

bc raw mateas o dusty Now, what ae the ateratve techologies ha ca be employed aged heode o captal itesy om he mos ptve wepeople wok t the smpes tools to the m comcatd? Ths s show what we cal a dusta poead these dustal pos a suppoted by co

mauas a each leve of techoloy ad by a drectoo equpmet with addesses wee t ca be obtaedThe oly cticis ta c be levelled ags hs acv

y s that s oo le ad too late t ot good eougthat ths ccial maer oe sould be satsed wh oette goup o pvate ethusts dog ts wok Tere

ought o be dozes of sold well-edowed ogaato the wod dog e ak s so geat a eve someoveappg oud o matter I ay case I soud hope

that ths ok be ake up o eay ubstascale i Ia ad I degted o see at aeady ombengs have bee made

I sa o to e ouh acto amely maketThee s o coue ve rea poblem ee because

povey meas tha maket ae sal ad tee veylle ee puchasg power the puchasg power haexsts aready s a t wee bespoke ad I sta a ewpoduco of say sadals or shoes a poor are my

elowsuees te aea wl ot have ay moey obuy the shoes whe I ave made them Poduco someties ease to sta ha t s to d mket adte o cou we ge vey quckly he advce to oduceo epo because expos ae may or he ch utes ad the puchasg powe pletiul Bu sa

om othg al aea ow could I hope to becompettive the wold maket

Thee ae o easos o ts extaoday peocupa

5



o wih xpors as far as an s On s r hohr no so good I sha s al abou h sond on is raly a hangovr of h onom inkig of hday of lonalsm Of ours mropolan powr

movd io a rory no · baus i was paiularlyirsd i loal popuaon bu i ordr o opn upsours ndd for s own iusry. On movd noTanzania or ssal ino Zabia for 'oppr and inosom ohr pa for ad. T whol hnng wasshapd by hs inrss

"Dvopmn man h dvopmn of raw maralor food suppls or of radng pro oonia owrws prmary nsd in supps and pros no n hdvopmn of h navs and man was prmarlyirsd in olonys xpors and no in is nalmk Ts oulook as suk o suh an xn ha vn

Parso Rpo onsids xpanson of xpos hain ririon of suss for dvlopig ounrs. Bu ofours popl do n lv by pog and wha hyprodu for hmslvs and for ah ohr s of innygra poran o hm han wha hy produ fororignrs

Th ohr pon, howvr is mor al on. If I produ for xpo ino a ri ouny, an ak h avalabiy of urhasng pow for gand, baus my onlil produon is as noig ompard w wha xsslrady. B f I sar nw produon n a poor ounyhr a b no loa mak for my prods unlss

div h ow of purhasing powr from som ohrprodu o n. A dozn drn produons shoud alb sad or n for vy on of h wvprodurs h or lvn wod b his mark Thrwould b addona purhasing powr o absorb addional oupu Bu s xmly dul o sar may

dn avs a on So h onvnonal adv sny produon o xpor s propr dvopmSuh produon no only hgy md in sop

2 6



moyn s so exeey ed o copee w � s no y o epoy hehh nn nd bong echoogy ohe coes In y cse hee s no mupe

c my oods e sod o oreign xng nd heoregn ng s sen on pos o e repyeno deb) d h s he end o

nd o mny copleea podcc suaeously pesens e see dcuyor eelopmen bu he dculy cn be miged b

"pumppg hough pubc woks. r o sse pubc woks progrme o ob creion heofen been exoed. The ony on I sod ke o mkein conx is he oong ou cn ge new puchsng powe in r cony by w o pubcworks pogmme nncd o ousde see o i h he

fu possibe use is mde o he "muplie c" epeople empoyed on he pubc or n o sped hewges on "wges good" is o sy consmes goodso inds. I hese wges goods cn be ocy poducee new pucng power mde be houg epubic wos om does no seep w bu goes on

cculng n he locl mke nd he o empoyeneec coud be podgious Pubc works e er desirbend cn do g el o goo; bu i he e nobcked up b he dgenous producon of ddowges gos he ddiion purchsng powe owno ipos d he coun my experence seous o

egn cng dicues. en so i is sledng oeuce ro his rusm h expos e specily mpon or eeopen e l or mnkd s woehere e no epors W d no s deeopmen byobing oreg exchnge om Ms o rom e oonnkd is cose ocy Ind is que big enoug o

be reiely cosed socie n h sense sociey nwch e ble-bode pople work n prouce w heyeed

2



Eveng souns ve dcult and in sense it is ver

diu i is done f the people, istead of by thepepe. Bu et u no think tha deveopment or emplo-ment is antng ut he most nara thng i the wod

It ou eve healh peron's le er mes apoin when e ip es o work. In a ense t muheasier o do now thn it hs ever een i human hsto? Beause here i o mu more kowledge Theree so h etter omunitions You a l hskoedge (hs i wha the Indan Deveopmen Go i

here for) et not mesmese ouelves the dulte u rever he ommonsense vew hat to wo the mo nua thig in te orl On one mus not eloke eing too d ever aou i We re awavng l sor of lever ides aout optimising somethgefore it even exsts I thk the supid mn who as

"ometig eer han nothg is muh more intellgen h ever a who w no tou anhige it i op \hat is stopping us? Theoes pg hve oe aro planne a he Pan Comsion who ve onved themseves tha even wthfteen ea i no pose to put he wilng lao

power of Indi o work If he a it is no posie fteen monts I ep h euse it es ime o geound Bu o how u he sponge an sa i is opsse to o he most elementr hng witn fteee, h i jus so of degener of the teh i the arument ehind i? Oh! the rmen ve

lever spendd piee of mode uildng The avesened ht i order o pu an o wor ou neeon verage so muh eeti so uh ement, omuh stee T i surd I sould ke o remid YJUtht hdred ear ago elei, eent and stee dinot even e n a gnin quat t l I should

ike to remid ou that the Ta Mh ws uit witoueletri ement and seel nd that ll the thedal ofurope ere ul wthout the I s ton e

2 8



nd tht e e the et y 't dnythng t d thi the thing tht h t e ere y y th i t n ene t i t e t y

e in wth the din ee thewrd It re nt itng thed ee t et kid nty ntn f te edtd

nthe ee we e td thert d nnetht the ne ee y t t wk deed

te it y e y d ntt ee t w t re it d We re tdthee n h tehy i tn hdtted te er 1 We re t tt t nt een t e yth t the tet ethd nythg d e e t hn ee dg

tey nthi We re td tht t neey tete the h tr he retet deti ye e t he n

he k ter he d kng ehd.Thee it etwee rwth d eet. Ntee nt etween the reet d the tre Y

w he t tt er rd ee t dentte tht ettg ee wrk y rete ietween the eet d the te. N ty tht hdeed h ee e t de witht etti teee w. On te e h t ite te t y ttthee thi e it n the ther hd et nee

e iht the t tt we e tkng t 't eeetry need nd tt we t t e eeted thee hgtig d ey dit et di the t eeety d �et h

Nw t the i i det I w ge ythe et ie ee ee e

Gd Lr n ieie y den nd r i e h he ety ree ne wre te wd ee e tree

2



for lmost l huma need. Oe of te gretest tecer

of India ws te Budda, wo ncluded in s tecge obligtion of every good Buddst tt e soud plantand ee to te etbiment of one tree t let evey ve

yer A ong as ts w obeed te wole lge areaof India w covered w tree free of dut wt plenyof wer pleny of hde, lenty of food nd mtel

Jut ige you could esbls n ideology wc wouldme it obligto fo every be-bodied person Indimn, womn nd cd o do tt lttle tngto plnt

d ee to te etblient of oe tee yer ve yerung T veyer eod woud gve you 00mlion estbhed tee Anyoe cn work it out on tebck of n envelo tt te econoic vue of uch enterpre teligently conducted would be eter tnyg tt eve bee omied by ny of India'

veye pla It could be doe witout a peny of foreig d; tere is no problem of svngs d investmetIt would roduce foodstus bres buildg mterisde wte mot anyg tt m rely ned

I just leve ti thougt, not te wer toIdi' enoou obem ut I k: wt so of n

educaton ts if t prevent u from tkg of gsedy to be done editey? Wt mke u tnk wneed electrcity, cemen nd steel before we c do nytg t l? e relly elful tg wl not be donefrom te cete they cot be doe by bg orgitiobut tey cn be doe by e peole temelves If we cn

recover te ene tt it i e most nturl tg forevery ero bo into ts world to ue nd aroductive wy nd tt it is not beyond e wit of n tomke t poible, ten I k te roble of unemployment w dier d we l oo be skg ourseve ow we c get l te work done tt needs t be

done

0



I V

Organisatio ad

Owership



1A Mache o oeell

he Fe

he es f clug scuss pectblty s vue s ht it epesets e f the st iptephysc heefe pctcpbles wh

hch we e fce hee hve eve bee s yfutulgst ples fecstes elbules see e ty the st tgug puct f tech-lgcl pgess he cpute sees e tle pssbtes Peple t feey bu chies tetel the futue Ae such ches ust wht wehve bee wg f l e t l ties hve beeti t k the futue

The ciet Chiese use t csult the Chig s

ce he Book o Chane epute t be the lest

b f Se f u ctepes s eve

y he I Chg is bse the cvct tht he

eveythg chges the te chge tself s uchgg cfs ce sceibe etphysic

lws eveyhig thee is ses s cclesstes te evey pupse ue heve te

t be w te t bu up . e t cswy stes te t ghe ses tgehe, s

we ight sy tie epsi te f cslti A the s f the wse is t est

he get hyhs f he Uves t ge wth

23



hem. Whe he Greeks-and I suppose os other naowen o lvg oracles, o he Pyas Cassandrasprophes d sees he Chne rearkably en o abook eng ou he unve and necessay pae of

changes he ey Laws of Heaven o which a natureconfo eably and o whch an wl cono freelyas resul of sgh gaed ether from wisdo or frosue Modern an goes o he copuer

Tepng may be o comare he ancien oacld he ode compuer ony a comason by cnr

s possbe The fo1er deal exclusvely wth quaes; helaer wih quanttes The scpon oer he Delpceple was Know Thye" whe he nscpton on elecronc copuer s ore lkely o be : Ko Meha s Sudy he Opeang Icons before Plugg" I gh e hough a he h and e oracle

are ephysc whe he copuer model s real" buhe fac reas ha a acne o foree he fure sbed on eaphysc asspons of a ery dee kd.I aed on he plc sumpon a he fuure salready her ha ess already n a deeaefo so ha reques erely good sruens an

good echques o ge no focus and ae vsibleThe reader wl agree a hs s a ery farreacg eaphyscal asspon fac a os eraoary sumpon hch seems o go gan al de personal epeenc I ples ha hua freedom doe no es or ny cse ha cano aler the preeered use of

eens We co hu our eye o he fac on hc Ihave been nssn houghou hs book a such nassupon lke al eaphysc heses wheher eplcor pc h decse praccal consequences The queson s sply s e or s une?

When he Lrd creaed he world and ope le

enrse whch accorng o ode science ka ve long e- cold wl age a He reonedw self as follows I ae eveyg precable

224



these human beg, whom I have endoe wth pretygood brns unoubtedy lea to redict evehgan the wll hereupon have no motve to o anyhg atl beause they wil recognse that the futr toa

detered an cot be uend by y huma actoOn the other hand i I make everytng nprectabletey gradually dscover hat there no rationl bfor any decson whaoever and n the rst case the thereuon have no motve to do yhg at al.Neher scheme wo mae sense I must therefore create

a xture of te two Let ome tgs be predctble anlet ohe be unpredctable They ten amongst mnoher things ave the ve ortant tak of ndng outwhch s whch"

Ad ts ndeed a ve morant t pcuarltoday hen oe r to devse machnes to foretell the

fuure Befoe yone make a redcon he should beabe o gve a convcng reason why the fator to whchs ediction refers is nerently edctable

Plnne of course roeed on the sumton tha heutre not aready ere tat they e not delg a predetened-and theefore redictableystm that

he can detene hgs by ther on free an thatther lans mae the future derent fom what twou have been had thee been no lan Ad yet t s thplanne moe than erhas anyone else who woul nothing beer han to have a machine to foree tetre Do they ever onder wheter the mache mght

ncdenty aso foreel ther own plans befor the havebeen conceve?

Nd for

Hoever hs may be t s clear that he queston of prdctaby s not ony ota but also somewhtvoved We ta hapy about esatng pag fore

225



sig udgeig ou suves progrmmes, ges

nd so or d e ed o use ese e s i eere ee iegee d s i eveod wouduomi ko w ws me Te resu is grede o onusio ese i is i eess o me

numer o udme disinios Te erms e usem reer o e ps or o e uure e m reer os or o evens d e m sigi eri or uein Te numer o omiios posse en erere ree pirs o s kid is 23, or 8 d we re

ug o ve eig diere es o e quie ein w e re kig ou Ou nguge owever iso pee s Te mos impo disiio isgee e d evens e eig ossiees m ereore e ordered oos :

1 A 5 Even

Ps PsCei Ci

A 6 EveFuue FuueCe Cei

A Even

Ps Pseri Une

4 A 8 EveFuue FuureUeri Unein

Te disio eee s d eves is s s s eee ive d psive or eeen in moo or ouside m oro" o pp e odpg" o mes osde e per's ono sud Evens s s e pe is oerned, simpppen He m e e o oes em d is m

we uene is p u e o possi e p oe pn.

Te disinon ewee e s nd e ure roved

26



to be necssa fo ou puose, because i fact, wodlike "pla o tmate e beng used to efe to ethe.f I say: I shal not vt Pa witout a plan th camen I hal mself wt a teet plan fo oenta

ton d woud hefoe efe to cae 5 O t ca meaI sh melf wth a plan ch outn advacewee I a gong to go ad how am gong to snd tme and onease 2 o 4. I someoe cams thatto have a lan ndpensable t is ot witout tetto nd out whethe e mea te oe o the latte

Te two e nialy deentSilay the od estiate denote uncetay may apply to te pat o to the fute an dealwold t would not be necea to make estmate aboutthng hat had alead happeed But n the wold tee s much uncetaity even about ma

wih, pnciple, could be fuly ascetaned Ce 3, 7 d 8 epesent fou deet y of estateCase 3 elate to oetig have done the pat; ce 7,to omethig that h hapened n the pt Ce 4 eateto ometg pla to do the fe whe ca 8elate to ometg I expect to appen the futue

Ce 8, fact i a foect n the pope ense of thetem and a nothng whateve to do wit "planngHo often howeve e foecat peseted heywee lans-and v ra! The Bth Naton lanof 1965 povde a otstandng eample an not upgly, came to nothg

Can we eve peak of futue act o event cea(cae 2 and 6 ) ? have ade a pan with f noledge of a te elevt facts, beng exbly eolved cry t toughae 2- may, i esct, conidemy futue acton a ceta Smial laboato scece dealing with caeuly isolated deteminstc tem

fue eve my be dscbd a cean Te ea woldhoweve i not a detenstic sstm we may be ableto tak wth cetat about act o even of the pat

227



cae or 5- we an do o abot ftre evet oy e ba of asmton I other wod, we a ormulae odioal atemen abo he fre h as:f h ad h a red o ev oued or aohe

x year h whee wold ake u." Th o a oea or pedt whh m way e ne herea wold u a eploaoy aulaon wh egcodoal ha the vrue o mahemaal eray

Ende on et rom he ema muddle whh we d oueve oday A meoned eoe

pla e pu owad whh o npeon oo eae o even otay oude he oro o heplae Foeat are oerd wh upon pon ou o e odoal eee n ohe wrd,xploaory lulao The ae re epd a hey wee oreat or predo ae are p

oad wh o eo o o e pla Ado o and o oh O aadem teahe wold peoa o eeary ad realy hpl ak hey ghhe ude o me he dtton dued aove eveod a eology whh ed hem wor

edctby

e ow reu o o ma ujpredaly Ipredo or oeatghe o em wold eem to benerhagealeoe at al The uue de no

e; how old here e owledge a omethg nete? Th queon i oy too wel ed In her ee o he wrd kowege an only e ao thepa he uue alway he makng egade gey o o eg mateaL aou whh a geaea a e kown he utue heeore gey re

dae, i we hve od and eeve owedge o hepa Lage, y o mea wholy o to he ag

228



of the fuure there enters that mysterious ad rrepressiblefactor caed uman frdo. t is he feedom of a bengof whch t h been s that t was ade n the image ofGo the Creator: he freedo of reativity

Srage to y, nder he inuec of aborato ceany poe today see to e her feedo oy for thepuose of denying it exstec. Men and ome of greatgift d ther purest deght in magnfyg eve "mechans every nevtaby, evering whee hua freedom does not enter or does not appear to enter A at

shout of tuph goes u wheever aybody h foudsoe fuher evdenc- physooy or psychoo orsocioog or econocs or otcsf uneedom somefuther ndcaon that pepe anot hep beng what theyae and doing what tey are dong no atter how ihuman ther actos gt be The dena of frdo of

couse s a dea of resposbity thee ae no ac buoy eves; evetng py happens no one s resposibe Ad hs s o doubt the an cause of the semanticcofon to ch I have refeed above It s ao tecaue fo the beef hat we sa on have a ache forete the futue

To be sure everyhng spy hapned there werno eemet of freedo choce umn ceavity andresposbty eveytng woud be fecty pedctabesubject ony to accdenta and tepoa mtion ofknowedge The absence of freedo wou� ae humanaas sutabe for sudy by he natua scens or at eat

by ther metods, and eabe resuts oud no doubtqucy foow the systemac obseaton of facs Pofesso Pheps Bon in pesdenta addes to the RoyaEconoc Sociey, apas to adopt pecsey pont ofvew when tag about 'Te Undedeveopent of -omcs. Our own scece he says h hdy yet

reached s seventeenth cenuy. Beevng that ecnocis maphysicl the sae physcs he quote other

229



eoomst Pofesso Moese roil sfollows:

Te dece ek ch ae h te eentnent ecca he ed o mecc oo ecae o peio deveope roo. t aaced eea miei o ec et o-oca oevaion . . ohg o h o cedn economc cece. t o have een aud pico have epece Kep n eon thout Tchoadhee no eao o hope o an eae deeopmet n

eonomc.

Professo hs Brown ondes therefoe tht we eem mn moe es o obsevons of beho"U e o memaio ema

I the itrsio of hm feedom n eonsbit

tht mkes eonomis meths deent om hss nd mkes hmn irs el nedble Weobt edtbi of ose hen we o othe en odin to ln. Bt ths s so resel bese n s the esl o n eese i the feom ohoie: the hoie hs been de; ll letves ve

bee elmned If eole sk to h l the bevio s eible sim bse the hve hosen toender he eedom o t othewise hn esrbe the l

le, evehin whh is mmne to he -son of hm freedom le e movemens of the strs

s edtble n evehn bje to this intsi sreditbe Does tht men ht l hmn tons enedbe? No bese mos eole most of he imemke no se o ther eeom d el mehnllExeee shows tht hen we e den wih lenmbes of eol mn sets of he behvo re

dee etbe fo ot of e nmbe t oneme, onl minorit re sin he owe o fre-d d he often do ot snnl e he tot

230



outcome. Y al reay potant novatons andcangs normaly st o y os of people who use creave freeo

I is t a soca penoena acqure a sea

ss prctabty fro non- of fom, wchas ta t grat ajorty of pople rspon o ag stuato n a way tat os no aer gratly e ss tre are realy overog nw caue.

We can trfore istnguh as folos:

Fu prectay (n pncp) exsts ony ebsc o uan reom .e "suuan atueT ttos of prcaty re pury ttoof koege a tecqu

Rlav prctay xsts t rega o eeavour pattr of v larg nrs of pope ong

oa gs (routn) Rlavly u prctaty exsts t rgr human acos conro y plan c efo e. raay ttae

4. Invual csons y uals re pcplnpctae.

Shrt-Tr Frcst

In practce a prcto s spy extrapolaon moy kon pls But ow o you extraolat? Ho many

yas o you go ack? Assg tre s a rcr ofgrot a pecsly o you xtrapoatt avragerate o go or t cras t rat of o ort anua crnt n asou ts? a mattr offact tre re no rules * s us a attr of feel ougn

* t a aa a pa ussa go ak at as a ar a l; u aae judg dd o a a o

3 1



t s good o ko of he derent posstes fsng the same tme ees for exrapoatons wih vedeent rests. Such knodge w prevent us fomptg de faih n anyextapoaton. At the ame tme,

nd y the same token the deveopment of (what porto e) ee foecasting technques can ecome a vice. Inshorttem forecastng ay for next year, a rened technqe arey prodces sgncany deren esuls fomthose of a crude echique. e a year of owhwhatan ou predict

. that we have reached a tempoay ceiing2. hat gowh wi conne at he same, or a sower

a faser rae3 ha thee wl e a decne

o, t seems cear hat te choce etween these the

asc anaive pedcons cnno e made y oe-csing echnque" ut ony y nformed dgement Itdepends of corse, on wat yo ae deang th. eno have someing hat s noaly growng very fast, kete consumpton o elecrcty your threeod choice seween he same rae of growth, a faster rae, o a

sower aeIt is no so mch forecasng echnqe as a full understandng o he curen siuaon h can hep n theformaton of a sound udgemn for the futre If hepresent eve of performnce (o ate of growh s kowno e nuenced y que anorma factos whch e

nikey o appy n he cong year it s o cousenecessay o tae ee no accont The foecast, sae lt ye may mpy a re" gowh o a readeclne on account o exceptona facors eig pesenths yea and ths of course, mst e made epct ythe orecaser.

I eleve theeore hat l eo needs o e pu nondesanding te ce situion to deny and ineed e emnae anomal" and nonecuen facors

32



from te cuet pichre. Tis vg bee doe, te

metod of oecastig ca ardly e cde eoug. No

amout of eeet wil e oe coe to te fd

meta judgemet-is next year goig to be te same asast year or beter or orse?

At tis oit it ay e oected tat tere out to egrea ossibilities o sortter orcastig wit te epo eectroc coue ecause tey ca vey eily ad

quicky adle a great mass o data ad t to te soed o mateatic eesso. y mes of "eedback

te mateaica ersso ca e ket up to date alosttataeously ad oce you ave a rely good mae

mtica t e acie ca pedict te fuue

Oce aga e eed to ae a ook at te metaysca

basis o suc cas Wat s te meaig of a good

atematica t Smly a a seuece of quaiate

cages i te ast as ee elegaty descrbed i recsematematica aguage But te fact tt r te

maceae ee ale to descrie ts sequece soeactly by o meas estases a resumtio tat e

atte wll cotiue. It coud coiue oy if () terewere o uma freedo d te as o ossiy

of ay cage te causes tat ave give se o eoseed ater

soud acce te ca tat a very clea ad veystrogly esised atr o saility got o

decie ca e eected to cotue or a itle loge

ues r s deite oedge o e ariva o

factos likly to cag it ut sugest tat o te deeci o suc ca sog d ersset attes te

eectoic m rai is oay ceae te adore reiale ta eecoc rv r to u teoe way oud ; i i s y cessay to ay sucigy red eods o ataa aayss o e

deeco o a atte t oe eeds a eecoc coputer e ate is too ak ad oo oscure to a

suitale bass or etapoaio rea e

2 3 3



Cde metods of foecastng-after the cuet pictue bee coected for abomaltieare o lkeyto ea ito the eo of suou vesmtude asou detang-he two geatest vces of te statsticia. O ou ave a foua an eecoc comute, tee is a awfu temtato to squeeze te emou t is a to eset a ctue of the futue wcthouh its ve ecso a vesmtude aries covico Yet a ma ho uses a agar ma thg ita te oe s key to be wose o tha omeoe wit

o ma at a; fo he fa to que heever e to oseve eve eta o s wa to seac cotous wit a hs sess a a s iteece for iictos of whee e sou go

The erso o maes e foecass ma stil ave aecse apecatio of the mHto o wc y e

ased But te eo who es te forecasts may aveo dea at al hat the woe e is ofte he asestads a fals wt oe sge veiabe asmpoe is esse b te thoroess of te job oe bythe fact that evetig seem to "a p so fof te foecasts wee esete ite aessy as it were

o the back of a eveoe e woul ave a mcbetter chace of apreiatg te teos cacter athe fact that foecasts or o forecast someoe ttake a eteeeuia eciso about te uoftre

Pnnin

I ave alrea sste that a a is somethg essetiallyeet from a foec t is a statemet of itetio ofat te paersr the terst to o Pa

g (as I sggest he te shou be se) is isearaberom power t s ata iee esae at eveboy wieig y ki of oe shou have some so of

234



a plan, hat is o ay tat e hod ue power deiber

atey ad cocouy oog ome diace aead

ie. I dog o e mut coider wat oter peope arekey o do; oer word e caot p eiby wit

ot dog a cra amot of forecaig T i quiteaigoard a og tat wic to be forecati fact "forecaabe if t reate eiter to matterto wch uma freedom doe ot ete or to teroe aco o a very arge mber of idividua or

to e etabied a of other peope wedig power

Ufotuatey te matte to forecat ery oftebeo o oe of hee caegorie but · are depedet o

te dvida decio of ige per o ma goupof pero uc ca foreca are itte more ta

pired guee d o deree of povemet forecatig tecique ca ep Of coure ome peope may

t ot to mae bee guee ta oer bt t wiot be de to te poeg a better forecatg tecque or beer mecaic equipmet to ep em iei comutato

Wat te coud be te meag of a atioa pa a free ocety? t caot mea e coceato of a

power at oe pot becae tat wod impy te ed offrdom : geuie pag coexeive wit power teem to me tat e oy eigbe meg of te

word a aoa pa i a free ociety woud be eet poibe taemet of eo by a popewedig ubttia ecoomc power uc tatemet

beig coected d coated by ome cetr agecy Teery coitecie of c a compote p mtgive vaab poier

nem Fots an Febt Sde

Le u ow to og-term forecatg by wic mea poducg eiate e or more yea aead t

5



mus be clear tt, change eng a functio of e, e

longer-tem future s eve ess predctale tha he soe I fact a longte forecastng somewha esumuous and asurd nless t s of so genera k

a merely states he ovious. All he sae� there ofte a practcal necessy for "ag a ew on hefuure as decisons have to be take and longte commmets etered Is ere othg ha coud hel?

Here I should e o emphasse agai the dstcto

eeen forecasts on e oe hand a "exlorato calcu

aos or feasiby sudes o he oe e oecase I asser hat ts or tha w be the positio saytwey years' te he oer case I merely expoe helonge eect of cera assed endences I s fortaey e ha macroconomcs fely sdese very aely carred beyo he mos udea

eggs Peole re conen o ey on geera foecasts wch are arey woh he paper hey are tteo

It may be helful I gve a few exes It s eyopca ese days o tlk aou he eveome of deeveloped countes ad cotless plas (socalle)

eng produced o ts end we go y he expecttosha are eng aroed all over he wold appes o eassumed a h a few ecades most peole te worover e gong o be able o lve more o less as e wese Eroeans ae lvg oday Now t seems o me, wold e ve stcve omeoe detook to make a

proper eted fesy sudy of hs projec He ghchoose the yea 0 e erma date ad workackward from here What woud be he equre outputo foodstus fues, metals exte bes, and so foh?What would be the stock of ndustrial capit? Natury,he would have to troduce many ew assumpons e

wen ong Each assumpto cold the ecome he obecof a futhe feasbity study He g hen at e

36



cud t sv h uats uss h ntducd assu

tns whch tncndd a unds f rsna aty. h ght r hghy stct. t ght cncvay ad t th cncn that wh st ctay

th ught t sustanta cnc dtthrughut th cunts wh gat asss f v n act s th a can chcs wntatv paterns f dvn that cud adand that s tys f dvnt wud aa rfas than hrs

Lg-t thkg sud y cnscntu faty studs wud s t artcuay dsa whgad t a nn-nwa aw atas f td aaty that s t say any fss fs and ts Atsnt, f tnc th s a acnt f a y

S s t ass that ca n th ay ut

A afu faty stud ang us f a aa dnc f ca ad natua g ss vd as as y assud t st wud cdngstuctv

O h suct f uatn cas and fd sus ha hd th nast thng t fasy studs s fa

cng ay f Untd Nans gansatns Thyght cad uch futh gng nt ny th tas ffd duc t atad y 980 00 ut asshwg uch gatr dta han has s fa n dnth ta f scc sts that wud ha t takn th na futu ths tts a t attand.

n a th h t snta nd s a uy nctua: a ca arcat f h dnc twn a fcas ad a as sud t suy a sgn f statstcatacy t cus th tw A ng-t fct as sad s rsuuus; u a ngtr fsy study ac f hu and untntu w whch w sha

ngct at u r.Agan th qusn as whthr ths wr cud



faciaed by more meanial aids su as elecroniccompters. Personay I am lned o doub i. seemso me a h less mulipicaion of mec ads elds i requre judgemen more ang els

s on of cief dynac forces beind arkso'sLa Of course, an eleronic ompuer an ork ou avas nmber of permaio employg vag assmws a fe seond or mues l i mig akee on-eleroic bra as may mons o do samob Bu po is a e on-eleonic bra eed

ever aemp o do a ob By poer of udgmen i ca concerae on a fe dcisiv paraeeic ar q suie o rages of rasoabl probab Some pople mae a old bpossbl ad lpfl o e p a mai for logragforcasg o i ce "es cold b fed co

uosl d rspons old prod cnalrevsis of some loger forecass No dob old e possibl; b od b elpful? Eac ie ofnes as o b udged for is log-er relvanc ad aso udgeme s geray no possibl immedaelNor ca I see an valu i coua revision o log

r forecass as a aer of mial ro Aforecas is reqred only en a longrm decisio as b ake or reeed is a comparavely rar vnve larges of bsiss ad en i s o edelibrael and coscieously o assmble e bs vidn o dge eac iem e lig of aaed

experie nd a o com o a vie c appersreasoabl o bes brs avabl I is a maer ofsdecepo a laborios ad ucera processcould b sociruied b a pie of mecaicaapara

We comes o feasiby ss s dsc fro

foreass i ay oasional seem useful o av apparaus c ca quick es e ee of variaons osassmpos Bu I av e o be convned a a sd



l ad a s o opound ns als a no qusun o puos.

Uedab and Fedom

od a a nav oo aou usulnss o"auoaon a o oo oasn and lk do no undsa va o lon ops and sla appaau o o asks lk olng

aaal pols o poa poduon unsTs la asks blon o a sns o applaos T suj a s nonuan o paps sould say suan T xaud s as o as o ua do asn oo sposly and dgy soon as uan

do ns a an nly dn odw s a da n any polaon o anal dvs T ndns ap o ola dson sould ssd w os d

naon. Ga daag o ua dy suld o sdd ap o oal sns o adop d

a ods o naal sns Enosnd n o so appld onos s no an an s a o ou o ng uga a an o wsdo M. Coln Clak onlad a logpod old ono quladlop sls n own ula a nly

ndpdy o ola and soal angs On sng o s apysl sy o a ook n94 nld Eonoi o 960 oud unso say a pu d as no slan owa auay a o pass s ndd kd oslan sply ss o a a a

ss s do an unand sn o pysaas o nau B lsson o M Clak's ook s s pysa assupon s unu; a n a

9



wold economic equlba, even the longer , aeghly epenent on poltl nd socal chge; an tatthe sophstcated and ngeous metods of foecastngemployed by M. Clak meely ed to pouce a woof spuous vesltue

ncuson

I tus come to te cheefl ncluson hat e ncludn

economc lfe s sll woh lvg becae t s sucentynpedtable to be teestng. Nether te eonomst norte ttstcan w get t "taped W the lt f teyl w of natue we e stl master of u n an lectve desty fo goo o ll

But te ow-w of the eonomst te attcan e

atr etst d enneer and even f te genesper can e to a te lt w w rety onne e te aot be frecst but c be exo Fib tue cn show were wepe t be t moe mpont tday tanever bee ne t come te eynote f

no er e rent attem bta elable nowedge

bt eenty etermnate futue te mdema of acton may suon self by eveownme of foeastes by eergrowg monta offact dat t be gted by ever moe wonefu me

hnca trvnces: I fear that the esult s lttle moreth a uge game of makebeleve ad an ever moemaellous vcaton of Panon' Law Te bestecson w st be based on the jugement of matuenonelectonc bas possesse by men who have ookedseay and camy at the suaton a seen t whole

Stop oo and sn a better mott t Loo t the foecasts

240



2Toads a Theo of

ae-cale Oasao

Amost evry day ha of mrgrs and takovs;Brin nrs th Europa conomc Commity toopn p argr mats to b sd y vn ag ogasations. h socialst cons, natonalisaton prodcd vst comins to va o sas anyhg thahas mrgd t capialist cn Th gat majotof conomss d bsss cncy xpts sppos td towads vastnss

contr mos of th socologss and psycholossisnly wa o i rnt dangrsangrs o htgrty o th idivda hn h fl as nohg ot a sma co i a vast mac and hn th hmaatonips of s daly ong if bcom ncasgydhansd; dagrs also to cincy d podcivysmmg om v-grog Pakinsona bracrac

Mod iratu, at th sa ti pais frihngpctrs o a av nw ord shaly dvidd wn and hm, ton by m sspcon ih a had ofahoy om bow nd a conmp of pop fromaov masss ac to h rs in a spiit of lnrsponsiy, hi rs vny y to p tngs

movg by pcis ogsaion d coordnation scaidcmnts incntivs ndlss otaos and ta

Undobtdy ts is a a probm of conicaton



B e n eal eete mmnat is fm mat man fae t fae Fank Kakas ntmas vel

Th depits te devastatn eets f emte t. M K, te an se as een ed by te

aies bt bdy qite knws w ad wy. Hetes t et s pstn laied ease te peple emeets all tel m Uftately we ave n need f a

land svey Tee wld t e te east se f ee.

S mak evey e t meet atiy ae t fae,

M K appaes as pepe w evdetly aysme weit; bt tes tel im: Y avet e ptill nw me nt eal tat wt atites All

tee tats ae · meely s bt w t yae . y tke tem t be eal.

He fas ttely t d ay eal wk and te eeves a

lete fm Te astle "Te svey wk wi yave aed t t fa as my eti . . . tslake y ets Bn y wk t a sessfl l Ay tept wld displease me. I sallt fet y

Nbdy eally lkes lae-sale asat; bdy

lkes t ke des fm a spe w takes dsfm a spe w takes des . . Eve f te uesesed by beaay ae tstadly mane bdykes t be led by es tat s t say y peple wseanswe t evey mplat s dd t make te ules am meey applyn tem

Yet t seems aesale aisati is ee t stayTee t is all te me neessay t tk abt tad t tese abt t Te sne te uet teate te eed f sklf avatn

Te fdamental task s t aeve smaless hlae asat.

Oe a lae ansati as me it ein, t maly es t alteat paes f crasng addeeg lke sws f a pedlum Weeve e

242



encotes such oppote, eac of tem wit persuasvearents i ts favo it is worh lookg nto the depthof te problem for sometng more th compromimore a alf-andhaf soluton. Maybe what we reayneed s not eher but hene-dheohe-eme-me

Ts vey faar probem perades te whoe of reae athough t is igy unpopulr t people wo spendmost of ter tme on aratoy probems from wc lextrneo factors have been carefuly eate For

watever we do rea e we must t to do just situaton wc icudes a socalled extraneous factord we ways ave to face te simulneos reqementor order nd freedom

an orgsaton, ge or sma tere must be a certa claty ad orderess; i thgs fa into dsorder

nothg can be accompsed Yet orderlness as suc isstic nd feless so tere must aso be plen of ebowroom ad sco for breakg toug e esblsedorder to do the tng never done before never cipated by te guards of orderless the new prected nd predctabe outcome of a man's creave

ideaerefore any orgation ha to strve contuofor te orerlness of ode and te dsorderless ofcreaive eedom And e specc danger nerent arge-scle orgsation is that s natural bs and tendency favour order at the expense of creatve frdom

We assocate my futer pai of oppostes ts basic a of order nd freedom Centlsaon ismay n dea of order denralaton, one of freedoThe n of order pally the acountant and generaly the admsrator we e man of creatve fredom is the eneene Order reqres telgence and

is conducive to eency whe frdom cas for dope te door to ituton nd lead to nnovatonThe ger organiton te more obo and nes

43



cpble is the need for order B if his eed is lookedter ith sch eciency nd perfectio tht o scoperemis for mn to ercise hs cretive iio fornneial disorder the orgistio becomes mori

d nd desert of fustrtonThese considetions form the bckgrond to nttempt towrds theo of lrgescle orgnsiohch shll no develop the form o ve priciples

The rst principe is clled Th Pnle of Sbda

or h Pne o Sday Fncon. A fmo form

lion of hs prncipe reds s foos: It is n ijsice t the sme te gre evl nd distrbce of rightorder ssign to greter nd higher ssocio whtlesser nd sbordne orgisos cn do For everysocil ctivity oght o is ver tre to fish help othe members of the body socil d never desroy d

bsorb them These sentences ere me for ociety s hoe bt hey ppy eqy o he dere leves with lage orgistio The higher level mst o bsor hectios o the loer oe o the ssmpto ht einghigher it wl tomicly be wiser d full he moreeciety Loyly c grow oly from the smller nits

o the lrger (nd higher) oes not the other y rodd loylty is essetil eleme i the helth of y

orgnistioThe Prncipe of Sbsidy Fcton mplies tht he

brde of proof les lwys o thse ho t to deprve loer level of its fnction nd thereby o its feedom

d resposbiity i h respect they hve o prove thtthe ower leve is icpbe of fllg this fction sisfcory nd ht the hgher eve c cty do mchbetter Those i commnd [to cnie the qotio]shod be sre tht the moe perfectly grdted orderis preed mong he vrios ssocition observig

the pricpe of ssid ncto he stroger wl behe socil hort d eecveess nd the hpper dmore prosperos he condito of he Stte1

24



oppoi o rig d dciig ow bd u : Pcip o Sbidi Fioc r wi gi oy d iv rdom d rpoiii o ow

oio cry prd wi ogiio wo w b "pp d mopropo

How c cr b cvd? Fom diro' poi o w .e. rom po o wo od i w oo idy comprg mo

voy w cr-c ogc o mooi. Trg orgiio w oi o my mioomoi wc w my c qrs c o m v rg o o rdom o gv poib cc o civiy d erepreershp

c o ogio c b ymbo

id by m odig g m o oo id c o boo i ow boycy d d m m do o ord i ov boo m y odg rg y d vy boo i o oy driv o erepreera T moo og

iio by cor mig b ymboid y Cmr wi r op d o o d o g d vrg dv rom opd dp o i R rom d erepreerspc x oy op.

o o oo orgiio

civi o y o d p my qi my m poi d ro or mp Briio o Bod o o rg mmci ogio i op od i poi o p qi dr vro or i opc mg ickwork d i co prodc poc dd o

d r. pc rivy coid ogioorm v vovd o i od rpo civii d r o o mo vo r

5



pies fag unde e headng of desicon Teoads pmay acy deepmned coageng haseen oganised n seeneen aeas ech of em wh eaus of a quasm Te souce aeady quoed descies

he esus of such a ssaz as foows Teey[he cene] wl moe eey powefuy and eeceyo a hose hngs wc eong o aone ecause ione can do hem dcng wcng ugng esaing as occason eues and necessiy demands"

o cena cono o e meanngfu nd eecie a

econd pincipe has o e appied whch we sha cah Pncpe Vna To ndcae mans: odefend agans epoach o accusaon; o poe o e ueand ad o usify o upod so s pncpe descese we one of he mos mpoan dues of he cenaauoy owads he lowe omaons. Good goen

men is aways goenmen y excepon. Excep foecepona cases e susidiay un mus e defendedagais epoach and uped T means ha he excepon mus e suceny ceay dened so ha e uasm s ae o now wiou dou whehe o no sefomng sasfacoiy.

Adminsaos en as a pue ype namey as men ofodeness ae happy wn hey ae eeng undecono Amed wh compues ey can indeed now doso and can nsis on accouay w egad o anamos nne nme of ems-oupu poducyman dieen cos ems nonopeaona expendue

and so on adg up o po o oss. s s ogcaenough u ea fe is gge an ogic. f a age nme of ceia is aid down fo acconailiy eeysusday un can e ud on one em o anoegoen y eceon ecoms a mocey and no onecan ee e su ow s u sand

is da apon h Pcpe of Vndconwoud pem ony one ceon fo accounay n acommeca oanson nmey poay O cous

26



such a creron woud be subject o e qus-m'soseg gener es and poicies ad do by tecenre. Ides cn raely be aned in he rea word, ut

_y ae none he ess mengfu ey ply tat any

depaue from he idea has o be specy ared dusied Uness he numbe of cie for acounabiis kep ve sma deed ceav nd pnuhpcnnot oursh he qusi

We poabiiy must be he na creon it is notalways permssbe o apply i mechncally Some subsd

ary uns may be exceponay we paced oher ecepionly bdly; some may have sece fucons wegrd to he ogasaion a whoe or ohe speciobgons wch have o be fued whout pryegard o poab In such cases he measurement ofproabiy mus be modd advance by wat we

may c ns nd subsisIf a nit enoys speci and nescapble advantages t

mus py an ppopriae n bt i s ope winescapabe dsdvnages it mus be gred speici or ubsy Such sysem cn sucenly eqisehe probiliy cances of he various s so tat pot

becomes mengf idcaion of achevement sn eqaision is neded but not appied he foeuts e fehebedded whe oes my e yg ona bed of nais Tis annot be good fo eie morae operfonce

n codan wih e Pcpe of Vindicaon n

orgason adops probiy a he pra ceonfor accotblypoabiy as modied need beby rens and subsidesgoemen by ecepon ecomespossibe The cene can ten oncenrae s civiies on"drecg wachng urgng esag as occasion equies nd necessy demds wch of couse mus go

on a te me wih egad to l is subsdy nEcepions cn be deed cey. Te cene w have

wo opporunies fo ievenig eceponay Te

47



occurs when th cent and t subsdia unit cannotcme to a fee ageement o te rent or subsdy as tcase may b which s to be apied In suc crcumstancesthe cetr has to underta a ful eciency audt of the

unit to obtan an object assessment of t unit's ealpotetial T secod opportunty arses when th unitfais to ear a pot afte alowng fo et or subsdyTe management o te unit is ten in a precaious posto: the centes ecency audit producs ghlyunfaourabe idence te mnagemet may ae to b

cagdThe trd prcipe s h o Idta

Each subsda unt o quas-rm must ae bot a potand loss account and balnce set Fom the pot ofw of oderiess a prot ad loss statement s qutsucint snce from ths one ca now wete o ot

the ut s cotrbutig acally to the orgazto Butfo e trpur, a baace seet is ssential ee f t

s used oy fo tra purposs Why s t ot s cntto a but one balac seet fo the ogasatio as awhole?

Busss opats wth a ceta conomc subsance

d s substac dmishs as sult of losss andgrows as a resut of ot Wat appes to e untspo o losses at d of te ancal ya? Theyow to t totalty of the orgasatos accouts; as fas t uit i cocrd tey smply dsappea teabsence of a baance seet o something t atue of a

balance sheet t unt aways enters the ew ancalyar w a bac Tis cannot b gt

A unts success sould lead to geate fredom adancal scope fo t unt wh faue te orm oflossesshould ead to escto and dsabity Oe wantsto reforc succss and discmnate against alur Te

baanc set dscbes the economc substace as aumeted o disd by current euts s ables a

28



coned o oow e ect o opeons on susance.Pos and losses ae cared owad and no wped ou.Teeoe evey quasrm soud ave s seprae al-ance seet, n wc pros c apear as loans to e

centre and losses as loans rom e cenr Ts s a mat-ter o ea psycooca mpoanceI now urn to e fout prncpe wc can be cd

The Principl Mov It s rte and obvotusm tat people act n accodance t te motesAl e same, fo a lae ransaon wt s bureaucra

ces s moe and mpesona controls ts any asractres and reuaons and aove al e relatve ncompeensy tat stems rom very sze motvaon ste centa proe A e op te manaement as noproblem o movaon, but on down te scale teprolem ecomes nceasnly acute. Ts s not e pace

to o nto te detas of ts vast and dcut subjecModern dusta socey typed y larescae oa-satons ves far t ltte tou to t. Manaemensassume tat peope work smy fo money fo e ay-packet a e end of te week. o doub ts s tre up to pot but wen a worker asked wy e worked ony

fou sfs ast week, answes Because I couldn' makeends mee on tee ss aes everybody s sunedand eels ceckmated.

Ineecual conson eact s pce We peac tevues of ard work and resrant we pat uopanpctues o ued consumpon wtout eer work or

estra We compan wen an appeal or reaer eotmee w e unacous reply couldnt cae less"we promotn deams aou auomaon to do awayw manua wok and aou te compue relevn menfom te buden o us te ans.

A recent R ecurer announced a wen mor

ty w e abe o eed anan and suppy te majoy t makes no sense to eep n e poducton seam

249



te w have deire t be it." Many have odese t be t, becuse te wk des t iterestthem prvidg them with either challenge r atifactn ad ha n te mert i thei eye tha that t lead

t a pay-packet at e end f the wk. If ur itellectualleade treat w as tng but a ecsa evi s tbe ablihed as far a the ajity i cnceed te urget mimie t right away ady a surprig reactiand the pblem f mtivat becme iluble.

Hwever that may be the heath f a large rgaia

tn depends t an extadia extet its abity t dstce t te Pncipe f Mtvati y rganisatiastctre that i cnceved wut regad t s fudamet tth unlikely t succeed

My fth ad lat pciple i h Pnp o hM Axo. Tp maageet i a large gaiat

inevitably ccupe a ve dcult psit t cierespbity fr evetg that happe r fais thappe thughut the rganiati athugh it fareved fm the actua cee f evet. ca deal wthmay weetablsed fucti by mea f drectivee ad regulati But what but new develpmet

ew ceative ideas? What abut prges the np activty p x?

We cme back t u atg pt: eal hum

pblems se fm the noy f rde ad freedAty mea a ctadictn betwee w law; a cct f authity ppti between laws r priciple

that apea t be fded equaly eaEcelet! Th real le ful f tmie and bigge

tha lgc itut der ping pedictabity cetract ccuntacy strctis t the uerlg bediece dsplnewithut thee g fitful ca hape becaue eveg distates Ad yetwihut

te maamty f disder te happy abad thepp vetg it te uwn d icalculable withut te rsk d e gamble the creative ag

0



nao mshg here bueaucac angels fea o ead-ihou hs, e s a ockey ad a dsgace.

The cee ca easy ook ae ode; s o so easyo ook aer feedo ad ceavy The cee hs he

poe o esabsh orde bu no aou o poe evokeshe eave conbuon Ho the cn op aageea he cee wor o poress ad ovaon? Assugha nos ha ough o be doe : ho a he anagee ge done houhou he organsao Ts shee he Pncpe o he Mdde o coes

axo s a levde h hch s asseed o assoon as enuciaed The cete ca enae he h as dscoveedha s o ha s "he gh hg o doSoe yeas ago he os poan o e enucaed by he Naoal Coa Bod as ontto ooupt ha s, o cocenrae coalgeg on ee coa

aces, h a hghe oupu o each Everbody ocose edaey asseed o bu no susngy,very e apned

A hange o s kd eques a o o ok, a o o

ne nking d plnng a evey coley, anynaua obsae ad dcues o be ovece o s

he cee, he Naona Boad s case, o speed hehageove I ca of couse preach he ne doceu ha s e use, evebody agees anyho Peah o e cene aans he eedo and esponsb o he oe oaons, bu ncus he vds ha hey oy ak nd do o do ahng

Aleavey, he cene can ssue nsucos bu begeoe o e acua see o opeaons he ceaaagee l cu he vad cs ha aeptso n he indusry ro Headquaer, saccg heneed o edo o he need or ode and losng heceave pcpao o he peope a he oe oa

one vey peope ho are os cosy ouc thhe acua job ehe e so eh o govee byeoaon no he ough ehod o govee by

2



structon mees the requrements of the cas. What srequired s someng n between, a dde o anorde fom above whch s yet not qu an order.

e decded to cocenrae ouput, th NatonaCoal Board ad down certan mmum sandds foopenng up ew coafaes wh the pv that f anAa foud necssary to opn a coaface that odfa shor of hes stadards, a record of te decsonshould b entered o a book specay provded for tepupose and ths rcord shoud conain answers to tqusons:

can ths patcuar coaface not be ad ot n ca way tha the requed mmum sze s atad?Why does ths partcuar bt of coa hav o be orkat aWhat s the approxat proaby of h coac

paed

Ts was a true and eecve wa of appyng th Pcp of the Mdde Aom and t ad an amost macaeec oneraton of ouput reay got gog texcee rsuts for the nds a who Te centr

had fond a way of gog far beod mer exoaonyt wthout ay way dmnshng th freedom adresponsblty of h ower formons.

Aother mdde aom can e found the dvc ofmp ta Normay sascs are coeced for theet of h coector, ho needs-r tks h neds

cera quatatv formaon Impac stastcs have deren purpose namey to ma the suppr of thsastc a responsb person at h ower formaonawae of cean facs whch h mht oterws overoo Ths devce has be successuy used n the coandusy pacuay n the ed of safety

Dscoverng a mdd om s awas a consderabacheveme To peach s easy; so aso s ssng nsucons ut t s dcu ndeed for op management to

22



ca hough is craive idas witou paing eeom an sonsibii of e lowe fomaons.

ave exound e icies wic biv o b

eevn o a o of ag-scae oansaion, an ae

ivn a moe o ss iiu nam o ac of hmWa s e of a s? s me an inecuaame? Som eads wi no doub ik so Oesadey a h ons fo wom his chape as n winmi a: "You in ino wods wha hvbe o do fo as. Ecen! Man of us ave

been sggg fo as wih poms sn a-scae ogansaon obms ic ae bcomve moe acu To sugge mo succssfu w ed aho bu up fom ncips Bu fom we do cies m? Te m fom bsevaio and acca nsadng

Te bs fomuaion of e ncss na ofo an acice a I now of coms fom Maosun Go o acica peoe sas and afom hm en snsse ei pnce io rncisand oies; and hn un o e acc o anca uo em o u es pinci ad meods ino

acce so as o sove i oms and achiv fdoman ainess2

253



3

Socialism

Bh threical cnsderaons ad paccal xpnchav ld e h cclusn ha cas s f rlly fr s nn-ecnc valus and h psbi cra f h vcg f h relgn ccs.A cy rled pay b h dlay f enrichsz-

vou, whch celbaes mlns a s cl hrs,can ga nhg caan ha cld n s gad wh

I n spg hrf, ha ay scass

scaled advaced cee wh ar hevswhh hey kw ndves f h rlg f

ccs ar day wndng wheh nanlsans ally bd h pn I caues a l f rbls why bhe wh ? The ic f prva wnrshp by slf de pdc agncen rsls:evyhg wh whl ha sl be wkd fr dvdly ad paeny ad h ps f acal aby

mbnd wh h puu f hhe sca as pdcsay da ay seeg cac andpses a heavy budn aageen

If h pups naasan priay acvfae ecnc gwh hgh ecy bee plnigad s fh he bud be dsap h

dea cduc h e ecy h bas fpvae ed as Ma wl ecd ha hwn aneadna pw as h wd

254



bui wv i h up nd

pu n nd fud h id nd h

f n nxu bwn n nd n hn d -

n. . T bu b pid mpvmn f in-

n f pdun b h mmn id mn fmunn dw v m bbn ni

ivn [ Mf]

The strengh of the idea of private enterprse les tstefng smplc It sugges that the totly of lfe

can be reduc to one aspect-prots he busessman a pvae ndvdua may st e nereste oher

aspec of lf pehaps even goodnes truth andeauybut as bsness he conces hmsef onywth pro ths respect he ea of pae nerprse exacty into the ea of he Market whch, n an

ealer chapter I calle "the nstonalsaton of nvduasm and nonespoy Equaly t s perfectlynto te moe rend towars total quantcaton at theexpense of the apprecaon of qualve derenes; forpvate entepse s not concened wth what t prouce

but only wth what t gans fom producton

Evehg becomes crstal clear after you haveeduced realty to onne onyf s thousand aspesYou now wha to whatever poduces prots yoknow what to aodwhatee euces hem or maes aloss And there s at he same tme a pefect measungro for the degree of success or faure Let no one eog

the ssue y asg wheher a pacular acton s conucve to the wealth and welleng of socety wheher teas to moral aeshetc or cua enrchment. Smpynd out whehe t pays smpy nestgate wheher thes an alernae tht ps eer f hee s chose heaenae

t s no accen that successfu usnesmen ae oenasonshngly prme they le n a wold mae prme by hs pocess of eucton. hey nto h sp

255



ed version of e wod ad ae satsed w it. Adwen te real wod occasioay mes is exseknow ad atempts to foce upon e attenion a dffee oe of ts fcets, oe o poded for n ter

phosopy ey ted o become qute epess and confused Tey fee exposed o icacabe danges and"sound foces d feey pedct geer dsaser A aresu e judgemes o acos dced by a morecompeense ouoo o te meaig nd puose of feare geeay que woess It s foegoe concusion

or em ta a deen sceme of tngs a busessfo nsace tat s no bsed o pae owesp cannot possby succeed f t succeeds a te same teremus be a sse expaao-expotao of e consume dde subsdes foced bou moopoy,dumpig o some d ad ddfu accumuaio of

deb acu wc e fuue suddey presenBu ts s a dgesso e pot s at e easeg of te eoy of pe eerse es n hsess smpicaon wc s so admby aso to emet pates ced y e peome successes ofscece Te seg of scece, too dees fom a

educo of rey o oe or e oe of s maypecs pmy e educo of quay o uy Bujus s e powef coceo of eeecencee o e mecc specs of ety ad o beaadoed cuse ee ws oo muc of rey atsmpy dd o so e powfu cocetio of bus

ess e o e spec of pos s ad to be modedbecuse fed o do sce o e e eeds of ma was te soc ceee of socss o pus tsdeeopme wt e esu e faoue prse ofe egeed cps ody s: We e a socastsnow

Ta o sy cps ody wses o dey te oe o s cs s po He sysO o we do o fo ou empoyee wc e do o

26



realy have do; we tr to pesee the beaut of tecountsde we engage n reseach that ay not pay o,"etc. etc Al these ca ae vey faar someeshey ae justed soetmes no

Wat conce us here s ts: pvate entee olstye t us say goes spy fo pot t therebyacheves a ost powefu spcaton of obectves gas a pefect esug od of success o faue Pvae entepse ew stye on the othe han et usue) puues a geat vaet of obectves t es to

consde the whoe fness of fe a not eey theoney-ag asct t theefoe acheves o powerfuspcaton of obectves ad possesses no eabe e

ug od of success or faue If ths s so pvate entprse ne sye as oge age ont stock copnes es fo pubic entepise oy n one respect

naey tat t poves n eaed coe o shehoe

Ceay the potagonsts of captas cannot have tboth ways They caot say We ae a ocasts now'an ntan at the se e that socas canot possby wok. If they thesees puue obectves other a

that of pot-akg then tey canot vey e aruethat t becoes possbe to adste e natonseans of producton ecety as soon as codeatoothe th those of potang ae aowed to enter can age wthout the ce yastck of oeyakg so c natonase ndusty.

On the othe hand i a ts s te a sha an vate entepse woks fo pot a (practcay) nohgese f ts psut of othe obectves s n fact soeydepenent on potakg a consttut eey ts owchoce of what to o th soe of the pots, then thesoone ths ade cea the bette In that case prva

entepse cou st ca to possess the poe of scty Its case aganst pubc entepse wou be hat theatter s bo to be ecent pecsey becae

257



tempt o purue sever ojetives at the sme te,

nd he cse of soilis ginst he former would e te

rditon se wh is not primry n eonomi one

nmely th i dees lfe by t vey impliity y

n economi ctviy soey on the otve of privteeed.

A ot reection of pu ownershp mens ota

ation of prvte owneship. Tis is ust s gret pece of dogmtism s the opposite one of the mo

fni omunist But wle l fntsm shows ntel

letul wekness fnticism o h o eempoyed for eng qte uncertin ojtive is hee

feele-mndedness

As mentioned efore he hole cx o economic ife

nd ndeed of life in generls th t constntly requres

he iving reconilition of opposites whih n strc ogi

re ieoncile In mroeonomi (the mngemenof whole soieties) it is neessry lwy to hve oth

plnning n freedomnot y wy of ek nd feess

ompromse u y fee recognition of e egtimcy of

d need for oth Euly miroeonomis the mn

geen of dividu eneprses : on the one hnd it is

een tht here should e fu mngel respon

iity nd uthoty; yet it is ully esenti th there

shoud e democrtic free ptiiption of te

orker ngemen eisions Agin it is no ue

ton of mitigting the opposition of these two needs y

soe hherted ompome tht tises neier ofhem ut o reognse them oth The eclusve cnen

trion on one of the oppositessy on plnng pro

dus Stism wle the elusive onenttion on he

other produs cos. The noml nwer to eiter

swing of e penduum to the other etreme Yet the

norm nswer is not te ony possile nswer A generous nd mgnnimous inteetul eothe opposte of

nggg mevolent citiismcn enle society

28



east or a peod o d a midde way that reoies thoposites witot degadig hem oh

e same appies to e oe o ojetes sesle. e o e oposiesepreseed y pate ete

pise od sye-is te ee o simpy ad easraiiy whi s est fd y a sit imtatio ootoo to potaliy" ad oi ese The otheoppositerepreseted y e origial idealsti oeto o pi eeriseis the eed for a omrehesiad road hmaiy i the od o eoom aai

e oe if esiey adeed to leads to the toadesio o te digiy o ma; the later to a haokid of ieie

ere are o al sotios to ths kid o proeThere is oy a vng sotio eed day y day o ais of a ear rogio a bo ooi are ld

wesp wether l o prae is erely aelemet o fraework t does o y itse setle he dof oeies to e psed wi he framewor. Fothis poit of iew it oet to say hat owers is otte deisie qesio B it s so eessa to eogihat pate oweship o he meas of podtio s

seeey lted ts eedo of hoie o oetiesease t is omeed to e protseeg ad d totke a aow ad ses iew o higs P owersgies o feedom the oie of oeties ada tereoe e sed fo ay pose a ay e hose.hie piae oersp s a stet that y itse

agey deemies e eds o whih i a e empoyed owesip is a isme te eds of whi adeemied d eed o e oiosy ose

Tee is teeoe reay o sog ae fo powershp the ojies o e psed y aioaliseddsry are to e jst as arow s as imied as those

o apalt podtio : poality ad ohg eseHee ies e ea dager to atioasao i Btai athe prese me ot ay magd eiey



The campaign of the enemes of natonalsaton onsistsf two dstcty sepate moves. The st moe s anattempt to covn the pubc at arge and the peopeegaged n the atonased secto that the ony thng hat

mattes n he admsato of the means of producton,stbuto ad exchange s potabty; that any departue from ths saced standad- pcuy e-

re natnse -mposes an toeabeburde o eveoe and s drecty esponsbe for aytg that may go wrong n the ecoomy as a whoe

Ts campa s emakay successu Th secod moes to sugges hat snce thee s eay oth speca ata n e behaour of natonased dusty, nd hec noprome of ay pogess towards a bette socey, ayuthe atonasato oud a obo se of ogac eby a mere "gab gase by fstated

potca utaught uteachabe an pabe of nteecu oubt eat tte p a he more chaceof succs f t ca be suppoed by a goemeta ppocy for e poduc of the atoased dustes whchkes uay possbe o them o ea a pot

It ust be amtted that ths strategy aded by a sys

ematc smea campag agast the atoased dustes,as ot bee wthout eect o socast nkngTe easo s ether an ero n the oga socst

nspaton or ay ctua faue the coduct of theatonased ndustyaccusatos of that d are qutesuppoabebut a ack of so o he pat of he

socst heees They w ot ecoe and atoasato not fu functo uess they ecoer theso

Wat s at stake s not economcs but cutue ot thestada of g ut the quaty of fe Ecoomcs andhe stadard of vg just as we be ooked afte by a

captast system, odeated by a bt of pang andedstrbute aaon Bt cture ad genealy, theuaty of fe ca ow ony be debased by such a system

260



casts shd sst g he atad stes t smy t tcaptse he captatsa

atempt h they may may t scceeb tee a me emcatc a ged sysem f

a amstrat a me hmae emyme machey a a e eget tsat f te ftf hma gety a e they ca a tehae the fe the has ey t they hathg t e that s wy f he sea f fbe



4ehp

"I obvo, dd h o hg o y oh v ho o o mae hho h o d o qo o h. Wh do o vo h ho o h hh od

I o h lv p o h pp Wh do o bh h ol od po ppo whh h p hy lv p d o vdow I o ool h o I o d o hh o x h d Ad h d o h o d h xpo h p

v wll b.Th od o R. H Ty w d

d o. Thy hv o o o h op h od w od o oly h o maie o o h ae o h oyo boph hh h h vy vvl o h

h Ev pobl ohd po h pd hp d h io o y o h hoh I hv d l o. o y oh o oo do o ho d o ow : vb b o phy odo h o y po ' b olook o l

d ppo I hv lkd bo h oo oo h do ohp f l oo oopo d h o-d dd o lv d h

262



fatefu pronsity that ejoces he fac that "what weeluxuies to ou fahes have become ecesities fo us.

ystems e eve ore nor ess ha cto ofm's most bsc titudes Some icaaos deed, ae

moe pefect ha ohes Geea evdece of matepogess oud suggs ha the pvae entesesysem s h beenhe most pefect stumet fothe pursuit of pesa echment The mr pvateenepse sysem genousy empoys he hum e ofgeed ad env its move powe bu mages to ove

come e most batant deciences of iszr bmeans of Keynesa ecoomc maagement bit of edstbuve axaio d he couteaiig powe of tetde uos

Ca such a sysem conceivby da h he pobemwe ae o havg to fce? The nsr is sef-evidet:

geed d env demd cotiuous ad mtes ecomc gowh of materi id hou pope egadfo cseio, and s ype of groh caot possibyt ino a nie envomen We must eefoe studyhe eea aure of the privae etepise syse dhe possibiies of evovg a aeaive system wc

gh he ew suaoThe essence of privae eepse s he pvate owe

ship of e mes of poduco dstributio adexchge No suprsgy heeore he critics of piveeepse have advocaed ad mny cases suessfuyefod the coverso of pvate owehp o

oed pubc o coecve oesp Lt ook stof at he meai of oesp o popety

As egards pvae propey he st ad most basdsicion is been () popey ht is a id oceaive wor and ( ) propey hat s a ateive to Thee is someg naua ad heahy about the fome

he pve propey of te org proprieo; dee is somehg unnaua d ueay bout heethe pivate popey o he psve oe who ives

3



c o h wok o oh h c dco c Tw who od h " dho o p c o o pv popwho pc h pc o o po o

whch c d.Fo s o piv osp bt pv ondod om ok s ong o t pnpl

of nds d d of som s at pv

po nd o p s nssl msvos s of sos pdt s bd of tos on

v o od vst ll pop t som kd osos sn

Pv p cd o wh pop o h o uoc c po d ocI c o wd oc pob I po o h cou c b udd h co

h. Soc o d d o vc coc h po. No pv o c bd o c p oc u oo.

I d p h h o pvowhp h o o c dcv h wov o c o dc h cocow owhp d wo d bco ud;v p d o bco po d o c oc co h oc v o h oc cc h v d o py bco cs d

Th ow p d do od o popo o b o do h wok Howhp hfo c o co cI bco pov h ppop po c of o h d o h cp

o hh h cu o cp bood ooud oc

2. h p h oo o h h

264



achivmnt n of h we but o h whl rga

sato. It s h ujust and socay dspv

th a apppatd by h ow aon Ty shoud

shad wt a mmbs of th gansatn th

a "poghd back thy shoud b f capta cctv owd, isd f accg aumicay toth wath f th ga ow.

3. Mdium sz adg t impsa aoships

pss nw qusons as t th xcis co Ev

autocatc co s no sous pobm sm-sc

ns whc d by a wkng ppto hasamos a famy chaac is ncopatb wh humn

dgty a gn cic whn th ts

cds a cav mdssz h s d th

: th cnscus ad systmtc dvpmnt cm

muicaons ad csun t aw a mmbs o

t ogasat sm dg o gun pacipaio magmn.

4 T soca sgncnc ad wght f th m s

ocaity ad ts wd amcaios ca fo s dg

sociaisat owshp bod th membs o

h m ts hs scsao may b cd by

y dvotng a pa o th 's pots pubco chaab ppss ad bgg tss fom

utsd.

Te a pia ps ms th Uitd Kigdo ad the cp ous hc h ced

hs ideas scessu pcc ad hav hby vcm obcnab d socay dsp ts

whch a h i h pv oweshp of h mas

of dc wh dd bod ssc Sct

Bad C Ld a Wo Notamptos s

o m mo ded dscpo h p

ncs d pemo w b g a a chptW w com o agesc eepss d of

pva wshp bcoes an bsudt Th popy s



not d co be pve ay rel sese Agn R Twey s hs ih complee cry:

Suc propey may be caed passve popety o poor acquistion, fo exploitation o or power to dsguh

om te popety wc s actiey used by oe orthe coduc o s pofesso o e upkep o is oueod.To e awyer te s s o couse fuly popey eecon It ·is uestionable oweve weer ecoomstoud ca it "popey a a snce i s o iticwt te gts wic scue te ower te pruce o to u s te opsite o tem

The S-ced pve oershp o lge-scle eerpses

s o y loous he simple poey o he smlldoe cfsm o eepeeu s Tey

sys, ogous o "he eud dues hich obbe eFeh pe of p o hs poduce he evoluton

bolshed te

A ese igtoyaties ou-rnt moopoy protuluses o a indsae popey Te cicis mosata o tem . s coted i e aruets y wcpropey usuly eened e mn o te nsutot s sai s to ecouage usty by secur a e

woer sa eceive e pouce o is toi Bu te precisey n popotio as i s mpotan to pese te propey wc a man as te sts o is aou s mpont to bolis tat wc e a te resuts o eao o someone ese

To um up

I smsle eese pve oehp n ifu d jus

. medumse eepse pve owershp lredy o e exe uioay uecess Thede o "popey beomes sred uful

us here s oy oe oe o sm group ooes here be d shou e o su

26



ndr rvg widr gru aua wra n a S Bad C Ld Su a gny may uy wn a argnu amu ard u gan ud

av way v n3 In arga nr rva wri i an r u nabng unn we v aaiay n abur y uju u a an rraa m w ra ra wn r qu awny

agan

If v b of a op p o o a oo

pl o o of a o o, sqa abo z of a b f oal ow a a a a

qal abo B a a o al

ai o o o p o a o o o

r ar may md d away w aia w n arga rr m rm n nray rrrd a "aaan

B oalao a wo i fio

o f o ab Pop a lowp b a bo p te a pbl of

o . No a po a oabla o xp al a o osse

a o oao w a pb ab a oT l a b l o o

atoasato ao ab o b a a pa a b bo of o

I a pa o b a a o a pala o of aao oal po

b Sa p o poo of p o of a pow So

6



tose wh d to maa ym d wh dut

cad a a h ubc bu for adaa hhd aack aaa o ton tat Sa maagemt s ay c

A umber o arge idutries have bee atioaied" iBitai. They have demotrated the obvou tth thatthe quaity o a idutry depeds o the pope who it ad ot o absetee owe Yet the atioaised iu

es i spite o their great ahieveme, are st beiursued by the impacable hatred o erta piviee

roups. The iessat propagada agast tem ted omead eve peole who do ot hare the hatred aought to ko better Pivate eterprs spokesme evetire o kig or mre aoutabiity o atioaie

idustres This may be thought to be somehat ioe the aoutabty o these eterpises, hh wo

oey the pub iterest, is lready ve hghy deveoped, whie that pvate idty whch wk

y pv p i pataly o-exstet

Owership is ot a sige ght but bude o hNatioaiato i ot matter o simpy traeg

t bude o ighs rm A to B, that s to ay ro

pvate persos to the Stte hatever that may me:it i a matter o mag prese hoies to here thevaiou ghts o the budle ae to be plaed a o wihbeore atoasatio ee deemed to belog to heo-aled pivate oer Taey, threoe say su

ity atoisato [is] a polem o Costitutiomakg Oe the ega devi o pvate propey ha

bee removed, there is reedom to aage eveewto amalgmate or to dssolve, to etrase or todeetraise, to oetrate poer duse t to reatearge uts or smal uts a uned system a ederystem or o sytem at al As Taey put t

h c a ay ay j aa t

68



a s o ma fs o pa s b p p prpry

aioasaio" xiishs va roria rih

os o by a a orshi i xsia ds rom h ga-ss o h ordNo o i i rm ha is o bom o horga oshi rghs ad ho is o xrc m shror a ss a gaiv masr has vios arragms ad ras h ooy

d ssiy o ma os Ths aragm md ossb hrog aioaisaio ms oos h d o ach aicar cas A mbr o

rci may hovr b obsvd i a cass oaioasd iss ovidg b svics

Fis i i dagros o mx bsiss ad oiis Sc a

g om rods i bsss ad oroics. Th aioaisaio ac hro shod i vr

as ay ra ad d h righs ayhich h oia d h misr or a oh

orga o gov o arm ca xcs ovr h

bsss sid ha s o sa h boad o maagm

Ts is o arcar moac h gard o ao

s

Sod aoasd ss ovidig bi ics shod aay am a a oi h s o ag

o iv o vig o a-ad hod bid rvs

Thy shod v db os o ayo o v oh govm Ecsv os-ad ha mas hbdg o xcssiv ss-hod b avodd b

rdcg ics.·

Thd aoisd rss oss shod av

a saory obigaio o s bc is a

scs" Th ao o ha s h " b o h is hc bscd acordgy I s sss o rd ha h

29



aoalsed enese should be conceed ony wh

pros, as woked fo vae shaeholdes we eepeao of e publc nees could be lef gov

eme alone. Ts idea unfounaely nvaded e

heo of how o aased duses Bin soa hese duses ae exected wok ony fo pond deae· fo hs pcple oly f nsuced by

goveen o do so and copensaed by goveme f

dong s Ths dy dso of funcons may commedself o eoecans bu has no me he eal wold

o i desoys he ve ehos of managemen whn heaonalsed nduses "Seg e publc nees aescs meas nohg unless peeaes he eveyday

behavou of aagemen ad s canno and sold o

be cooled le alone acaly comesd by geme Ta ee may be ocasona cocs bewee

po-seekg and seng e ubc nees canno bedeed Bu s smly means ha e ask o f ig aaoaised dusy akes ge demands han a of

g pvae enese The dea a a bee soceyculd be acheved hou makng hghe demads is se

conadcory and cecal

Fouh o enable e pubc nees o be ecogsad o be saegaded aonsed duses hee iseed fo aangees by wch all lemae nesscan d epesson nd eecse uec aely hose

f he emloyees e loca couny, he cosuesand so he comeos paculaly he l-amed

re hemselves naonalsed duses To mpemen pncle eecvely sll eques a good dea o exemeaon No ec odes ae aable anywheeThe poble s awas one o saeguadng ese ineesswou udly imang aageen's aby o anage

aly e che dange naonasao s e la

es addcon o oeceasao I geneal smaeepses ae o be eeed o age oes Isead ofceag a lage eee by aoasao ha

270



aal ee he rae erad he aempg deerae poer ad repoly o mallefoao omally eer o reae emauooo mal r ad he o erae ea �

o a a hher lee / he eed for eer oordaoa e ho o e paramo.o oe ha ee ad derood hee maer ee

ha R H Taey ad hreore g o loe hhape h ye aohe qoao om hm

e orgi f scy n te bss f unctns, in-

ed f f rts ipls thee ngs. I ens h ppe t sal e mntned wen e ccp te pefce f ice nd lsd

e they re I ens secnd a te pduce

s st i a dt en t t cunt f wh

poduc ced s t e respsi i

y ovius d uiskble n s s peseu eir iede srdntn selde wse

eres i ce u . en e d pc

a g f e tennce f e service ses u he prfesil sns f se w

i d sujec te supeisn d citcs te

ce tse istins sl execse s c ce

e ee f idst s e eeded t scue e lg s dscged



5e Paes of Oeshp

J K Galbraith h soken of pvte aue ad pubcsqalor. It s nnt t refee to te UntedStates, rptdly nd rdn wt nvtrn rt unty the word Howcould there be ubc sqaor the rt unty an

fact, much more of t h many ohe counr whoseGross Natonal rd ajuste for s of ppulao smaey smaler? If eonoc gowth to te pesentArn lvl b bl get id of pubcsuaor-or maybe, has eve bee p by tnrw d n easoaby expect that uer

rw" wod or v t ow s to bepld by nd lage te nr w the hghestw r ten to be the most pld a as to beate by pb qr to a atogethe tonshngeee f t Gr Ntnl Pd the UteKgom gew by, y pr nr b £000

a yrld w t or mot of sy t ddtl w to "ll or nation'spr?

Ardy t; d pv wnp eve bt ofwlt t r dty nd tey pprptd. T pb tt v rdly

ny f r w nd rdd t xtrt pt f t tzn n w zn ndr b y t wn supsgly



thi s o lss tl wits w t colco iiz whh th ich wih th hl o higi xs, ol o much ttr th hoor. o to to oohols h t l com

r mor comict a h m o th-or h com ot cosuls coms r lgAs th ts l h somhig h h iig tk w rom thm th o ol tr o xoi ossiilit o lgl t oic ot to mtorcti o igl ax io, th so is isis

cr i ou o th curilm o uic xituro txio or mo uic xiur" woul ot otctchig slog cio cmig omr how gig m th iscc tw uc ulic squor.

Thr is o w out o his im ulss th or

ic iur is rcog h srcu o o-sh o ms o rouctio

is ot ml qusio o uc squor such thquor o m mt homs, o risos o co-ss ohr icl miti sics isiuto

his is h gti si o th om. Th ositi s

rs wh lrg mous o uc us h ig st o wh is g cl th i-scur h ts go lgl to it rr o chg. h is w kow to o who hsr io i srig o rig trrs i oor oci wh th irsctu s isucit

o or ohr ckig. H cot o chtrsor or uic sics h m h to ri hs ow xs m thgs which h wouot o sml x i soci wih ghlo isctur h co cout o ig lto ci ti o: h hs o tri hm hims

so o h uciol micl sch sti-uios i soci whhr rich o oor sow icl-cul uo t trrist o

273



which pvate enepe doe no pay dc a a matter

of coue, but oy indecty by ay of t ch

aeady menioned are reited reented campaigedagant and oten kifuly avoided. It i highy ogca

and ead to ende compicatons d myicaton thatpayment for beet obtaed by pvae entepe fromhe "infratrucure caot be exaced by the publc

auhories by a drect paicipation n pot but onlyaf the privae appropaion of prot h taen place

Pvate entepe clam that s prot are beg eaed

by on eor and hat a ubtantia pa of them hen taxed aay by publc auhortie. Th not a core

reecion of the th-generay peakng The tth that a large pat of the cos of pvate enterpre ha

bee boe by he public authorie-becaue hy payfor he nfratcture-and that the prots of prvae

entepe therefoe greay overtae t achievemehere no pracica ay of reectg the te uaton

ne the contbuton of publc expendiure to the prot

of pvate enterre recogned n the tucure of

ownehp of the mean of producion

I ha herfore now preen wo emp of ho e

ucture of onehip canr couldbe changed o ato m he wo fundametal criicim mad above The

t eampe of a mediumzed m whch acuay

operaig on a reform ba of onerp The econdeample i a peculae pa of ho the tcue ofowep of argecale coud be reformed

T Scot Br Comonwlt

Eet Bader arted the enepe of Scott ader Ld in 10 at the ae of thity Thtyoe year later,

afer may ra d rbuaton durg the wa he had apopeou mediume bue empog 161 oplew a tover of about £600 a yea and net pro

4



eeedig £ 0 Hag ared wh tually otg,he ad fay had beoe pospeou H adablished itsef a a eadig poduer of poyeter renad alo aufaed othe sopistiated podu, suh

a ayd, polye, ad plaies s a youg a ehad bee deeply dissated wh hi pospet of e a aeployee he ad reeed e ve ide of a labouet" ad a wage sye," ad paiully hehougt that apita eployed e nstead of eeployg apia idg hself o i the poso o

eploye, e ever fogot that hi ue ad pospeywere he ahevee ot of self aloe but of a hollaborator ad dededly aso of the soey witwhih e wa pveged to opeate To quote s oods

I eased aa yr ago whe I ook he pe

ased o be a emploee! w p agas he pasphilosohy o diidg peope io he maaged o he oe

had ad hose ha a�e o e oher. e ea obsacehowever wa ompy Law i proio o dica-o powe o shaeholde ad he heh o ame ey coro

He deided to itodue evoluioa ages hir, ad o a poopy hih atept to dstryo hua eed

he pobem wa woold : how o ogaise o mb

am ese o freedom happes ad hma digiy

i or wo oss o proabl d 2) o do by wa ad me a ld be geeal accepbe o epvae seor o he idsy

M ader ealied at oe that o iv hageoud be ade wihout wo hig s a tafoatoof oesp-ee potshag, hh he had prased

fro he vey sta, wa ot eough ad eod, the volutay apae of eta selfdeying odnae Toahieve the st, he set up the Sot Bader ooeath



whch he veste (n wo sp: ney per cn 5 an he emang en pe en in 3) he owneshpof hs Sco Bae Co. To ipemen he secon he agreed wh hs new patners, ha o say he

membes o he Commonweah hs foe empoyees oesablsh uo no only o dene he sbuonof he "bunle of powes whch pvae owehp pesu aso o mpo he oong escions on he seeom of acon

Frs he m shal eman an neakng of mese ha every peon cn ebac n hsmn an magnaon I sh no ow beyon 30peso o heeabous If crcusanc app eman gow beyon hey sha b e byhepg se p new fuly epenen ogs

ong he nes o e Sco Bae CoonweSed emuneraon fo wok wh he ogsan sha no vay beween he owes pa a hehghes pa pecve of age sex fcon o expeence beyond a ange o 1 : 7 foe x

Trd, he membe of he Commonwealh ae pa

ne an no expoyes ey cao be ssse byhe cpners fo any reon oher ha go peonscnuc. hey can o couse eae volunay aany me gng due noce.

urh he Bo o Drors of he Scoae Co td sha be fuy cunbe o he Com

monweah Uder he res a dow he Consuon he Comonweah hs he rgh a u ocon o whdaw he appomen of decos daso o agee o he evel of eneaon

t no moe han foy pe cen o e ne posof Sco Bae Co L sha be appopae y he

Commonweah-a mnmum of sy per cen bgreaed for aaon �n o senance wh SBade o d he Comonweh sha evoe

76



on-ha of th ppopat pot to th pymnt ofbonu to tho wong with th optg compyn th oth hf to chtb pupo outi thScott B otio

ly non of th pouct of Scott B CoLt ha b o to cutom who now to uthm fo wt puo

Whn M Ent Ba n h colagu intouceth voutionay chng it was fly pct tht m opatg on this b of colctvi ownhip nf-impo tiction cou not poiby vv nfact it nt fo tngth to tnth tou icut ven c tbc by no mn bnt nth hgly compttiv ttg th whch th opatg, t h btwn 1951 n 9 7 1 nca i

al fom £ 625,000 to £5 mion nt pot hav gowfom £72,000 to nay £300 ya; tota ta hina fom 1 6 1 to 379; bonu mounting to ov£ 1 500 (ov th twnt-ya po) hv b tibt to th t n qul ount ha bonat by Coonwath to chaib puo

outi va al n hav t upyon who wih to o o c clm tht th commcia ucc of Scott Ba o Lt wa pobbly uto "cptona ccumtc h moov convntion pvt ntp m hich hv bee quayuccfu o v mo o. But th i not th pot If

Scott Ba Co t. ha bn a cocal fau ft1 9 5 1 it cou v ony fu ang; it unniabl uc a mau by convntona ta oenot that th Ba yt cay upoby th ta: it mly montat that it i notcompatb with th. t mt pcily n th

ttainnt of objctv ch out th commctana of ma objctiv ich a galyg con pac o altogh nglct b o-

77



a commcial pacc o wods h Bad

sys ovcoms h eductoism of h pivaowsp sysm ad uss idusia ogaisaio as asa of ma isad of alowg i o us m siply

s mas o h ch of ows of capial. Touo s Bad

Coon ws o mm a a dvlt fo Po Sg CoPas o COws o an sh wh dvdals od soa nssn a oo s. a on h wa o owng

n o d w all s Coonwn as u dvang

Wl I do o d o go io das of h log

voluio of das ad w sys of maagm adcoopao dug mo a wy yas sc 9 5

i i usf o csais ou of s xpc caiga pcps.

T s s ha asf o owsp fo a psoo a famlyi hs cas Bad famyo a colcvy h Commowa chag h xsal chacof owshp i so fudamal a way ha would b

b t of sch a asf as cg exincio of piva owsp a ha h salshof colciv oshp aoship bw o

pso o a vy smal umb of psos, ad caassmby o physical asss is qu d fom bw a Commowa compisg a lag ub of

psos ad s sm physcal asss o suisigly dasic cag i h qaiy of ows poducs pofoud cag i h qiy of aig of owsp ad s is so paculaly wh as cas ofSco Bad owshp is sd colcv hCommowal ad o dividual owshp ghs of

dvdual Commowalh mbs a sabihd ASco Bad is ly coc o say ha h opag compay co B Ld. s owd by

278



Cmwat; but neie gy nor esentau to say ta e omoweat membes ndvduls, esbls any d of onesp n te mmona h, owhp h been replaced by specc

ghts nd responsbtes n te admson of es.Scd, we no one ha qure ay prpy MBadr nd fy av noeess dp tml hr prpy. Tey have vlutay abadn can of becomg noinaey ch Nw o dnt ha t b a beeve n to ety aeve that

may mea t be be t see at e esene o nordney ch peope n ny ocey ody is a ve get me neqaes of e ad incoe ae no oub"nt nd fciony jsbe ad hr a ewpeop wo do sponaneosy eonse ts But heeagn as huma s t s a a o sce.

Exessve e e powe eds o cop Evn c e no ie c, eve w ey ok ad hyoe ese ey ok deey, appy dieent nd

ads d ae se apa fom omon mny eycpt temseves by psg geed and ey coptte es of socet by pvkg ey M Bae dw

te onees es sigs d efsed bcmnoney c d us mde t possbe o bud ecmmun

Td e e Scot de epeet deonstates

wi th os cty th a asfoaon o ownesp

s esse-to eve emas kebeevet aso demonses a e afomao wp meey so to speak ebng ac: a necss b no a scien codon o e aent ofe as Te Cooea accodngy, econsedthat he asks a busness ogasion society e

spy k p d o mme os d t gwd to becoe pwru: e Commowe ecosedfo tass of e impoance

7



(A) omi ask: cure oder whh can eesi, de, ad see h a me o ake

() The eca ask: seueprotble ode y keepg em spped ih up-ode

pod desig.(C) The i ask to pode memers o e pay

oppoes for sfio d develope toghe patpo e org comity

e poca ask o eoe ohe e doe o cage se y org em a expe by

eoomay helhy d sy epoble

Fuh: flmn h l k hn bh h g hlng g

u. h wn- f x hmmnlh h gn huh vl ph f n

nmng n w l w h nw nn 9 7 1 n vv gn whh

nbl h Cnwl pfm whh lk

hly l mpl n h f qung h lnml mn l wh n mngmn I fn h fm wng gm f S gnn wn ppw v

gn mn l n nh; f lng

n p n pp n n hv pg pp m T qu M E hf

woud vey c preer o take ay eresed rsoo a or of ur oyveacre acen Mao oseEsate esprsed wh ema pats a aoaoesh aboosy we [a] tice wc od o

se may esos ase

T n B gnn h nn nu eg rocs n h nl

80



mag of wha has b hang r snc 5 isa has nabld vyon concd wh Sco Badro a and prac many hngs wch go far byond tak of mang a lvng, of arnng a salar of hlpng

busns to ma a rot, of acng n an coomcayratonal mannr "o tht w hl al b btr o.Wth h Sco Badr ogansao ybody has hoportuy of ag hmlf o a hghr lv ofumaty no by urung rvay and dduasally cra· ams of sf-cdnc wc e

ohg to do wth th am of th m h s abl odo ay stng vn th mo dgraddbut by as w fr nd chrfly gang n w t ams of heorganaon tsl Ths ha o b larnd and t g proc a tm Mos bu not al of th popwo jod Sco Badr ha spodd ad a rpod

ng to h oppotuntyFnaly t can b sad ha t aangn by whc

onhal of th appotd o must b dod toarabl uo oud h organsaton has o onlyhd to futh many us whch catas ocynd to glct wo wt th young h od t

adcappd and h foottn pop ha aso sdo gv Commowalh mmbs a socal conscoussad awns aly found n ay busss oganaon of covntoal nd In hs conncon also wohmonng ht rovon h bn mad o nsur as ar

possb ha th ommonwalh should not bcom

ogansaton n whc ndvdua lhn s tranformdnto goup ssn Boad of Tust has bn up somwha n h ton f constttonal monacn whch prsonlt fom outd th Sco Badr orgaaon ay a dcs rol Th Tt a tuss of

h cnttuton wtou to nf wh managmt hy a ho bl nd ntld to abt fh houd ars a so coc o undamntal us



between the democratic d the fnctional organs of eorgasation.

A mentoned t the ging of ths acount, MEest Bader set out to make "revolutona ches hs

but t d h b w d me th u b

ee ccetbe he e e du" Hsrevolution has been bloodless; no one has cme to gef,not even Mr Bader or hs famy with plenty of stesa around them the Scot Bade people c prouyclm: We have no stkes nd whe no one nsde s

unaware of te gap that still exsts between the ams of theCommonwealh and its uent achevements, no outsdeobseve could airly disaree when est Bade clahat

te expeence gained ung my years of e tabs he Csian way of life n busness ha been e

enoua�een; i bough gd esuls n o ela-ons w one er, as wel he qly d quyof ou pucio

Nw we to pess n and cnsuae wha we avo far ache aking a conee conibun owa

bee sey in he i of G and u felwen.

Ad yet, although Mr Bader's quet revoluton be geneally acepable to the pivate seto of dusy, t has, n fact not een acceped There e thousan of people even n the business wold, who loo atthe trend of cuent rs and ask o a new disensa

ton. But Scott Bade-and a few oheseman as smalslnds of saniy n a large soety led by geed ndeny. It sms to e tue tat, whatever edene of newway of dng thngs may be povided old dogs canotea new trks It is aso te howeve that newdogs grow up al the time and tey wll be well advised

to tae no of h h ben h be be byThe Scott Badr ommonwealth Ltd



Nw Mh al

Thee appea to be tee majo coces fo a society

whch economic aas necessaily absob mao attenton-te coce bteen pivate onersip of te mean of

poduction and ateatiely, vaous types of pubc ocoectsed ownesip; the coce beteen a maketeconomy and aious aangement of "pannng and

te coce between feeom and totataransm.Needless to say, t egad to each of these thee pais

of oppostes thee l aa n eay some degee of

mtuebecause they ae to some extent complementaies ater than oppostesbut te mtue wl show apeponderance on te one de o on te ote

Now it can be obseed that those ith a stong bias faou of pvate owneshp almost naiaby tend to

ague tat nonpate ownesp ineitably and necessaiyentas plannng and toataanism wile feedom

s untnkabe except on te basis of piate onerspand te maket economy Smilaly tose n favou of

aous foms of coectiised oneship tend to aue

altoug not so dogmatcaly tat ts necessaiydemands cental plannng fedom tey cam can onlybe achieved by socased owneshp and annng wete aleged feedom o pvate onesp and te maketeconomy is nothng oe tan feedom to dne at te

Rtz and to sleep unde te bidges of te Thames I

othe wods evebody caims to aceve feedom by s

own sytem nd accuses evry othe system asnevtaby etaing tyanny totaasm o anacyeadng to bot

The aguents along tese nes geneay geneate

moe eat tan gt as happens a aguments wc

deie ealty o a coceptual famewok instead of

deing a conceptua frameok fom reality Wentee ae tee mao atenaties tee ae 3 o

83



possible ombinatons It s always reasonabe o epetat eal le mplements a possibitis-a one time oor or een simuaneosly n dieent plaes. Teeigt possibe ases as regads te ee oies ae

menoned, e as oows (I range em unde teaspet o eedom vus otaitaiism, beause t ise aor onsideaion rom te etapysia pot oew aen in ts book)

1 Freedom 5 ToaiaasmMarket Eonomy Market Eonomy

Prae Ownersip Prvate Ownersi Freedom 6 Toaitaias

P ing PningPate Ownersip Priae Ownes

reedo 7 ToaiaiasmMarke Eonomy Mae Eonomy

Colletsed Ownersp Coetsed Owners4 Feedom Totitaism

Plaing PlangCoised nersip oetised Ownei

It s absud o asse ta te only "possible ases are

1 and 8 ese e merely te ms as ro epoint o ew o oneptrdden propagandists Realiya God is more maginate but I sal leae t o reades digene o identiy atual or isoral eampesor ea o te eg ases dated aboe, and I soulreommend to te ears o poia siene tat tey

sggest ts eerse o eir stdentsMy immediae puose, ee and now s to speae

on e possbliy o desg an ownesp syste orlagesale enterpse i woud aiee a y meeonomy o t s "mixtue rater an puy wis ost ey to sut te maod exigenes o e e

we ae o sta rom te atl siuation in te d�traised par o te wold, ae tan saing rozero as a opions were s open.

24



I ave aeady argue ha pvae eneprse n a-a avance socey eves vey age benesfrom e nsubot vsbe an nvsewisu a soie as bui up oug pub expenue.

Bu e pub an, alough eays a conseabep o e cos o pvae enerpise s no eclyparpae n s pros; a ese pos ae iay pvaey appropae an e pub an en as !o o ovr s on nania requemen by eang apa o ee prots rom pvae pokes e oe

binessan neve es o ang an opaning ao a age eten e "ors o e sae a e saes is parne nasu as po aes absor a sbsana pa o a e eeves o be reay ue o aoneo o s sareoes Ts sugges a e pubc sae pvae posn oer os e compy pros

aesg ju as e be onvee no a pubc saeo e eq o pvate busnessi any ase as ar asagesae enerprises are onee.

Fo e oong eposon I posuae a e pubcan sou eeve onea o e isbu pros oargese prvae enerprse an a sou oan

is sare no by means o pro aes by by means o a r cen ownesp o e equy o u enepses

To egn te n size o enerprses obe nu n e se us e ne. Sne eve

busness oses ts prate an persna araer beos n at a u enepse oe e ubeo ts epoyees ses aoe a tain m nsz probaby bes e n rs o pesons poye In spea ases t ay be neesy o ee sze ters o aa epoe or unover

2 A entes atanng s mnum sizeeeeng aeayus be oso opnes.

3. I ou esabe o aorm sar o

285



thee compnie nopar hre er he erpae.

4 e nuber o hare ued, ncudg preerencehe d any oher pece o paper wch repreen

qui hould be doubled by he ue o eqvennuer o new hre hee new hare o be hed b"he pubc hd o ha or eery prvaey hed odhare one new he wh denca rh w be hed

pucy

Under a chee along hee e no qeon of comenaon would are becae ere wod e no expropraon e ic ene o he word b oy a converon of he pbc hd' i o le pro eso a dec parcpaon e econoc ae ro eue o wch axae pro ae oaned s coneron

woud an expc reconon o e undoued actha a major roe he caon o prvae econocweah any cae payed y he puic hand a ay y nonapa ocal orce and a e ecreaed y he publc conruo hod be reco�ed

puc and no pae popey

Te queon a woud edaey ae a bevded o hree oup Fr wha pecey ean bhe puc d? We ae e ney ed hare be paced ad o o e he epreenae o hepubc and cone? Scond a oownep od poeon o hee new hare carry?

d rd qeon rea o he ranon ro hee ye o he new o he eaen o eaona d oher coe o he ra o new capad o oh

reard e r e o qeo ho propoha he newy creaed hae epreen y per cen

o e eqy oud e hed y a oca ody he dc hee he eepe e s caed he ppoe woud o axe h he deree o decn-



talisaion of u atato an h igraton ofbusnss ntss wt h soa orgais wih whithy oat an fo wh hy dv iuablbts Thus th alfshar t quty of a usiss

opratg wthin Disrt X soul b ld by a loal boygay rpsnav of th ouato of Dstrt X.Howv nihr th oay l (politia) rsoat or th loal vil svans a ssay t ossuitabl opl to b ntustd ith th ris of trht soa w t nw sars Bfor a o

hr ito th quson of sol w to ts ghs a ll o loy hfo turn to th sond st of qustons In

pil t rghts assoat wh orshp an alwaysb dvd io two rousaaga gts adpuay rghs

I a ovnd at oral rustas othgwo b gan a a ra al lost f a b had to trf wh o sr t fro of atond t fulnss of rsosiity of is busnssanagnts Th rvat aag of t ntrrssshould trfor rai fuly arg wh t ana

rial rghts of h pub halfsha shold rai or uss a un sa iusans as Ta iso ay ubilyld shars woud oally ary noot rigs but ony t rgt to ioraton ad obsrvaon T ubli woul b ntit to pla anobsvr svralo h Boar of Ditors of a

rpris but th obsvr woud ot orally av ayows of dsion Only t obsvr ft tat tpubli irs a inr w th atvtsof xst anagnt oud h ay to a spialur to av th oat votg rhts atvatd Aprima aie as i favour of nrfrn woul av o

b stablsd n font of our, wh woul hativa th ubliyh votig rigs for a it pro. ts way t aaria rgs of owrsp assoiad

8



th the ne publone euty hae oul nomally ema a mere polty te agrou anoul eome a ealty oy a a eult of ean pefomal a pul tep ag bn taen y the pla nd ee hen exeptonal ae thee tephae een taen and te otg rgt of te puy-oe ae hae een atated the e tutonou pert only or a ho tme o that thee houle no doubt a to hat a o e ondeed a noal oan aoma don of funto.

It ofte tougt tat the pu teet" an be eguade te ondut of pate une y delegatgtop o medumgade eant to maagemet Thelef often a m pnk popoal for atonalaton, em to me to e oth ae ad mpratl t not by ddng te epolte of maagemet bt y

eurg pub aotaty nd trapaey tat une eterpre l e mot eetey ndued to paymore regd to te pu nteet t tey do atpreet Te phere of pu admtaton on the oneand and of bune entee on te oter ae poleapaften een th egard to te remuneraton an

eurty oeedad oy har an ret from tng tomx eme te manageal gt of oerp e y the

publ han" ould teefoe omaly eman domanthe peua ght houl be eete from the tar nal te tmebouly o e tey take te pa of te

pot taxe that oud otee be leed on the ente-pe Onehalf of al dtbuted pot oul automataly go to the pul d h hod te ne hare.Te pulyoed e oee oud be n prnple aenae (ut te gt to ley pot taxeanot be old a f t ere a aptal aet). Tey o

not e rned to a hete tey ould e e olateal fo pul borong may e left fo lateonderaton

288



Havig hus ey skeched he ghs and duies asscaed wt h new shaes, we can now eu to equeso of personel he eneal a of he schee s egae argscale buess enepses as closely

possle wh he soca suoundgs d s a usoe also o soluon of he personel queson. eexercse of he pecuay and maageral righ and duesasg fo ndusal ownershp should ceanly e eptou of pary pocal cooversy A he sae e should not fal o cl van who have ee pod

for que deen puposes I sugg herefoe ha shoud elong o a specal ody of ces whch for hepurpose of hs exposon shall cal he "Soca CouncThs ody should be foed localy along oady edes whou pocal elecoeeng ad whou heasssance of y govemea auhoy as foows: one

quaer of counc emes o e omnaed y he localade unons; oe-quare y he ocal eployes' orasaons onequae y local professoa assocaonsand onequae o e dawn fro loca esdens n aane sa o tha empoyed fo he selecon ofpersos fo juy sec Memers woud e apponed fo

say ve yeas w onefh of he eesh eeach yeaThe Socal Couc woud hae legaly dened u

hewse unresrced rghs ad powes of acon would of couse e pulcy espole and olged ush epos of s poceedgs a deoca

safeuad t gh e codeed desr gve heexsn Local Auhoy can esee powes vs he Socal ouc sar o hose whch he laehas v--v he anagees of ddual enerprsesTha is o say he ocal Auhoy woud e enedto send s osee o he Socal Counc of s dsc

and he eve of seo coc o dssasfacon oappy o an appopae cou fo epoay powes ofevenon Hee agan soud eman pefecy cea



a suc neeons woud be he excepo raer hne rue ad a in al normal crcumsances he SocaCouci would possess ful freedom of acon

e Social Coucls woud have fu corol over he

reveues owg o hem as dividends o he publicly-held sares. General gg pncples w regd o eexpendure of hese funs mg have o be lad down bylegislaio; bu ey should insis o a g degree o localnepedence and responsibil Te immedae objeciona he ocia Coucils could scacely be reed upon o

dispose of heir funds n he bes possble way provoeshe obvious reply a neher could here by any guaranee of s f e unds were conroled by Loca Auhories or as geealy a prese by Cenra Govee e conrary ould seem safe o assume ha locaSocal Coucis beg ruy represenave of the loca

communiy would be f moe concered o devoeresources o val soal nees han could be expecedrom local or ceral cv seans

o un now o our hird se o quesons Te rans-o from e presen sysem o e one here popedould presen no serous dcues A menoned

ready no quesons of compensaio ase becae hehafshare equy s beng urchased" by he abol-ton of compay pro axes a all compane above aceran size are reaed e same The sze deion canbe se so ha nially oly a smal number o ve argerms s aeced so ha e ransion becomes boh

gradual ad expermea I large enerses uder hesceme wou py as vidends o te publc hand" a bmore an ey woul ave pa as pro axes ouside hesceme is would ac a socially desrabe nnve oavo excessve sze

I s woh emhasisg ha e converson of pro a

no equy sare sgnicanly aers he psychologicalclimae wih whch busness deisos e aen I proaxes e a e evel of (say) y per cen he busness

90



mn is wys mpd g h h Exhqr wlpy h' f l mginl pds whh d pssby hv bn vidd. Th vd f sh xpnd wold pros b hlf h pros wd

nyhow g s p s h psyhgil l sqi din whn p s hv bn bshd nd pbli qy sh hs bn nrdd hi plo h kwldg h hf h mpnys y ispblly wnd ds n bsr h f h vodbl xpnds u pros by h x m

h xpndrNs qsns wld nlly ris niowh omps whh op mny drn dss,nd ninl mpnis B h b noss dilis s long s w ppls mygspd h p is onvd n qiy sh,

nd h h volvmn of h pbl hnd sh lh s h ly whr h py mplysy wk, v, rvl, nd m f pbl sisof kds No dob, i mpd ss f lkg py srs h w b isg wk foonns d lwyrs b hr shld b n

dlsHow ld ompy fng nd hs hm rs

ddin pl? nswr, gn s vy simpl frvry sh issd o pv shholdrs whh issdgs pymn r ssd f f h is issd h pb hnd s sgh hi mgh sm o b nj

- pv nvsors hv y fr h sh whyshod h pbl hnd ·g i f h nsw f ois h h ompny s whol dos no py p hpo bb o h nw pl fnds, hf, soxps po x nd h pb hnd vs is frshs, s wr, i leu f h p axs whh wd

his hv b pidFiy h my b spil pblms i onnin

w ompy gsins vs, wdingsp

291



d o f. Thy l pfcly soub i ccordcw h pcpl dy std cs of wdgup whh i bnkruptcy or o qydings f th pbc nd wd, f cur rci

xcly th s ratn s ths i rit dTh b roos y b tk ong or n xrcs t of cnstuto-g Suc ch wud b pfctly fb; t would rsrucurlrgscl idusrl wrsh withut routo xrto clistn o th ubttn of burucrc

ondrusns for pr xby. coud b roducd in xil nd oluiry rbysrtg wth th bggt trprss d grdully wrkngdow h scl nt w ft h h ublic trsd b gi suc wigh cidl of busirrs A h indcon rc

ur of lrg-sc dusril r n sp o ion d dss polifo f lglto s coduci pubc wf

292



log

e excitement over te unfoldng of hs scentc andtecca powers, mode ma but a sysem oproduction tat ravises naure nd a ype o socey tatmutates m. oy tere were more and more weateveytg else t is thout woud a no pace

Money s considered to be a-powerfu; f could notcuy buy nomatera vaues suc as justce armoy beauy or even eal t coud crcumvet te needfor tem or ompeate for ter oss Te developmetof producon ad te acquston of weat ave thu

become e gest goals of te mode word n reaton

to wc a oer goas o mater how muc ip-cemay st be pad to em ave come to take secod paceTe gest goals reure no ucaton secodarygoals ave nay to usty temselves n terms o teservce te attament renders to te attanment o egest.

Ts s te posopy of materasm and t s sposopy metapyscwch s ow beg caleged by evets ere as never b a te n aysiety any part of te word without ts sages adteacers to calene mateiasm and plead or a dierent order of proites Te lauages ave dered te

symbols ave vared, yet te messae aways been tesame: "See ye rst e gdom of God nd al tesetgs [e maera tngs wc you aso eed] sa be



added to yo. Tey sa be added we ae told ereon ea wee e eed tem, ot simpy n a afterlfeeyod or maao Today, owever, ts messaereaces s ot solely from te saes d sas b fom

the actal cose of physca evets. t speak to s n teaae of erosm eocide reakdown polltioneasto. We lve, seems, a e peod ofconeece It s beco appae ta thee s otonly a pomse bt also a theat those toswords abot te kdo o Gode teat at ness

yo sek rst he kidom tese ote ts, c yoalso need wl ase to e available o o As a ecentwrter pt t, wot eferece to eonomcs and pott oteess h dec eferece to the ondton ote mode wod:

t e

sad

tm olve k

oen moe om e u cn o e t o l ee Tu o n moe moe po . t itlmo e d n oe o eceve a ouc o w t pt eqe leme o eo t skeo m ow not to sk ck. A e ow c s!

We s back fom te t i we eieve tat tedesttve foces of e moden wod can e rotnder cotol spy by mobsi moe resocesDfweah edcaio ad reseachto t polton topesee wife, to dscove new soces o enery and

to arve a more eective aeements on peaefl coestence Needless o say et, edcation rese dmay oer his ae eeded for any visato wat s most needed today is a reison o the ends whctese meas ae mea o seve Ad ths mpies bovel else, te developmet of a lfesye wi ccods o

mtea is teir poper etimate pe wc seond d not piar

29



Te "logc of podcton is neihe e logc of lie nor

tat of sociey. It is a sma d sbsevient pat of botThe descive foces neashd by it canot be ogt

nde cotol, uess te logc of podcion itself isbogt nde contol-so a destcve foces ceae tobe neased It is of lile se g to sppess eosmf he podcion of deadly deces conines to bedeemed a legtmate employmen of man's ceative powes No can the gt agans pollo be sccessfl f

te pattes of podctio ad consmption conte to

be of a scale a complexiy d a deee of violecewic as is becomng oe and moe appaen do not to he las of e vese to wc man s jst mcsbject as te est of ceaion Ealy e cance of

miigating te ae of esoce depleio o of bnggmony io te eationsps betwee tose in possessio

of wealh d powe and tose io is nonxstent aslong as tee is o idea anyee of enog beng goodd moeanenog beng evi.

It is a opefl sg a some aaeness of tese deepesses adally- exceedgy caioslyndig

expession even in some ocial and semiocal tte

ces. A epot ten by a comee at te eqest ofte Secea of ae fo he Envoe alks abotbyn te dg wc tecologicaly developed societies ave an oppoti o evise he vaes and tocange te poliical objecives.2 I s a mae of moa

coces says te epot; no amot of caclaon ca

alone povide he ases e fndamena qestionig of conventiona vales by yong people all ove tewold s a sympom of e iespead nease t wco idstal cilisaion s inceasngy egaded3 Potion mst be bogt de cool and maindspoplaio and consmpo of esoces ms be steee

toads a penent and saabe eqbm Uessts is done soone o lae-and soe believe at ee

95



is te tme ef-the dowf of cson w ot be a

mer of scece cto. w be he experee of oudre d grdchdre"4

Bu ow s t to be doe? Wt re te moral

oes Is t jst er s he repo so sugess, ofdecdg ow m we re wg o y or cesuroudgs Mkd hs ed a er freedom

of oe: t s o bod by treds by the og of

rodco or by y oher frgmetay ogc Bu sbod by r Oy he sere of tru s perfect

freedom d ee tose wo today s us o free ormagto from bodge to he esg system5 f o

ot te wy to te reogto of tr

It s rdy ey weteetuy m s aed

upo to dscover ut th as eer be dcoerebefore I te Cs rato as a gee rd

tos of md te r s bee sed regoss a guage wc hs become weg comre

esbe to he mory of mode me Te aguage

a be resed ad tere are oemporay wrers wo

ae doe so whe eg he t oate Out of e

woe st trado here s eras o body of

teg wc s more reet d aprorae to temoder redcme e meousy sube ad

reas dotres of e For Crdl Vnjs oo ad n

e meg f nt sgaty aed te

moer of al oer g ot coeyed by he word rdee, s r

ey sed sges he oppose of a sma me a

atg tde o fe, wch efes o see d ae

yg fas o romse mmedte u

adage

The prenece of pdee means tha realiaon of hegd pesupoe knowledge of ealy. He oe a dogoo ho kno ha in ae le a ha the a-

96



on is. The pe-einene of pudence mea ha ld"goo nenion oae eanng well by no ea

uce Reaaio of he oo peuose tha o ao

are apoiae to eal siuaion, ha i to he conete

eaite hh fo he eioent of a conte huan

ton; a e heeoe ke ti cete ityeoul wth leaee objecivi6

is clea-eyed objectvty, howeve cannot be achevedand pdence cannot be pefected except by an attitude ofsent conemplaion of eay dg wch the eo

centc teess of m ae at leas tempoay senced.Oy o e is of hs anmous nd of prudencan we aheve ustice fode and tmpatia wicmens owg wen eno s enoug Pudence mpies tsfomaton of he knowede of tth nto decisonsoespondng to eay.7 Wha theefoe coud be of

ate poace today than he stdy and cultvation ofpden wc wold amost inevtably lead o a eadestadg of the tee ohe cial vtues al ofch e ndspensabe fo the sva of cvsatn?8

Justce elaes to foude to gooness d tmperatia o beauy we pdence a sene compise

ee Te type of easm wich behaves as thegood the tue and e beafl wee too vage andsbective to be adopted as the hhes aim of socal ondiidual lf o wee the atomatic spno of the sccessfl pusuit of wea powe has been apt caedackpotesm Eveywee peope as: at can

atually o?' e swe is as sple as i is dsconc w cn eac of s wo to pt o own nehose n ode he dance we eed fo ths wo nnot be found n scence o ecooy the vale of whchtly depend on e end tey see but t can sl befond e dona wsdom of mand

97



Nots nd Aknoedgns

PAR I E MODERN WORL

H PROBLEM OF PODUCTION

Based o a leue ie at he ottb Dutt Isitutso . Zch tzlad th Fba 12

2 EAE PEANNE

Ft ubshe Rurgnc, oua o h FouWold o II o 1 Ma/ue 1

oa Hoz b aeal (aajvubsh os, aba Ida

C o Cao b Dooth L e (Metue &C Lt. Lodo 1

3 E oE OF cNOMIC

a bs o he D Vx Meoal Lte 1"Cle a Fuue eoo ad Cosa-to ubsh b t toal Soe o lea Lodo 6

4 B DHST cONOMICFst ubh Asa: A Handbook ded b G Wulh b tho Bod Lt Lodo 1 .

1 w Buma oc d al Bo Goe o te Uo of Bua 15

2 b3. I

Walt of aons b S b aa K. aaa

(Gesh Co Mda

299



6 Econo of Peanenc y J C. Kumara (Sa-Sev Sanh Pulcation, Rajha Ki 4 edn, 198)

7 Te uen oce y John Kene Garait(Penguin Bk Ld 1962)

8 Ploopy of ndan Econoc Deelope

Rchrd B Greg (Navaiv Publng Houe, hdad Ii 1958)

9 T Callenge of an' Fue y Hon Bro(The Vi Pe, New Yor 94

5 A QON OF SBase on ecure ven i London, At 1968 nd

ushed in Rugence Joual of he Four Wordo No Sepemer/Octoer 198

PART RURCE

G RO-EDON

1 Noe: Indealy te Second Law of eodyam ates that heat cnnot of elf a from

coer to a hoter ody or more vlarly, hat "oucanot wa yourself on omh tat coder thanyoua famiar hou not vey p iea whc aeen quie ealy exeded to the eudcientcnoion a e unvee mu necesy ed kid of

heat dea when teraure derence wi avceaed.

ut ou ef canle/Lfe u a alkng adow a poo playeTat u and fe ou uo te tagd e ad oe a al

Told by a do full of ound and fugnfyng nong

he wor were Maeh' when he met s a dsterThey ae epeaed oay o e authoy o iece wenthe ph of tha sme siece e eae an evereoe.

hal Dan uobogapy eed y NorBaow W. Col o. ondo, 958

30



2 PROR U OF L opsoi ad Civiaion De d eo

G e (Uer o Oh Pe N O)

Mn nd H Fuur, ede by d oe

ome (A Cb Fudt Voe J & A LLodo 63

3 Th Sou o Pop b H Fed H (M & C Ltd Ldo )

Or Aring Cn b Dr. L M(he Ro Dtch/e Lecte Idut d ce

Lod 6). A Fuur o Erop Agiuur by D BeM. Ro-Do N. Kdor J A ce B. C hoe J Mc H. Wbd Pee U (heAc Itut P

d7. id

8. Iid I

O Syhi Eniot b Lew Hebe J td Ldo 6)

1 Iid. Op. i

13. Op i

soE FOR DSTRY

L qto om Pop or Coa by E F. cuc pubh b e o Bod LdAp 1 6 1 .

Eonomic Jou Mc 6,

4. LER NRGYLVTO OR MATO?

Bed o e Ds ux o Lecte 6 e Fue ecooc d o,"bed he oce e Ld6.

1 Ba Eooy b d M BcbmBoo Ps Pbu 1

3



2 Die Hatung fr Srlenschen in Gossbanien" by C T Hihton De A omrscht: Zechrr rtschtche Fen der Keumndung 959

3. Rdon: Wht t nd Ho t Aec You byak Shuer Raph Lapp (he Vking rs Ne

Yrk 9 5 7 . lso Strhengehdung de Menscedurch A tomenege by Hans Mrurt an Gerh Schube (Hamburg, 9 5 9 ; Vo. X of Pocedngs of theIneational Conference on the eacu Use of AtoEery, Geeva 1955; an Vol I of Proceedngs oe Seon Ue Naton Inteational Confeen o

he eacefu Ues of omi Energy Geneva 9584 Chng Genes: Teir Ees o Evoluo byH J Muler, i Buen o the A omc Scens, 1 9

Statemet by G. al Heaings before the SpeciaSbommiee on Ration of the Jot Comitee oAoi Enery 86th Congres of he Unte States, 1959Falout fro Nuclear Weapon Vo. (Wto

DC. 19596 Oci Reserh Neee for Safe Disposa o

aioave Wates a Sea" by R Revele an M. BSchaefer, an Concg he Possiiiy of Diposi oRaoave Wase n Ocea Trenhes" by V. G. Boorova E. M Krep, boh i Vol X o Proeedng

Geneva Conference, 19587 Bioogcal Fator Deerning he Disribuio o

Raosoopes i he Sea" by B H Kechu a Boen d

8 Conferene Repo by W H. Levi in De Atowrscht 190

9. U.S. Atomc Ener� Comissio, nua epor Coness Washtn D.C 96

0 U.S Nava Raiooca Defense boratoy Sateen in Seected Mter o Rdon Protecton Crternd Sndrds Ther s nd Use

1 Fede ode Atomkreg by Ae Schweier, 198 The Hzrds to Mn o Nucer nd Aed Rd-

ons (Brtsh Meical Research Councl)1 Lewi Herbr op ct14 Suay Evaluaion of Enviroentl aor

30



That Mus Be Cnidered e Dal of RadoactveWate" by K Z Moga, s Roie spo Vo I

15 Nche ud kche Ebandege by H.Maquad, Poeme e Monsoschung (Ha-

bug, 9)6. uber nd Lapp op . Today' Revouton by A M. Webe Be

o he om Sies 68 us he Bom Spe by Leod Beao Penu

Boo d, n aocao wh he Inue of Stae

Sud, ondo 6 Fom Bob o Ma by W. Cae Foeded by Jo M Fowe Bac Boo New Yo 60)

2. p. .2 p i.22. The Ato Poonou Gabage by W e

The Repoe 60

23. ews Hebe, op 24 on Pee eded by Na d H

Noden Schocen B New o 6)25 Pouon Nusne o Nemess (HMSO Lodo

2)

5 NG

W HUA

Baed on a ecue ve at te Sxh Aua Cfeenc

of the ead ete for he Fuur o Ma Lodo

3d Oobe 7

R W

. MNT

Bd o e Anvea Adde deveed o he gene

metng f the Aca Beau Lodon 3rd M 66

CA ND CNM RLMS LLNG R

LMNT NTRMDATE NLG

F pubhed by UNES, Conence o e Appatono Scence d Tecooy o he Deveopme of La

Aeca, oaed by UNES w e coro of

03



T onomc Common fo a Ac Cl Sm 196.

1 A n r Fu Emymn DvoinCon y Gar An, nrni u Rviw 196

"Wa nd Emoymn orSrl cnmy y . G Rynold, Aan Ecni Rvw196

nuiain n Deepin Cun did yonad Rnn Camd Unviy Ovr SdCmm, Camrd 1965)

4 Ii5 Ii uotd fm No on ain cn nd

al Dvomn y No F d Furdo6. Ii.7 Tcnoi oat f t Ttal Dvo

mnt Pn y D R Gad pppie Tir nin nuy (ST nt Hydaad nd

1964)

3 o LLON LLG

Ft ud n Biain n h Wr n h SvnA ein Fin E ded y Ge Cunninam d y Gor Wdnfld & Niclon dondn, 197

ROLM O EMLOYN A a vn o nda Dvlomn Gro ondo97

New S y n Knn Ga-at ni d n ain Ha

Hamn, d ondn 1967)

PAR V ORGANSAON AND OWERSHP

1 A m T RTLL T uTR

c dvrd a Ft Confnc on Sci nd Economc Ec o Auoaon, Hoat

n 1961. Ei 6 y Cn C (T ac

lan Co o Cada d. Toronto 194)



TOWARDS A THEORY OF LARGE-CAE RASON

Frs published Maemet Deiso Qay Rviw of Mgn cooy Lodo At 96

1 nya Qudremo o c Wok by Mao Tseu Vol. I

3 iASM

4 0WERS

quoatos s chapte e rom Aquoy by R. H. Tey

5. EW PERS O ERS

IUE

c an o u by Maiings Peenal Boos Lodon 6

Pouon Nua o Ns? HMO Lodo9)

3 b4 b b6 un by Josep Pepe nsle b

d Cara Wnton Fbe nd Faer Lt London, 6) ou n pn by osep Pepe s

lad by ae F Coon Fbe nd Fbe td. odo1

8 Ju by oeph Pepe sed by Lence E

Ly Fabe and Fber Ltd. London 95)No be ude to he macless Csa tein ohe Four Cardal Vus coud be found than oePeper of o be y sad at e no

o to me ha e ha o say o oy elg oe ga ad bt y ele o e ade'pobles ad eed

30

small is beautiful_ economics as if people mattered - e. f. schumacher

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