small boat identification system azman bin ismail universiti teknologi
TRANSCRIPT
SMALL BOAT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
AZMAN BIN ISMAIL
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
ii
SMALL BOAT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
AZMAN BIN ISMAIL
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Marine Technology)
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
MAY 2009
iv
To my great Father and Mother, Brothers and Sisters, my Dear Wife and my Lovely
Daughter, whose prayers always afforded me the power to accomplish this work. To
all I dedicate this work with great respect and love.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise to Allah SWT, the Most Gracious and Most Merciful, Who has
created the mankind with knowledge, wisdom and power. Being the best creation of
Allah, one still has to depend on other for many aspects, directly and indirectly. This
is, however, not an exception that during the course of study, I had received so much
help, cooperation and encouragement that need to duly acknowledgement.
In preparing this thesis, I was in contact with many people, academicians and
practitioner. They have contributed towards my understanding and thoughts. In
particular, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor Tn Hj Yahya
Samian, for encouragement, guidance, friendship and valuable comments in
completion of this work. Without his guidance, support and interest, this dissertation
would not have been the same as presented here.
A warmest gratitude and special dedication to my father, mother and sister for
their understanding, patient and support. A special dedication to my loving wife,
Saharah Awang for her support, love and joy. Also for my loving daughter, Amalia
Tasnim for her understanding and love.
Then, special gratitude to Tn Hj Jamaluddin Yusuf, Mr. Adam Ali, Mr. Mohd
Shukri Munajaf, Mr. Chi Soon Chung, Mr. Mohd Aliff Ahmad, Mr. Fairoz Rozali,
and my friends in UniKL MIMET. Besides that, many thanks for my friends who are
unnamed here and were involved directly or indirectly for giving their critism and
suggestion.
vi
ABSTRACT
This research work is conducted in order to study and propose an
identification system which is able to uniquely represent small boat particulars
accurately. The present practice of registration and licensing system used by Marine
Department and Department of Fisheries Malaysia, were unable to represent boat
uniquely and accurately that not only it will make this system easily to be misused
but also does not represent the important parameters of the boats. Also, the use of
different standard between these Departments make the present identification system
easily manipulated. The study involved collection of small boat data from various
resources, present registration and licensing system used by Marine and Fisheries
Department, identification system used for ship and boat by other countries and
identification system used in other sectors. Based on these inputs and detail study, a
more suitable and comprehensive identification system that closely adhered to the
international standard has been proposed. The proposed identification system is able
to provide all the necessary parameters including; Country, boat manufacturer, year
and months of built, hull materials, hull forms, main dimension, gross tonnage, and
serial number. This will hopefully provide a unique identification of small boats in
Malaysia that enabled the Marine Authority to monitor them effectively. It is also
provides good resources for designers and researchers to use the data for their future
works.
vii
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mempelajari dan mencadangkan satu sistem
pengenalan yang secara uniknya berupaya memberikan data bot secara tepat. Sistem
pendaftran dan perlesenan yang digunakan oleh Jabatan Laut dan Perikanan sekarang
tidak dapat memberikan maklumat bot secara unik dan tepat, bukan sahaja
menjadikan sistem ini mudah disalahgunakan tetapi ianya juga tidak melambangkan
parameter penting bot berkenaan. Malah, penggunaan standard yang berlainan antara
jabatan-jabatan ini menjadikan sistem ini mudah dimanipulasikan. Kajian ini
melibatkan pengumpulan data bot dari pelbagai sumber, sistem yang digunapakai
oleh Jabatan Laut dan Perikanan sekarang, pengenalan yang digunakan pada kapal
dan bot di negara lain, dan pengenalan yang digunakan dalam sektor yang berbeza.
Berdasarkan maklumat dan kajian terperinci, satu sistem pengenalan yang sesuai dan
menyeluruh yang hampir memenuhi kehendak piawaian antarabangsa telah
dicadangkan. Sistem pengenalan yang dicadangkan ini boleh menyediakan semua
parameter yang diperlukan seperti negara, pembuat, bulan dan tahun dibina, jenis
bahan dan rekabentuk, dimensi utama, berat kasar dan nombor siri. Ini diharapkan
dapat menyediakan satu pengenalan yang unik untuk bot di Malaysia yang
membolehkan pihak berkuasa marin mengawalselia dengan berkesan. Ia juga
menyediakan sumber yang berguna untuk pereka dan pengkaji menggunakan
maklumat tersebut untuk kajian mereka di masa hadapan.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION i
DEDICATIONS iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
ABSTRACT vi
ABSTRAK vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xiv
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background Study 1
1.2 Problems Statement 2
1.3 Objectives 2
1.4 Scope of Study 3
1.5 Schedule of Research Activities 3
1.6 Research Methodology 3
1.7 Expected Outcomes 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 ISO 10087:2006 Craft Identification Number 8
ix
2.2.1 Main Features 9
2.2.2 Advantages 11
2.2.3 Disadvantages 11
2.3 BoatCode 12
2.3.1 Main Features 13
2.3.2 Advantages 13
2.3.3 Disadvantages 14
2.4 Automatic Identification System (AIS) 14
2.4.1 Main Features 14
2.4.2 Advantages 15
2.4.3 Disadvantages 15
2.5 Vehicle Identification Number 16
2.5.1 Main Features 16
2.5.2 Advantages 19
2.5.3 Disadvantages 19
2.6 Barcode 19
2.6.1 Main Features 20
2.6.2 Advantages 20
2.6.3 Disadvantages 21
2.7 Identity Card (MyKad) 21
2.7.1 Main Features 22
2.7.2 Advantages 22
2.7.3 Disadvantages 22
2.8 Conclusion 23
3 PRESENT BOAT ID SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA 24
3.1 Introduction 24
3.2 Boat Registration and Licensing System in
Malaysia
24
3.3 Department of Fisheries (DoF). 28
3.3.1 Registration Number 30
3.3.2 Designated Plate 32
3.4 The Marine Department 33
x
3.4.1 Ship Registration 34
3.4.2 Official Number 34
3.4.3 IMO Number 36
3.4.4 Boat License 37
3.5 Conclusion 39
4 PROPOSED BOAT ID SYSTEM 40
4.1 Introduction 40
4.2 Selection of Basis ID System 40
4.2.1 Selection Criteria 41
4.2.1.1 Uniqueness of Boat
Representation
41
4.2.1.2 Traceability 42
4.2.1.3 Integration With Other System 42
4.2.1.4 Duplication of ID 42
4.2.1.5 Standardization 43
4.2.2 Analysis 43
4.3 Proposed ID System 44
4.3.1 Country Code 45
4.3.2 Manufacturer Code 46
4.3.3 Month of Built 48
4.3.4 Year of Built 48
4.3.5 Type of Hull Materials 51
4.3.6 Type of Hull Forms 51
4.3.7 Main Dimensions 52
4.3.8 Gross Tonnage (GRT) 54
4.3.9 Serial Number 55
4.4 Verification Process 55
4.5 Conclusion 58
5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 59
5.1 Discussion 59
5.2 Suggestion for Future Research Works 60
xi
5.3 Conclusion 61
REFERENCES 62
xii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.1 Schedule of activities 6
2.1 Codes representing month of manufacture 10
2.2 Codes representing year of manufacture 10
2.3 Standard Comparison 16
2.4 World Manufacturer Identifier 17
2.5 WMI and Country 18
2.6 MyKad format 22
3.1 Total of licensed boat in Malaysia for 2008 25
3.2 Registration format for Perak, Pulau Pinang, Pahang,
Kedah and Terengganu
31
3.3 Total of ship registry year 2001-2007 35
4.1 Comparison between ID systems 44
4.2 Boat Identification Number (BIN) 45
4.3 Country code 46
4.4 Manufacturer code 47
4.5 Month of built 48
4.6 Year of built 49
4.7 Year 2000 till 2229 50
4.8 Types of hull materials 51
4.9 Types of hull forms 52
4.10 Decimal values 53
4.11 Verification status 55
4.12 Details of boat and BIN for verification 57
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.1 Research Methodology 7
2.1 Craft Identification Number 9
2.2 Boatcode format 12
2.3 UPC and EAN format of barcodes 20
2.4 Classification of some biometric traits 21
3.1 (a) and (b) Unregistered boat at the Kg. Baru Jetty 26
3.2 (a) and (b) Unregistered boat at the Lumut Jetty 27
3.3 (a) and (b) C2 is marked on the superstructure 29
3.4 Registration format for sampan in Perak 30
3.5 Registration format (i.e PAF 4570) for commercial
fishing vessel
32
3.6 The designated plate 33
3.7 Official number welded on the bulkheads in engine
room.
35
3.8 IMO number attached onto the superstructure 37
3.9 License number for passenger boat 38
3.10 “K” represents Cargo Boat 38
xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
ID ~ Identification
GRT ~ Gross tonnage
ISO ~ International Standard Organization
CIN ~ Craft Identification Number
REV ~ Register of Encumbered Vehicles
VIN ~ Vehicle Identification Number
AIS ~ Automatic Identification System
IMO ~ International Maritime Organization
SOLAS ~ Safety Of Life At Sea
VTS ~ Vessel Traffic Service
ECDIS ~ Electronic Chart Display
WMI ~ World Manufacturer Identifier
VDS ~ Vehicle Descriptor Section
VIS ~ Vehicle Identifier Section
UPC ~ Universal Product Code
EAN ~ European Article Numbering
MyKad ~ Identity card for Malaysian
MD ~ Marine Department
DoF ~ Department of Fisheries
MMEA ~ Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency
MSO ~ Malaysian Shipping Ordinance
ON ~ Official Number
L ~ Length
B ~ Breadth
xv
D ~ Depth
BIN ~ Boat Identification Number
IANA ~ Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
T ~ Draft
RFID ~ Radio Frequency Identification
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Study
In 2008 alone, there were 3117 boats licenses that were issued in Malaysia
[1]. However, except for business purposes, most of boats were licensed or registered
on voluntarily basis. For this reason, many boat owners who may acquire more than
one boat take this opportunity to register only one boat, and at the same time apply
this license number to another boat. Hence, the total number of 3117 is not actually
representing the real amount of boat in operating in Malaysia waters as there were
still many unregistered boats that can be easily seen at the jetty.
On the other hand, the present registration and licensing system used is not
representative enough. This registration and license number can be easily be
duplicated not only to other similar boat but also to different types of boats. The
present registration system or license numbers gives very little information about the
boat thus makes it easy to be manipulated and misused. There was several reported
case of misuse of this identification number among the boat owner [2].
Therefore an identification system needs to be established in order to prevent
the duplication of identification number. There is a need to propose a better
2
identification system that is able to represent the boat details more precisely. These
details could include important information such as length, breadth, depth, GRT etc
were considered to be included in order prevent the duplication of identification.
1.2 Problems Statement
In carrying out this research work, the following issues will be addressed;
1. What is the method used in the present identification systems of boats in
Malaysia?
2. How effective is the present ID systems to represent the boat?
3. If improvement is needed, what will be a good identification system to be
developed?
1.3 Objectives
The objectives of this project are as follows;
1. To determine the present status of identification system used to represent
boats in Malaysia.
2. To propose a more comprehensive identification system to be used in
future.
3
1.4 Scopes of Study
The scopes of this project are as follows;
1. Small boats built and operate in Malaysia.
2. Boat length of 24m and below.
3. All type of construction materials.
1.5 Schedule of Research Activities
In order to carry out this project effectively, the research activities are
scheduled as shown in Table 1.1. The research work consists of 14 task activities
which include; conduct background study, study rules and regulations, prepare
questionnaires, interview marine authorities (Marine and Fisheries Department),
determine problems and improvements, conduct site visits, gather more information
from books and journals, refer system used in other countries, make comparison
study, propose an identification system, conduct verification survey, and do further
improvement.
1.6 Research Methodology
More details study is required to produce a proper identification system. Most
of the information is gathered from the internet, especially from Marine Department,
and Fisheries Department Websites. From this information, it will give the overview
background of the current situation.
4
First and foremost, there must be an understanding about the regulation
involved regarding boat registration and licensing in Malaysia. It is a need to analyse
and understand this regulation as this provision is governing the act of registration
and licensing of marine vessel in Malaysia. The regulations that need to be viewed
are Malaysian Shipping Ordinance 1952 [3], Boat Rules 1953 [4], Fisheries Act 1985
[5] and ISO Standard, ISO 10087:2006 Craft Identification Number [6].
A set of questionnaire is then produced for interview session which related to
Marine Authorities such as Marine Department and Fisheries Department as they are
the major player in maritime industry in Malaysia. This interview can be defined as
qualitative survey where are only selected respondences will be interviewed and
these represent the actual status of marine industry in Malaysia. This will give a clear
view regarding present ID system used in Malaysia. From interview session, the
problems and area that need any improvement can be determined.
Several site visits will be done to nearby marinas and jetty for collecting
some boat photos, actual statistic of registered and unregistered boat, and meeting
with boat owners in having their views.
More literature review is conducted from reliable resources such as books,
journals, magazine etc to gain more information and ideas. All relevant data is
recorded thoroughly.
The system used by other countries is also referred as extra information and
comparison between systems were made. The gathered information is compared
before a new identification system is developed. The ID format will then be
proposed.
This proposed ID will then be distributed to the marine experts for comments
and verification. Their comments will be recorded for any further improvement, if
any. These steps are shown in the flowchart in Figure 1.1.
5
1.7 Expected Outcomes
It is expected that this research work will be able to provide;
1. A comprehensive ID system to represent a small boat uniquely and
accurately.
2. The ID system that can be used to monitor small boat effectively due to
uniformity / standardization without any conflict.
Besides that, this will provide some benefits to industry in the marine in a
way more standard registration system can be implemented.
6
Tabl
e 1.
1 R
esea
rch
activ
ities
7
Figure 1.1 Research Methodology.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Identification system has been used in many service industry, purchasing and
distribution logistics, industry, manufacturing companies and material flow system.
This system exists to provide correct and unique information about people, products,
animals, and goods. This chapter provides a brief overview of various identification
systems available worldwide. The aim is to investigate main features, and advantages
of these ID systems that could be used as basis for the new ID system to be
developed.
2.2 ISO 10087:2006 Craft Identification Number (CIN)
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). ISO 10087:2006 [6] is
9
prepared to cater small craft in order to achieve identification of any small craft in
terms of:
• identification code of the country of the manufacturer;
• identification code of the manufacturer;
• serial number;
• month and year of manufacture;
• model year.
Figure 2.1 shown the format used for this standard. It applies to small craft of
all types and materials, of hull length up to 24 meter. The ID system can be called as Craft
Identification Number (CIN). CIN is a unique series of numerals, letters and a hyphen,
permanently affixed to a craft hull.
Figure 2.1 Craft Identification Number.
2.2.1 Main Features
A CIN shall consist of 14 consecutive characters plus a hyphen without intervening
spaces, slashes or dashes. The first two characters, followed by a hyphen, designate the code
10
of the country of the manufacturer. The next three characters are the unique identification
code, assigned by a national authority or recognized organization. This code may be a unique
code of the manufacturer or a code of a national authority or recognized organization. These
characters may consist of numerals and/or letters, except for the numerals 0 and 1.
The following five characters indicate the unique serial number of each craft as
assigned by the manufacturer or a national authority or recognized organization. The serial
number may consist of numerals and/or letters, except for the letters I, O and Q. The last four
characters designate the month and year of manufacture, and the model year. The month and
year of manufacture were coded according to Table 2.1 and Table 2.2 respectively.
Table 2.1 Codes representing month of manufacture
Table 2.2 Codes representing year of manufacture.
The year of manufacture shall be identified by the last numeral of the
production year. The model year is a twelve-month period during which the craft is
11
intended to be placed for the first time on the market and shall be identified by the
last two numerals of the year in question. If this twelve-month period extends across
two calendar years, the manufacturer decides which of these the model year is.
2.2.2 Advantages
The insertion of country, manufacturer, month and year of manufacture, and
serial number in this ID system were good effort, simple and practical.
2.2.3 Disadvantages
The important parameters for small craft such as dimension particulars were
not included. Only identification code of the country of the manufacturer,
identification code of the manufacturer, serial number, month and year of
manufacture and model year were included.
The use of single number to represent year of manufacture as shown in Table
2.2 can cause confusion in future. Let say, the letter “A” is used to represent a boat in
year 1980 but once again “A” is used in year 2010.
The use of model year to give information regarding boat particulars is
unsuitable. Most of the boat may be built in boatyard but the boat may also be build
at own backyard using own design. Thus this standard cannot be used to cater this
design as there will no model to be referred for sure.
12
Although this standard was introduced by ISO and thoroughly inspected by
their technical experts, some modification still can be done in order to have a better
system that can represent boat particulars accurately.
2.3 BoatCode
Boatcode [7] is a unique series of characters and numbers conforming to ISO
10087:1995(E)., the previous standard of ISO10087:2006. This was been applied by
Department of Planning and Infrastructure in Western Australia. BoatCode provides:
• Unique identification;
• Deters theft;
• Provides for (REV), a register of financially encumbered vessels; and
• Easier financing for buying a boat.
Figure 2.2 shown the format used for BoatCode.
Figure 2.2 BoatCode format.
13
2.3.1 Main Features
The BoatCode is a unique series of letters and numbers that positively
identifies the hull. This number must be attached via a plate or engraved on the hull
of the boat. This is done either at manufacture or by BoatCode providers. By having
a national identification system, boats can be tracked easily if the boats are stolen or
still have finance owing on them. The boats cannot be registered without this
BoatCode being verified and recorded in the department database. A BoatCode is
required only when the boat is first registered, upon change of ownership or when
requested by owners of existing registered boats. The system is similar to the chassis
number (VIN) on motor vehicles.
2.3.2 Advantages
Government of Western Australia has developed a database to monitor these
boats. The database is updated daily which links to the Police Service and the
Ministry of Fair Trading in Australia. If the boats reported stolen, the boats were
immediately recorded in the database and any transaction attempted by a person
trying to re-register a stolen boat will be referred to the police.
The system is also linked to the Register of Encumbered Vehicles (REV) and
results in additional security to buyers of second hand boats. The boat can be
checked for any outstanding financial obligations attached to them. Interest rates
offered by financiers may also become more competitive with other types of loans.
Insurance companies may also offer incentives.
14
2.3.3 Disadvantages
As this BoatCode was adopted from ISO standard, the same problem will
occur. There will no dimension particulars included, the use of single letter or
number will cause confusion for officer to interpret the year of manufacturer, and the
use of model was not representing as boat may be built at their own backyard using
their own design.
Therefore, there were pro and cons provided by ID this system depending on
the way to apply which is different to suit local condition.
2.4 Automatic Identification System (AIS)
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Convention for
the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) requires AIS to be fitted aboard international
voyaging ships with gross tonnage (GRT) of 500 or more tonnes, and all passenger
ships regardless of size [9].
2.4.1 Main Features
The Automatic Identification System (AIS) [8] is a system used by ships and
Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) principally for identification and locating ships. AIS
provide a means for ships to electronically exchange ship data including:
• Static Information – vessel call sign, name, IMO identification number,
dimension, type;
15
• Voyage related information – draft, cargo type, destination, and estimated
time of arrival;
• Dynamic information – time in universal time, coordinated,
latitude/longitude position, course over ground, speed over ground,
heading, rate of turn, navigational status.
This information can be displayed on a screen or an Electronic Chart Display
(ECDIS).
2.4.2 Advantages
AIS give an automatic and continuous exchange of information is that all can
access it since it is digital data, software can be modified to suit intended requirement
by manufacturer thus reducing the need for voice radio exchanges.
In addition, the AIS enhance the awareness, permits more effective and reliable
passing arrangements, and provide the Marine Authority with a comprehensive and
informative traffic image.
2.4.3 Disadvantages
Although AIS provides lots of information, this system is quite costly to be
installed for small boat. That’s why it was make compulsory for only big ships.
Besides that, this system can be electronically switched off thus prevent
detection of Marine Authority.
16
2.5 Vehicle Identification Number
Each vehicle has a unique vehicle identification number (VIN) [10,11]. A
VIN is a unique serial number used by automotive industry to identify individual
motor vehicles. The VIN number is stamped onto the car body inside the engine
room. The VIN will allow the Department of Transport to keep track of vehicles
registered owner.
2.5.1 Main Features
Current 17-digits VIN systems are based on two related standard which are
ISO 3779 and ISO 3780 [11]. The standard comparison is shown in Table 2.3.
Table 2.3 Standard Comparison
** WMI – World Manufacturer Identifier, VDS – Vehicle Descriptor Section, VIS –
Vehicle Identifier Section.
The first three characters of WMI are uniquely used to identify the
manufacturer. A manufacturer who builds fewer than 500 vehicles per year uses a 9
as the third digit and the 12th, 13th, and 14th position of the VIN for a second part of
the identification. Table 2.4 shows the WMI for some manufacturer.
17
Table 2.4 World Manufacturer Identifier
WMI Manufacturer
A3 Mitsubishi
HD Harley-Davidson
JA Isuzu
JF Subaru
JH Honda
JK Kawasaki (motorcycles)
JM Mazda
JN Nissan
The 4th through 9th positions in the VIN are VDS. This is used to identify the
vehicle type, platform used, the model and the body style. Each manufacturer has a
unique system for this field. For example, U represents 6.0L V8 engine, and E
represent 7.0L V8 engine.
One element that is fairly consistent is the use of position 9 as a check digit,
even outside this rule (North America).
The 10th through 17th positions are used as the VIS to identify the individual
vehicle. This may include information on options installed or engine and
transmission choices. Table 2.5 shows the WMI for some region.
The year is represented by letters or numbers. This has been shown in Table
2.2 starting from A to Y, and 1 to 9. The letter of I, O, Q, U and Z were not used.
18
Table 2.5 WMI and Country
WMI Region Country
A-H Africa AA-AH = South Africa J-R Asia J = Japan
KL-KR = South Korea L = China MA-ME = India MF-MK = Indonesia ML-MR = Thailand PA-PE = Philippines PL-PR = Malaysia
S-Z Europe SA-SM = United Kingdom SN-ST, W = Germany SU-SZ = Poland TA-TH = Switzerland TJ-TP = Czech Republic TR-TV = Hungary VA-VE = Austria VF-VR = France VS-VW = Spain VX-V2 = Yugoslavia XL = The Netherlands XS-XW = USSR X3-X0 = Russia YA-YE = Belgium YF-YK = Finland YS-YW = Sweden ZA-ZR = Italy
1-5 North America
1, 4, 5 = United States 2 = Canada 3 = Mexico
6-7 Oceania 6A-6W = Australia 7A-7E = New Zealand
8-0 South America
8F-8J = Chile 8X-82 = Venezuela 9A-9E, 93-99 = Brazil 9F-9J = Colombia
19
2.5.2 Advantages
This standard is well organized and has been used worldwide. This system is
quite established. The combination of letters and numbers used give an interesting
idea in make up a new ID system.
2.5.3 Disadvantages
The year of representation can cause confusion in future used, therefore a
new system to represent year need to be reviewed.
2.6 Barcode
Barcode [12] is a series of vertical bars of varying width in which each of the
digit zero through nine are represented by a different pattern of bars that can be read
by a laser scanner. Barcode is widely used in supply chain management in consumer
products and also in inventory control.
20
2.6.1 Main Features
The original North American Universal Product Code (UPC) used a set of
two dark (usually black) and two light (usually white) bars of specified thicknesses to
represent 12 numbers.
But for European Article Numbering Code (EAN), it contains 13 numbers.
The dark bars may be from one to three nits wide and the light bars from one to four
units. For registration purposes two one-unit dark bars are placed at each end and in
the middle. Figure 2.3 show the different format of barcodes.
Figure 2.3 UPC and EAN format of barcodes
2.6.2 Advantages
The width of bars is hard to copy. This system not only applied in consumer
products but also in inventory control.
21
2.6.3 Disadvantages
The use of bars for boat is impractical and costly.
2.7 Identity Card (MyKad)
The MyKad [11] is the official compulsory identity card for Malaysian. It
was regarded as the world first smart card, incorporated with a microchip which
contains several items of data including biometrics, fingerprints (Refer Figure 2.4).
Figure 2.4 Classification of some biometric traits [11]
22
2.7.1 Main Features
The MyKad contains 12 digits of identification numbers. Figure 2.5 shows
the format of MyKad used nowadays.
Table 2.6 MyKad format
7 8 0 5 2 9 0 3 5 7 8 9
Yea
r, Y
Y
Mon
th, M
M
Day
, DD
Stat
e i.
e
03-K
elan
tan,
08-P
erak
etc
Seria
l num
ber b
ut th
e
last
dig
it re
pres
ent
sexu
ality
;
even
num
ber
repr
esen
ts
fem
ale,
odd
num
ber
repr
esen
ts m
ale
2.7.2 Advantages
MyKad have double protections which are identification number and
biometric. The most important thing, state and sexuality can be determined easily by
this format.
2.7.3 Disadvantages
Some places do not have gadget for biometrics readings. Thus identification
depends on numbering only.
23
2.8 Conclusion
There were many standards used to identify and represent information about
certain product that best suit their requirements. However, while each system has its
own merits and advantages, it may not be applicable for every (including boats)
product due to one reason or another. The finding from these literature studies will be
used as a basis for selection of details which could be included into the proposed ID
system suitable for small boats in Malaysia.
CHAPTER 3
PRESENT BOAT ID SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA
3.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses the overview about present status of boat ID system
used in Malaysia. Based on this status, a better and comprehensive ID system can be
proposed for future used. Marine department and Department of Fisheries were
interviewed to gain current information of present ID status in Malaysia. Boat data
and particulars were obtained from these departments in order to assessed the system
and look into any possible solution. The registration and licensing system used will
be discussed in details in this chapter.
3.2 Boat Registration and Licensing System in Malaysia
In Malaysia, there are two governing bodies which control the registration of
ships and boats, i.e Marine Department (MD) and Department of Fisheries (DoF).
DoF documents fishing vessel, while the MD documents the rest, regardless it length.
25
By referring to Table 3.1, for year 2008, there were 3117 boats were licensed
all around Malaysia. However, from observation at several location in Lumut, 7 out
of 19 boats were unregistered, and at the jetty of Kampung Baru, 5 out of 15 boats
was unregistered. This indicates that there were still many boats were unregistered.
Table 3.1 Total of licensed boat in Malaysia for 2008 [1]
CODE PORT TOTAL BOAT TOTAL
GROSS TONNAGE (GRT)
ALM Lumut, Perak 116 7397.99 ATA Teluk Intan, Perak 11 1063.55 BPK Pelabuhan Klang 175 5876.02 CKR Kuala Rompin, Pahang 0 0 CKT Kuantan, Pahang 8 533.12 CTG Tanjung Gemuk, Pahang 37 2571.56 CTM Pulau Tioman, Pahang 67 972.97 DKB Kota Bahru, Kelantan 38 1066.61 DPK Pengkalan Kubur, Kelantan 9 537.57 JBP Batu Pahat, Johor 11 326.03 JJB Johor Bahru, Johor 15 1380.03 JMS Mersing, Johor 37 780.06 JMU Muar, Johor 4 94.86 JSR Sungai Rengit, Johor 24 406.62 KKD Kuala Kedah, Kedah 15 985.79 KLW Pulau Langkawi, Kedah 77 1229.71 MML Melaka 58 1527.07 NPD Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan 28 1072.35 PPP Pulau Pinang 142 9295.74 QBT Bintulu, Sarawak 134 7703.39 QKH Kuching, Sarawak 267 11313.63 QLG Limbang, Sarawak 30 1465.04 QMY Miri, Sarawak 244 11977.13 QSB Sibu, Sarawak 452 40412.01 QSR Sarikei, Sarawak 32 800.85 RKP Kuala Perlis, Perlis 4 364.33 SJN Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 243 7410.51 WLN Labuan 98 581.95 SSK Sandakan, Sabah 187 16550.96 STW Tawau, Sabah 96 19789.82 TKB Kuala Besut, Terengganu 82 1970.86 TKH Kerteh, Terengganu 6 216.93 TKM Kemaman, Terengganu 7 400.66 TKT Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu 166 3785.4 JPG Pasir Gudang, Johor 65 3095.57 JTP Tanjung Pelepas, Johor 43 1551.47 JKU Kukup, Johor 5 118.36 SLD Lahad Datu, Sabah 60 6499.82 SKD Kudat, Sabah 24 1172.67
TOTAL 3117 174299.01
26
Figure 3.1 (a)
Figure 3.1(b)
Figure 3.1 (a) and (b) Unregistered boat at the Kg. Baru Jetty
27
Figure 3.2 (a)
Figure 3.2 (b)
Figure 3.2 (a) and (b) Unregistered boat at the Lumut Jetty
28
3.3 Department of Fisheries (DoF).
DoF is documenting all fishing vessels [13]. These vessels can be categorised
into 3 groups such as:
1. Sampan
2. Traditional Boat with inboard engine.
3. Commercial Boat with inboard engine.
For traditional and commercial boat, this can be further categorised into 5
subgroups [14] such as:
A For sampan and traditional boat up to 19.9 GRT which
operate at 5 nautical miles from the beach.
B For vessel 20-39.9 GRT which operate between 5 to 12
nautical miles.
C For vessel 40-69.9 GRT which operate between 12 to 30
nautical miles.
C2 For vessel 70-100 GRT which operate between 30 nautical
miles and over.
C3 For vessel over 100 GRT for deep sea operation.
Examples of ID number system under DoF are shown in Figures 3.3 (a) and
3.3 (b). The ID or registration number systems basically consist of area code, serial
number and category of vessel.
29
Figure 3.3 (a)
Figure 3.3 (b)
Figure 3.3 (a) and (b) C2 marking on the superstructure.
30
3.3.1 Registration Number
For a sampan registered in Perak, it will be referred as PKS followed by the
4-digits serial number as example PKS 3449, as shown in Figure 3.4. Alphabet of A,
B, C etc is added to start a new numbers once the serial number reach maximum
limit as example PKS A 0001 or PKS B 0001 etc.
Figure 3.4 Registration format for sampan in Perak.
Meanwhile for the other size of vessel other than sampan, PKF will be used.
PKF can be defined as “Perak Fisheries”. If once registered in Pulau Pinang, PPF
will be used followed by 4-digits serial number and so on. The marking is made at
the bow at both port and starboard sides. Each state in Malaysia will have their
owned initials for registration system. Table 3.2 shows the registration format used
for these fishing vessels for some states in Malaysia and Figure 3.5 shows the
registration format for commercial fishing vessel.
31
Table 3.2 Registration format for Perak,
Pulau Pinang, Pahang, Kedah and Terengganu.
STATES REGISTRATION
NUMBER FORMAT
TYPE
Perak PKS 1234 Sampan
Perak PKF 1234 Traditional and
commercial boat
Pahang
PAS 1234 Sampan
Pahang PAF 1234 Traditional and
commercial boat
Pulau Pinang
PPS 1234 Sampan
Pulau Pinang PPF 1234 Traditional and
commercial boat
Kedah
KHS 1234 Sampan
Kedah KHF 1234 Traditional and
commercial boat
Terengganu
TRS 1234 Sampan
Terengganu
TRF 1234 Traditional and
commercial boat
32
Figure 3.5 Registration format (i.e PAF 4570) for commercial fishing vessel.
3.3.2 Designated Plate
For a monitoring reason, one small aluminium plate is bolted to the interior
bulkhead of the boat. This is shown by Figure 3.6. This is to ensure that the
registration number is not altered easily because it has one more check plate inside
the boat. The serial number on the plate is not as same as the registration number
attached to the boat. This type of registration is governed by the Fisheries Act 1985
[5].
This registration needs to be renewed yearly at the nearby fisheries
department’s office. The fisheries had always made regular checking to reinforce the
implementation of registration but as seen in some figures there were still
unregistered boats. This may be due to rules which are not compulsory for non-
business purposes. If found unregistered by DoF, the boat can be sealed and
33
compounded not less than RM1000. This will underwent lengthy legal procedures.
The purpose of registration is for an effective management of fisheries resources
[13].
There are some cases when several boats were using the same registration
number. Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (MMEA) had collected RM1.3
millions in fines from operation carried out in the past three years. They have
conducted 6,937 checks on sea vessels last year compared to 4,497 in 2007. MMEA
had purchased an aircraft for maritime surveillance in order to make enforcement
more efficient [15].
Figure 3.6 The designated plate
3.4 The Marine Department
The Marine Department applies 2 systems, one is registration for ships and
the second one is licensing for boats. Registration purposes are for ship plying
anywhere or internationally. Meanwhile licensing limits the movement of the small
34
boat within the port limit. For ship gross tonnage (GRT) over 500 tonnes, they need
to be registered but if less than 500 GRT, they need to be licensed [2].
3.4.1 Ship registration
Registration of ships in Malaysia follow an almost identical practices as in
the United Kingdom from which much of existing Malaysian maritime laws and
administrative practices are derived. In Malaysia, the law pertaining to registration of
ships is now governed entirely by Malaysian Shipping Ordinance 1952 (MSO 1952)
even though Sabah and Sarawak have their respective Malaysian Shipping
Ordinance. Port of registration in Malaysia can be listed as below:
a. Kelang Port
b. Penang Port
c. Kota Kinabalu Port
d. Kuching Port
e. Labuan Port
3.4.2 Official Number
6-digits Official Number (ON) is the identification number which has been
assigned by the national authority. The ON is just a running number and means
nothing. Only information regarding port of registration can be assumed by knowing
the ON. For example, some official numbers were given to certain Port Penang such
as ON 333 300 till 333 600, and ON 333 601 till 333 999 were issued to the Port
Kelang. If a ship has its official number 333 963 can be directly assumed their port of
registration which is Port Kelang. No further details can be extracted from this
35
number. Example of ON welded on the bulkhead is shown in Figure 3.7. Besides
that, the gross and net tonnage, and IMO number were also provided.
Figure 3.7 Official Number welded on the bulkheads in engine room.
The ON which has been assigned to the registered vessel must be marked in
block-type Arabic numerals at least 3-inches high on some clearly visible interior
structural part of the hull in the engine room. The number must be affixed or
engraved permanently at the bulkhead in the engine room so that alteration, removal,
or replacement would be obvious and cause some scarring or damage to the
surrounding hull area. Table 3.3 shows the total of ship registered in Malaysia from
2001 till 2007.
Table 3.3 Total of ship registry year 2001-2007 [16]
36
3.4.3 IMO Number.
Another ID system used by the MD is the used of IMO number. 7 digits IMO
number [17] is a unique identifying number assigned by Lloyd's Register - Faiplay
Ltd to each ship on behalf of the IMO. This number remains with the ship throughout
its active existence and beyond (after disposal, total loss etc.). These numbers are
never re-assigned or re-used. This unique ship identifier is also used as the IMO
(International Maritime Organisation) identification number. It is important to note
that this number is separate and different from the official number. The official
number is an internal control number issued by local flag administration and cannot
be used to replace the IMO number.
The IMO number is therefore really the only way of 100% identifying a
particular vessel. The vast majority of vessels do have an IMO number but some
smaller vessels such as some tugs and specialist vessels do not have an IMO number.
These often have an ‘Official Number’ which tends to do the same job. A
modification to SOLAS Regulation XI-1/3 required IMO numbers to be permanently
marked in a visible place either on the ship’s hull or superstructure. This number is
positioned under the bridge, port and starboard and on astern. Once checked on the
database it will give technical facts and details of its history. The 7 digits number is
just a running number. It won’t represent anything.
A vessel’s “IMO Number” is the single best way to track and locate history
of a ship since each number is unique and is the only identification that remains with
a vessel from shipyard to scrap yard. Figure 3.8 shows the IMO number welded onto
the superstructure of tugboat (Tanjung Gelang).
37
Figure 3.8 IMO number welded onto the superstructure
3.4.4 Boat License
The small boat of length 24 metres and below will be issued license number
by MD but this license need to be renewed annually. The license number will be the
same although it has been renewed soon. MD maintain information only on small
and large commercial vessel which ply nationally and internationally respectively.
The law governing licensing of boats in Malaysia is the Merchant Shipping
Ordinance 1952 under Section 474 to 485, and Boat Rules 1953 (No. 70 / 1952)
[16].
License number such as ALM 00342 P means this boat is operating in Lumut,
Perak for commuting passenger only. No further technical details are provided. The
numbering is just a running number which doesn’t mean anything. The officer needs
to check on their database to get further technical details regarding the boat inspected
by them. Figure 3.9 shows the license number format for boat used for carrying
38
passenger and Figure 3.10 shows the format of license number used for cargo boat
respectively.
Figure 3.9 License number for passenger boat.
Figure 3.10 “K” represents Cargo Boat
39
3.5 Conclusion
Presently in Malaysia, despite the existence of ID systems for boat length
below 24m, its representation may not covers the boat particulars and features. The
present system is considered not reliable, not only due to different coding systems
were used by two governing bodies (MD and DoF) but also the present system does
not comply with International Standard, ISO 10087:2006.
Besides these problems, the establishment of two governing bodies to
monitor local boats could cause redundancy of task and complicates the procedures.
Presently, since it is not compulsory for owner to register their boat except for
business purposes, many unregistered boats operating in Malaysian water are not
known by the authorities. This has cause further difficulty in the case of stolen or
missing boats.
The study lead to the conclusion that, there is a need to replace the present ID
system with a new ID system that is capable to uniquely represent boat particulars
accurately.
40
CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED BOAT ID SYSTEM
4.1 Introduction
This section discusses the step taken in developing the new boat ID system. It
covers the selection process of the basis ID system to be used as main reference for
the development of the new system. It then followed by detail discussion on what
information to be included, its significant and the coding or numbering system
chosen. The verification survey that was carried out in order to investigate the
applicability of the proposed ID will be also discussed.
4.2 Selection of Basis ID System.
Selection of basis parameter is quite important in order to determine the most
suitable ID format to be proposed. Several factors need to be considered in came up
with this ID. Therefore, a thorough study needs to be done and other applicable ID
41
system worldwide need to be well assessed. Since every ID has its pro and cons,
improvement is therefore needed.
4.2.1 Selection Criteria
In finding the basis ID system to be used, several selection criteria had been
determined. The details of each of these criteria are discussed in the following
sections.
4.2.1.1 Uniqueness of Boat Representation
The proposed ID must be representing unique particulars of the boats, hence
it should be able to represent the Main dimension such as L (length), B (breadth), D
(depth), GRT (gross tonnage), hull type and materials were also included into this
proposed ID. Each boat must their own uniqueness and has been customised to suit
their purpose of built. Therefore, all these parameters can give an overview of
unique characteristic of each boat.
L, B and D data can be used to determine the size, stability and strength of
the boat. Meanwhile, GRT can be used to determine light dues and port charges as
replacement if there were no deadweight of the boat. Hull type can be used to
determine speed performance therefore regulations regarding wake wash; speed limit
can be well defined for this type of boat. Besides that, the materials type used is very
important because this will determine the safety procedure for each boat as different
materials act differently to their surrounding.
42
4.2.1.2 Traceability
The traceability is very important to be considered. Each product must be
known of their origin therefore any action can be taken to rectify the source of the
problem. Basic particulars which contain country of manufacture and the
manufacturer need to be included. Not forgotten, the month and year of manufacture.
Therefore the traceability is well maintained and the boat will be well represented.
Serial number can be added as a running number.
4.2.1.3 Integration With Other System
Most of the ID systems used worldwide or by other sector carry information
regarding country, manufacturer, date of manufacture, and details about the product.
The compliant of this new proposed ID would not be an issue as many countries or
sectors have these data in their ID system.
Besides that, the characteristic of the boat can be well determined by using
data extracted from this new proposed ID system. Therefore further analysis can be
done better especially in boat design.
4.2.1.4 Duplication of ID
Every system face the same problem with duplication but there must a way to
prevent this or at least make thing difficult to be duplicated. In order to prevent this,
43
basic dimension details is included into new ID as each boat has it unique dimension
and this dimension represent the unique characteristic of the boat.
4.2.1.5 Standardization
Standardization is important for uniformity of the ID system. By using
standard form, whatever products are well represented without any conflict.
Therefore standardize ID can be easily interpreted and accepted.
4.2.2 Analysis
Analysis has been done thoroughly to determine basis selection of proposed
ID. Several ID systems worldwide have been assessed thoroughly before come up
with this idea. Pro and cons for each system has been discuss in the Chapter 2. The
summary of the analysis is shown in table 4.1 below.
As per analysis, ISO 10087:2006 give more information comparing to other
ID system. The BoatCode is adapted from ISO 10087:1995(E) by Australian
government. Therefore the information given is quite same. But for other type of ID
give several different parameters.
The ISO 10087:2006 will be referred as important basis in determine new
proposed ID as many countries referring to it for their ID system. Besides that, it give
more information in more structured/standardize format.
44
Table 4.1 Comparison between ID systems
** √ represent available, X represent unavailable.
4.3 Proposed ID System
A proposed ID will be known as Boat Identification Number (BIN). This BIN
is proposed when considering other parameters and basis of selection which has been
done from the previous subtopic.
This BIN composes 26 digits, combination of numbers and letters. This BIN
will give the officer instant information about:
• Country
• Manufacturer.
• Type of hull materials
• Length (LOA).
• Breadth.
• Depth.
• Gross tonnage
• Month of manufacture
45
• Year of manufacture
• Type of hull (displacement).
• Serial number (which is a running number).
There were 11 data included in one sentence of BIN. This can be done
without checking onto relevant document thus minimise time of checking. This
hopefully can minimise the case of misuse of identification number for boats thus
give effective monitoring practice/enforcement for our marine authority. The format
of BIN is shown in Table 4.2 below.
Table 4.2 Boat Identification Number (BIN)
MY BNS HA8 11 24005925100 36119
4.3.1 Country Code
There is important to know about where is this boat came from. 2 letters code
to represent the country of origin need to be used. It was suggested that this country
code used the same code as used in Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
46
[18] such as ‘MY’ for Malaysia, ‘JP’ for Japan, ‘RU’ for Russia, ‘US’ for United
States etc. Table 4.3 is shown the code representation for certain countries.
Table 4.3 Country code
CODE COUNTRY
MY MALAYSIA
AU AUSTRALIA
CA CANADA
DE GERMANY
CN CHINA
FR FRANCE
NZ NEW ZEALAND
JP JAPAN
RU RUSSIA
4.3.2 Manufacturer Code
Manufacturer code will represent the ship/boatbuilder. The boat can be
monitored effectively while they are in production line in their origin country. The
list of manufacturer [19] in Malaysia is listed in Table 4.4. This will require all
manufacturers to register with the local marine authority in order to get their 3 digits
code.
47
Table 4.4 Manufacturer code
No Code Shipbuilder
1 ALB ALOR LANCAR BUKIT TAMBUN SDN BHD
2 AEC ASBIL ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION SDN BHD
3 ASE ASIA SLIPWAY & ENGINEERING SDN BHD
4 BLW BAN LEE WORKSHOP AND SLIPWAY
5 BSR BONAFILE SHIPBUILDERS & REPAIRS SDN BHD
6 BNS BOUSTEAD NAVAL SHIPYARD SDN BHD
7 BDE BROOKE DOCKYARD & ENGINEERING WORKS
CORPORATION
8 CCB COASTAL CONTRACT BERHAD
9 DAQ D’ AQUARIAN (M) SDN BHD
10 DAM DATFORD AUTO & MARINE SDN BHD
11 DTS DAYANG TERAS SHIPYARD SDN BHD
12 DMS DESTINATION MARINE SERVICES SDN BHD
13 DOT DONG THYE SHIPYARD
14 EMS EASTERN MARINE SHIPBUILDING SDN BHD
15 ETA ETAMAX SDN BHD
16 FAY FADARA YACHT SDN BHD
17 FES FAR EAST SHIPYARD CONPANY SDN BHD
18 FSS FONG SYN SHIPYARD SDN BHD
19 FUL FULSAIL SDN BHD
20 GES GELIGA SLIPWAYS SDN BHD
21 HLL HONG LEONG LURSEN SHIPYARD
22 IRO IRONWOODS SHIPYARD SDN BHD
23 KAY KAY MARINE SDN BHD
24 KJD KIAN JUAN DOCKYARD SDN BHD
25 KIM KIMCRAFT SDN BHD
48
4.3.3 Month of built
Month of built will be represented by a single letter from A to M in
alphabetically order as shown in Table 4.5.
Table 4.5 Month of built
CODE MONTH
A January
B February
C March
D April
E May
F June
G July
H August
J September
K October
L November
M December
4.3.4 Year of built
2 digits code has been used to represent the year of built thus will prevent
confusion between years. As the previous identification cannot be modified, this BIN
system starts it code from year 2000 for easy coding. The list of years is shown in
Table 4.6 and 4.7.
49
Table 4.6 Year of manufacture code.
CODE Year
A0 2000
A1 2001
A2 2002
A3 2003
A4 2004
A5 2005
A6 2006
A7 2007
A8 2008
A9 2009
B0 2010
B1 2011
B2 2012
B3 2013
B4 2014
B5 2015
B6 2016
B7 2017
B8 2018
B9 2019
50
Table 4.7 Year 2000 till 2229.
CODE Year
A0-A9 2000-2009
B0-B9 2010-2019
C0-C9 2020-2029
D0-D9 2030-2039
E0-E9 2040-2049
F0-F9 2050-2059
G0-G9 2060-2069
H0-H9 2070-2079
J0-J9 2080-2089
K0-K9 2090-2099
L0-L9 2100-2109
M0-M9 2110-2119
N0-N9 2120-2129
P0-P9 2130-2139
Q0-Q9 2140-2149
R0-R9 2150-2159
S0-S9 2160-2169
T0-T9 2170-2179
U0-U9 2180-2189
V0-V9 2190-2199
W0-W9 2200-2209
X0-X9 2210-2219
Y0-Y9 2220-2229
51
4.3.5 Type of Hull Materials
As refer to 9th position in the BIN sequence, this representing the type of hull
materials. These materials are divided into 4 categories such as wood, steel,
aluminium and fibreglass which will be represented by designated code as shown in
Table 4.8.
Table 4.8 Types of hull materials.
CODE TYPE OF
MATERIALS
1 Wood
2 Steel
3 Aluminium
4 Fiberglass
The types of materials need to be included into this ID system is quite
important as this will give information regarding strength and lifespan of the boat
itself, weight of the boat, fire retardant capabilities, structures scantling, future
maintenance and repair works. This information need to be known, thus any
precaution can be taken earlier. The way to manage each material also will be
different.
4.3.6 Type of Hull Forms
Number in 10th position represents the type of hull forms. There were several
types of hull forms such as displacement hull, semi displacement hull, planning hull,
catamaran, trimaran etc which can be represented as below in Table 4.9. Since each
of this type of vessel may have different seakeeping performance and safety
52
requirements which lead to different used of rules and regulation, its inclusion in the
ID system is therefore essential.
Table 4.9 Types of hull forms.
CODE TYPES OF HULL
FORMS
1 Displacement Hull
2 Semi Displacement
Hull
3 Planning Hull
4 Catarmaran
5 Trimaran
6 Inflatable
7 SWATH
4.3.7 Main Dimensions
Numbers in 11th till 18th position represent the dimension of the boat. For
simplification, boat can be categorised into several model thus the identification will
not too lengthy. But as we knew, boats are customised product. Although with the
same model, there will have different in their dimension but not for fibreglass boat as
they built using mould. This BIN also suit the self build boat at their own backyard
as they use their own design.
Based on this particular reasons, this 26-digits of BIN is effectively be used
to represent these boats. This BIN will be engraved to the wood, steel and aluminium
types of hull at one visible place and other one in hidden place interiorly. The colors
used must be in contra. But for fibreglass boat, this BIN needs to be stamped to the
hull before the topcoat is drying hard. Therefore, any alteration can be detected.
53
For number in 11th and 12th, 14th and 15th, 17th, and 19th, 20th and 21st position
represent the real value of the dimension. But if these numbers (except for 19th till
21st position) have some decimal points, this will be represented by number 0 till 9 at
13th, 16th and 18th position. This is shown in Table 4.10
Table 4.10 Decimal Values
CODE VALUE
0 0.0
1 0.1
2 0.2
3 0.3
4 0.4
5 0.5
6 0.6
7 0.7
8 0.8
9 0.9
Therefore as refer to Table 4.2;
• for ‘240’ at 11th till 13th position, it can be read as 24.0m,
• for ‘059’ at 14th till 16th position, it can be read as 5.9m,
• for ‘25’ at 17th and 18th position, it can be read as 2.5m
• for ‘100’ at 19th till 21st position, it can be read as 100 tonnes.
The fact that there are six dimensional relationships linking the four main
boats dimensions of L (length), B (breadth), D (Depth) and T (draft) and that it is
necessary to use three of these to solve either the weight or volume equations [20].
But as there is no T in this data, only 3 dimensional relationships is considered by
using these dimension particulars. The relationships are:
L/B Ships of more than about 130 m in length were almost invariably being
built with an L/B ratio of 6.5; ships of up to 30 m in length, such as
54
fishing boats, usually had an L/B ratio of 4; whilst vessels whose
length lay in the range between 30 and 130 m followed a linear
interpolation pattern between L/B values of 4 and 6.5. For this case,
smaller boat may locate below L/B ratio of 4.
B/D The B/D values varied from 1.5 for a large ship with “moderate”
stability to 1.8 for a small ship with “good” stability. Smaller boat may
locate over B/D ratio of 1.8. The stability of boat can be determined
better. Better standards of stability were demanded by International
rules and the distinction between moderate and good stability had
become academic and the B/D values had increased.
L/D The ratio L/D which is significant in relation to the structural strength
of the ship and in particular to the deflection of the hull girder under
the bending moment imposed by waves and cargo distribution.
L, B, and D were also relates to scantling numeral which is normally used for
determining structure size for small vessel. It also relates to vessel displacement, hull
weight, equipment number, GRT etc.
4.3.8 Gross Tonnage (GRT)
The 19th till 21st position in BIN sequence will represent the actual gross
tonnage (GRT) of the boat. GRT relates to many things, i.e to determine light dues
and port charges. This also can be referred to determine the type of the boat i.e
passenger, tanker etc as the GRT will be different for different type of boat.
55
4.3.9 Serial Number
5 digits of serial number are represented in 22nd till 26th position. This serial
number is just a running number which does not mean anything. The serial number
will act as check digit when the same dimension of boat represented.
4.4 Verification Process
The used of the proposed BIN and comments for improvement from several
experts have been documented. Table 4.11 is shown the verification status and
solution taken in order to improve the system, suggested by the potential user/
experts.
Table 4.11 Verification Status
No Comments Action
1 Set aside alphabet and numerical
and do not mix it.
The previous BIN: i.e MY ADG 1
240592518 HA92 36119 has been
changed to MY ADG HA9 12
24005925100 36119.
2 Try to figure out the problem with
sistership as it still cannot prevent
identification theft.
A duplicate BIN shall be affixed to a
non-removable part of the craft in a
hidden location only known by the
manufacturer and marine authority. The
duplicate BIN shall be located in the
interior or beneath a fitting or item of
hardware. Catamarans shall have this
hidden BIN in or on both hulls. The BIN
should be located so that it is extremely
56
difficult to reach and modify.
3 Add GRT, DWT, NT, and ship
class designation.
The GRT is included into BIN instead of
draft information.
4 Include state code. Not applicable since the BIN is already
reach 26 digits. Besides that,
Manufacturer code is quite
representative.
5 For serial number, it is proper to
state as running number
Already included.
6 The BIN should not be too long,
perhaps less than 15 digits.
CIN has 14 digits, Chassis Number is
about 17 digits length. 26 digits for BIN
are quite reasonable.
7 Compare with similar id system in
neighbouring countries such as
ASEAN countries, Japan, South
Korea etc.
ISO 10087:2006 is referred as input
standard in order to come up with BIN.
Other id system applied by USA, Canada
and Australia is also compared.
8 Need to put in grouping/module for
simplification
The use of dimension particulars in
details for BIN can suit this product as
boat is a customised product. Either it
was built in shipyard or backyard, it can
be well represented.
9 Breadth for catamaran will exceed
9m
The number in 15th position was added to
make it 2 digits value.
Table 4.12 shows the sample of compliance, analysis of the proposed BIN
system to represent boat in Malaysia. The result clearly indicates that the ID system
proposed fully serve the ID requirement of the local boats.
57
Tabl
e 4.
12 D
etai
ls o
f boa
t and
BIN
for v
erifi
catio
n
** P
H –
Pla
ning
Hul
l, SD
H –
Sem
i Dis
plac
emen
t Hul
l, W
D –
Woo
d, A
L –
Alu
min
ium
, ST
- Ste
el
58
4.5 Conclusion
The process to define the new ID system (BIN) has been successfully done.
The parameters included in the BIN provide quite significant information as it
represents more data than it expected. Although this BIN is quite lengthy, but it is
representative and reasonably simple to be used as it offers more protection as
recommended by the experts.
CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Discussion
Many ID systems had been studied in order to produce a new ID system
which can be used to uniquely represent small boat up to 24 m in Malaysia
accurately. The ID system introduced is based on the ISO 10087:2006, but with
additional information included and some rectification done. The ID system also
contains important design parameters of small boats that could be used by designer
or researcher.
Since each boat is unique, it requires main features (dimensions, type,
materials) of the boat to be represented in the ID system. As boat is a customised
product, these particulars give a unique characteristic for each boat which is
dissimilar with other boat.
Country of origin and manufacturer which produced the boat also can be
easily detected. This traceability characteristic had also been applied by International
Standard in ISO 10087:2006. Besides that, the month and year included into this ID
will give the rough picture about the condition of the boat, either it is still new or
60
older than that. If the boat reported stolen or missing, the database can be updates
and any attempt to re-register the boat will be blocked.
5.2 Suggestion for Future Research Works
The future research work should focus on implementation and monitoring
process of the proposed ID system. One way of effective monitoring is using RFID
system. RFID technologies and other similar systems have been identified as
potential low-cost solutions that might be an acceptable alternative to vessel tracking,
especially where it applies to small boat.
RFID involves a contactless transfer of data between the data-carrying device
and its reader. It is far more flexible. The power required to operate the electronic
data-carrying device would also be transferred from the reader using contactless
technology. Furthermore, in recent years, contactless identification has been
developing into an independent interdisciplinary field.
In order to realize the full range of benefits of RFID brings, a proper study is
crucial. The study should involve the RFID as a medium of transferred to read BIN
accurately without onboard the boat. The officer can read the BIN at further distance
while passing through the boat without been aware by the owner of the boat since the
mechanical contact (onboard the boat) is often impractical now.
A national boat registry will likely be one of the first steps. Eventually, the
small boats owners may need to register their boats in a national database and place
RFID tags on their boats. This is a plan to better oversee small boats with
"additional” surveillance, monitoring and information systems.
61
5.3 Conclusion
A study about small boat identification system with the aim to determine the
present status and to propose an improved system has been carried out successfully.
The conclusions of this study can be summarized as follows;
1. Although such ID system is already exists, the coding system used by two
marine authorities for registration and licensing not only different but the ID
is consider not representative.
2. A proposed Boat Identification Number (BIN) system is able to represent
boat identity uniquely and accurately. It is capable of representing details
characteristic of the boats including main dimension, material, manufacture
etc, which make it unique and difficult to be duplicated and misused.
The proposed BIN has also been verified by potential users / experts which
shows that it can be implemented locally in the near future.
62
REFERENCES
[1] Boat data via email from Mr. Fairoz Rozali, Chief Deputy Director, Marine
Department Putrajaya on 7th April 2009, at 9.00am.
[2] Interview session with Mr. Mohd Shukri Munajaf, Assistant Marine
Engineer, Marine Department Lumut, on 12th November 2008 at 11.30 am.
[3] Malaysia (1952), Malaysian Shipping Ordinance 1952.
[4] Malaysia (1953), Boat Rules 1953.
[5] Malaysia (1985), Fisheries Act 1985.
[6] International Standard Organization (2006), ISO 10087:2006 Craft
Identification Number.
[7] Department of Western Australia, Department for Planning and
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[8] United States Coast Guard Navigation Center,
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[15] RM 1.3m in Maritime Fines, published by The Star Online,
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3.00pm.
[17] IMO number, www.imo.org/TCD/mainframe.asp?topic_id=388, on 7 May
2009, at 5.30pm.
63
[18] Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, www.iana.org/domains/root/db/#, on
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