small arms transfers: authorized but unseen
DESCRIPTION
Presented by Christelle Rigual for SIPRI at the 10th biennial International Security Forum (ISF), held in Geneva, 22 to 24 April. For more information, visit the ISF 2013 website: http://www.isf.ethz.ch/TRANSCRIPT
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Small Arms Transfers:
Authorized but Unseen
23 April 2013
10th International Security Forum 2013
Christelle Rigual, Small Arms Survey
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Presentation Outline
■ What are undocumented authorized small
arms transfers?
■ Which states fail to provide full info. on their
international transfers?
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WHAT ARE UNDOCUMENTED AUTHORIZED
SMALL ARMS TRANSFERS?
Section I
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Authorized Transfers
• Transfers are: ‘activities of international trade
comprising export, import, transit, trans-shipment and brokering’ (Arms Trade Treaty, Art. 2, §2) of small arms, light weapons, their parts, accessories, and ammunitions
• Authorized Transfers: ‘international transfers that are authorized by the importing, exporting, or transit states. (Dreyfus, Marsh and Schroeder, 2009, p. 9–10).
• Transparent transfers are reported through national and/or international instruments.
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Undocumented transfers: a typology
• Undocumented authorized transfers
– No reports, partial report or misreport of authorized transfers by major exporters/producers
– From minor exporters/producers • Transfers from previous imports or from surpluses
• Undocumented re-exports (including unauthorized re-exports)
• Illicit transfers – Unauthorized transfers
– Diversion (from surpluses/stocks/transfers of lawful users)
– Authorized but contradicting international standards
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WHICH STATES FAIL TO PROVIDE FULL INFO. ON
THEIR INTERNATIONAL TRANSFERS?
Section II
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Gaps in Transparency
• Top ten least transparent
countries, according to the Small
Arms Survey Transparency
Barometer 2012 (among major
exporters)
Least transparent major
exporters , 2010
1 Iran
1 North Korea
1 United Arab Emirates
4 South Africa
5 Saudi Arabia
6 Russian Federation
7 Singapore
8 China
9 Taiwan
10 Cyprus
10 Brazil
Source: Lazarevic, 2012, p. 311
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Major Exporters
and Undocumented Transfers
• Selected Major actors under-reporting (i,.e.
not reporting all categories of weapons, missing
partners …)
» Belgium
» China
» Russia
» United States
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Minor Exporters
and Undocumented Transfers
• Undocumented re-exports from state stockpiles
– Angola deliveries of light weapons and ammunitions to
Côte d’Ivoire in 2002
– Albanian surpluses delivered to Benghazi in 2011
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Unauthorized Re-exports
• Authorized import of weapons, with provision of end-user
certificate, then violated by the importing country who re-
exports the weapons to an unauthorized end-user.
– United Arab Emirates and Qatar’s Swiss re-exports
– Sudan re-transfers
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Concluding Remarks
■ Many routes for undocumented
authorized transfers – Nationally authorized but no reported
– Might contradict international standards
■ Many possible untransparent actors – Major exporting countries under-reporting
– Less known actors (non-exporters/producers)
exporting from surpluses/previous imports
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SMALL ARMS SURVEY 2012 • MOVING TARGETS
Small Arms Survey 2012
Moving Targets
23 April 2013
10th International Security Forum
Any questions? www.smallarmssurvey.org