small and medium-sized cities in the age of the urban triumph - … · sharing, matching, learning...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph
Evert Meijers Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
![Page 2: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Age of the Urban Triumph…
• The bigger, the better
• Agglomeration benefits are key to economic growth
• Explains rapid pace of urbanisation and rise of megacities
![Page 3: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Agglomeration advantages
• Quantity and quality of urban functions (specialisation) • Infrastructure • Labour market matching • More economic diversity – more resilient • Innovation, knowledge exchange • City as production & consumption environment • ‘Elevator’ • Greater variety in lifestyles / ‘stadsluft macht frei’ • Energy efficiency • Household-optimisation ‘Sharing, matching, learning’ are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, 2004)
![Page 4: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The bigger, the better: labour productivity
+5.8% (Melo et al., 2009)
![Page 5: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Agglomeration disadvantages
• Exposure to environmental pollution / noise / a more stressful environment
• Crime
• Social deprivation
• Congestion
• Price/quality ratio houses
• High office rents and land prices
• Less social cohesion
![Page 6: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Tide is turning…
![Page 7: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Tide is turning…
![Page 8: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Problem!
• Many European cities are small or medium-sized
• OECD: Lack of agglomeration benefits is biggest threat to competitiveness of small- and medium-sized cities
![Page 10: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
But, contradictory urban dynamics…
• Urbanisation rate stable
• Large cities do not grow faster
• Large cities do not contribute increasingly more to economy
• Second-tier cities outperform capital-city regions
Dynamics cannot be explained by conventional agglomeration theory!
![Page 11: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
A novel explanation: borrowing size & city network externalities’
A different interpretation of the geographical dimension of agglomeration economies
![Page 12: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Urban network externalities
![Page 13: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Urban network externalities
• Urban network externalities are defined as external economies from which firms and households can benefit by being located in agglomerations that are well embedded in networks that connect with other agglomerations (Capello, 2000; Burger & Meijers, 2016).
• ‘Networks substitute for proximity’ (Johansson and Quigley, 2004).
• McCann and Acs (2011) argue that nowadays national and international urban connectivity is more important for urban performance than urban size.
• Camagni et al (2016) show that small cities manage to profit relatively more from a developed network of cooperative relationships with other cities than do large cities.
• Combination matters: local buzz & global pipelines (Bathelt et al., 2004)
![Page 14: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
metropolitan functions as
proxy for agglomeration
benefits
Metropolitan functions
Business related functions
Financial services (banks)
Advanced Producer Services
Headquarters top-500 multinationals (revenues,
employees)
Conference/exhibition facilities
Science related functions
top-500 universities (Shanghai-index)
international research co-operation
Sports functions
• Seats in sports stadiums
• Important sports events (WC/EC)
• (summer) Olympic games (after 1948)
Cultural functions
• Cultural venues (theatres, opera houses, galeries,
museums)
• Cultural events (concerts, film festivals, art
exhibitions)
Index Metropolitan Functions
Aggregate of subindices
![Page 15: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Networks substitute for size
• A good ‘network embeddedness in (inter)national networks (flows of people + information) significantly contributes to the presence of metropolitan functions in cities
• Still, ‘size’ is on average 2.5x more important than network embeddedness
• But for particular metropolitan functions network embeddedness is more important than size
![Page 16: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Relative importance size and networks for individual metropolitan functions
Local Size Regional Networks
(Inter)national Networks
International Organisations + 0 ++
Headquarters + 0 ++ Banks + 0 ++ Advanced Producer Services
+ - ++
Fairs + 0 ++ Universities ++ 0 0 Conferences + - ++ Patents + - ++ Cultural Venues ++ - + Cultural Events ++ 0 0 Sport Venues ++ 0 0 Sport Events ++ - 0
![Page 17: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
But…
Importance of ‘size’, ‘regional network embeddedness’ and ‘international network embeddedness’ differs for different sizes of cities
![Page 18: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Figure 1: Fitted equation and 95% confidence interval for metropolitan function index and local population size (average marginal effect)
An increase in city size has a minor effect on the presence of metropolitan functions in large cities (>200k), but a large effect for smaller cities.
![Page 19: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Figure 3: Fitted equation and 95% confidence interval for metropolitan function index and (inter)national network embeddedness by local population size (average marginal effect)
An increase in (inter)national network embeddedness is positive for all cities, but relatively more positive for larger cities
![Page 20: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Figure 2: Fitted equation and 95% confidence interval for metropolitan function index and regional network embeddedness by local population size (average marginal effect)
An increase of regional network embeddedness is positive for larger cities (>400k), not necessarily for smaller cities (agglomeration shadows?)
![Page 21: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Regional network embeddedness: a closer look – where relevant?
![Page 22: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Polycentric Urban Regions in Europe
![Page 24: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Urban network externalities through integration in polycentric metropolitan
regions
![Page 25: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Indicators functional integration
![Page 26: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Indicators Institutional integration
![Page 27: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Indicators cultural integration
![Page 28: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Finding: importance of integration • The stronger the cities in PURs are functionally integrated, the
better their performance (more agglomeration economies)
• Institutional integration, or metropolitan governance, has a positive effect on the performance of PURs – Effect is smaller than for functional integration
– Most important is that there is some form of metropolitan cooperation, but its exact shape and power/autonomy seem of secondary importance.
– There is some indication that the duration of cooperation plays a role, with longer lasting networks somewhat associated with better performance;
• Mixed evidence for cultural integration
• The main challenge is to move from fragmentation to integration, which demands a larger process of region-building referred to as ‘metropolisation’, in which the economic, functional, administrative and socio-spatial qualities and features once attributed to the 'city' are reconstructed by citizens, firms and institutions at the scale of the PUR.
![Page 29: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Ongoing work: development of a new city network indicator
• Based on co-occurrence of toponyms in text corpora, in this case the Web Archive CommonCrawl (all 25 million .nl websites)
• Scientometrics: “The use of co-occurrence data in scientometrics assumes that the greater the probability of two elements co-occuring in the same article, the more strongly they are related.” (Chavalarias and Cointet, 2013)
![Page 30: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The co-occurrence method: existing application in spatial sciences
Devriendt et al. 2008 Tobler and Wineburg, 1971
![Page 31: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The Dutch urban system according to the Web… absolute value
![Page 32: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The Dutch urban system according to the Web… relative value
![Page 33: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Plaatsen met een zwakke en sterke positie in (nationale) netwerken
Sterk verbonden plaatsen % Minder geïntegreerde plaatsen %
1. Roermond 20,11 91. Capelle aan den IJssel -15,62
2. Middelburg 16,71 92. Spijkenisse -14,10
3. Zutphen 13,32 93. IJsselstein -10,74
4. Maastricht 12,01 94. Landgraaf -10,72
5. Zwolle 10,40 95. Hellevoetsluis -9,70
6. Hoogeveen 10,00 96. Vlaardingen -9,65
7. Gorinchem 9,82 97. Zwijndrecht -9,11
8. Wageningen 9,75 98. Almere -8,92
9. Vlissingen 9,34 99. Etten-Leur -8,80
10. Alkmaar 8,84 100. Kerkrade -8,40
17. Delft 7,76
Places with a strong network position (left) and those with a weak network position (right) in the Netherlands.
![Page 34: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Borrowed size
![Page 35: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The Concept of ‘Borrowed Size’
• Alonso, 1973: ‘Borrowed size’ describes and explains the situation that especially smaller cities that are located in a larger ‘megapolitan complex’ do perform better because they have access to (‘borrow’) the agglomeration benefits of larger neighbouring cities.
• Meijers & Burger (2016): not necessarily a one-directional process between a smaller and a larger city, but between cities that are close and within each other’s sphere of influence
• Borrowed size refers to:
a.) functions
b.) performance
![Page 36: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The other side of the medal: ‘agglomeration shadows’
• Cities cannot just ‘borrow size’ from other cities in the urban system, they also face competition effects ‘agglomeration shadows’
• Growth near (higher tier) agglomerations will be limited due to competition effects (Dobkins & Ioannides, 2001).
• Agglomeration shadows play a negative role on growth of close-by small U.S. metropolitan areas (Partridge et al., 2009).
![Page 37: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Randstad
![Page 39: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Ongoing work: understanding why some cities borrow size and others
face an agglomeration shadow
Dimensions of borrowed size
Connection
size function
Less functions
than expected
given size
As many
functions as
expected
More functions
than expected
given size
Connection
size
performance
Performs less
than expected
given size
8 7,5%
14 13,2%
16 15,1%
Performs as
expected
17
16%
18
17%
11
10,4%
Performs better
than expected
given size
8
7,5%
11
10,4%
3
2,8%
![Page 40: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Cities in the agglomeration shadow
Gouda Veenendaal Soest Vlaardingen Krimpen aan den IJssel Velsen Schiedam Maassluis
![Page 41: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Social Status
![Page 42: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Historical importance
![Page 43: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Household Income levels
![Page 44: Small and medium-sized cities in the Age of the Urban Triumph - … · Sharing, matching, learning are the mechanisms (Duranton & Puga, ... •Scientometrics: ^The use of co-occurrence](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081613/5fb5622f6d3f54071633068f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Conclusion
• Dominance of ‘urban triumph’ narrative focusing on agglomeration benefits as key driver of growth, prosperity and even sustainability has directed attention away from small and medium-sized cities
• In many parts of Europe, the actual urban dynamics suggest that also small- and medium-sized cities can do well
• My explanation is that agglomeration benefits are still important, but not geographically confined to large metropolitan areas: cities can ‘borrow size’ in networks on a variety of spatial scales.
• This opens up a new range of opportunities for small and medium-sized cities to organise more agglomeration benefits for their firms and citizens.