slum redevelopment strategy using gis based multi- criteria system

Slum redevelopment strategy using GIS based multi-criteria system: A case study of Rajkot, Gujarat, India

WJCECT


Sumanta Das*1, Malini Roy Choudhury2 Bhargav Shobhana3, Ketul Bhakhar3, Bharat Vaghela3

*1,2,3Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marwadi Education Foundation, Rajkot-360003,

Gujarat, India *Corresponding author: Sumanta Das, Department of Civil Engineering, Marwadi Education Foundations‟ Group of Institutions, Rajkot-360003, Gujarat, India, E-mail: [email protected]

Today the population of India at the slum area is increasing rapidly. So, government of India has taken certain strategies to upgrade and provide good housing quality and environment to the dwellers of the slum area. This paper is focused on advancement of Geo-spatial technique and multi criteria decision making system for slum redevelopment and planning of Rajkot city. This approach is entirely depends on the collection of large data sets and also it reduces manpower and time. The research has followed the strategy has taken by Govt. of India for slum improvement and sustainable development is known as “RAJIV AWAS YOJNA”. The socio-economic data like family detail, economic condition, basic amenities, employment status, education facility etc. is collected in the individual slum area and it is inserted into Arc GIS 10 software for database generation, analysis and thematic map preparation. These various maps give the detail information of total slum area, building footprints, reservation, land inventory, dwelling units, population density, condition of roads, number of private plots, number of government plots, provision of livelihood spaces, gross area of slum, land price of slum, land ownership and reservation, house quality, number of households, occupational condition, slum profile, slum location, other physical parameters, etc. The Final assessment from the results indicate either the feasible slum area can be developed by in-situ development or there is a provision to be migrated in the zone which is kept for SEWS.

Keywords: Land use structure, GIS, housing quality, slum improvement, sustainable development INTRODUCTION A household is a slum if it lacks one or more of the following characteristics: structural quality and durability of dwellings, access to safe water, sufficient-living area, access to sanitation facilities, and security of tenure.(Do the Most Vulnerable People Live in the Worst Slums? A Spatial Analysis of Accra, Ghana, 2011 (Marta M. Jankowska at.al; 2011) This definition of slum provides a starting point for identifying slums, and the focus on the physical characteristics of slums, namely poor housing and inadequate infrastructure (“unsafe housing” as UN-Habitat calls it), has been emphasized in recent literature concerning slums (Neekhra, 2008; Beall and Fox, 2009; Gulyani and Bassett, 2010; Arimah, 2011). Thus GIS plays vital role in today‟s vast projects. As in Rajkot there are more than the millions of information survey forms are available it is essential to analyze them with computer based techniques for precision and speed. Many slums exist in dangerous locations and many others are situated in areas that are harmful to health. Besides this, certain sites have to be cleared in order to carry out important infrastructure work. Slums on such locations and sites have to be, therefore, relocated. A comprehensive rehabilitation policy thus has to be formulated for this purpose (Slums Improvement and Development Schemes & Policies, October 2005)(P K Das, 2005). Slums provide shelter for nearly one third of the world‟s urban population, most of which are in developing countries. Despite several policy actions in the past, slum-free cities have remained a distant goal in the developing

World Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction Technology Vol. 1(2), pp. 012-041, May, 2014. © www.premierpublishers.org ISSN: 1936-868X x

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Das et al. 012 world. Part of this problem is the lack of analytical tools available to conduct slum research and evaluate policy ideas in the context of developing countries. Therefore, it is vital to enhance our knowledge and generate a holistic understanding about slum formation process in order to develop useful and effective slum policies. This paper presents an integrated framework, that is capable of simulating the spatio-temporal dynamics of slum formation in cities (Simulating Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Slum Formation in Ahmedabad, India, 2012 (Amit Patel et.al; 2012). In India slums are divided into two types whiz, notified slum & non notified slums. Notified slum are those in which All specified areas in a town or city notified as „Slum‟ by State/Local Government and UT Administration under any Act including a "Slum Act”. Non notified slums are those in which All areas recognized as „Slum‟ by State/Local Government and UT Administration, Housing and Slum Boards, which may have not been formally notified as slum under any act (Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, 2005). Fortunately in Rajkot almost all slums are notified. In this article study area includes slums located in ward number 11 of Rajkot city. The structure of this article includes design of socio-economic form, collecting all required data by household survey, relating data to the GIS (Arc GIS 10.0) and development of appropriate strategy for slum redevelopment. STUDY AREA Geology Rajkot is located at 22.3°N 70.78°E. It has an average elevation of 128 metres (420 ft). The city is located on the bank of Aji River and Nyari River which remains dry except the monsoon months of July to September. The city is spread in the area of 170.00 km². Rajkot is situated in the region called Saurashtra in the Gujarat state of India(Fig. 1). The significance of Rajkot location is owing to the fact that it is one of the prime industrial centers of Gujarat. Rajkot has a central location in the area called the Kathiawar peninsula. The city is located within the Rajkot district in Gujarat. Rajkot city is the administrative headquarters of the district of Rajkot. The district is surrounded by Bhavnagar and Surendranagar in the east, Junagadh and Amreli in the south, Kutch in the north and Jamnagar in the west. Climate Rajkot has a semi-arid climate, with hot, dry summers from mid-March to mid-June and the wet monsoon season from mid-June to October, when the city receives 590 mm of rain on average. The months from November to February are mild, the average temperature being around 20°C, with low humidity. One of the most important weather phenomena, that is associated with the city of Rajkot is 'cyclone'. The cyclones generally occur in the Arabian Sea during the months after the rainy season. The region experiences a lot of rainfall and high-speed winds during the time of the year after the monsoon season as well as the months of May and June. However, June experiences lesser amount of rainfall and winds than the post-monsoon time. Thunderstorms are another important part of the Rajkot weather in the months of June and July. During summer time, the temperature ranges between 24°C and 42°C. In the months of winter, Rajkot temperature varies between 10°C and 22°C but on a whole winters are pleasant. Demography As of the 2011 India census, Rajkot recorded a total population of 1,286,995. Rajkot city has an average literacy rate of 82.20%, higher than the national average. Male are 525,880 and females are 477,134 in percent males are 52.43% and females are 47.57% A clear majority of the people here are Hindus 97%.and Muslim population is more than two percent. In Muslim population 2% is Sunni Muslim.

Figure 1. Location map


World J. Civ. Engin. Constr. Technol. 013 OBJECTIVE The fast and foremost objective is to redevelop slum areas and take a decision for strategic planning using spatial information, the following analyses are required: • Plan for redeveloping and relocating slum area. • Bringing existing slums within the formal system and enabling them to avail the basic amenities as the rest of the town. • Development/improvement/maintenance of basic services to the urban poor, including Water supply, sewerage, drainage, solid waste management, approach and Internal road, street lighting, community facilities such community toilets/baths, Informal sector markets, livelihood center, etc. BRIEF LITERATURE REVIEW Slum areas in the city produce complex impacts that affect many factors like land value of city, elegance of the city, the hygienic condition of the city, etc. During the last fifty years the population of India has grown two and a half times, but urban India has increased nearly five times. In 2001, 306.9 million Indians (30.5%) were living in nearly 3,700 towns and cities spread across the country, and it is expected to increase to over 400 million and 533 million by 2011 and 2021 respectively. Therefore, there is an urgent need to adopt modern technology of remote sensing which includes both aerial as well as satellite based systems, allowing us to collect lots of physical data rather easily, with speed and on a repetitive basis, and together with GIS helps us to analyze the data spatially, offering possibilities of generating various options (modeling), thereby optimizing the whole planning process. These information systems also offer an interpretation of physical (spatial) data with other socioeconomic data, and thereby provide an important link in the overall planning process and making it more effective and meaningful. (ROLE OF GEOINFORMATICS IN URBAN PLANNING, Praveen Kumar Rai at.al; ISSN: 0447-9483, Journal of Scientific Research Vol. 55, 2011: 11-24). It is estimated that approximately 80% of all information handled by government agencies has a spatial or geographic component. (Franklin, Carl and Paula Hane, “An introduction to GIS: linking maps to databases,” Database. 15 (2) April, 1992, 17-22). There are 124 slums in Rajkot and about 20% of the population are living in slum areas RMC has proposed an urban housing project for constructing 8664 dwelling units under JNNURM. The cost of this project is Rs. 191.38 crores. (Revision of city development plan– Final white paper, Rajkot Municipal Corporation, 2006, pp 5). The Management Information System (MIS), for Slum survey/Household survey/Livelihood survey is an e-tool developed to build a robust information system on infrastructural facilities available in slums and also about the socio-economic profile of the households and their livelihoods. The system is developed by the Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Ministry of Housing and Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA) and maintained on behalf of the Ministry. (National Buildings Organisation, Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, 2011, pp1). To succeed in setting up a mega geo database to satisfy the Unayzah Municipality needs, an efficient surveying and GIS tools such as GPS tools, total stations, A0 scanners are used to collect geospatial data and to elaborate GIS and GPS application such as road network. (Integration of New Survey Procedure with GIS to Update Roads Network Geo database: The case of Al Qasseem Region – Saudi Arabia, Dr. Khaled KHEDER et.al, pp3). Slum policies evolved from "Site and Services" in the 1970s, to "Slum Redevelopment" in the 1980s, to "security of tenure" in the 1990s and "slum-free cities" in 2000s. Several indigenous policies were also implemented in India e.g. "Slum Networking Project" in Ahmedabad and "Slum Redevelopment Scheme" in Mumbai. Many of them have been evaluated and found to be ineffective (Simulating Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Slum Formation In Ahmedabad, India, 2012, Amit Patel et.al; 2012). Most slum research has revolved around advocating theories into large-scale policy experiments and at the most, post-implementation evaluation of them. Empirical studies have either focused on policy evaluation or studying the descriptive characteristics of slums and slum-dwellers. Previous research has used descriptive speculation about underlying forces of slum formation and expansion, but they have not generated sufficient understanding to develop useful and effective slum policies (Pugh, 2001; World Bank, 2006; Gulyani and Bassett, 2007; Gulyani and Talukdar, 2008). METHODOLOGY The following work flow diagram (Fig.2) is prepared to understand the thorough methodology.


Das et al. 014

Figure 2. Flow chart of methodology The questionnaires data sheet (Fig.3) has prepared for each block at the starting of field survey and the data is entered during survey.

Data collection and Sample survey(Laxmi Nagar)

preparation of Socio Economic Survey datasheet

field Survey of Bishop House

field Survey of Shivpara Slum

Digitization of Data in GIS software and thematic map generation

Slum Developement Strategy and Management


World J. Civ. Engin. Constr. Technol. 015 Figure 2. Cont.

Figure 3. Sample copy of socio-economic data sheet

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Work has been divided into two sections as given below:

Section 1 ward level strategy

Section 2 slum level strategy SECTION 1- (WARD LEVEL STRATEGY) Ward No.11: Ward no 11 is located on the western part of the city. Total Area of the ward is 3.35Sq Km which constitutes 3.20 % of the total Corporation area while total population within the ward is 52,800 persons which accounts to 4.10 % of the total population of the Corporation. Ward is well connected with different parts of the city with three main roads,


Das et al. 016 namely, University Road, Kalawad road &150 Ring Road. In the recent years ward has witnessed the development of high rise buildings awing to high FSI provision based on road widths. Population density of ward is 15761 Persons/sqkm. Ward Profile

Figure 4. Location and Connectivity of the Ward 11 Table 1. Land use Distribution of Ward No. 11

Land use Type Area in Sq.mt % of total Built area

Residential 850051.49 83.37

Commercial 93808.22 9.20

Educational 32929.02 3.23

Public 26163.63 2.57

Industrial 182.31 0.02

Other 16512.70 1.62

Total Built 1019647.37 100

Figure 5. Land Use map of Ward No. 11

6 TP Schemes fall within Ward No 11 as listed following:


World J. Civ. Engin. Constr. Technol. 017

1. T.P Scheme 01 2. T.P. Scheme 02 3. T.P. Scheme 04 4. T.P Scheme 05 5. T.P. Scheme 06 6. T.P. Scheme 16 There are total 2013 plots in all the five T.P. Schemes falling under ward 11, reserved for various purposes. Total area of all the 2013 plots is 2716853 sq.mt; which means 8.11% of total area (3349697) of the Ward No.11 is reserved.

Table 2. Plots reserved under T.P Schemes in Ward No. 11

Sr. No Reservation No of Plots Area (sq.mt.) % of Total Reserved Area

1 Housing for SEWS 11 61845 25.85

2 Commercial for Sale 7 10899 4.56

3 Garden 3 33411 13.96

4 Shopping Center 13 46150 19.29

5 School & Play Ground 4 10955 4.58

6 Residential for sale 3 4239 1.77

7 Public Place 6 27644 11.55

8 Open Space & Garden 30 30258 12.65

9 Public Place, School & Play Ground 5 13871 5.80

Total 239272 100

As Table shows, number of plots (11) is reserved for „Housing for S.E.W.S‟ which is almost 25.85% of total area reserved under Town Planning Schemes in Ward No. 11. There is two identified slum within the ward called „behind bishops house‟ & „shivpara‟. Total households in all the three slum pockets are 172+693=865 with population of 52800, which 1.62% of the population of the ward lives in slums. The two slum pockets identified within the ward are Shivpara and Bishop House.

Table 3. Slums in Ward 11

Name of Slum TP no & Status

Reserved Final Plots

Private Final Plots

Slum Households

Slum Population

Behind bishops house TPS 5 Nanmawa

-- 92,94,95,278,286 287,288

33 142

shivpara TPS 6 Raiya

-- 177,179 180 693

Total 213 835


Das et al. 018

Figure 6. Slum Locations in ward 11

Gantry Price of the land inward varies from 6,000 to 12,500 Rs/sqmt while the market price is 5 to 10 times higher than Jantri Price, which indicates high demand of the land. Land Inventory: There are11 plots which are reserved for SEWS housing in ward 11. At present out of 113 are vacant and 6 are developed for SEWS housing under various state and central government schemes. Remaining 2 plots are encroached.

Figure 7. Land Inventory


World J. Civ. Engin. Constr. Technol. 019 Table 4. Ward Level Land Inventory (State Government* and ULB S.E.W.S Land)

F.P. No./C.S.No./S.No. TP No. Ownership Area (sq.mt.)

DUs Possible to be constructed***

139

TPS 01 Raiya ULB

5824 300

251 2548 131

250 3973 204

238 1649 85

432 2981 153

239

TPS 02 Nanamawa ULB

1429 73

784 5551 285

285

TPS 05 Nanamawa ULB

1991 102

326 1635 84

218 17157 882

104 7923 408

Summary Statement of Slums

Shivpara This slum is nearly 55 to 60 years old and located in core area of Rajkot beside airport. The most of the houses in this slum is pukka house(76.87%). Cast composition consist of other backward cast(OBC). About 65% of households are secured by tenure of land. Slum is located besides raiya road near to the raiya circle on 150ft. ring road. One side of this slum is 150ft ring road. Also airport is very close to the slum. The neighborhood characteristics of the slum are predominantly residential developments. The ward has small commercial set up along the roads and there are no industrial units or cottage industries in the vicinity of slum. The area of the slum is 1.28 Ha Bishop House The slum is 85 to 90 years old. In about 3 to 4 years back because this area is just beside river due to heavy rain river got flooded and all the home appliances and other proofs and documents of residence was flooded according to the people living in slum. Bishop House Slum is located in ward 11, and at the side of the river. Entire slum is located on 7 Final Plots of Final TP Scheme. All 7 are privately owned. The settlement is located on the university road which is sub arterial road of Rajkot and way leads toward sarita vihar society. Except one post office there is not any commercial area or industrial area. The area of the slum is 5.4 Ha. According to the analysis, Shivpara is tenable provided with the upgradation of the infrastructure, whereas, Bishop House is non-tenable and needs to be relocated. Land inventory suggests that 3 vacant plots and 2 encroached plots out of 11 SEWS reservation can be effectively put in use for accommodating all the tree semi tenable settlements. Development Options Development Matrix (Table: 6) given on the following page summarizes the entire parameters determinant for evaluating development options suitable for respective slums. Some of the parameters have also been compared to the standard benchmarks in order to comprehend deficiency in infrastructure provision. The basic reason for comparing with the benchmarks is to filter out the slums which are well off and achieving the standard to enlist them as a slum. In this case, the slums are not up to the benchmarks in terms of certain amenities available in the slum. Accordingly the development option is designed and elaborated with respect to its components as shown in the Table. 5 & 6. Summarizing, it can be said that all the slums are tenable and can redevelop and provided with required social infrastructure.


Das et al. 020

Financial Summary Table 5. Financial Summary

Individual Toilets Roads Provision of livelihood spaces Sites and Services

Grand Total for Slum in Rs. Crores (A +B+C+D+E+F+G+H) No.

Unit Cost (Rs. /toilet)

Sub-total E

Gross Area of Slum (in sq.mt.)

Unit Cost (Rs. /sq.mt)

Sub-total F

No. of Cattle

Unit Cost (Rs. /cattle)

Sub-total G

Area (in sq.mt.)

Unit Cost (Rs. /sq.mt)

Sub-total H

Bishop House N.A 40000 0

350 0.00

1000 0 0 374 0 1.55

Shivpara 180 40000 0.72 104979 370 3.88

1000 0 0 374 0 15.82

Total 0.72 3.88 0.00 0 17.368

Upgrading Dwelling Unit Construction of New Dus Water Supply Extension Drainage

No. of DU

Unit Cost (Rs. / DU)

Sub-total A

No. of DU

Unit Cost (Rs. / DU)

Sub-total B ( in Rs. crores)


Unit Cost (Rs. / sq.mt.)

Sub-total C


Unit Cost (Rs. / sq.mt.)

Sub-total D

Bishop House N.A 275000 0 38 468650 1.55

438 0.00

159 0.00

Shivpara 180 275000 4.95 136 468650 0.00 104979 438 4.60 104979 159 1.67

Total 4.95 33 1.55 104979 4.60 1.67

* As per DPR submitted by AMC under RAY ** Includes Toilet (4m*4m) + Bath (4m*4m)Cost of construction = 12000Rs/Sqmt Cost of DU ≈ 40000

*** in Case where there is 5% and more HH with Cattle



Table 6. Development Matrix

Sr no. Slum name

Gross Population density (ppH)

FSI Consumed Gross DU density (ppH)

Housing condition

Basic services

% HH with Pucca DU

% HH with Tap % HH with Toilet

% HH with waste pick up at home

Road Condition

1 Shivpara 541 0.71 106 68 63 53 68 Unpaved

2 Bishop House 26 0.07 7 12 45 52 6 Unpaved

Benchmark 1.80 350 ppH 75 90 90 90 Paved

Sr no. Slum name Average years of stay

Land ownership status

No. of Owners

Tenure status

(Central, State, ULB or Private)

% HHs with Owned DU

% Tenant HHs

Any prior demotion or threat (Y/N)

% HH paying Property Tax

Percentage of informal dwellings (without proper documents)

1 Shivpara 24.5 RMC TPS+PRIVATE

77 21 N 70 91

2 Bishop House 18.8 GVT 97 6 N 9 97

Srno. Slum name Housing preference Employment Economic Status


Willingness to Relocate (Y/N)

Affordability (Expected EMI as 20% of average income) for EWS in Rs./Month

Percentage HH engaged in casual labour

Percentage HH with Home based work

% Households having distance to workplace upto 3 kms

Average Monthly HH income of settlement

% HH with Monthly HH Income equal or below Rs. 5000

1 Shivpara N 4800 43 N.A 8 4606 73

2 Bishop House N 2275 50 N.A 42 5893 42

Benchmark

Sr no. Slum name

Avg Dwelling space area per capital

Average married couples without separate room

Hazardous site (Y/N)

Final TP Sanctioned?(Y/N)

Proposed Land use as per D.P

Percentage Cattle rearing HH

Development option

Components of the option

1 Shivpara 11.18 N.R N

Residential 1 In-Situ Upgradation

Provision of physical and social infrastructure.

2 Bishop House 12 N.R Y

Residential

Relocation -

Benchmark 5.2

Table 6. Cont.

Das et al. 022

Slum redevelopment strategy using GIS based multi-criteria system (A Case study of Rajkot, Gujarat, India)

World J. Civ. Engin. Constr. Technol. 023 Section 2. slum level strategy (a) SHIVPARA:

Figure 8. Satellite view of Shivpara Block Slum Profile History of Slum This slum is nearly 55 to 60 years old and located in core area of Rajkot beside airport. The most of the houses in this slum is pukka house(76.87%). Cast composition consist of other backward cast(OBC). About 65% of households are secured by tenure of land. Slum Location Slum is located besides raiya road near to the raiya circle on 150ft. ring road. One side of this slum is 150ft ring road. Also airport is very close to the slum. Neighborhood Characteristics The neighborhood characteristics of the slum are predominantly residential developments. The ward has small commercial set up along the roads and there are no industrial units or cottage industries in the vicinity of slum. Physical Parameters Area of the slum (GIS data) The area of the slum is 1.28 Ha Number of DU and Total number of HH There is about 136 houses (DUs) in shivpara. The total number of households in the slum is 180 & population is of 693 people. The average people living in each house is 3.6.


Das et al. 024 Population density in the slum Gross population density in the slum is 541 persons/ha Dwelling Unit density As per UDPFI maximum livable unit density is 350 DUs/Ha but in shivpara it is 106 DUs/Ha. FSI existing and permissible FSI Existing is = 0.70 FSI Permissible is = 1.8 Land Use Nearly 98% of the HH are reported to have residential use. Remaining are mixed land use. If connected to city level water lines, sewerage lines and Rain water drainage lines Slum area is provided with water taps and sewerage system. Number of Anganwadi, schools and health centers within or nearby the slum There are no anganwadi nearby the settlement by 1 Municipal School No. 60 within 1Km of the slum.

Figure 9. Slum Landuse Map

Demographic profile Sex ratio The sex ratio of shivpara is 883 females per 1000 males.


World J. Civ. Engin. Constr. Technol. 025 Age group

Table 7. Population by Age Group

c. Li Literacy rate About 70 % of the population living in the slum is literate. Labour force participation (15-59 years)

Table 8. Labour Force Participation Rate

Particulars Frequency %

Workers 191 86.64

Non-Workers 30 13.57

Total Population (15-59) 221 100

Work force Participation Rate

Table 9. Workforce Participation Rate


Workers 210 30.30

Non-Workers 483 69.70

Total Population 693 100

Land Information Land Ownership(s) of plots with number of HH on which slum is located Encroachment in total 2 Final Plots on which whole slum settlement is located which are private. Table 10. No of HH on each plot

Sr. No. Ownership of Plots No. of Plots HHs

1 RMC --

2 Private 2 180

3 Government

Total 2 180

Age Group Frequency %

<= 14 201 29

15 – 30 237 34.19

31-60 224 32.32

60+ 31 4.47

Total 639 100

Not Reported 0 -


Das et al. 026

Figure 10. Land Ownership Map & T.P Reservation

Land use recommended under TP scheme There are total 2 no. of plots as shown in Table 4, privately owned. Neighboring Land use of the plot in TP scheme Whole of settlement falls in Final TPS 06: Raiya. Land use recommended of the neighboring plots is residential only. Any Demolitions in the past No record of demolition in the past. Land Market

a. Land prices (Jantri Rate) – Rs. 6,000 to 12,500 per square meter b. Market prices - Rs. 60,000 to 65,000 per square meter Tenure status Land Tenure Type Only 2% of the HH are having legitimate documents of ownerships have Secure Tenure while 7% are having totally insecure tenure as they don‟t any documentary proof claiming they stay. Rest 91% is having less secure tenure as they do have documents which recognize their stay but don‟t bestow legal ownerships(Table: 11)

Table 11. Land Tenure

Tenure Type HH %

Secure 4 2

Less Secure 150 91

Insecure 11 7

Total 165 100

Blank 0 -


World J. Civ. Engin. Constr. Technol. 027 Income class by house ownership and average rent Out of total 165 HHs almost 21% are tenants(Table 12). Table 12. House Ownership Status

Income Class NR % Owner % Tenant % Average rent in

Rs./Month

<= 5000 2 78 21 1461 5001 - 10000 5 72 23 1722 10001+ 0 83 17 1800 Total 2 77 21 4983

Physical and Social Infrastructure

Table 13: Basic Services at Household Level

Basic Amenities % HHs

Water Supply (individual Tap) 63.06 Toilet (individual HH) 53.33 Drainage (HH Connection) 83.33 Door to Door Waste Collection 68.33 Electricity Connection 90.00

Housing Quality

Table 14. House Type

Type of House Frequency %

Kutcha 20 11.56

Semi-Pucca 20 11.56

Pucca 133 76.87

Total 173 100

Not Reported 0 -

Figure 11. House Quality


Das et al. 028 Building Typology & House use

Table 15. Building Typology

No of Floors No of DUs %

Ground Floor 98 72.05

G+1 38 27.95

Above G+1

Figure 12. Building Typology

Dwelling space per capital by income group

Table 16. Dwelling Space per capital

Income Group Per Capital Dwelling Space sq.m.

Less than 5000 13

5000-10000 10

More than 10000 12

Total 11


World J. Civ. Engin. Constr. Technol. 029 No of HH with room details

Table 17. Housing size in terms of Rooms

House Size Frequency %

1 Room Kitchen 80 46


3 Room Kitchen 2 1

4 Room Kitchen 3 2

Total 174 100

Not Reported 6 -

Economic Conditions Occupational Classification

Table 18. Occupation

Occupation Frequency27 %

Labour 75 26.69

Job 6 2.13

Animal Husbandry 1 0.35

Vendor 7 2.49

Housemaid 17 6.04

Others 175 62.27

Total 281 100

Not Reported (of total working population)

0 -

Income Range

Table 19. Income Range

Income Group Category No of HH %

<= 5000 EWS 119 70.83

5001 – 10000 LIG 42 25.59

10001+ MIG & Above 6 3.57

Total 167 100

Not Reported of Total HH 0 -


Das et al. 030 Distance to work place

Table 20. Distance to Workplace

Distance to Workplace Frequency %

0-3 km. 13 8

4-6 km. 72 43

7-9 km. 47 28

More than 9 km 35 21

Total 167 100

Not reported out of total HH 13 -

Affordability

Table 21. Rent as percentage of Income and Average Affordability by Income Group

Income Group Avg. Rent as percentage of Income

Avg. affordability as 20 per cent of Income (In Rs./Month)

Avg. Three times the annual income

<= 5000 10 659.6 118745

5001 – 10000 7 1474 265395

10001+ 9 2666 480000

Total 25 4800 864140

Figure 13. Community Distribution



(b) Bishop House

Figure 14. Satellite view of Bishop House

Slum Profile History of Slum The slum is 85 to 90 years old. In about 3 to 4 years back because this area is just beside river due to heavy rain river got flooded and all the home appliances and other proofs and documents of residence was flooded according to the people living in slum. Slum Location Bishop House Slum is located in ward 11, and at the side of the river. Entire slum is located on 7 Final Plots of Final TP Scheme. All 7 are privately owned. Neighborhood Characteristics The settlement is located on the university road which is sub arterial road of Rajkot and way leads toward sarita vihar society. Except one post office there is not any commercial area or industrial area. Physical Parameters Area of the slum (GIS data) The area of the slum is 5.4 Ha. Number of DU and Total number of HH The total number of families (i.e. households) in the slum is 33. Total numbers of houses (i.e. DU) are 38, with total population being 142 people. The average household size is 3.85 Population density in the slum Gross population density in the slum is 26 persons/ha which is very less compared to any other slum area. Dwelling Unit density As per UDPFI maximum livable unit density is 350 DUs/Ha but in shivpara it is 7 DUs/Ha. The reason of this very less population may be water logging and HFL of the river. FSI existing and permissible FSI Existing is = 0.07 FSI Permissible is = 1.8


Das et al. 032 Land Use The dwelling units are majorly used as residential purpose. Though some households are engaged with business of pani-puri which is partially commercial in residential area (Fig: 15). If connected to city level water lines, sewerage lines and Rain water drainage lines Slum is not provided with water supply taps even though there is already network of pipelines is available. Slum is just besides river so there is no drainage. Number of Anganwadi, schools and health centres within or nearby the slum There is one Municipal school No. 94, with no anganwadi and primary health centers around the settlement.

Demographic profile Sex ratio The sex ratio of the slum sums up to 918 females per 1000 males Age group

Table 22. Population by Age Group

Age Group Frequency %

<= 14 50 35

15 – 30 49 35

31-60 42 30

60+ 1 1

Total 142 100

Not Reported 0 -

The working age group i.e. 15 to 59 years, among the total population is 54% and Age Dependency ratio in the slum settlement accounts to 56.

Figure 15. Landuse Map


World J. Civ. Engin. Constr. Technol. 033 Literacy rate The literacy rate is found to be 67% per cent. Labour force participation (15-59 years)

Table 23: Labour Force Participation Rate


Workers 40 44

Non-Workers 51 56

Total Population (15-59) 91 100

Work force Participation Rate

Table 24. Workforce Participation Rate


Workers 42 30

Non-Workers 100 70

Total Population 142 100

Land Information Land Ownership(s) of plots with number of HH on which slum is located There are total 7 Final Plots on which whole slum settlement is located. All are privately owned.

Table 25. No of HH on each plot

Sr. No. Ownership of Plots No. of Plots HHs

1 RMC --

2 Private 7 33

3 Government --

Total 7 33

Figure 16. Land Ownership Map and TP Reservation


Das et al. 034 Land use recommended under TP scheme There are total 7 F.Ps reserved as shown in Table: 4 Privately owned. Neighboring Land use of the plot in TP scheme Whole of settlement falls in Final TPS 05. Land use recommended of the neighboring plots are residential only. Any Demolitions in the past There has been no record of demolition in the past. Land Market Land prices (Jantri Rate) – Rs. 6,000 to 12,500 per square meter Market prices - Rs. 60,000 to 65,000 per square meter Tenure status Land Tenure Type None of the HH is having legitimate documents of ownerships have Secure Tenure while only 97 % are having totally insecure tenure as they don‟t any documentary proof claiming they stay(Table: 26). Only 3% are having less secure tenure as they do have documents which recognize their stay but don‟t have legal ownerships.

Table 26. Land Tenure type

Tenure Type HH %

Secure 0 0

Less Secure 1 3

Insecure 32 97

Total 33 100

Blank 0 -

Income class by house ownership and average rent Nearly 20% HH are tenants. The average rent amounts to around Rs. 2609 per month.

Table 27. House Ownership Status

Income Class NR % Owner % Tenant % Average rent in

Rs./Month

<= 5000 0 100 0 0

5001 – 10000 0 89 11 1500

10001+ 0 0 0 0

Total 0 94 6 1500


World J. Civ. Engin. Constr. Technol. 035 Physical and Social Infrastructure Table 28. Basic Services at Household Level

Basic Services % HHs

Water Supply (individual Tap) 45

Toilet (individual HH) 52

Drainage (HH Connection) 3

Door to Door Waste Collection 6

Electricity Connection 100

Housing Quality House Type The slum has almost 46% of it‟s houses semi-pucca(Table 29).

Table 29. House Type

Type of House Frequency %

Kutcha 7 21

Semi-Pucca 22 67

Pucca 4 12

Total 33 100

Not Reported 0 -

Figure 17. House Quality Map

Building Typology & House use All most all the HH (99%) are used for residential purposes.

Table 30. Building Typology

No of Floors No of DUs %

Ground Floor 36 94.73

G+1 2 5.26

Above G+1


Das et al. 036

Figure 18. Building Typology

Dwelling space per capital by income group

Table 31. Dwelling Space per capital

Income Group Per Capital Dwelling Space sq.m.

Less than 5000 12 5000-10000 12 More than 10000 -- Total 12

No of HH with room details

Table 32. Housing size in terms of Rooms

House Size Frequency %



3 Room Kitchen 0 0

4 Room Kitchen 0 0

Total 33 100

Percentage HH having separate kitchen Not recorded


World J. Civ. Engin. Constr. Technol. 037 Economic Conditions Occupational Classification Majority of the working population are engaged in labour work (50%), followed by Vendors and drivers.

Table 33. Occupational Status

Occupation Frequency %

Labour 21 50

Job 3 7

Driver 8 19

Animal Husbandry 2 5

Vendor 7 17

Others 1 2

Total 42 100

Not Reported (of total working population)

0 -

Income Range

Table 34. Income Range

Income Group Category No of HH %

<= 5000 EWS 14 42

5001 – 10000 LIG 19 58

10001+ MIG & Above 0 0

Total 33 100

Not Reported of Total HH 0 -

Distance to work place

Table 35. Distance to Workplace

Distance to Workplace Frequency %

0-3 km. 14 42

4-6 km. 3 9

7-9 km. 12 36

More than 9 km 4 12

Total 33 100

Not reported out of total HH 0 -

Percentage of Home based workers NIL Housing Investments Not reported


Das et al. 038 Affordability.

Table 36. Rent as percentage of Income and Average Affordability by Income Group

Income Group Avg. Rent as percentage of Income

Avg. affordability as 20 per cent of Income (In Rs./Month)

Avg. Three times the annual income

<= 5000 0 864.28 155571.4

5001 – 10000 1 1410.52 253894.7

10001+ 0 0 0

Total 1 2275 409466.1

Figure 19. Community Distribution Map

Livelihood spaces Only 1 HH is having cattle comprising of cow and buffalo (3 & 3 respectively) CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS SHIVPARA SLUM Housing preferences To be negotiated with the dwellers by group discussions, they may prefer to live in the same area instead of migrating to another area because of the land value and distance of working place.


World J. Civ. Engin. Constr. Technol. 039 Development issues in the slum

There is very poor drainage system and in monsoon water logging problems are dominant so there must be some practical and efficient drainage system. Because of the airport just beside permissible height of building is restricted. Tenability Analysis

The settlement is semi-tenable as it requires proper infrastructure. Most of the house is not as per GDCR so they may be redesigned or redeveloped for in situ redevelopment. Development options In situ upgradation looking at the location preference of slum dwellers and land price of surrounding areas. BISHOP HOUSE SLUM Housing preferences In negotiation with peoples they said to prefer to stay here however, if better facilities are, provided they have to no problem in relocating. Development issues in the slum

The land is between river and university road so there is no possibility of any type of solid structure. Tenability Analysis The settlement lies near to the low lying marsh land and is effected by flood during the monsoons, the place is not tenable in terms of the health and safety point of view. Development options In terms of the analysis the slum can be relocated. List of Abbreviations GIS Geographical Information System FSI Floor Space Index SEWS Society of Economical Weaker Section TPS Town Planning Scheme DU Dwelling Unit DPR Development Plan Report RAY Rajiv Awas Yozana HH House Hold WPR Work Force Participation Rate EWS Economical Weaker Section LIG Low Income Group MIG Medium Income Group GDCR General Development Control Regulation MoHUPA Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to thank the Commissioner of Rajkot Municipal Corporation and the entire team for their endless support and help, Dept. of civil Engineering and the Director, Marwadi Education Foundations‟ Group of Institutions, Rajkot, Gujarat; for their continuous support and motivation to complete the work.


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American Geographers; 97(3): 477-495. Accepted 15 April, 2014. Citation: Das S, Choudhury MR, Shobhana B, Bhakhar K, Vaghela B (2014). Slum redevelopment strategy using GIS based multi-criteria system: A case study of Rajkot, Gujarat, India. World J. Civ. Engin. Constr. Technol. 1(1):012-041.

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slum redevelopment strategy using gis based multi- criteria system

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