sltn ..jojg. chen.if. ico.$•. the coul~et coul'tter will det.ei:'mine and rfil.sclve...
TRANSCRIPT
'I'Q, tlili•'"-ln.tt&DA~,. St&'f~S>
l~~l}~~~]Jt,.~~j!C' ·~· .!.I!~¥:~StJ~~~.~~~§~;c!),~~~ ·~. PROTEUS•' ~GAltl'.;$, ' • .., .. ·J>I.fi'rOSWitttll<I;!)l:,eot:Dlm~}·'' (..,·~;~4¥'."':·:-.··.--·,.·._:.,)_./fJ __ J1'.~1"jii._.ff':'l'I'-·' ·--:~·-.·-.-.:._ .. :_.d.".,ii;:::·r~~~',!~-·-'.•\)F.~:-.. :f,ii~~·~·-'·
'1)~···
Slt"n ..Jojg. Chen.If. ico.$• t. ·'
fnes~s $U,~ll);:t.'4.-~~ t~ the. ~M~lit.e ~i¢tilt,ji ·~~ t~~
Vitti#Jitlia ~oJ;yt~~hnitit · ~J}f;~:t~u"e " '
'' ¢®t\ltd~•i •lfQ~· :tt1e. de'~.Jti~~ o.f
~::tisa ()~1 sez~e:m
-.·.·.·.·.·.·· .. ··.·.• .. · .... •·. · ..... ·. ······.•.· .. ·.'.·.·•.· ·.······•.·.· ... · ... r.·:···:.·"'.·.··.·.·~··.··· .. ·.w.··, ~····· .. ·.•.,:;:.· D;l:,i· ~; ' ~·~·· iuno: '.·· ·, III.
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fa~l' l ~ ;~i4.~,b.t~i 't•~l.f-¢#.;it~• \ * l 'l . ~· 'it t + t .• ~ J . ' . :. ~ ·. . ~ :, ·. : \ .· ' ' . . ·. ~ ·:
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ft·~,··~~. ==~•!t~'/'·~ !r~'!!·~;.'?. =~·~·~!'!e:~~·~•=l~~~f<! .·.~ ~.~.···.··· ....... ·· .. · ,.t;·. ' .. '
l1g~~.fi' th ~~~~t~,~~~. ~;t1'*~~~~d 't)!), ~,r:i:I~' '*~····;~. ~.~,~~1&•···" ; I!$· ·.' ·,' :i11~·i•!lit:liM~.!:f>ll .. '(• \lit ·l1ii'f1$) .. V ~ ~ ·••. · ·• ·~· ;;, ·~, . ~ · • . ii. ~- ·t :~ :;, .:·~ \,,,, , .~ ,,
· tt~~ .1.~ t~~·~~,~~~ ~p~1~•~0~· :~.l·~·i~·li'·'· ~· .~t ,i&IBiilS .· ·~ •··· t(i: X••ar4l~~iiil11 (U· ~· <.hlt4;) •. •, t ~: ~· .•.• 'ii' ~ · ~ • " ..•• ~ • r. .. , •. ;.,. . . ' ' ' ' '' ff
·risw:e t.~. ·'~~t\t~~~~·~~!~~~t~#~· tl1.~_ij,J·ISii .. -~:··~9-$i~~~!lff · . ~~~ ~:0.::4:~ . ., ' o:· .· .• ·d~ • ~:-.:,· ,· ··.ia·
.Ji~- t .~· ~l~iil.l-.t\tt;t~ ~p$;t.,I .. tl·• .iJJ £,~,riiail~i'!,!& -n ·· ·li"'•'i~'+'iJf! _g i•t~if.., •• i~b (l' .,, 'Q,. :f;.:0.3) ·~· t .. ~'-.,~, • :if ~ ., i~ .~· .. ' " '.·.~· ;; ' ~ "' ii I! ''
·•·• !- ,,_, .:,, : ·;_.··.·.,.: •• > ... -·.::.,·· .• , u> ·.·· ··4 '·;. ... ar··· ... ii.t rts~• 10~. ,i,~1.t•a~i~ ,~,,~11:,t~' t~ ,~?i1 ::~:~.~aa.i~ft, Ii);~ - .l,j ~l&er.,ii~~11 ... . · . r.nt~u;~~#:l~ .(B • o~,t~'*)· .~·· •· ~, -~·:~ · ... :~. ,. . ~ ,. .. ··• ii ••• :,. .• ,~,:-;•<
. . JO
m.'.··.a.·J:i.·.1.•···,ia l.'.• ..• ·,, 'llfa···,,, .t;/•'i;l.fl
~~~~~~:~~~~~, :~~~li.···.~ •.. ,P~!$/l!t!?~·tt¥1.·~·~·Ml• ~.~~1·~~~~~~ ·1~;.~i!f'~~~:~l~~l~~i~l;i~k,·~~·~¢~*1~}!~·
methods. The Coul~et Coul'tter will det.ei:'mine and rfil.sclve pop~rlauieru:J
very e~sy and m:i.:tckly by- ~dze d:t,f teiren¢es ~
Antibio&ia
Cott.petition
Coimn~n$al~sni
ivtutuaJ.3.$m
Ptfldat:toii
Parij;sitism
Syi1.er.gtsm
e~e\l;'atio~ of e. f;a,c.t11>t har:n~fu:t to th~ o!:'J1fir
<rt #~<:+~ ft1~ nutt::ient$ and spaiae ·
on~ ltves Q.ff .anotbe~ witb!outt ·hel:pins (•31 hamnitlcg i.t
ea.ell benefits the gtowth .·of th$. othe~
one feed a ·. o·n ~notbet' one steals f tom another
the eombin$t:!an f!Jyi1thesizes by iaoo,.et'at;i;ve me'.tabolisl:Jl
(~) ~il1$ Q:i;'~~$:tct!L,$ti:i
the liH!t.II!aV!~alrS!
fitµd~mi;J;'l;tal ·~qu4t:i;en··was. $ummarlz.eii··.as foll~ws; ·
dlt:t ·;;.··, · .. ·.. .. . ..•· ····. ··· ... · .. ... . .. · ;if· ~, <1i• ltra .... ·~· • ...... "' iln; ··~··~· · Q) . ~u
·~~·• ·e~~(;!f3s ~~~~Ei •et~~~ells ~ not *n tat-ms ~·lf t;~s tna$Se~ l~t bt~~ tn ;etius p.i ~be e~¢~~~. ·~·~.· .())f e~eh .. mase lt1$ •"ver ~~$ C(l)tfe~p¢1.n?~lil~ ··
~~µU;tb~lUfil y¢l1~$ ~.:[' . . · ' I i' ' '
. ·~~· ~,ua'Wj.~rt .• (1) then :tz~~~s t:~~ :e~rm d)t .
. ~~i f:L .(~l' ~! ...... "' ....... ,;. ·.~. ~n) . . •. ·. (2)'
';\th~ pa;"~mef:!.~1$ 'J1•1 q tv$jie CllJ~t~i:\d edit f!b~ ~~~¢ ~f bl!!~;f1,ty, ~l!;p~ndiJa!
·.~~~·· :¢i~t; lt~~d. ~:ml>ll:r ·by ~~~lot'~< ·~h~~*J~~,. ~!\))· ·~.iM.t~ . ':',; -·:·. '·
c:l~ ·.··... . ~t1 ~ 4~1xt + il12'At2 + " .. ·~· <~)
~~It .. . · .... ' .. · ...... · . ··f;i~······ .i;;·. fl'2·1~*·· + ·~22~2 +·.· ... ·~ !. (4)·
. ' ', ' ' ,, ,' . - ·,·· .. ,
4.• g~!l~f .~1l ·$:t:l~j:.1.i\Jtt 4'>.f ~be e;be.ve . ~qtt.at;.~QlilG wi~l ~e·~ij; · ·t¢> . ' ' ,· ·: ·_.:-' : -·· .. , , ,.' , ,'•' ' -- ,.' ,· ' '. ; ,· ' :·:- ..
. ·~.~.).
~~~e$$ ~t' ~ac.h ~tte ~"' .. ~vet· $.#1,/ estre$p<>nd.$;~tt ~
· e(vl:tltl?ttum vatu~
a, ;=. El,ui1a.~~tum .111.1;1,tue ' .. ' '
."" ·. . . ·Iii;\ "'O"'f'f:!.e"'e."'t:s .• · ""'i,J ,.,. ' 'iii . ' ... ~·
Gi ·1<1. eon$t"1:~1ts ....
n .·" a:i;'bitr$.l,"Y <;ai1at.;tn:ts l . • •
.it'i. ~' N.2 "".' - '°"· ~" '."" the :n :tOt)i;e of t.he equat;:Lon :for. X
As ·.~ $ei~~~a1. tt'l.le~ .. t:.he · fo1lowit1.g obse:r:yatiOin '.fJegatd:t:ng; t+h.t? . . ' .. ' "
.· ~oeff :i(:l:ienb111 a1 :t.n: the ~ia~el'.'.~l ·t:ypes of i,pit.1trr<].ep1E1f1der$te entmi:e:ita:f$ed,
abo~t;i '>iete :made~;
(l}' s litv~s .011. s.··1. · .. l:.11 .. · kttl.lin,g s1 .•. &unright (9pi~lttc type)~·· ·.· . ,, 2 .. '
In, t.bis eai;i.e'll &~ is ·adv .. ra:n.~.ac.eou.· ... s to the o-17ow.Kh (;If .... , ·'..!,. ·.· ;;; a
, . ': ! . ' .
a21>tl. ·
(~) s2 ~f;t.t'~aitltc'upon Sp.
fl~'.!!'.e. a~.~~oiJ a21>oii · ~e. i~ the eptsitt¢· type.,;
{'\ a··.·. > .. ·.n . V$ .. 21 ·~ 9
(4) s2 feed~i pn sl~ but .at the sam.e time eu:ltivll?.:tes ft in e;}'!<'ibtos:Ls.
ll~te ~12~olf a~tl.:?'().
a..'il.· .... ···.·-.. ·. 1 .i.l '·. ~, .... ··.· 'i.1,.2' = 0 (7)
- {all+ ii!;.22) A. + <~11 a~2 '" "121~12>
~ ~ ~r (e.11 + S.z:z) . ± j {all ~'.c' a~U?} 2 ·+ 4a.2l/~l2 l
v"'ite*";ra (l~~;i) stat~d thte~ ~~W$ o.:i ~lLt;Gtu~tio~ ~f fi:,ti.ie spe¢Jes.1
~tie pl'ey!ng $n the other= 1, l?opulati.e!:ls Qjl the two $pe(Z1.e.s. rrtay ll)s¢l11ate
f(),fevet ~bQutt the $tl:~t~ona:ty st~~e., ~.~. '.the aaympt9t::l.e ~•n ~~ml:h.~J'S Qf
1die ~,ee,te$. illa.Y bt;ii tndepeod~nt: at .in.~e;tal ~ta.t~ ~nd .equs:t t~ the $1:tat~on•
(iry sc:~te va$\ie}}• 3, Xf ~n!l.iivt4ulS!.1fti of ~h~ two spe:Gies iA:t$ l(fest::Cotvei:l tn . ' . . . ., '
p'.rfc;p"t~$.~n ·fl:~. t:heb ~umher.s~ tile me;a1il aurnbelt:' <>·:f th~ e~een (l:p~a¢l$.$ (v)!'ei)
$.ne)J'ea:$~$ whll~ t\b&t 0£ t.he lilr'eytn~ $p~c1es (~t'e(i.at<nt) d.ecte;;l~es.
li:~uatton~ we'Ei also p'tl~tHib~ed tt> deec;!t'ihe eke f1u¢tuat:len in i!l:umbers Qf
a pll'e;r•p:redat;e>:r $WsJl\em t~ld,~g tnt() a~Qount a ~~g betw¢e!l ¢laange, tn f!i>od
su):'pi)r a;r;.d chti~se in '.!l'ate ~f lnc'l:ttlla$e ~f };'~~ytiilg speele$~
t;Jause ~nd W~t:t (ltS') ~iseussed th~ #hi'!!~ll')r'. (!Jf t!he $t'owt:n ¢if ~xed
l\H>pul~tion etf .~·wo sp~eies tt<ont the vtewpGtnt£ ()f naturat ¢e1e~t:.~on. tn
~el:'Uln cases the ~esuh ~f two et:tmt>e.ttn~ s.pec$es is' dependant \1pon the
init;i~l. t,HtopQ\\l't:l,~n Q·f the t/cwp .¢pe!Z1es. fb~)1 <.itt:tlclu~~4 '.t;hat the ~e!~t;i,ve
Q;dapta:l>tlitt 0' t~ spee:tee ls a. rat,he3t va't'iabl:e featu:re.
H<-i!ltbe~t. e~ $1 1(19,6) <level.oped •thematit¢.~l equa.t=$~ne ba$~<l 011
~be :Mol:l~d. (194~) thet>~y f ¢it' th.e $1t~wth o~' ba¢t:~:tU la ehe · eent.i.nu~us
cµhure.. ~e esf:1eut1;al. a$S.Un$tto~ l$ t:hat: tb~ m:tqtobta.1 grqwJ;;l) ot¢u'.!:$
at a e<>t>iftant :r1;1te ati.d in. a co~sta.nt; ~n:vf,J;"C,Nl:l.erit (undet $te~Ci;,v ... 19t~e~ .
et">ndtt.tons)., ~he$e env,r.Onmen:trai .fa¢tqr·lil include ,u,. eonceiie>:tJ.t:i,().ns o~
.iWt-rietl.t$, mee:a'b.91ic P1!'oducts and o~ygen ·ettpp1.y.
tn order· t~ ~ev~tcp these matthe~tteal equ.~uzt~n$. ~cu.st.;t~t- baete;ria.·
~towing. i,n, a. ~.O'~!ete.l;y•m:t~ed ec.Qti;nuous culture' apl'a~atais. StretUe
$tQwth tnedi"1nt ts fed j.~tt.> tthe ¢ul,¢u:tre V~.ase.1 at 0. st~ady fl·O~l\'ate and
cultu.~e flutd emer:ges. £~ol'f! 1t at th~ $ante t..ate-. a oonst~nt•leve1 .or
•lO"
f.i~m~l-a1!' device [(ei;ip~ng th¢ v~t~111e · in the· ye~~e~· eonsta:nt., Complete
t4:i.1'~n:g ~s assumed fil.Q ~h~;t t~e enta11ing $~O't11tb med~um. l.$ .tn~t~ntan~,u~ly
;;i.nd untf.otmly dlsper.sed tbrou&heut ·the veeaet.f the inflewtn.g m~d::i.um ' . ,.
ha.s a" .$tngle gtowtll .1:i;m1t:i:ng 017~nic sub$trtl.l;e ~ti .~. conceut;r~~~.Jln .;;.).\~·
it ~$ e$~U.tmei that all ¢the;r s·uh$tr~tie$ ~re ,pre~~nt in e$ees$ 4 ~m.d
the 0~7gen s'i,J;ppl:,, ~s a:~wa:ys;i adeqllat$~ 'the vatiahl.es ~itb~n the fJ.ott.tttt>l . ' .
,pf f::l'\1;: expa't.$menf;er ;l~e the SttbS"Cl:~fS.~ C()IJ,(;)enttt'aftton •nd f!~O\\I t,"~te Of
the tneomtri$ cid~ut~ !¥1~d.i1$mo: 'll!he~e~!'.>t'e, ·<!I eompl.et:e tll,eory bill~ ~a
Ei:J!:ptetn h'Ow va~la~:ten$il ()£ the$e affeet th~ g~owtll tate, i:h~ 1cf)~ei:a~,.
ttat!c>n~ of ~g~nj;.slllS •nd p.f . substt~te ~n the g))'owth ves$el.,
'When no otglin$.em$ :tire 'bel.ng ~.u11ptied.;'i.~t"~m :ef(ternal. sQµ~ce~~ ~l\e
s'owtth t~te. :Ln th~ ¢on~inµQu$ cui.tute ve$$el ~IS de$¢tli.be(l.: b)'~ ~~u~t.ton
(U iu;i4 $ll¥Ulit:aO.e9usly the wash ol);t ;tt:tte I.·$ egprest?ed by ~'Uf.tt:i~n (2,).
€! .. ··· .. ·· "" ~ .~ l): .~ ' ,.. ,.. •.. .;., .... (i)
~· ·~ the o.<>neentJt:atlon of prpni$Jll~ .(dt;y w.e.ight o.£ Q:t'gariisi11$/un$.t
.of val.ume Al.t t ;Lme t)
l~ .,.. spe¢:f.f!~ g~l)wth t:ate
:,:; l e 'the tate ():f i, ll~f:.·.e.8.·$.e.· .. ·.· .• / .. 1J.··.n.1t.•.•. 0. f. 'c.\'l.•J:O.·.atJ..i.·sm, ¢~nc.ient.r. at.'.i.•.·~.J,l)' it dt ~.···.•' .···· .·. ', .. Q
The tiet. ra~e .~:f ·~i:J.cre~se :.of con~enttatJ<:>o. pf otganistlU!f lf.l ~·iven
1>1 the simple b.l!f.~t,tl;l.Ge El.ctuat•itm (3) :
' '
'· ' : \·i••ei·!•-~~;•:~.~·ft'·.f.~:,•-~1~:~•• i:~"t.n~··•·1*••t~•1*•u:•·* ~lrl•~*·~ . w¥~1>*•~·-$~·· wh:t.~~ :ff:·~r~.~-- ft' ls'' n~g~t'~"~ ~~ ·-~~e}~•~e~n!~~,~~~-,~J
•·· ~-:~~~:·=~~:, ~·~~ ~~:!:•:I~':~. t··.,.· · •J'g~tal-1.. h the eult;·~W!'e: ve~sel is; ~~tl.y eq.._i t'o f · e 'lq.:t,l~n: x~ ~-
.. It;~·· ,. ,, .. ;,t$e~f- -~~,i ~~~e•o.n'.·:~'"'••; .. J.\~;"*nf!~tlli~:t~~"·'·etl,;· ijNit:: ~iltl•~• tl'•~<t•
···:~~r~~:~-~=;~~:~.:~::.~·.•. " :• ' .. ~ . . .' ; ·.' . . .. i . ,; ·. ...~ :.. ~ ,: . . ' '· ..
ta ·el\• •ul~~e ·v~$ill·•t:'" ·,~.uhtitii~J~ ·tJ.J: etltellf·il\g -a.t a e••e•t~itt•n $1 •
l>el$$ ~~---~~ J.r_ t• ,_._.,,;•( ifiiilit .• Ml.~-~ ~nit at ill .~t®e.ri;ttl~J~-.. •~ .. . . . •.~ ', . :. . , .. . ' • ·. > •: :," ~:;,. . : I . . ..
· · f).le ,net t«J.1., ,,~I :'-ha•~fJI ·~- ••b•t~•·•e. ¢·•ne"n~-r~tlon ~$ t>b~A.lttea ~Y ·ifUt:h~•
1'•l~aee i~l~ixf (4:) · ·
f.-4$e • l•Ptltl . .,;., ~()U.i,lit ~- ••ne~ttQA. (4')
l'.Wett '(ltS.J'.): a~~v~d tll.~ tr$'.l•t,to~• betti.~ail Pfctfth #a•~~ ,~~r~ti:~•
~-•bte• 4l1'ti-'l>~~tfba,aa«'afiie 4.t¥J:•*'1'~1ld.•• *1tttig_ ~ontt;.f.\l•·w:~~d ~·cutt\\f•·~ o~ !al!~()·e~:,at!f.l#&!tst ·4mf B~:. eu!-ter:i!!!! •-~ l1P'• ,:l&l!ilnt~lt-$~
. ·. ~!· '
. · •ov:t¢k and $~ilatd. (1?50) aevelop~<l a deviee l<.nown •s the r1eb~mos.tat~'
£0r k.~ei;>iug a;.b~ct~rtal pepul~.tfon gt(?wi'ng over·.an in~ecfinite period··o£ '· ·;.
•tint~. •·. The ,qent~ll,t$ 6£ tbe. vessel wet.Er $tir:red l:>;y' h~bbltr1g ~it :thrQugh
it. . Prc:;s'St.ilre was ti$ed illls:tead .of pumps".· !, '•
~4~ket al'la Snyqer (196,1) u~ied ·st.re~toegc¢us. s·~J.iv~:t"ius· ~i<td
!eillohe:Ua• a1~$1es¢ens, ~or fitudying ap; inter$eUon. · 'l'he fQ~meJr.ptovtdes
lf!l.ct1¢ a¢id from catb,o!;lydt~t~s;. «.the l•{ittier utti:t:aes· ·· lllctate '1,iµt .:n~t . .. . ·•. - ,. ' .,.
~at'pohydr~t:e" S.tr@l!tbe~~cµs $Ali vair;Lus . fin~ \r~·il Jon.ell~'; ~l~•lef$.¢EiU;$ W"E?te ~'. ,:· ··, .. ;. __ ...... . .. ~: ', ., ... -.,., .. ·.·-.··· ,-. ·., ,,·~.· '
$rowa in Pl!ll\'e eultut~ in i~dividuU 0ch~tnoflt~t;s •nq; then nomldn~~ f ot' -, ! ., .,
mixed growth :La •: se~ond stage... The r~sult.s indi¢ated a, di$t.in~~
interaetton be.tween the st:ta:l.n empl<)}l'ed .in tJ1at t.he generat.tio:d t.irne ·
for ~ach speei~~ w,!;\$ ma~k~tlly :l'.ncteGised l;>y the pr~senee 041 th~: i:1tl\1£i;t.
ImpU(llit in mo$t theoret.'ittlAl tteatments of gt'o~th k.in~t~~s o:f!
or~fi\nisin$ in eo\\ti\11Jous eulture wiils th~t mixed po1n1.latiop.e would t:t.ot . . .
¥1.c:ht.eve 1l1 ·steady st:af.ie ~ o~ population ~ould ove~,,..g:itow and di$p1&,.¢e
·the otb61t'$ whi¢b w~t'e .w.-$hed eut. An exGeption wis thfill situfttion: ' ; ' ,.
wll~l."~ic Ii 'mutant p~~l .. ti~7;1. :e2ti$ted :bi il11q~iH1:l1tdium with :a pareri:t pppul~ ..
tion. ln many ?mtutrai·· $~vitonmetits wl:ri~h· we~,e essentially 0;ontlnuous
cultut"ti $)'!stem$t m:bt~d papµlat:tons were the ru~e, t.i.~d steftdy.-.~tates w~i-e
~pptoaeh~d if not. l~tu•Hy aoh:i.eved. !!!.ontoilif ~ttd Y~ng9 (1964) $t;.UC!,ied
p~ei~ntti.l•r): 11.nv.~st:tgaar:l..Pus. W'ete c.to1i.<l!u¢t'¢d i:n .. -. (tai\v$tUti(Yit•l cb~m9$t4t
•n~ itt e.hf#$i~~l:t~. d~fi~ed m~ii1ai w1.tlt·th~ i·~11~:tni• ~ii~~d ¢.ullt1Jr¢g;·~ 1'$¢;e~t;j.umlpli~s~p of~. ¢?~A a,~a, '1v¢91,~J?.1-.~$~·>.~
. ~*1t~~ d~i:•i~;t~g1 l·st~itdr· s·tat¢ .pop~lit,i~ll fof t;~u~ ~~¢t~tiu~ · t!1~~$·t:i~lli~ ~°'ii ·~$0> t pn~g~ 'w~s inG>¢~l.a~e<;l~ ' ~~; pJ;titge. t~se
'. \ (, ~1mjxl.nt'Utll '"'n<i deo·:l.'i.ned ~~pid'.l:)t ~O ~· l$vel wJ;tteb
• ...... '-:; c
i~i ·~~eg~ ,.~p!Jil•tit)~. w~s ~()9 ta:p$d t~ &e s~u·s~~ i~ waliln,..eu~. ai~'d · '
· 1nult;iJ?t•· ~ils¢':fl:l!iliii::1J.i Q;t pha~~
by t~~ fl~S.JZ ~~1·:i•~t· 'fh~ ~ ¢~li.p~~S~!lt~d:'
$td.~r:~)~f l?~~()lV' · ~lle i'.lliti'9;l. l~v~t.
· if•1'.t~:i:tuil/lfy~t~iq~1b#l . (A~t',,.,·i~¢tet' ~et~~la!J~$ >•nd !;te~-~~.li~m .· .·.
', ,· ··-:':\ -- - -'\./.-:-- ', ' - .-: ' 1:'h~·.b~¢tet~~1, pQpuJl:l!ttiQn e41uld gti:.1\1.1• itl¢1!!!.p$:;;1~~~j~lj·.~li:il~
.··~·~~· m~~~0e.b~. p\lpµb~ftlf:0"11 wlit$· ·~nt:tt~l~ de~e:~td~~~ ~n•:t.b.tl• bi~t1:ria
. •a·.• $~~t~e. ~$ fbod. · ···f.h~. d~11sit;v •of.· .. t.he ·•iiie~e*t~k·w$$>d~t.e~i~d·
.· ~:.t·h~i~ 1tat.e o·f· .. g:riJ>~th·#· ·:i."~~~·· Q~ ~~~$h l'.1u;e,·· !J.~d; t4\te'oif: ·~·11$~lf: .... . . . . . .
~nt ,.),ly th~ rn1~~nie1>~~ .• .v Whe; !i'<)Pulat iQ~ 4~ll~:tt~· ~: r '
th~" ~ny~~~~<:>~'bit .
. . ~J,il.~•
($) ft~~t'ilt'ium/Yeat;!t · .(i., •. ~~·tl:.lgilne$ .~Mlt ~nd ll?u~ )'elE!t:)J · . . .
. ·T~~· Pt':t~t:y ~~p~e~·t&l ·•fi~pi;ll"t:t~h1·•.gt¢·~ t~d~lf~tt4etirtl.y of: ttlie • • ' ' ' 1 •
yf:~~~ #Jl)t.~,ce the l~t;.¢et wete ctepe~der~t on t~~.· i•¢;tiE!;ti~ tQl' one
,Ol:' m£>ll'Ei cel$~~1'lttle'.I. nU!zl'tel\'tEh ,Aft higher (lill!tio:a, ~.at:,~$ tne
yeae~ 'Wetre was}l.ed O\lt Qf ~he.eU!t\tJ;~.
·· (4) ·-·:JSFA'¢~e.:t'i:t.tut/l!>~¢te~-~hrlml " ._!,•
. ·fWP .. st+~ins •Of A~ -··e~(41:g¢;nes. w@te &t . .;:ll;9tl. i:f1..im~e~. :c~lt;~t'~.
~ne w~l!t · l:.ae+, ~i~+ ·-~114: ;ll!-~:LGl .~~.nsi:tiv~~-'j· 'tla~ ~µfu;~- o'rte .w~a ~~e.:., · -~~,~ ~nd ''acdd ·.res :ts:t;;~nt 1 ~ .-• ' <Fiut? tu~t·~o~~ ·i~i pijo,w<?-~.c; .•••. •· ·.
· ob$:a.!iive-~ . ~nd ~]<;:tte:. it:tgllly e-o-1t1telf,tt;:~d ~1:tth:· tO.f.)4'1' pb.:R~l.:t;:~i:>t't
d~.n•i~y~ !ll~ -pH wa.s the ¢Qt'ft'toHing f:ae1~<iJX'··' \rihe -.pr.im~t)'.·
~opu'.1.4\tion (La<?'~;i ~t, l'~e-~d sens.:!Js.ti:veit) .J~w~t~~ i t:fie .pff.Q~ . • ' • I ', • .'', ",::. '.1'::;·, •
tQ'~ ~~dium as· ~; :it¢aul~ .. of it!G· g~f.))ijt:h~, le~_(;ifa~ "ti~- :i:~-$<~-ll.· ·
'; ,.,, ..
i~ibitio1).· ~nd w~al:l,.·-•Q'ut,· .. :Jilt~· loti1eli'ed -pl'l,fav~.t~a,_.~he ·-s~¢-~;n¢1l,i.~:Y:;-' ·.·
popuJ.~t:icm (:t;ac- ,i .?$·~· ''~~.l..-4 res1;6?t.~1'Jt\11):._t-1l~i¢h gr~w -~~l.d l~~d
te'· ~11 inare'a$el5 pll-.~h:t<;b :f:~hto'red the origtna,.l pt'imttr::v· .pqpu ...
liJngay ~nd ltti~.g 096$) r~vl.~we:d .seine ml~ed ¢uieu:re ~'~pe~ts .q:f .
dai~y p>toc.es~~s, -aoirll'lt~l?c i~l. f¢rment~t.iotJ;fi ;nd. ~i~i(?~:i,~~1 wa,s~:~ tt.~e.4t.,
me:n-t preicesseis ~ 'the l?ip<>11t.aneo:u$ · m1.:.1e¢d euht:tt~ pt~¢~s$es •~e t;ho~¢
wh:i.<ib j:rise. nati:tt~lly 1;~:f.1.tl1 Jit1tle-, ~:It- n~ ~_:tt~il'tpt tr,:i,i:no¢ll!~t.~- wit~
speci#ie- IY't"S~nisms •. ~.fill.$d tai.tt'ed· ¢u:1tu~eJli. ~te. :tnt.ei~t,4..0~1~lly :b1oc;.t""
lEite<l ·with· two Q~ mor~ ch~tl~etet-:!J!i~d · ¢U·ltui~s •. · t'tl§ e;o~l$- .ef 'l!eseatch · ···
Ot.l inix¢d e1.tlt.\l:it~s ~11~uld iS~~-m t<>, b~- l\l>md<flt:sit~.ndi:P;g, $:.n,d-. Pt¢tfi~'l::i,!i>n i;o- .·.
thilt pro¢ef3.$~$ c~n bf.; :Op1~ imiz•ed.
·. Ptope;i: end tl~+-v~r C1SJ.~6). stuc::l~~<t t.he m~slif /?Ulttti'e- pf the ptote;zo~ - . .
CPlJ~oQ.a:· ste~nil; .<i:t1lttii1:~· eoxi<l:i.t!:Le1's• ·ltine.t.~,.e$ .. Q;f ··-~r!:>wt1lt' and·yi$ld-_.w¢re.
illW$t;igaJ:ed· tor 'th~ ¢i1t!.~t¢: lf}t'OWl.1 w:H:;ll y;l,~bU:~· 'j)~tMtli)\'t· .(E;ii ,ls~ti) .413
the sole foGd $0i;lte~.. At. h.igh bact:er:i;~U ¢;oneEintr.at.:tQn$ (abov~. !tOO, ms/1)
·15·•
the ret~ qf ~t'!iZ>W~~~i.tbe ;protoio• ts limited ~Y t:he ¥i$ie •t wb.i¢h t:be
b~cter:t• are m~t•J:;~lize<l. · · i$ t,'.J;).~ 1:>.et.~rf~l eo~~~nt~•tt<>'li!i ts de~~ealli~d:~
gr6wt:b ~if fill:¢, pt'9te.~P~. :t~ lillltt¢~ 1>~ tine iY~~que~y·.~it:b ~~·itb trh~.y
t;~~1\>unte~ o•~te't i;JJ • . . ' ,, ~
·.A.¢o~i#eti~-~~~ ;i,nte#~¢tfi~A·b~~~en t~o··y~ase, !t.~shJ~~b~·e~$,'..
e~t~vis:t~e.~.· 'li~d·· ·i:lie· b~l!~~luin,· ·Plfet~.u.$ ~ul.s~rjJ.> ·:ln' ¢~unti'ln~a.i;is ·eultur~ ;-"-• , '• ,_ ,, , .. " '; '· •.- - • ~- , : ' '' ·,, • • f '.; ' '· • >" ' ,: ••"' , - - • - .- - , • - ' - ·- I
'.fl'elatd:v~~ w~~ '$~(i)t~ti· ~Q b~ the e~s~nt:t~i ~a.1i;t:l;l1· $upp'fi~d ·ta t~te \JiJet$t';ijJ ·
'by ~b~ ye11Zst,, . pPpUl$t.iQn. e$t,imt.tt~~ . ~~l'e m~c1~ u~ i.µg • ¢?\Jil~~~ . ~ounte't
A ... mutu:a,;:t~m .. :tp,1p~t~~tiof1.b¢tw~~~ ... ~r¢t:~~s .. ~~l.@ar~s an~ .. l•cj:q!1Ji
J?."lyin)".q i~ .f$Qn,tint(tou$ ¢.ult'.l#t"e W4$ condu¢ted by fh f. Yeoh H967.).
't~ v:ut•&l:til:l. ne¢d$ ,e. rd;~~i;n .. Jike fa<?t<Jt anti. ¢~c;-~tes l)i9tith I•· .pQl'.Ym¥~•
needs 4\ 'biot:t.n.-like fi•Q.tor ind ex¢t¢t.e.s M~acJ.11. N.o st.¢ady"'.st~te was
•enievt}d i~ tibis ttie~i•~:tioµ,.
l'.tl te.¢ent work,, l),;1akei et: al (l.966) :wt~se.nted ej\'.petirn¢nt11 ~nd
i:;b.eor~t:i¢G:J, c()~sid¢t;tiJ>t:ton;~ of tbe ef:feQt;. \tif the. env:l.:t:>oni:n~~t on t.he
p$t•niete'1!1$ of Vohe~ta. 1 $ eqµ,.t:te;;n.!<l. · Volt.etra 1$ th$otetieal efiuat:£.ons
tt:ilt.ute. ~Q$.,t~liu.m .d:f.$(;Qidewn ll¥nd Ei. ¢Qli we lie tj•aed Sor this p:rey ..
prtia<.h11tot inv(;llstigiJ~:l.o~t.
J,\apet (l93,S) i$olatr$d th¢ Eipeeies,. t>ie·tl!Q$.tel;unl d:taeoi;~1lm• from
de~ay;i.:ng leave,$.~· ~is · $.lim!ii mold is I ba¢tetial fee4~J: and esil be
gtown in •s.sQ¢i~1;;:1,o.n. with a large vliriety of s~ptC>phyei<: bac;eeti.a.
-16""'
\ : i. ~ i
I : ~· I I ! ; , 1 . 1 , , "I i· l i ', , ' ,,,, I • ' \ ,-\ ,l ;' '1\
.A~ l>e:$~l,iption o.f ;Ct.>nti~uoU$ .;'J.¢>W·AJ'!~olt''1tus 'i ... • ' ' i', '\
' ' '
~ typ:i:er~J .cont:tnuot.ts flow ?ppa.~~tus us~d in this. $tu4y lt~ ·sliown . '' ., .. ,_.
' ' '
:in 17 '.i;gU,;1:'¢ ,, t •. ' th~· eult~:r.¢ 1 ,y~$'$~1 ·W"$ a.' SllO ll~1 ••.. ; ,')N,,i,4e ,(ilQli/.l;ib' ~~l~ll1ltr¢Y~\t' ' .. ' . , "''' ' ' . - . ·, ' - , I . • ; ' ' : , . ' , ' -. ' ' . .. ' .- . ' ' ' ,_ ' i ' ,., ' - '' . '.- ·;,-~ ;'
fl:l!lts .. Kt · ,Pd,t .~~s fttt:ete,cl .:t:h"toµs~ ·$ ~elt,tn1ri ~f fi';t(;).t±iJ;z~d ··¢~tt~~ij. ;a;~d : : • • · ·
, b,.ttQ,dueec1 itnt.o the f li8l'Jk · With .~. 'Qypodetni:i~ need:Lta : .p:tojee~i~!~ · ;th'.tfougla ' • , {' r ; •• ·, ' • i -· ,· ' .,-,
.t.ile .ttt~'b¢r .. $,tppp~.i:-. A .m~snet: :te ~ t :t11r1tug ~a~ ·~bo~'t:, d~ce i:~ch l.axis· ,~l\1hJ"
u.$~d ti:>; •P.t'9V,1'de V:l$"'1:l:'Q1:ls Jni~in;g~! The. ·,¢ult:ure w"a, :tno:e;uJ:~•lted ·by lliP~t:t.iu,g
through ~ 3/J3 .:tn;ct;'h st;a:tn1ias$. Ste.el sentry .pip~ .Q.~pp•cl With - 1rU.bbe:it.
$tOPJ?~,~ •.• '$.be ~tilt.tJ:te fl;ask 'W:$S .p~t~:Otlly .i1~et'.S.@cd 1 • :tn :a,' 2$,qGt. t\1Eit't$t'
{ ,.
or .J.Z,..,lite't t'C>Uud bott0m gl~s~ f14.s~. Ii 1/.f+,·inch glasJS :tpb,e, ptbje~.ted
t'J;lt<>U$h, the '.lt.ut>bet l;'>.tQppe;t jzp the bottom of the. medi:um. lte.$~~V.Qri.t.. Gum ...
¢.ont ;!.nueµsly ·~·t: . seleetf!ld :flow lfat~s. £:eo1n :t~he j:oe!iletvoit titi. th~ .¢td.ttu:;1.re
:v¢.f3s~l •. Th~ di.i;f~rent · H@~o:-ra~~s we:i:e (lependent 1,tpen. th~' mo~iilt .sp~ed ·
and tll.t: st:ae,·of t9'.bing.. 'l'i?"m•·t~tl\in .~. cPU$ttant· volume tn thJ;I .cultµt~
v~ss~t,. « tlll6 i11ch gl~!ils over ~low ,tube was l;b•.iwn to • tipt $nd it
•
Cotton Rubber tube «-----
·=---> " ' Air Supply
~ I I Flow Flow
SIGMA-MOTOR PUMP 6/ }1111\
/ Air
~ -'
II \ ,....
I
1d ....... I
I II , \
Water bath
Figur e 1. Continuous Culture Apparatus
A.1J. b~cterial cult.ul'~S ~r,e obcai.ned f.r.om the V.~jl•, t:ttltu~e
~olleetioti: .• , Esehet<.i¢hia edU ('i,:ATCQ. ,://: :,9 0J.]~n t) is ~· sm~l1 i:o<;l, O.~.
•M.·• ... ·· J.·.·.' • .• ·.P .. ·. · .. t. o .. ·· 3 mic:ti.,.oi:•S.· ... ,· .. ·''· .. ocettr.·.t:,·in"'.· .. · .. ain.1'1' .. tv .. ·. ·in.· ... · p· at. r,s ~.nd in. shori;. cht.ln .,,,, et o ·'7"" ·-1.- - .. ,·, ··,r'-···"~ ... ·-· ·,.- ·-<':
motile, .. 1~am nef$~tiv.eJ. fae~ltl\tive, optimum. teinpe:t~tut'~· ii;$: 3;71t>,~,,. ' ,. ·. - •' ' ·-. ·-: . -, ' ,'. ' . ' ' - . . :.· -,·. ·:·, .
· J?t'ott~us ~l.~lltt:iA i$ t s~~li :i;Pd1, o .,s to 1.,0 by l ', ', :: ,.,.".
OC~~rt:i.n,g $.;ingly~ in p4irS,, motr.:Uet, gram niagt),tiVe.,, ae~pb,1.e~ Optilll1u~ ,!; ; ··.·,
':Di4tioe1tel}:~llJ ~isc()i~eulll W'~$ pu:reh~eed frQm. t1'e ~~n~~~l •tolpa:tqf.ll
S\ilpply H$~~·E11 Chici$o. Ulin,9is. .l?ict:_zoS,t$Hu~11 Q.J.s.coideu1u. is. '1 ~ellul;t:1~
$lime mold ~nd ie. 'b•ete:rial ~ee.Cl~t exhil>it:Lng se'!fet"~l at4$EH~ in its 1 ife
?hf:?. optimum $\li:Pwth t~mp~tcit.tu11te is.20q to 24°¢.
11<1~ th:i.$ $tudyt st.oek cultu11'ee of E. eo:u. l\nd 1~ .•. Vtlls;a;tis t:iete
·ml!l.int~ined G>n trypt:.ic &oy iil.$ii.:r $lan.ta l.nd $tere4 ~t Ioac. !t<?'ti)!O'stialium
qiscoideum was S'libctalti:oted on lactoee ~~at slaats con.tail):ing 24 hour
a ... ro.wths of i. coli ~i1d :e .. '' •. ' ... ·.v. u, ·.1.•.· ·P:. 4t:ts.·.·..... ~be sl~n.ts wet~ incubated at 2s0c j 0 -.·:~ ... '"_lr'7'"'!Pj • _g '
)1 ,,
' '
p,et litet: tt:t 4:l.stiU¢.d w~te~ fot, t}l¢, hJ,t.q~,at,~.fii end D •. disci:)ideum '~ :. \•,,:•A <\ ' ',',' ~.~~~,'
'OC'lle culture V$~6e1 wa:~ ct:~i·ged by pumpit1g ~bcn;l.t 2!1{) rol. of> Il!IJ,ftie.nt (',,,
vessel w~!il> ~beµ ~:now¢d t(.'; p~'oceE!d l>~teb~1.se for 14· b.o~r$ G,t: ~~~,()it\ tim~
thete w~lif "ii>vioua t~rbi~ity. , A J.oep needle wa$ u$etl tQ> 1{~;$.ufl;.fet iseveral i[,.
h~ads •n.tt st«l~~ o,~ L.Ai$cPi~~Ul1t ffQtll the 1aet.O$e diiilt e:utt.utfi! ;into
.: s\1'.,etile tube of 1a:(!te$e broth 91' ttypt;:h:; ai.>y b~0t:ll~ 'ibillJ, $U$pe,tt&ion
th(;} J'J.h,,4.i~~ to ~t'OW 'bei~re cz91ltinuou~' pumping Wat> st~rted. Gtam , .. -· '';-,'" .. - . '• . ' '
s.tf.ins were tn~d~ eve~y d~y to' eheek fox- <::·<>nt~min~.'/i~,on~ Samples Q~ th¢
¢.ul.tu~~ were eolle¢ted •t ttegu:Lgr time :i.nterv:abi •~d the popu18,.t.it>11 Qf
S4mJ;>l~fll, wer~ tjken f(ll'Om the et!~lue~t t:ube :flo;tr (1<1ulter <:01:.u1te~ <:tt
:Petv!'.:!£x .. l'f;a.u~$E.'.r czounting. · O.n~ millil1.tteil' 0£ the sa~nple was pipette1d :h~to
·""· 150 m:illH'.Lte~ be~ke:r wbi4°h contained 99 milliliter Qf ().9 percent ' • • " i • , I• "·
. -ecl.ll~ti\i.:tr,llls ~ere' '.P~eipatl~<l~ 1'~ta (lQU;l.'f!et dount:,e~ $~tt'.t~f!il ~or -•~- a~!Zl -
p," .d,.~c;¢t~~~utl!." a.'t ~~ --~~·-· p~~sff.~.l,<l!!~J! :t»; m~*eil. eul.tl.t~es ~h?te obt~l.~~4 ~l!o1'l th~ -$~·ttt 4:te~t:!~u~·!<>:i.1 <!uH¢~ <if?tgljl!'e lif ~) ai>id ;tt~-~a~ :tn, -
Wa"ol~ --2--:.,; a-rt~~t:t'f>;t1)ie Cf;;l\i~t$ ~~El ~lie:(it;:;e~. perif,.f1H.4t~~~1ly ·wi;cf~ :a- :p~~~()~f ....
. . court~~~ eounte't>;:se~tittg$ ~ot CO\t~t~'l?l-1 ~~~ • ., !-:.· l'--~ ·
. f~!:~!-1 ·rt l'' ~~-
!~-~%t:J~~.u~~t!
~~~-----~--
_-3 ;,.;. a ;($· .,. a 8 ... :1,jl
ti.--.
3000 -
2500 -Ul
1:: ;:l 0 CJ
i:: 2000 E . coli . •r-l
(J) CJ i:: (IJ i-.
I ~ I\) I-' q.., 1500 60 I •r-l
A
1000 40 D. discoideum
500 20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Threshold Setting Figure 2. Size Distribution Curve for E. coli and D. discoideum
600
500
400
15 ~P. vulgaris
10· -+--,. ..
L...._ D. discoideum
0 100 5
0 0
0 0 1_ _ _.1L_ __ ..J..l __ ._t_I __ _i_ __ _i_I __ _clL..__---'-1.,-. __ _.__ __ -_,! __ _._I.,_··
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 ·'--""'"'---''L---- L ___ !,_--'_._--'-. _ _.
13 14 15 16 17 12 Threshold Setting
Figure 3. Size Distribution Curve for P •.'vulgar is and D~ discoideum
. :~
' i,' ..........
bEl.¢ . .teri~l· p4~~l;atlG$$ . :Wht~t~'. ;~~~~ :fl!ast~@d .· t;,o .· t>l.re~efi~ . tll,~ a~ei!Jlltil•~ie'° Pf . ' ' '
:, :.· .-, 1\.
. .· ,. . ,' : '
va.i!qu's ·11i1u;~on t.llttes w~ti, 'dete~t.:ned,~: .. Measutenreil:t.a: :we~e tgk~i;t 'l,o 4<> . . ·, ' ·.' . . .
12 110\lve · ~~~~t' :~th n~li f1~w li~t:e· fAh~~i~~ lto inenii·~':·•:~ahl.tsbn.en~ oit
stti!a.d:y;..stat~ dtn:i.d.il.tidti$• ·1k•" ):lo~ufadl~ l~vf.!1 gva<t~S::t.~y deere~.efi4 iliS
· tine dil;ut:i.~ii t"ate la¢t~a$ed~. · The >t~$Ul;t~ are shewn ill>. U:t~re 4 ~nd . . . ......... :. '
Fi-l'.~ !$.~,.
Mwed. stowtb •pe~tmente in cond.nuou·s· cul~u~e wet\e ::£>el!f~:~ed wtth·
'•si~~i:.i,eh,i#it ... e()lt ~nd· .n1.~:tl':t>i•~1tum. at:sq~i.~~!11!~ · ti7:'. :ei'J>·t~u$, .. vu.11a,ttif.( ~lid .
. J?l~~f:~$.~~it}!ll •• ~:i$~ot~~:um·•· $everal runf4? wez"e made and samples eolle<!t~d
at se1e¢ted t:i.ine iat.catvals to*' Coultt.er counter c~~tng .•
Ftgu*'~s 6, 7 fl;ttd fl :tlluslt'.t\'.lttj o$ci1laiioey populatil.\ns £01; E.-. ~c~f}.;; ·
mi:&ed wttb :o •. 4f.EHloidf4U:m ::w~t.h S \Uinlites s~p.1~ ;t.nt:~rvals .. · Tne period
of os~f.lla~Jlo).l i11~d iio"t>m 2$ t.o 3!» m;l,nut~.
F:tg~n;a$ 9 and 10 ill:~ttlit'.1:1\at,;e, ose:il1.$tOtY .population$ ~or :P;.t,, v;u1aaJr1'! ... w .. --
' . '
<>f c>eeil..t~tion·ranged ft10m.2.5 'to lo m:inutes •
. Petl'off-lAt.tS.Set· checks ~f CQ-ultet Count•r c~tt:te ·at1e :te}?t'e.$t:U.ted
. ' . ' '
of. Qel.l,8 ttteaent: be$~UP $lt&1Jpt:J 19 .dou.~lets,. ~lwnps ot-. f;Lo.ts of E. e.oll«itt~" c
P • VUl$al'is g;fiv~ only .•. tn.sle puls$S oti the Conl.~at Couatel\'"
14
~ ...... I 0 M
H 12 Cl) p,.
Cll i:::: 0
•r-1 ri:· . .-t ;:I 10 p,. 0 p... .µ i:::: ;:I 0 u H Cl) 8 .±::. ;:I 0 u
- 0
·-
0.1 0.2 0~3 0.4 -1 Dilution,Rate, Hr
~o
0.5 0.6 0.7
Figure 4. Population of E. coli at Different Dilution Rates.
·_ ·. ' ~ i. :, ... ~ ' : '. '• : . . . ~
.. ····:>'." I.',
,;_"
19 ,.
·~ ..... I 17 0 .-l
f.-1 (IJ P,t Cl) i::: 0
-M .µ 15 Ill .-l ::I p.. 0
Pool . .µ
i::: ::I 0
CJ ··· 13 f.-1 (IJ .µ .-l ::I ·o CJ
11
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Dilution Rate, Hr-l
Figure 5. Population of P. vulgaris at Different Dilution.Rates
. i-"v
,i.
.. 800
700
600
500 Coulter Count
. . -5 Populations/lo ML 400
250
200
150
100
0 a
0 10 20 30 40 Time, Minutes
r 50 60
D = 0.08
E. coli (VICTIMS)
0
'D. discoideum (PREDATORS)
70 80
Figure 6. Fluctuation Populations in E. coli and D. discoideum Interacticin ·
' l ·. N) ··iO'i :{,
···--· ......
700
600
iri~ 500 I 0 r-1 - 400 tll i::: O· ..... .µ C\'I 300 . r-1 ;:I p. 0
P-1 .µ i::: ;:I
110 0 C .. l
J.4 cu .µ
90 ·.·.~
;:I 0 U.·
70
50
·~ ...
,
•.
·o 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time, Minutes
70 80 90
D = 0.124
E. coli (VICTIMS)
D. discoideum . (PREDATORS)
.100 .. 110
Figure 7. Fluctuation Populations in E.coli and n.· discoideum Interaction
~ . ... . . . . •.
- ---·-·-, -·-- .. -. ··---·-··~--- ------·· ·--···--·--·" .. ··- --·-·--~--· - ·-·-·-·-···--·· .. .. .. . . ---- ---... ~-~.- .. ···---.- --~...,.------.----. ..,.-~-~...-.,-,...~~-.... ........,...
I N ....., I
4000
~ 3000 lf"I .. ·I
0 ..-t. -Ul i:: 0 :0 2000 Cl!
.-I ;:l p. 0
P-< .µ i:: ;:l 0 u ~ • 400 .µ .-I ;:I
8 300
200
100
----------· --
a
. Time, Minutes
E. coli . (VICTIMS)
D. discoideum (PREDATORS)
0
Figure 8. Fluctuation Populations in E. coli and D. discoideum Interaction
1300
1200
1100
Coulter Count
Popula-. -5
tions/10 ML 1000
40
30
.20
10 L I
-· ·--~-------D =-ri:lo1 P. vulgaris
(VICTIMS)
/
D. discoideum (PREDATORS)
__j_~~-l-~~~-~---'~~-L~~-'-~~~(~~-'-[~---'-~~-'--' 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Fig~re 9.
- ~ ----- -
Time, Minutes
Fluctuation Populations in P. vulgaris and D. discoideum Interaction
~ \0 ! .
1000
900
.. 800
Coulter Count
Populations/l0-511L 7oo
600
50
40
30
20 ;·
..
0
0 10 20 3Q 40 50 Time, Minutes
qO. 70
0.124
P. vulgaris . .· (VIGTIMS},
80 90
Figure 10. Fluctuation Populations in _P_·----~-- and D. discoideum Interaction
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