s.lodoysamba c.pemberton-pigott

MITIGATION OF ULAANBAATAR CITY’S AIR POLLUTION – FROM SOURCE APPORTIONMENT TO ULTRA-LOW EMISSION LIGNITE BURNING STOVES

S.Lodoysamba C.Pemberton-Pigott

Domestic Use of Energy Conference, South Africa, 11-13 April 2011.

MONGOLIA

Mongolia has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters lasting 7 to 8 months. Monthly average temperatures are typically -20°C in January and February, dropping to -40°C at night. The urgent need for space heating in traditional gers (yurts) results in very high ambient particulate matter (PM) concentrations, largely the result of burning high moisture, high volatiles lignite in a sheet-metal wood-burning stove.

Climate

4Domestic Use of Energy Conference, South Africa, 11-13 April 2011.

ESTABLISHMENT OF AN AIR QUALITY MONITORING AND HEALTH IMPACT BASELINE (AMHIB) FROM AIR POLLUTION IN ULAANBAATAR (UB) CITY, MONGOLIA.

World Bank Contract 7146873, 2008-2009

Projects

АГААРЫН ЧАНАР БА БОХИРДОЛЫН ЗӨӨГДЛИЙГ СУДЛАХ Шинжлэх ухаан, технологийн сэдэв, 2006-

2008

АГААРЫН БОХИРДЛЫН ҮҮСГҮҮР, ТЭДНИЙ БОХИРДОЛД ОРУУЛЖ БУЙ ХУВИЙГ РМ2,5, РМ10 АРГААР ТОДОРХОЙЛОХ СУДАЛГАА

Шинжлэх ухаан, технологийн сэдэв, 2009-2011

RCA/ IAEA PROJECT IMPROVED INFORMATION ABOUT URBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT,

RAS/7/013, 2004-2007

CHARACTERIZATION AND SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION IN THE ASIA REGION

RAS/7/015, 2007-2010

ADB ULAANBAATAR CLEAN AIR PROJECT PATA 43177 2010-2011


Sampling site

numberCharacteristics

Site position

PM size fraction

Height of sampling head

from the ground (m)

Remarks

1

Kosa Monitor (Japanese make), Measures PM10 and PM2.5. Beta

absorption.. Continuous monitoring. Gives hourly values.

106o54,704

47o55,220

PM10 and PM2.5

20

2, 3GENT Sampler, Schulberger Model

250, Measures PM10-2.5 and PM2.5. Polycarbonate (nuclepore) filters.

106o58,311

47o54,811

PM10-2.5 and PM2.5 1.6;6

Elemental analysis, Black carbon determination

4, 7, 8

Dust Trak-8520, measures PM2.5 or PM10. Laser light scattering.

Continuous monitoring; Gives hourly values.

106o54,159

47o54,719PM2.5 3;2;3

5Rotary Bebicon, Type 35RC-28SD5 (Japanese make). Measures PM10,

15 l/min, filter.

106o52,967

47o53,64PM10 3

Replaced by EcoTech monitor (beta absorption)

from Nov.2008

6Partisol FRM-Model 2000, Measures PM10, 16.7 l/min, filter (nuclepore).

106o52,167

47o55,582PM10 4

Elemental analysis, Black carbon determination

Used samplers


Sampling Sites


MonthsNAMHEM

(1)NRC(2)

Zuun ail (3)

CLEM (5)

3 khoroolol (6)

Average

Jun-08 28.9 160.2 154.3 120.0 187.3 130.2Jul-08 7.2 126.7 112.5 17.6 56.4 64.1Aug-08 238.0 179.1 27.9 85.4 132.6Sep-08 8.0 221.4 131.4 38.8 70.4 94.0Oct-08 37.7 223.1 127.6 79.6 161.2 125.8Nov-08 128.5 365.8 673.2 112.9 800.8 416.2Dec-08 277.5 180.2 926.8 61.4 693.5 427.9Jan-09 173.7 200.1 1850.0 65.8 932.3 644.4Feb-09 115.4 302.1 1007.3 86.0 463.7 394.9Mar-09 62.5 205.2 488.6 63.7 358.2 235.6Apr-09 34.0 316.0 300.2 59.8 272.8 196.5May-09 32.5 501.2 739.3 33.6 183.1 297.9Annual averag

e82.3 253.3 557.5 63.91 355.4 262.5

Months NAMHEM

(1)NRC

(2)Zuun ail

(3)6 buudal

(4)Bayan

hoshuu (7)Airport

(8)Avera

ge

Jun-08 16.9 29.0 25.5 84.6 169.3 65.1Jul-08 1.2 21.7 13.3 12.1Aug-08 5.7 64.9 48.7 39.7Sep-08 8.0 18.8 37.9 37.3 47.0 37.6 31.1Oct-08 38.1 46.3 38.7 281.3 498.3 184.7 181.2Nov-08 81.4 121.6 330.6 527.3 567.5 406.3 339.1Dec-08 224.5 106.9 575.5 1205.1 1421.2 892.9 737.7Jan-09 138.3 121.3 1291.1 858.5 1536.1 514.5 743.3Feb-09 99.6 141.4 358.1 342.4 971.3 413.3 387.7Mar-09 45.3 80.1 345.5 179.3 321.0 207.3 196.4Apr-09 25.2 128.8 119.6 93.9 137.3 91.8 99.4May-09 24.3 279.3 370.8 41.9 58.9 52.9 138.0Annual average

59.1 96.7 296.3 365.2 617.6 297.1 288.6

PM10, PM2.5 Concentrations

PM10 PM2.5


PM 10 Concentration


PM 10 Concentration Time Series


PM 2.5 Concentration


PM 2.5 Concentration Time Series


• PM10 • PM2.5

Monthly Average Concentrations


• Average Concentration Measured

• Average Concentration Calculated

Area РМ10 (g/m3)

РМ2.5 (g/m3) Exceedence

Central part UB

300 150 6

Ger area UB

350-900300-620

7-18

Site No Site name PM2.5 PM10

2 NRC 96.7 253.3

3 Zuun ail 296.3 557.5

4 6 Buudal 365.2 -

6 3 khoroolol - 355.4

7 Bayanhoshuu 617.6 -

8 Airport 297.1 -

Average all stations

334.6 388.7




350-900

Ulaanbaatar in January



Chemical Analysis Set-up

Experimental setup of the New Zealand Institute of Geosciences and Nuclear Sciences


ElementsArithmetic

MeanStdDev Median Maximum Minimum

Samples > LODa S/N

PM 2.5 51800 91400 28200 1210000 5700 BC 7290 10454 4242 94206 680 235 2.75Na 290 425 112 2642 0 88 0.13Mg 326 276 235 2083 31 200 0.62Al 1150 1224 745 7627 0 227 0.81Si 2305 1740 1871 10554 129 236 17.2S 1969 3978 900 40079 125 236 17.55Cl 139 133 88 849 12 236 2.14K 324 239 243 1558 35 235 7Ca 789 559 652 3194 50 236 11.92Ti 37 33 28 156 0 191 0.27Mn 15 14 11 65 0 178 0.18Fe 523 388 416 2150 26 236 0.62Cu 10 29 3 373 0 105 0.21Zn 44 54 30 400 0 213 0.55Pb 31 73 7 525 0 50 0.08

Elemental Concentrations (ng/m3)


SourcePM2.5 mass

μg/ m3

Soil 5.0 (0.3)a

Coal combustion 1 12.2(1.6)

Coal combustion 2 11.5(0.9)

Motor vehicles 1.9(0.2)

Biomass burning 1.1 (0.1)

Road dust 2.9 (0.2)

Zinc 0.6(0.1)

Mass Contribution PM2.5 (Example NRC)


45%

34%

10%

11%Source contribution PM10-2.5 NRC

Soil 1

Soil 2

Combustion

Road dust

3% 5%

91%

1%

Source contribution PM10-2.5 No3

Coal combustion

Motor vehicles+Road dust

Soil

Biomass burning

3%5%

3% 2%

87%

ContributionPM2.5 in site No3(Zuun ail)-a


Combustion 1

Soil

Biomass burning

Combustion2

Pollution Source Apportionment


12%

16%

27%

45%

PM10 in 3 khoroolol

Soil

Biomass burning


Combustion1

Pollution Source Apportionment PM10


Daily time Series of PM concentrations(Example TV site, GTZ station)

Working days Weekend


Toxic Elements


Time Series of Toxic Elements


Concentrations AQIOzone 14.3 g/m3 Ozone 6PM2.5 150.0 g/m3 PM2.5 200PM10 300.0 g/m3 PM10 173CO 2214 g/m3 CO 21SO2 18.1 g/m3 SO2 10NOx 30.0 g/m3 NOx 0

AQIConditional pollutant PM2.5 200

Average of WORST two 187

Average of ALL 82

Concentrations AQIOzone 14.3 g/m3 Ozone 6PM2.5 500.0 g/m3 PM2.5 500PM10 625.0 g/m3 PM10 582CO 2214 g/m3 CO 21SO2 18.1 g/m3 SO2 10NOx 30.0 g/m3 NOx 0

AQIConditional pollutant PM10 582

Average of WORST two 541

Average of ALL 224

General public at greater risk; groups at greatest risk

201 - 300Very Unhealthy

General public at risk; groups at greater risk

151 - 200Unhealthy

Identifiable groups at risk –different groups for different pollutants

101 - 150Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups

Unusually sensitive individuals (ozone)

51 - 100Moderate

No message0 - 50Good

Risk MessageAQIDescriptor

General public at greater risk; groups at greatest risk

201 - 300Very Unhealthy

General public at risk; groups at greater risk

151 - 200Unhealthy

Identifiable groups at risk –different groups for different pollutants

101 - 150Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups

Unusually sensitive individuals (ozone)

51 - 100Moderate

No message0 - 50Good

Risk MessageAQIDescriptor

Air Quality Index

Center UB Ger Area UB


Main pollution sources are:• PM10- Soil erosion, Combustion, Motor vehichle, Biomass burning,

• PM2.5- Coal combustion, Motor Vehicle+Road dust, Biomass burning, Soil

Ulaanbaatar is most polluted capital city of the world; @ 50% of PM concentrations corresponds to ignition phase

(cold start) and reloading of stoves;

There is presence of toxic elements: Hg, Ni, V, F, Cl, Br, As

in the air;

Pb in the air is below the standard;

AQI is 82 (Moderate) in the Central area and more than

200(Very unhealthy) in the Ger areas;

Conclusion 1


STOVE EMISSION AND EFFICIENCY TESTING LABORATORY


SEET Lab. Diagram

Agile nt 3 00 0 Micro GC

Warn ing Hot su rfaces

1 31 0 0

1 38 2 9

1 38 1 5

1 38 1 8

1 38 1 2

1 36 8 4

To atmosphere

Temperaturemeasurement

Gas analyzer

Ethernet Hub

Dust Trak

Mass recorderElectronic scale

Computeranalysis

Stove

Chimney

Thermocouple

Gas sampling


MONGOL STOVE


STOVE EMISSION AND EFFICIENCY TESTING LABORATORY


MODIFIED MONGOL STOVE


GTZ-7.5 STOVE


• PM Emission can be reduced more than 99% using raw coal,

• The PM emissions are so low that for much of the time the improved stove substantially cleans the ambient air that passes through it.

Conclusion 2

Thank You for Your Attention!

s.lodoysamba c.pemberton-pigott

Documents

measures pm2

measures pm10

south africa

air quality monitoring

urban air quality management

continuous monitoring

high volatiles lignite

high moisture